United States Department of Ecology and Management of Agriculture Morels Harvested From the Forests Forest Service of Western North America 3DFL¿F1RUWKZHVW Research Station David Pilz, Rebecca McLain, Susan Alexander, Luis Villarreal-Ruiz, General Technical Shannon Berch, Tricia L. Wurtz, Catherine G. Parks, Erika McFarlane, Report 31:*75 Blaze Baker, Randy Molina, and Jane E. Smith 0DUFK Authors David Pilz LVDQDI¿OLDWHIDFXOW\PHPEHU'HSDUWPHQWRI)RUHVW6FLHQFH2UHJRQ 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\5LFKDUGVRQ+DOO&RUYDOOLV25Rebecca McLain LVDVHQLRUSROLF\DQDO\VW,QVWLWXWHIRU&XOWXUHDQG(FRORJ\32%R[3RUW ODQG25Susan AlexanderLVWKHUHJLRQDOHFRQRPLVW86'HSDUW PHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH$ODVND5HJLRQ32%R[-XQHDX$. Luis Villarreal-RuizLVDQDVVRFLDWHSURIHVVRUDQGUHVHDUFKHU&ROHJLR GH3RVWJUDGXDGRV3RVWJUDGRHQ5HFXUVRV*HQpWLFRV\3URGXFWLYLGDG*HQpWLFD 0RQWHFLOOR&DPSXV.P&DUU0p[LFR7H[FRFR(VWDGRGH0p[LFR Shannon Berch LVDIRUHVWVRLOVHFRORJLVW%ULWLVK&ROXPELD0LQLVWU\RI)RUHVWV 32%R[6WQ3URY*RYW9LFWRULD%&9:&&DQDGDTricia L. Wurtz LVDUHVHDUFKHFRORJLVW86'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH3DFL¿F 1RUWKZHVW5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ%RUHDO(FRORJ\&RRSHUDWLYH5HVHDUFK8QLW%R[ 8QLYHUVLW\RI$ODVND)DLUEDQNV$.Catherine G. Parks is DUHVHDUFKSODQWHFRORJLVW86'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH3DFL¿F 1RUWKZHVW5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ)RUHVWU\DQG5DQJH6FLHQFHV/DERUDWRU\*HNHOHU /DQH/D*UDQGH25Erika McFarlane LVDQLQGHSHQGHQWFRQWUDFWRU WK$YH1:6HDWWOH:$Blaze BakerLVDERWDQLVW86'HSDUWPHQW RI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH7($06(QWHUSULVH7HDP=LRQ6WUHHW1HYDGD &LW\&$Randy MolinaLVDUHVHDUFKERWDQLVW UHWLUHG 86'HSDUWPHQWRI $JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH3DFL¿F1RUWKZHVW5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ)RUHVWU\6FLHQFHV /DERUDWRU\6:0DLQ6XLWH3RUWODQG25DQGJane E. Smith LVDUHVHDUFKERWDQLVW86'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH3DFL¿F 1RUWKZHVW5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQ)RUHVWU\6FLHQFHV/DERUDWRU\6:-HIIHUVRQ :D\&RUYDOOLV25 Cover Art 3HHOLQJEDUNRQWKHORJLOOXVWUDWHVWKHWHQGHQF\RIPRUHOVWRIUXLWIROORZLQJWUHH GHDWK0RUHOVFDQGLIIHUZLGHO\LQFRORUDQGVKDSHGHSHQGLQJRQVSHFLHVJHQHWLF GLYHUVLW\DJHH[SRVXUHWRVXQOLJKWDQGRWKHUHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV2ULJLQDO SDLQWLQJE\3DXOD)RQJ KWWSZZZSUIRQJFRP Abstract Pilz, David; McLain, Rebecca; Alexander, Susan; Villarreal-Ruiz, Luis; Berch, Shannon; Wurtz, Tricia L.; Parks, Catherine G.; McFarlane, Erika; Baker, Blaze; Molina, Randy; Smith, Jane E. 2007. (FRORJ\DQGPDQDJHPHQW RIPRUHOVKDUYHVWHGIURPWKHIRUHVWVRIZHVWHUQ1RUWK$PHULFD*HQ7HFK5HS 31:*753RUWODQG2586'HSDUWPHQWRI$JULFXOWXUH)RUHVW6HUYLFH 3DFL¿F1RUWKZHVW5HVHDUFK6WDWLRQS 0RUHOVDUHSUL]HGHGLEOHPXVKURRPVWKDWIUXLWVRPHWLPHVSUROL¿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orchellaIRUHVWPDQDJHPHQWVSHFLDOIRUHVW SURGXFWVQRQWLPEHUIRUHVWSURGXFWVHGLEOHIXQJL Summary 0RUHOVDUHWKHIUXLWLQJERGLHVRIVSHFLHVLQWKHJHQXVMorchella.7KH\DUHSUL]HG HGLEOHPXVKURRPVWKDWIUXLWVRPHWLPHVSUROL¿FDOO\LQPDQ\IRUHVWW\SHVWKURXJK RXWZHVWHUQ1RUWK$PHULFDDVZHOODVLQWHPSHUDWHIRUHVWVJOREDOO\7KH\DUHFRP PHUFLDOO\KDUYHVWHGDQGVROGORFDOO\QDWLRQDOO\DQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\$QQXDOFRP PHUFHLQPRUHOVOLNHO\UDQJHVLQYDOXHIURPPLOOLRQWRPLOOLRQLQZHVWHUQ 1RUWK$PHULFDWKXVWKH\DUHRQHRIWKHPRUHYDOXDEOHVSHFLDOIRUHVWSURGXFWVLQWKH UHJLRQ/DUJHJDSVUHPDLQKRZHYHULQRXUNQRZOHGJHDERXWPRUHOV7KHLUWD[ RQRP\LVFRQIXVLQJDQGPRVW1RUWK$PHULFDQVSHFLHVODFNYDOLGVFLHQWL¿FQDPHV 7KHLUELRORJ\QXWULWLRQDOVRXUFHVOLIHF\FOHDQGPRGHVRIUHSURGXFWLRQDUHXQXVXDO DQGFRPSOH[(FRORJLFDOO\ZHGRQRW\HWIXOO\XQGHUVWDQGKRZDQGZK\VRPH PRUHOVIUXLWSUROL¿FDOO\IROORZLQJWUHHGHDWKZLOG¿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¿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ontents 1 Introduction 5About Morels :KHQFH0RUHOV 'LVWULEXWLRQ +DELWDWV 7LPLQJ 7D[RQRP\ 6SHFLHV'HVFULSWLRQV %LRORJ\ &XOWLYDWLRQ &ROOHFWLQJWR&RRNLQJ 7R[LQVDQG&RQWDPLQDQWV Morel Harvesters 3HUVRQDO8VH &RPPHUFLDO 75 Morel Commerce ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 1RUWK$PHULFD (FRQRPLFV /RFDO,PSDFWV 3ROLF\DQG5HJXODWLRQ 88 Regional Summaries 0RXQWDLQVRI0H[LFR 2YHUYLHZRIWKH:HVWHUQ8QLWHG6WDWHV ,QWHULRU:HVWDQG5RFN\0RXQWDLQV 6LHUUD1HYDGD5DQJHRI&DOLIRUQLD &RDVWDQG&DVFDGH5DQJHVLQ2UHJRQDQG:DVKLQJWRQ :DOORZDDQG%OXH0RXQWDLQVRI1RUWKHDVWHUQ2UHJRQ 1RUWKHUQ5RFN\0RXQWDLQVRI:DVKLQJWRQ,GDKRDQG0RQWDQD :HVWHUQ&DQDGD ,QWHULRU$ODVND 108 Management and Research 6XVWDLQDELOLW\ 3URGXFWLYLW\ )RUHVW0DQDJHPHQW +DUYHVW0DQDJHPHQW 8VHIXO5HVHDUFK 121 Closing Remarks 124 Glossary 128 Acknowledgments 129 Metric Equivalents 129 Literature Cited 158 $SSHQGL[&RPPRQDQG6FLHQWL¿F1DPHV Ecology and Management of Morels Harvested From the Forests of Western North America Introduction ,QWKHODWHVDQGHDUO\VFRPPHUFLDOPXVKURRPKDUYHVWLQJH[SDQGHG UDSLGO\RQIHGHUDOODQGVLQWKH3DFL¿F1RUWKZHVW0ROLQDDQGRWKHUV H[DP LQHGWKHVSHFLHVWKDWZHUHEHLQJKDUYHVWHGDQGWKHLVVXHVLQYROYHG7KUHHW\SHV RIPXVKURRPVFRQVWLWXWHGWKHEXONRIKDUYHVWHGPXVKURRPFURSVWKH$PHULFDQ PDWVXWDNHRUSLQHPXVKURRP Tricholoma magnivelare YDULRXVVSHFLHVRIFKDQ WHUHOOHV CantharellusDQGUHODWHGJHQHUD DQGPRUHOV MorchellaVSHFLHV 7KLV SXEOLFDWLRQFRPSOHWHVDVHULHVRIWKUHH*HQHUDO7HFKQLFDO5HSRUWV *75V IRFXVLQJ LQJUHDWHUGHWDLORQWKHHFRORJ\DQGPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHVHFRPPHUFLDOO\LPSRUWDQW IXQJL7KH¿UVW +RVIRUGDQGRWKHUV GLVFXVVHGWKH$PHULFDQPDWVXWDNHDQG WKHVHFRQG 3LO]DQGRWKHUV H[DPLQHGFKDQWHUHOOHV$OORIWKHVHSXEOLFDWLRQV ZHUHZULWWHQIRUIRUHVWPDQDJHUVSROLF\PDNHUVDQGWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLFEXWFRQWDLQ VXI¿FLHQWGHWDLODQGUHIHUHQFHVIRUXVHE\P\FRORJLVWV SHRSOHWKDWVWXG\IXQJL DQG RWKHUVFLHQWLVWV $PHULFDQPDWVXWDNHDUHWKHPRVWYDOXDEOHPXVKURRPVKDUYHVWHGLQWKH3DFL¿F Morels are more 1RUWKZHVWEXWDUHQRWDVDEXQGDQWDVFKDQWHUHOOHVRUPRUHOV&KDQWHUHOOHVDUHWKH valuable than PRVWDEXQGDQWEXWVHOOIRUFRQVLGHUDEO\ORZHUSULFHVWKDQ$PHULFDQPDWVXWDNHRU chanterelles and PRUHOV0RUHOVDUHPRUHYDOXDEOHWKDQFKDQWHUHOOHVDQGPRUHDEXQGDQWWKDQ$PHUL more abundant than FDQPDWVXWDNHKHQFHLQFRPELQDWLRQWKHWRWDOYDOXHRIPRUHOFURSVLQWKH3DFL¿F American matsutake; 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