Searles Mazzacano EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2

Beneficial Insects Beneficial insects

in your garden A. Roles of beneficial insects

B. Meet the beneficial insects (and other arthropods)

Great Black Wasp; C. Invasives to watch out for C.A.S. Mazzacano Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, Ph.D. Presented for EMSWCD D. Creating & maintaining habitat

E. Resources & projects

Convergent Lady Beetle; Seven-spotted Lady Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano © 2016 C. A. Searles Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano 1 2

How I think of insects

European mantis, OR: C.A.S. Mazzacano

Darner: C.A.S. Mazzacano Great Spangled Fritillary: C.A.S. Mazzacano

Giant Robber Fly, TX: C.A.S. Mazzacano

Szecksa Flatheaded mayfly; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Mole Cricket, Costa Rica: Dung beetle: C.A.S. Mazzacano Blood-colored Milkweed C.A.S. Mazzacano Bug; C.A.S. Mazzacano

3 4 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 How many people think How we should all think of insects of insects

Oregon Zoo; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Benefits of insects Benefits of insects

• improve soil conditions • pollination

• food for wildlife - 70% of flowering plants pollinated by insects Wood Ground Beetle; • aesthetic and iNaturalist, oldbilluk recreational use - bees, flies, beetles, moths Soldier Beetle; David Hebert

River Jewelwing; C.A.S. Mazzacano

Cedar Waxwing eating dragonfly; Larry Rea Red Satyr; Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; Sweat Bee; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano Flower Fly; Thomas Bresson C.A.S. Mazzacano

7 8 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Benefits of insects

• decomposers

- beetles and flies break down & recycle animal dung • natural pest control and carcases

- beetles, flies, termites break Burying Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano down plant material

“tumblebug”; Black Soldier Fly; Dung Beetles; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Natural Pest Control Natural Pest Control

• Parasitoids • Predators - lay eggs or insert larvae in or near host; - consume pest eggs, developing larvae feed externally or internally larvae, and/or adults on body of living host

- beetles, lacewings, wasps, - host dies when flies, bugs, thrips, mantids, parasitoids spiders, mites become adults

- wasps, flies Assassin bug; kestrel360, iNaturalist

Tachinid fly getting ready to parasitize elm leaf beetle larva; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis

11 12 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Predators Beetles

Japanese Giant Mantis; Spined Assassin Bug; C.A.S. Mazzacano Judy Welna, iNaturalist

Western Red Lady Beetle; Fiery Searcher; Oregon Tiger Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano John Pickering, Discover Life

Multicolored Asian Beetle; Pterostychus ground beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano Rob Sandelin

Western Red Lady Beetle; Red Milkweed Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano Black and Yellow Garden Spider; Great Black Wasp; Kammy Kern-Korot C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Predators - Beetles Predators - Beetles

Lady Beetles Ground Beetles

• round to oval • broadly oval; dark to metallic

• bright colors, bold Convergent Lady Beetle; • large jaws, European Ground Beetle;Biopix, EoL C.A.S. Mazzacano spotted patterns sculpted wing Lady Beetle larva; bugguide.net, covers carabid larva; Phil Myers • larvae & adults eat Jerry McCormick aphids, scales, • larvae & adults mites, caterpillars, eat insect eggs, Bronzed Tiger Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano insect eggs Sorrowful Lady Beetle; caterpillars, snails C.A.S. Mazzacano

Multi-colored Asian Lady Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano Snail-eating Beetle; Ken-ichi Ueda

15 16 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Predators - Beetles Predators - Beetles

Soldier Beetles Rove Beetles • long body, soft wing • elongated dark body covers, long antennae

• • short wing covers yellow/orange & black markings Podabrus Soldier Beetle; vncdatatech01 expose abdomen Rove Beetle; Joyce Gross

• • eat small soil organisms eat mealybugs, aphids, soil organisms

Margined Leatherwing; David Hebert Devil’s Coach Horse; Cedric Lee

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Predators - Lacewings Predators - Wasps

Brown & Green Lacewings Wasps

• soft delicate body; loose, oval, • victims of bad PR! multi-veined wings Green Lacewing; C.A.S. Mazzacano • paper wasps, • eat mealybugs, aphids, scales, yellowjackets, caterpillars and hornets feed their young on live insects Green Lacewing egg

Brown Lacewing; James Bailey

19 20 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Predators - Wasps Predators - Flies Paper Wasps, Digger Wasps Flower Flies • build nest of chewed fibers, or • larvae (maggots) eat nest in existing holes or dig aphids, scale insects ground tunnels

Polistes aurifer paper wasp; • adults are bee mimics, • bring live paralyzed prey to young Edward Rooks Toxomerus syrphid; MJ Hatfield pollinate plants

European Paper wasp; Sphex digger wasp; paper wasp nest; C.A.S. Mazzacano Helophilis syrphid; C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano Andrea Joy Davis

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Predators - Flies Predators - Bugs

Assassin Bugs Robber flies • large, spiny body; • adults eat anything flared abdomen they can catch

Laphria robber fly with blister beetle; • stout needle-like C.A.S. Mazzacano • larvae prey on insect mouthparts Pselliopus Assassin Bug; larvae in leaf litter, loose John & Jane Balaban Rhynocoris Assassin Bug; soil, decaying wood • eat all types Phil Huntley-Franck of insects

Assassin bug; kestrel360, iNaturalist

Giant Robber Fly; C.A.S. Mazzacano

23 24 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Predators - Bugs Predators - Bugs

Ambush Bugs Damsel Bugs

• stout body with • small, slender, flared abdomen yellow/brown body

Phymata americana; Kurt Schaefer • enlarged forelegs • thickened forelegs Nabis roseipennis; Jason Michael Crockwell • bright colors & patterns • eat insect larvae, small insects, eggs • eat all types of insects

Nabicula subcoleoptrata; Jason Michael Crockwell Jagged Ambush Bug; Dale & Elva Paulson

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Predators - Bugs Predators - Bugs

Big-eyed Bugs Minute Pirate Bugs • small oval body • tiny, straight-sided body • broad head with big bulging eyes • black & white pattern • Anthocoris musculus; eat small insects, • eat spider mites, thrips, Lynette Elliott mites, eggs aphids, insect eggs Geocoris; Jack Dykinga, USDA

Minute Pirate Bug Geocoris uliginosus; nymph; Lynette Elliott Lyle J. Buss, U of FL

27 28 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Predators - Bugs Predators - Mantids

Praying Mantis Predatory Stink Bugs • large elongated body; brown or green • triangular brown/grey body with shield-like cover • triangular head, large eyes Two-spotted Stink Bug; Matthew Priebe • eat large prey such as • spiny raptorial forelegs caterpillars & beetle larvae Mantis religiosa; C.A.S. Mazzacano • eat whatever they can catch

Stagmomantis californica egg case; Rough Stink Bug; Lynette Elliott Stagmomantis californica; randomtruth C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Predators - Thrips Predators - Spiders Spiders Banded-winged, Black Hunter, & Six-spotted Thrips cross spider; C.A.S. Mazzacano • round body, 8 legs • long, minute, Black and Yellow Garden Spider; C.A.S. Mazzacano slender body • often with bright • adults black, may colors or patterns have white wings Black Hunter Thrips Aeolothrips; Christophe Quinton • web builders & • active hunters strap-like, Zebra Jumping Spiders mating; feathery wings C.A.S. Mazzacano • eat whatever they can catch

Black Hunter Thrips; Ilona L. Franklinothrips nymph; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis Wolf Spider; C.A.S. Mazzacano

31 32 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Predators - Mites Predators - Centipedes

Predatory Mites Red Velvet Mite; Univ. of WI-Milwaukie Centipedes • tiny, pear-shaped, shiny body • long segmented body • 6 or 8 legs • 1 pair of legs/segment • fast-moving Stone Centipede; • eat small arthropods iNaturalist, Cristophe Quintin • eat thrips, spider mites, in & on the soil insect eggs

Western Predatory Mites eating Spider Mite; UC Davis centipede; iNaturalist, Paul Heiple

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Parasitoids Parasitoids - Flies

Tachinid Flies Tachinid; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis

• resemble house flies but Braconid; kimberlietx, iNaturalist with stout bristly hairs on

Braconid pupae on Sphinx moth larva; Tachinid; BioImages, EoL Tim Guida, iNaturalist tip of abdomen

Trogus ichneumonid; Lea Gelling, iNaturalist • parasitize caterpillars, beetles, bugs, earwigs, grasshoppers

Tachinid eggs on leafroller caterpillar; Jack Kelly Clark/UC Davis Bee fly; Siegrun Storer, EoL

35 36 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Parasitoids - Flies Parasitoids - Wasps

Bee Flies Ichneumonid and Braconid Wasps

parasitized catalpa caterpillar; John Obermeyer/Purdue Entomology • hairy, brightly colored • long slender body

• wings held to side at rest • long antennae & ovipositor

• adults are pollinators • parasitize caterpillars, beetles, wasps, bugs, Ichneumonid wasp; Nuytsia@Tas

• Braconid larvae exiting host; larvae parasitoids of soil- flies, aphids UC Davis

dwelling beetles, wasps, Braconid on Bee Fly (IVilla sp.): grape leaffolder; caterpillars, bees C.A.S. Mazzacano UC Davis

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Parasitoids - Wasps Invasive Insects to Watch For

Japanese Beetle; C.A.S. Mazzacano Gypsy Moth pheromone trap; Paul Gordy Trichogrammatid Wasps

• tiny (<1 mm), Trichogramma attacking corn earworm egg; UC Davis compact body

• short antennae, Japanese Beetle; Les Mehrhoff, Discover Life hairy wings

Gypsy Moths; Tom Murray • parasitize insect eggs

39 40 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Invasive Insects to Watch For Invasive Insects to Watch For

Japanese Beetle Japanese Beetle

• adults eat leaves & flowers of • medium-sized oval scarab (0.5”) >300 tree & vine fruits, crops, shrubs, trees • bright metallic green thorax, coppery wings Ohio State University • prefer grape, apple, cherry, peach, plum, rose, corn Purdue Extension • 2 small white hair tufts behind wings, 5 patches on each side of abdomen • larvae pests in turf grass

• larvae C-shaped, up to 1” long • several detections &

eradications in OR Univ. of IL Extension Ohio State University

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Invasive Insects to Watch For Invasive Insects to Watch For

Asian Gypsy Moth Asian Gypsy Moth • females lay eggs in oblong • females 2”, white/cream wings; masses on trees, cover males 1.5”, dark brown with body scales

John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service • several detections & • feed on >500 spp. eradications in Oregon Purdue Extension of trees & shrubs

• defoliation, landscape- scale devastation

John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service

John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service

43 44 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 For reporting, information, and resources: Creating habitat

• Oregon Department of Agriculture: www.oda.state.us

• Oregon Forest Pest Detectors: pestdetector.forestry.oregonstate.edu

Portland OR; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

• many beneficials also “If you build it, they will come”… eat nectar & pollen • conservation - increases survival, biocontrol fecundity • better to create • often small insects with zinnea habitat for local small mouthparts, short species than tongues to buy insects - good landing pad & C.A.S. Mazzacano easy access important

yarrow; C.A.S. Mazzacano

47 48 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

• designate at least 10% of • annuals provide nectar, Common name bloom time garden space to plants for pollen, egg-laying sites beneficials Douglas meadowfoam* spring • perennials provide globe gillia* spring • provide bloom throughout stable habitat self-heal early summer yarrow summer the season yarrow Spirea; C.A.S. Mazzacano blanketflower summer

showy milkweed summer • variety of flower shapes sulfur buckwheat summer

(umbel, daisy, spike, ball) Douglas aster fall

Canada goldenrod fall

blue wild rye N/A marigold; Wikimedia Commons *annual after Farming With Native Beneficial Insects; Xerces Society Baby Blue Eyes; C.A.S. Mazzacano 49 50

Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

• carrot family: yarrow, dill, fennel • legumes: lupine, clover

• daisy family: gayfeather, • stonecrops: sedum spp. sunflower, marigold sunflower; Donna, iNaturalist • flowering herbs attractive Lupine; C.A.S. Mazzacano • cabbage family: sweet (dill, fennel, parsley, mint, alyssum; broccoli angelica, cilantro, lavender)

gayfeather; Joseph Dougherty/ Lavender; C.A.S. Mazzacano ecology.org

51 52 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

Oregon Grape; C.A.S. Mazzacano • Late spring flowers: • Early spring flowers: - Red columbine - Oregon grape - Pacific bleeding heart - Red-flowering currant Red Columbine; C.A.S. Mazzacano - Oregon iris - Black twinberry

- Spring beauty

Black Twinberry; Spring Beauty; Keir Morse C.A.S. Mazzacano Pacific Bleeding Heart Oregon Iris; WSU Extension

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Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

• Summer • Late summer/fall

- Tapertip onion - West Coast goldenrod

- Showy milkweed - Pearly everlasting

Tapertip Onion; - Graceful Colorado Wildflowers - Slender tarweed West Coast Goldenrod; cinquefoil Univ. of Waterloo - asters

Showy Milkweed; Graceful Cinquefoil; Ben Legler C.A.S. Mazzacano Slender Tarweed; Mark Turner Pearly Everlasting; Al Schneider

55 56 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

• trees & shrubs offer shelter • grass clumps provide from sun, wind, rain, shelter, overwintering habitat predators - California brome-grass - willow, maple Blue elderberry; Mike Cardwell - Blue Wild-rye - roses (baldhip, Nootka, swamp), elderberry, oceanspray fescue; C.A.S. Mazzacano

California brome-grass: Matt Lavin Swamp rose; C.A.S. Mazzacano

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Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

Integrated pest management (IPM): • patches of undisturbed soil • ecosystem-based strategy • water source • long-term prevention of pests/damage using multiple techniques C.A.S. Mazzacano

- biological control, habitat manipulation, planting & watering practices, using resistant varieties

• preserves natural system as much as possible

C.A.S. Mazzacano

59 60 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; • Reduce/eliminate pesticides Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; • Reduce/eliminate pesticides C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano - removing natural enemies - disrupt natural enemies may allow additional pests to establish - pests faster to disperse & re-colonize treated areas - non-lethal levels can than natural enemies impair reproduction, foraging

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Creating & maintaining habitat Creating & maintaining habitat

Oleander aphids on rush milkweed; • build healthy soil C.A.S. Mazzacano • IF pesticides used, treat to suppress target organism only • proper plant placement and irrigation • minimize risks to human • plant mostly natives health, non-target organisms, Indian plum; C.A.S. Mazzacano & environment • “scout” your gardens

• tolerate some damage

Black Twinberry; C.A.S. Mazzacano

63 64 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Habitat Habitat

Laren Leland, Portland OR Laren Leland, Portland OR

Laren Leland, Portland OR • prepare planting area Insectary garden; Rincon-Vitova • create planting plan Insectary garden; • dense plantings in New Mexico State University • plant, mulch, water, monitor strips or patches

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Habitat Habitat hedgerow; Frederique Lavoipierre

• • hedgerows beetle banks provide shelter for ground beetles

• berm planted with bunch grasses (blue wild rye, California oatgrass, slender wheatgrass, prairie junegrass)

• can add wildflowers • can include trees, shrubs, understory

scale model beetle bank, Tualatin, East Multnomah and West Multnomah SWCD hedgerow; Janet Allen

67 68 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Habitat Resources insect hotel; Cheshire Wildlife Trust

• insect hotels provide brush pile and nesting tunnel-like habitat insect hotel; Susan Mulvihill

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Resources Resources

• Beneficial insects, spiders, and other mini- • Encouraging beneficial insects in your garden, https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/ creatures, http://whatcom.wsu.edu/gardenshare/ catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/files/project/pdf/pnw550.pdf documents/Attracting_Beneficials.pdf

• A pocket guide to common • Meet the Beneficials, natural enemies of crop and http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/FAQ/ garden pests in the Pacific natural-enemies-poster.pdf Northwest, http://ipmnet.org/ Pocket_Guide_of_Natural_Enemies.pdf

71 72 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016 Resources Projects

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Questions? Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano, [email protected]

Yellow-faced Bumble Bee; Netwinged Beetle, C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano Visit emswcd.org to find additional workshops and resources!

Cardinal Meadowhawk; Western Swallowtail, C.A.S. Mazzacano C.A.S. Mazzacano

* annual native

plant sale! Copyright © 2016 Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano. All rights reserved. This presentation or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the author.

75 76 Searles Mazzacano_EMSWCD Beneficial Insects V2 - October 4, 2016