Floating Solar Prospects in Central and West Asia Regional Knowledge and Support Technical Assistance Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyz Republic

Cindy Cisneros Tiangco, PhD Senion Energy Specialist Energy Division Central and West Asia Department [email protected] Central and West Asia Solar PV Resources

Monthly variation of Theoretical Global Average Annual Global Horizontal Horizontal Irradiation in the Region Irradiation In the Region with (solar photovoltaic potential) Cumulative constraints Weighted exclusion factors applied for:

Practical Resources: • Airports/runway alignments, railroads, urban areas, pipelines • National borders (5 km buffer) • Areas with population density > 100 persons/km2 • Areas >20km away from roads (for construction access) • seismic danger areas • Areas with elevation >3000m or slopes >10%

Ecological Resources • Snow and ice areas, shifting sand dunes and salt pans, tundra, swampland, All environmentally protected areas

GHI data based upon 12 year half hourly satellite images; Validated by 92 measuring stations worldwide. Accuracy of GHI estimates is around +/- 5%; provides good “The boundaries, colors, denominations, and any other information shown on all maps in this quality prediction of long term average irradiance presentation do not imply, on the part of the Asian Development Bank, any judgment on the legal For more details see status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries, colors, http://www.3tier.com/static/ttcms/us/documents/publications/vali denominations, orinformation.” dations/3TIER_Global_Solar_Validation.pdf . Generation mix, potential and installed capacity, NDC targets – (AFG, AZE, KGZ)

Southwest Asia – Afghanistan, Pakistan Caucasus – Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia Central Asia – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

Kyrgyz Afghanistan Azerbaijan Republic Power Total 520 7,905 3,786 Thermal 200 (38.5%) 6,764 (85.5%) 716 (18.9%) generation 3,070 capacity Hydro 254 (48.9%) 1,105 (14%) (81.1%) (MW, Wind - - share %) Others 65 (12.5%) 35 (0.5%) Technical Potential 220,000 MW 115,200 MW 267,000 MW Potential and A 20MW ADB Installed Installed financed PV Around 35MW None capacity project is capacity being tendered million tons Carbon 8.66 32.73 7.05 CO a Dioxide 2 Tons (CO ) 0.27 3.36 1.19 2 CO /capitaa emissions 2 -11.4% to - and NDC -13.6% by NDCb -35% by 2030 13.75% by targets 2030 2030 Proposed KSTA Reg: Floating Solar Energy Development – (AFG, AZE, KGZ)

Rationale • CWRD countries are heavily reliant on either fossil fuels, hydropower, or imported fuels and power, which make them carbon-intensive, energy insecure, and vulnerable to climate and external supply shocks. • Solar potential is untapped due to lack of technical skills and knowledge on new technologies, costs, benefits and financing options. • The cost of solar energy has decreased rapidly in recent years, offering impetus for these countries to diversify to indigenous low-carbon technologies to enhance energy security and reduce emissions. • Undiversified power supply in target countries: Azerbaijan, 85% fossil fuels; Kyrgyz Republic, 90% hydro; Afghanistan, 80% imported • Significant potential for replication in Kazakhstan, Georgia, and Pakistan, and rest of Asia.

Approach and Components: • Pilot testing and scaling up assessment of emerging ‘floating‘ solar photovoltaic (FPV) technology; • business models formulation to encourage private sector participation; • institutional capacity building (hands-on training through pilots, regional training via CAREC, study tours to leading FPV countries) Floating PV Technology

PV + floating system Inverters / Core technology Development Status substation PV suitable for water environment PV modules Floating Compared to over system Stable floating system 300GW installed land- based PV capacity Mooring device to adapt to changes in water level worldwide, only 70 FPV Mooring device Under water or plants (capacity 700kW floating DC cable Under water or floating cable connection to the local power grid or higher) totaling 200 MW were in operation by end of 2017. Japan has the most number of plants. China has the Rapid growth in the past 3 years largest at 40 MW, with 50 and 70 MW plants coming online this year. Several small plants are in operation or under construction in Italy, Singapore, South Korea, UK, USA and others.

Source: www.solarplaza.com; true figures as of April 2016. Over 70 installations worldwide by end 2017 Floating PV Technology – Design Considerations

❑ PV modules o follow more stringent requirements than land-based modules due to exposure to humid environments; anti-corrosion measures; high quality sealants; ❑ Floating platform o floats are typically made of HDPE (high density poly-ethylene), known for its tensile strength, UV and corrosion resistance; other materials are metal- fibre glass frame structures or ferro-cement o Commercially-available technologies:

R Sumitomo Mitsui Floatracker technology by

Takiron Engineering

Solaris Synergy System Koine Multimedia Ciel et Terre HydrelioR system Floating PV Technology – Design Considerations

❑ Anchoring and mooring system o Anchoring at the banks - most cost- effective anchoring system using tipping plate anchors ✓ Not always systematically applicable as dependent on shape of reservoir and solar island o Anchoring at the bottom using tipping plate anchors or dead weights ❑ Inverters for hard soil, rocks or concrete o centralized or string; on land or floating (water proof with good ventilation). Central inverter on land is usually preferred but comes with higher DC cable costs. Floating PV Technology

❑ DC cables o copper wires and should be extremely robust and resist high mechanical load and abrasion; If encased in waterproof module junction boxes and not submerged in water, regular DC cables can be used.

❑ AC cables o used for transferring electricity from floating platform to land if inverters are placed on the floating platform

o should have high temperature resistance; have excellent weather proofing characteristics; IP68 standard for underwater cables Credit: Kyocera TCL Solar LLC o Options: ✓ Regular DC or AC cable on the water surface lifted by buoys ✓ Submerged cable in a water proof conduit ✓ Underwater (marine) cable set up – least preferred option

Credit: Ciel et Terre Benefits of Floating PV Systems

Water surface use vis-à-vis Higher efficiency / requirement for land higher generation Land optimization Water conservation Clean energy production Power in remote areas

- due to natural cooling effect of Climate friendly water on the panels and electrical equipment FPV advantages over land-based PV. Forests & farmlands Water retention / • frees up land for other uses and saves on land acquisition or conservation healthy ecosystems preparation and civil works cost; • allows higher yields (15% more) due to the cooling effect of water, which could make up for its higher cost; • conserves water through reduced evaporation; • is quick to install; and, • addresses energy-water-food- climate nexus (reducing algal bloom and increasing water clarity and fish growth. Applications of Floating PV Systems

HYDROPOWER DAM

- Industrial water ponds - Quarry/mine lakes - Irrigation reservoirs - Desalinization reservoirs - Water treatment sites - Drinking water surfaces - Aquaculture Farms - Dams / Canals - Retention ponds

Alto Rabagão, PT – 220 kWp FPV System Cost Breakdown

6% 3%

10% 30% 13%

17% 21%

Modules Floating structure Electrical work Infrastructure Contingency Inverter Grid connection

• App. 1.135 USD/Wp - (module cost 0.34 USD/Wp) • Grid-connection highly project dependent • No purchase of land, no civil works / ground preparation

Source: SERIS RE-KSTA FSED: Potential Pilot Sites

Afghanistan Azerbaijan Kyrgyzstan Naghlu Reservoir / Lake Boyukshor Toktogul Reservoir Lake Qargha

- Qargha lake; recreational - The largest of 9 lakes in the - The largest reservoir in area developed for trout Absheron peninsula Central Asia, feeds fishing, and hatchery (~25 - Saline and was used as a 1,200MW HPP MW potential) dumping site; on-going - (over 20 GW potential) - Naghlu Reservoir (over 200 remediation program (over MW potential 500 MW potential) Project sites have huge potential for scale up, replication and showcasing various configurations, uses and benefits of FPV: 1. Qargha dam and reservoir in AFG: used for recreation and trout fishing and hatchery and is planned to supply additional drinking water to Kabul, provide irrigation, and feed a hydropower plant (HPP). Water conservation is essential in this dry and rugged topography. Qargha lake could fit at least 25 MW, while the Naghlu reservoir* could theoretically fit at least 200 MW of FPV. 2. Lake Boyukshor in AZE is saline and used as a dumping site for sewage and oil effluents. FPV could demonstrate climate- resilient lake restoration while displacing fossil-based power. The lake could theoretically fit 500 MW FPV and there are 8 more such lakes in Baku. 3. The 1,200 MW Toktogul HPP and reservoir supplies 40% of KGZ power, exports power and provides irrigation water to Uzbekistan. FPV could balance the seasonality of hydro with year-round generation. The lake could theoretically fit over 20 GW of FPV.

Implementation arrangements and counterpart in-kind contribution

• ADB will be the TA executing agency working with the country executing agencies and CAREC-ESCC country focal persons. • The counterparts are: Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS), the Ministry of Energy and OJSC Temiz Shahar of Azerbaijan, and OJSC Electric Power Plants (EPP) of the Kyrgyz Republic. • he TA consultants will support TA administration and coordination, working closely with, assisting, and training the existing project management units (PMUs) in DABS, EPP and Temiz Shahar. • The country counterparts and their PMUs will provide data, office space, and technical staff, and assist in data collection, meeting arrangements and others, needed to accomplish the tasks. The TA is expected to be implemented over 31 months.

* The ADB-funded 20 MW land-based PV plant expected to be constructed in 2018 is 2 km away from and will be connected to the 100 MW Naghlu HPP RE-KSTA FSED: Indicative Schedules

Processing Milestones Expected Completion Date Fact-finding completed January 2018 Aide-mémoire confirmed March 2018 TA Concept clearance and TA letter confirmed May 2018 Consultant mobilization June 2018 Implementation Q2 2018 Q3 2018 Q4 Q1 2019 Q2 2019 Q3 2019-Q4 2020 (31 months) 2018 1.1 site/tech assessment 1.2 F/S, Tender docs 1. Pilot and scaled-up FPV 1.3 Procurement; Design-Build projects 1.4 1-year O&M services 1.5 Feasibility studies for commercial projects 2.1 Review policies and identify gaps 2. Business 2.2 Complete and disseminate tariff and policy study report models 2.3 Prepare model tender documents and request for proposals 3.1 identify current capacity and training needs 3. Institutional capacity 3.2 Design training program building 3.3 Organize and conduct training, study tours and conferences Preliminary Yield Estimates – Kyrgyz Republic

250

200

150

100

50 Specific [kWh/kWp.mth] yield Specific

0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

• Total year: 1,500 kWh/kWp.year or 1 MW installed = 1,500 MWh/year • Optimal PV installed capacity for hybrid operation with HPPs must be investigated (hourly, daily, monthly and seasonal production profiles • Potential for scale up of pilots and replication within the pilot country and elsewhere in the region will be assessed Examples of floating solar PV installations 2 MW floating solar project on Boryeong dam reservoir, South Korea Technology/Developer: Posmac/K-water

40MW floating solar project on former coal mining region, Anhui, China Technology/Developer: Sungrow Power On-going Research & Development (Korea) 24

Source: Installation of Installation of Juam Dam Hapcheon dam 500kW Installation of Boryeong 2.4kW Research Equipment commercial plant dam 2MW plant

Hapcheon dam 100kW Installation of Sihwa Installation of Inje Demonstration plant 20kW Research Equipment 110kW Research Equipment development launched for sea for wetland On-going Research & Development (Singapore)

Floating PV test beds Source: 200 kW floating solar farm in Sheeplands Farm, Berkshire, UK Application: renewable energy on-site to power the reservoir’s pump for farm irrigation Technology/Developer: Hydrelio by C&T/Floating Solar UK 6.3 MW floating solar farm in London’s Queen Elizabeth II reservoir Application: power for water treatment works of Thames Water (water provider to London & Thames valley communities) Technology/Developer: Hydrelio by C&T/Lightsource RE UK 2 MW floating solar project on Boryeong dam reservoir, South Korea Application: power generation for 700 homes Technology/Developer: Posmac/K-water Rendering of the 13.7MW plant on the Yamakura Dam reservoir, Chiba, Japan (2018) Application: grid-connected power generation to power approximately 4,970 households Technology/Developer: Kyocera TCL Solar LLC 40MW floating solar project on former coal mining region, Anhui, China Application: power generation for 15,000 homes Technology/Developer: Sungrow Power 343 kWp floating solar plant on an irrigation pond, Savona, Italy Application: power generation (grid-connected) Technology/Developer: Ciel et Terre