United States Department of Ecology and Management of Agriculture Morels Harvested From the Forests Forest Service of Western North America 3DFL¿F1RUWKZHVW Research Station David Pilz, Rebecca McLain, Susan Alexander, Luis Villarreal-Ruiz, General Technical Shannon Berch, Tricia L. Wurtz, Catherine G. Parks, Erika McFarlane, Report 31:*75 Blaze Baker, Randy Molina, and Jane E. Smith 0DUFK Authors David Pilz LVDQDI¿OLDWHIDFXOW\PHPEHU'HSDUWPHQWRI)RUHVW6FLHQFH2UHJRQ 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\5LFKDUGVRQ+DOO&RUYDOOLV25 Rebecca McLain LVDVHQLRUSROLF\DQDO\VW,QVWLWXWHIRU&XOWXUHDQG(FRORJ\32%R[3RUW ODQG25 Susan AlexanderLVWKHUHJLRQDOHFRQRPLVW86'HSDUW PHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH$ODVND5HJLRQ32%R[-XQHDX$. Luis Villarreal-RuizLVDQDVVRFLDWHSURIHVVRUDQGUHVHDUFKHU&ROHJLR GH3RVWJUDGXDGRV3RVWJUDGRHQ5HFXUVRV*HQpWLFRV\3URGXFWLYLGDG*HQpWLFD 0RQWHFLOOR&DPSXV.P&DUU0p[LFR7H[FRFR(VWDGRGH0p[LFR Shannon Berch LVDIRUHVWVRLOVHFRORJLVW%ULWLVK&ROXPELD0LQLVWU\RI)RUHVWV 32%R[ 6WQ3URY*RYW9LFWRULD%&9: &&DQDGD Tricia L. Wurtz LVDUHVHDUFKHFRORJLVW86'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH3DFL¿F 1RUWKZHVW5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ%RUHDO(FRORJ\&RRSHUDWLYH5HVHDUFK8QLW%R[ 8QLYHUVLW\RI$ODVND)DLUEDQNV$. Catherine G. Parks is DUHVHDUFKSODQWHFRORJLVW86'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH3DFL¿F 1RUWKZHVW5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ)RUHVWU\DQG5DQJH6FLHQFHV/DERUDWRU\*HNHOHU /DQH/D*UDQGH25 Erika McFarlane LVDQLQGHSHQGHQWFRQWUDFWRU WK$YH1:6HDWWOH:$ Blaze BakerLVDERWDQLVW86'HSDUWPHQW RI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH7($06(QWHUSULVH7HDP=LRQ6WUHHW1HYDGD &LW\&$ Randy MolinaLVDUHVHDUFKERWDQLVW UHWLUHG 86'HSDUWPHQWRI $JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH3DFL¿F1RUWKZHVW5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ)RUHVWU\6FLHQFHV /DERUDWRU\6:0DLQ6XLWH3RUWODQG25 DQGJane E. Smith LVDUHVHDUFKERWDQLVW86'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH3DFL¿F 1RUWKZHVW5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ)RUHVWU\6FLHQFHV/DERUDWRU\6:-HIIHUVRQ :D\&RUYDOOLV25
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Introduction ,QWKHODWH VDQGHDUO\ VFRPPHUFLDOPXVKURRPKDUYHVWLQJH[SDQGHG UDSLGO\RQIHGHUDOODQGVLQWKH3DFL¿F1RUWKZHVW0ROLQDDQGRWKHUV H[DP LQHGWKHVSHFLHVWKDWZHUHEHLQJKDUYHVWHGDQGWKHLVVXHVLQYROYHG7KUHHW\SHV RIPXVKURRPVFRQVWLWXWHGWKHEXONRIKDUYHVWHGPXVKURRPFURSV WKH$PHULFDQ PDWVXWDNHRUSLQHPXVKURRP Tricholoma magnivelare YDULRXVVSHFLHVRIFKDQ WHUHOOHV CantharellusDQGUHODWHGJHQHUD DQGPRUHOV MorchellaVSHFLHV 7KLV SXEOLFDWLRQFRPSOHWHVDVHULHVRIWKUHH*HQHUDO7HFKQLFDO5HSRUWV *75V IRFXVLQJ LQJUHDWHUGHWDLORQWKHHFRORJ\DQGPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHVHFRPPHUFLDOO\LPSRUWDQW IXQJL7KH¿UVW +RVIRUGDQGRWKHUV GLVFXVVHGWKH$PHULFDQPDWVXWDNHDQG WKHVHFRQG 3LO]DQGRWKHUV H[DPLQHGFKDQWHUHOOHV$OORIWKHVHSXEOLFDWLRQV ZHUHZULWWHQIRUIRUHVWPDQDJHUVSROLF\PDNHUVDQGWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLFEXWFRQWDLQ VXI¿FLHQWGHWDLODQGUHIHUHQFHVIRUXVHE\P\FRORJLVWV SHRSOHWKDWVWXG\IXQJL DQG RWKHUVFLHQWLVWV $PHULFDQPDWVXWDNHDUHWKHPRVWYDOXDEOHPXVKURRPVKDUYHVWHGLQWKH3DFL¿F Morels are more 1RUWKZHVWEXWDUHQRWDVDEXQGDQWDVFKDQWHUHOOHVRUPRUHOV&KDQWHUHOOHVDUHWKH valuable than PRVWDEXQGDQWEXWVHOOIRUFRQVLGHUDEO\ORZHUSULFHVWKDQ$PHULFDQPDWVXWDNHRU chanterelles and PRUHOV0RUHOVDUHPRUHYDOXDEOHWKDQFKDQWHUHOOHVDQGPRUHDEXQGDQWWKDQ$PHUL more abundant than FDQPDWVXWDNH KHQFHLQFRPELQDWLRQWKHWRWDOYDOXHRIPRUHOFURSVLQWKH3DFL¿F American matsutake; 1RUWKZHVWLVODUJHUWKDQHLWKHURIWKHRWKHUV %ODWQHUDQG$OH[DQGHU 6FKORVVHU hence in combination, DQG%ODWQHU the total value of morel 0RUHOVDUHGLVWLQFWLQDQXPEHURIRWKHUZD\V&RPSDUHGWRPRVWRWKHU FURSVLQWKH3DFL¿F KDUYHVWHGIRUHVWIXQJLWKH\RFFXULQDZLGHUYDULHW\RIIRUHVWHGHFRV\VWHPVDQG Northwest is larger KDELWDWVWKH\DSSHDUWREHPRUHJHQHWLFDOO\GLYHUVHWKH\GLIIHUZLGHO\LQDSSHDU than either of the DQFHWKHLUWD[RQRP\DQGGLVWLQFWLRQVDPRQJVSHFLHVDUHSRRUO\GH¿QHGDQGLQÀX[ others. WKH\H[KLELWKHWHURJHQHRXVDQGDGDSWLYHOLIHVW\OHVDQGWKHLUSRWHQWLDOLQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWKIRUHVWPDQDJHPHQWDFWLYLWLHVDUHFRPSOH[DQGQXPHURXV$GGLWLRQDOO\WKH\ DUHDPRQJWKHPRVWDYLGO\VRXJKWDQGKLJKO\HVWHHPHGPXVKURRPVIRUFXOLQDU\XVH DQGHDVHRISUHVHUYDWLRQ 0RUHOVDUHRIJOREDOLPSRUWDQFHQRWRQO\EHFDXVHWKH\DUHZLGHO\DSSUHFL DWHGZKHUHYHUWKH\JURZEXWDOVREHFDXVHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPHUFHLQPRUHOVLV H[WHQVLYH&XOWLYDWHGPRUHOVVWLOOKDYHQRWUHSODFHGZLOGKDUYHVWHGPRUHOVLQPRVW PDUNHWV:HZLOOGLVFXVVWKHUHDVRQVZK\PRUHOVDUHGLI¿FXOWDQGH[SHQVLYHWR JURZ0HDQZKLOHKDUYHVWLQJPRUHOVIURPIRUHVWVUHPDLQVSUR¿WDEOHDQGIRUHVW PDQDJHPHQWSOD\VDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQPDLQWDLQLQJVXFKFURSV 7KLVSXEOLFDWLRQIRFXVHVRQPRUHOPXVKURRPVWKDWJURZIURP0H[LFRWR $ODVNDDQGIURPWKH5RFN\0RXQWDLQVZHVWZDUG:HKDYHFKRVHQWKLVJHRJUDSKLF
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2 Ecology and Management of Morels Harvested From the Forests of Western North America
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3 GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-710
Table 1—Names used in this publication for distinctive western morels occurring in western North America north of Mexico
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4 Ecology and Management of Morels Harvested From the Forests of Western North America
About Morels
Whence Morels 7KHQDPHVIRUPRUHOVLQPDQ\*HUPDQLFODQJXDJHVFDQEHWUDFHGWRWKHHDUO\ *HUPDQGLDOHFWFDOOHG³2OG+LJK*HUPDQ´ :HEHU Webster’s Third New International DictionarySURYLGHVWKLVGHULYDWLRQ>ZLWKDEEUHYLDWLRQVVSHOOHGRXW@ ³)UHQFKPRULOOHRI*HUPDQLFRULJLQDNLQWR2OG+LJK*HUPDQPRUKLODGLPLQXWLYH RIPRUDKDµFDUURW¶´ *RYHDQGRWKHUV 5HJDUGOHVVRILWV(QJOLVKHW\PRORJ\ FXOWXUHVDURXQGWKHZRUOGKDYHEHVWRZHGQDPHVZLWKORFDOPHDQLQJ WDEOH 7KHVH DUHRIWHQGHVFULSWLYH)RULQVWDQFHWKHLQGLJHQRXV1DKXDRI7OD[FDOD0H[LFRFDOO PRUHOV³RORQDQiFDWO´DZRUGGHULYHGIURPWKH1iKXDWOODQJXDJHPHDQLQJ RORWO FRUQFREQDQiFDWO PXVKURRP 0RQWR\DDQGRWKHUV 2WKHUQDPHVXVHGE\ LQGLJHQRXVJURXSVLQ0H[LFRLQFOXGH³FROPHQLWDV´ OLWWOHEHHKLYHV ³PD]RUTXLWDV´ OLWWOHWHQGHUFRUQHDUV ³HORWLWRV´ OLWWOHHDUVRIJUHHQFRUQ DQG³SDQFLWDV´ OLWWOH SDXQFKHV *X]PiQDQG7DSLD 2QWKHRWKHUVLGHRIWKHZRUOGRQWKH7LEHWDQ 3ODWHDXPRUHOVDUHFDOOHG³JXJXVKDPX´PHDQLQJWKH³FXFNRRPXVKURRP´EHFDXVH WKH\IUXLWZKHQWKHFXFNRRELUGUHWXUQVLQVSULQJ2 'HVSLWHWKHFXOWXUDODQGOLQJXLVWLFHYLGHQFHWKDWPRUHOVDUHXVHGDQGHVWHHPHG DURXQGWKHZRUOGOLWWOHLQIRUPDWLRQH[LVWVUHJDUGLQJ1DWLYH$PHULFDQXVHVRI PRUHOVQRUWKRI0H[LFR 0RHUPDQ GLGOLVWWKH&URZ7ULEHRIVRXWKZHVWHUQ0RQWDQDDQGQRUWKHUQ :\RPLQJDVXVLQJPRUHOVIRUVRDSDQG*LOPRUH UHSRUWHGWKDWWKH2PDKD 7ULEHHVWHHPHGERLOHGPRUHOVDVIRRG7KH2PDKD3RQFDQDPHIRUPRUHOVZDV 0LNDLK WKLZKLFKWUDQVODWHVOLWHUDOO\DV³VWDUVRUH´(YHQVRPHIDPRXVHDUO\ (XURSHDQ$PHULFDQH[SORUHUVIDLOHGWRDSSUHFLDWHRXU1RUWK$PHULFDQPRUHOV ³&UX]DWWHEURXJKWPHVHYHUDOODUJHPRUHOOV´ZULWHV0HULZHWKHU/HZLVRQ-XQH ³ZKLFK,URDVWHGDQGHDWZLWKRXWVDOWSHSSHURUJUHDVHLQWKLVZD\,KDGIRU WKH¿UVWWLPHWKHWUXHWDLVWRIWKHPRUHOOZKLFKLVWUXO\DQLQVLSSLGWDLVWOHVVIRRG´ $PEURVH 1HOVHQ )HZFKHIVZRXOGUHFRPPHQGFRRNLQJPRUHOVZLWKRXWSOHQW\RIEXWWHURUFUHDP DQGLQGHHGPDQ\SHRSOHGLVDJUHHZLWK/HZLV¶VRSLQLRQRIPRUHOV/RQLN HVWLPDWHGWKDWPLOOLRQSHRSOHZRUOGZLGHSLFNPRUHOV0RUHOKDUYHVWLQJKDVEHHQ GHVFULEHGLQWHUPVOLNH³PRUHOPDGQHVV´ :HEHU ³IXQJDOOXVW´ %RRP ³WKHVLFNQHVV´ .XR DQG³VFUHDPVRIGHOLJKW´ &DVH\ &RPSDQLHV
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Table 2—Some non-English common names for morels
&RPPRQQDPH &LWHGVFLHQWL¿FQDPHVa Country Referenceb $PLJDVDWDNH M. conica -DSDQ .UHLVHO5ROIH DQG5ROIH %DQNDL\DQJGXMXP M. semilibera &KLQD +DOODQGRWKHUV &DJDUULD MorchellaVSHFLHV 6SDLQ .UHLVHO &ROPHQD M. angusticeps, 0H[LFR *X]PiQ M. esculenta, M. conica &ROPHQLOOD MorchellaVSHFLHV 6SDLQ .UHLVHO &ROPHQLWD Morchella VSHFLHV 0H[LFR *X]PiQDQG 7DSLD &XWXL\DQJGXMXQ M. crassipes &KLQD +DOODQGRWKHUV (NWHPRUNHO Morchella VSHFLHV 1RUZD\ &KDQGUD (ORWH MorchellaVSHFLHV 0H[LFR *X]PiQ M. esculenta, M. conica (ORWLWR MorchellaVSHFLHV 0H[LFR *X]PiQ M. angusticeps )XQJXOL Morchella VSHFLHV $QFLHQW 5ROIHDQG5ROIH 5RPH *DR\DQGXMXQ M. elata &KLQD+DOODQGRWKHUV *XFKKLL Morchella VSHFLHV +LPDFKDO 3UDVDGDQGRWKHUV 3UDGHVK .DVKPLU 1RUWK,QGLD *XJXVKDPX Morchella VSHFLHV 7LEHW :LQNOHUc +DOEIUHLPRUFKHO M. semiliberD *HUPDQ\ .UHLVHO +lWWPXUNOD M. semilibera 6ZHGHQ .RUKRQHQ +|KHPRUFKHORU M. elata *HUPDQ\6YUþHN +|KOPRUFKHO +XKWDVLHQL MorchellaVSHFLHV )LQODQG .RUKRQHQ -LDQ\DQJGXMXQ M. conica &KLQD +DOODQGRWKHUV .DEXWHQJKXJLVXWDN MorchellaVSHFLHV 3KLOLSSLQHV &KDQGUD .lSSFKHQPRUFKHO M. semilibera *HUPDQ\ 'lKQFNHDQG'lKQFNH .UHLVHO .DUWLRKXKWDVLHQL M. elata, M. conica )LQODQG .RUKRQHQ .HOORKXKWDVLHQL M. semilibera )LQODQG .RUKRQHQ .RHVWOLFKHPRUFKHO M. deliciosa *HUPDQ\ 'lKQFNHDQG'lKQFNH .XFVPDJRPED Morchella VSHFLHV +XQJDU\ &KDQGUD /HLPDL\DEJGXMXQ M. costata &KLQD +DOODQGRWKHUV 0D]RUFD M. angusticeps, M. esculenta, 0H[LFR *X]PiQ M. conica 0D]RUTXLWD Morchella VSHFLHV 0H[LFR *X]PiQDQG7DSLD 0HUNHO Morchella VSHFLHV *HUPDQ\ :HEHU 0LNDLKWKL Morchella VSHFLHV 2PDKD3RQFD *LOPRUH 7ULEHV1RUWK $PHULFD
6 Ecology and Management of Morels Harvested From the Forests of Western North America
Table 2—Some non-English common names for morels (continued)
&RPPRQQDPH &LWHGVFLHQWL¿FQDPHVa Country Referenceb 0RUFKHO Morchella VSHFLHV *HUPDQ\ .UHLVHO
0RUKLOD MorchellaVSHFLHV 2OG+LJK *RYHDQGRWKHUV *HUPDQ 0RULHOMH MorchellaVSHFLHV 1HWKHUODQGV &KDQGUD .UHLVHO 0RULOOD M. conica, M. esculenta 0H[LFR6SDLQ *X]PiQ .UHLVHO :HEHU 0RULOOH Morchella VSHFLHV )UDQFH &KDQGUD .UHLVHO :HEHU 0RULOOHFRQLTXH M. elata)UDQFH.UHLVHO 0RULOOHYXOJDLUH M. esculenta )UDQFH .UHLVHO 0RULOORQ M. semilibera )UDQFH .UHLVHO 0RUNHO Morchella VSHFLHV 'HQPDUN &KDQGUD .UHLVHO 1RUZD\ 0XUNOD Morchella VSHFLHV 6ZHGHQ .UHLVHO 2ORQDQiFDWO Morchella VSHFLHV 0H[LFR 0RQWR\DDQGRWKHUV 2ORWH M. conica, M. esculenta 0H[LFR *X]PiQ 2ORWLWR Morchella VSHFLHV 0H[LFR 0RQWR\DDQGRWKHUV 3DQFLWD MorchellaVSHFLHV 0H[LFR *X]PiQDQG7DSLD 3DOORKXKWDVLHQL M. esculenta )LQODQG .RUKRQHQ 3LTXH M. elata, intermedia, &KLOH +RQUXELDd DQGconica 3XPSDOND MorchellaVSHFLHV %XOJDULD &KDQGUD 5XQGPRUNHO M. esculenta 1RUZD\ .UHLVHO 5XQGWRSSPXUNOD M. esculenta 6ZHGHQ .RUKRQHQ .UHLVHO 6IRQGXOL Morchella VSHFLHV $QFLHQW5RPH 5ROIHDQG5ROIH 6PDUG] Morchella VSHFLHV 3RODQG &KDQGUD :HEHU 6PDUG]MDGDOQ\ M. esculenta 3RODQG &KDQGUD 6PDUG]SyOZROQ\ M. semilibera 3RODQG &KDQGUD 6PDUG]Z\QLRVO\ M. elata 3RODQG&KDQGUD 6PRUFKRN MorchellaVSHFLHV 5XVVLD &KDQGUD .UHLVHO M. esculenta 6PUå MorchellaVSHFLHV &]HFK &KDQGUD .UHLVHO :HEHU 6PUåREHFQê M. esculenta &]HFK .UHLVHO 6PUåSRORYROQê M. semilibera &]HFK .UHLVHO 6SHLVHPRUFKHO M. esculenta *HUPDQ\ 'lKQFNHDQG 'lKQFNH .UHLVHO 6SLVVPRUNHO M. elata 1RUZD\.UHLVHO 6SLW]PRUFKHO M. conica *HUPDQ\ 'lKQFNHDQG 'lKQFNH
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PNW-GTR-710
Table 2—Some non-English common names for morels (continued)
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