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Deciphering Myanmar's Peace Process A Reference Guide 2017-2018 www.bnionline.net www.mmpeacemonitor.org Deciphering Myanmar’s Peace Process: A Reference Guide 2017-2018 Written and Edited by Burma News International Layout/Design by Saw Wanna(Z.H) Translator-Aung Moe First Edition: May 2019 Printer: Burmawoman Printing (00026), minnandar street,Dawpon Tsp,Yangon Copyright reserved by Burma News International Published by Burma News International P.O Box 7, Talad Kamtieng PO Chiang Mai, 50304, Thailand E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Website: http://www.mmpeacemonitor.org Twitter: http://twitter.com/mmpeacemonitor Facebook: http:// www.facebook.com/mmpeacemonitor http://bnionline.net Contents Acknoledgement vii Notes to the Readers ix Summary xi Background of BNI's Myanmar Peace Monitor Project xv Acronyms xvii I. Prospect of Peace Process Myanmar Peace Process Grand Chart 2 Timeline of Myanmar Peace Process 3 Perspectives on the Peace Process 4 A Shift from Security to Peace 19 ,, &RQÀLFW$QDO\VLV 0DUFK The Map showing the condition of Armed Clashes 2016 26 The Map showing the condition of Armed Clashes 2017-2019 (March) 27 1XPEHUVRIWKHFRQÀLFWLQFLGHQWV Clashes between Tatmadaw and EAOs (2017-2019 March) 29 $QDO\VLVRIWKH&RQÀLFW6LWXDWLRQ Situation snapshot of the strenght of EAO Forces 32 TNCA-related Rules and Regulations 33 ,,,,QWHUQDOO\'LVSODFHG3HRSOHDQG5HIXJHHV 6LWXDWLRQDORI,'30DS Situational of IDP Map 2017-2019 March 39 Displacement in Myanmar 40 ,PSDFWRIWKH&RQÀLFWRQWKH3RSXODWLRQ IV. Meeting Overview The infographic of Peace meeting 47 Meetings Overview 49 A Reference Guide 2017-2018 iii 9 VW&HQWXU\3DQJORQJ8QLRQ3HDFH&RQIHUHQFH The 21st Century Panglong Union Peace Conference Format 63 Pyidaungsu Accord – Part I 66 Pyidaungsu Accord – Part II 73 9,.H\,VVXHVDQG&KDOOHQJHVRIWKH3HDFH3URFHVV The role of State Counselor in the Peace Process 79 7KHUROHRI7DWPDGDZLQWKH3HDFH3URFHVV 1&$'HDGORFNDQGWKH($2V &ODVKHVDQG3DWKZD\VWR3HDFH 9,,7KHUROHRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPXQLW\LQ Myanmar Peace Process &KLQD¶V5ROHLQ0\DQPDU3HDFH3URFHVV The EU takes a leading role in Myanmar Peace Process 93 India plays a part in Myanmar Peace Process 97 Japan takes an active role in Myanmar Peace Process 104 The US and Myanmar Peace Process 109 Economic and Political Stakes 113 9,,,2UJDQL]DWLRQDO3UR¿OHV A to Z 119 7KH0DSRI/LDLVRQRႈFHVRI($2V Armed Group from out of NCA 166 EAOs Active Area 167 16$*$FWLYH$UHDLQ0\DQPDU ,;/RFDODQG,QWUHQDWLRQDO6XSSRUWHUVRI0\DQPDU V3HDFH3URFHVV A to Z 169 ; 6WDWHPHQWVRQWKHSHDFHSURFHVV Records of statements on the peace process within the period from 2017 to March 2019 175 A Reference Guide 2017-2018 v vi Deciphering Myanmar’s Peace Process Acknoledgement :H%XUPD1HZV,QWHUQDWLRQDO %1, DUHSOHDVHGWRSUHVHQWWKH¿IWK book on the complex Myanmar’s peace process. This book is based RQWKH\HDUO\FROOHFWHGGDWD)DFWVDQG¿JXUHVSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVERRN are based on media report collected within the scope of BNI’s peace monitoring project (www.mmpeacemonitor.org) in the period of three years from 2017 to 2019 (March). Our team of BNI thanks our peace monitoring members Htu Sam, Donna Ong (International Consultant), Sayar Zin Linn, Ko Hnin Ko (Peace Researcher), Ko Pein Pha and those, who conducted research and contributed into this book. Thank are also due to Felix Haas who edited the English draft reportin terms of grammar and linguistics. :HDUHJUDWHIXOWRWKH-RLQW3HDFH)XQG -3) IRU¿QDQFLDOO\VXSSRUWLQJ this publication and our peace monitoring project. The publication of this book would not have been possible without the assistance of the JPF. On this occasion, we would also like to express our profound gratitude to previous donors of BNI who helped initiate the peace monitoring project over previous years. BNI is committed to continuing its support for the development of democracy and peace in Myanmar. A Reference Guide 2017-2018 vii Notes to the Reader This book is intended to provide transparent information in relation to the peace process in Myanmar between January 2017 and December 2018. The peace process is too complex to be covered in totality. Insofar, the reader may need to understand that a certain level of inconsistencies cannot be averted. ,QWKHSHDFHSURFHVVLQ0\DQPDULWLVDPDMRUFKDOOHQJHWRFRQ¿UPDQGYHULI\LQ- IRUPDWLRQ0RVWIDFWVDQG¿JXUHVLQFOXGHGLQWKLVERRNDUHFROOHFWHGDQGFRPSLOHG IURPPHGLDRWKHUDUWLFOHVLQWHUYLHZVUHYLHZVORFDODQGIRUHLJQUHSRUWVDQGRI¿FLDO statements. Besides, many developments in the peace process are not only related to the government, the Tatmadaw and ethnic armed groups as institutions, but also related to the individuals involved in the peace process and their individual percep- tions. Hence, the data collection for this book has been a major challenge. Our team has undertaken an utmost effort to consolidate this book to enhance understanding RIWKHFRPSOLFDWHGGHYHORSPHQWVSHDFHDQGFRQÀLFW Throughout the document, the expression Tatmadaw is used as a reference to the Myanmar military and Myanmar Army to unit of the Tatmadaw carrying out ground DFWLYLWLHV:HDOVRXVHWKHRI¿FLDOH[SUHVVLRQ($2VUHIHUULQJWRQRQVWDWHHWKQLF armed groups as per described in the NCA. $PRQJWKH1&$6($2VDOVRVRPH0\DQPDUQDWLRQDOVWXGHQWVGHPRFUDWLFIRUFHV are non-ethnic based and so that the usage will not be accurate. To recognize their A Reference Guide 2017-2018 ix SROLWLFDOVWDQFHWKHH[SUHVVLRQVWXGHQWDUPHGJURXSVDQG¿JKWLQJJURXSVDUHXVHG KHUHDVDUHIHUHQFHWRDUPHGJURXSVLQYROYLQJLQRQJRLQJFRQÀLFWV $OWKRXJKWKHZRUG5RKLQJ\DLVHWKQLFULJKWUHODWHGYHU\VHQVLWLYHDQGQRWRI¿FLDOO\ recognized in Myanmar, we have to use it in our reports for reasons of accuracy. This expression is used, as the above-mentioned community is self-identifying by this word. Purpose of the use of the word Rohingya is hence not to be understood a political statement in opposition to the word Bengali. It also is noteworthy that beyond Rohingya other Muslim groups such as Kaman reside in Rakhine State. Hence, for WKLVUHDVRQWKHRI¿FLDOWHUPXVHGE\WKHJRYHUQPHQW³0XVOLPVIURP5DNKLQH6WDWH´ is considered inaccurate. The understanding of the reader for this use of terminol- ogy is kindly requested. This book is based on data collected and key changes that have occurred in the period from March 2017 to 2019. x Deciphering Myanmar’s Peace Process Summary In 2017 and 2018, the peace process in Myanmar has entered a phase of crises, deadlock and setbacks. There is an acute challenge moving forward with the peace process in an orderly manner. The Thein Sein government tried to end the 70-year long DUPHGVWUXJJOHWKURXJKWKHJURXQGEUHDNLQJDFKLHYHPHQWRIWKH1DWLRQDO&HDVH¿UH $JUHHPHQW 1&$ ¿QDOO\VLJQHGE\HLJKWRXWRIRYHUHWKQLFDUPHGJURXSV%HIRUHKLV WHUPHQGHGWKH¿UVW8QLRQ3HDFH&RQIHUHQFH 83& ZDVKHOGLQRQ-DQXDU\ Most political analysts regard the NCA as limited in impact, as the NCA signatories 1&$6($2V RQO\FRQVWLWXWHDSSUR[LPDWHO\SHUFHQWRIWKHRUJDQL]HGIRUFHVRI ethnic armed groups in the whole of the country. Hence, there is controversy, whether or not the completion of the incomplete NCA under the Thein Sein government has been a success. %XLOGLQJ PXWXDO WUXVW EHOLHI EHWZHHQ ($2V 7DWPDGDZ DQG WKH LQFXPEHQW 1/' government taking over the peace process has been a major challenge: Firstly, the 1/'JRYHUQPHQWKDGWRDGKHUHWRJRYHUQPHQWDOFRPPLWPHQWVPDGHLQWKH1&$ secondly the deadlock in bringing non-signatories under the NCA-umbrella needed to be addressed. 8QGHUWKH1/'JRYHUQPHQWWKHIRUPDWRIWKH8QLRQ3HDFH&RQIHUHQFHVKDVEHHQ established, which at least has created some platform for political exchange. Two SDUWVRID8QLRQ$FFRUGZLWKDWRWDORISRLQWVFRXOGEHFRQFOXGHG,QDGGLWLRQWKH 1&$XPEUHOODFRXOGEHH[WHQGHGWR1063DQG/'8LQHDUO\ The implementation even of the 21st Century Panglong Conferences however equally faces challenges, as any of the previous three Panglong sessions has been con- siderably delayed. In this context also no date for the fourth 21st Century Panglong A Reference Guide 2017-2018 xi &RQIHUHQFHFRXOG\HWEHDJUHHGXSRQ7KH1&$6($2V.18DQG5&66VWRSSHG their participation on both, NCA and JMC levels. ,QRUGHUDOVRWRLQFOXGH1&$16($2VXQGHUWKH1&$XPEUHOODDOVRELODWHUDOGLVFXV- sions - particularly of informal nature - with combating armed groups of FPNCC are needed to understand e.g. their positions for the political dialogue. 7KH1&$HTXDOO\KDVQRWIXOO\KDOWHG¿JKWVEHWZHHQWKH7DWPDGDZDQG1&$6($2 &RQVHTXHQWO\DOVRIRU1&$16($2VWKH1&$FHQWHUHGSHDFHSURFHVVPD\ODFN FUHGLELOLW\7KHHPHUJHQFHRILQWHQVH¿JKWLQJLQ.DFKLQDQG1RUWKHUQ6KDQ6WDWHVDV well as in broader Rakhine State equally blurs any prospect of peace and national UHFRQFLOLDWLRQXQGHU1/' (IIRUWVKDYHEHHQPDGHWRHVWDEOLVKSULQFLSOHVRIDGHPRFUDWLFDQGIHGHUDOV\VWHPLQ Myanmar. Such efforts however are often overshadowed by international pressure regarding escalating violence and confrontation in Northern Myanmar and Rakhine 6WDWHDQGDOOHJDWLRQVRIKXPDQULJKWYLRODWLRQVRIWKH7DWPDGDZLQFRQÀLFW]RQHV 7KHDYRLGDQFHRISRVVLEOHFRQÀLFWVDQGMRLQWPRQLWRULQJDFWLYLWLHVRIFHDVH¿UHYLRODWLRQV DUHNH\SDUWRIWKH1&$7KHDJUHHPHQWKRZHYHUUHPDLQVYDJXHDQGQRQVSHFL¿F in key areas such as disarmament, demarcation arrangements and power sharing. $OWKRXJKWKH1&$KDVEHHQUHDFKHGZLWK($2V¿JKWLQJLQFLGHQWVDORQJZLWK threats from territorial expansion and military build-up between by the Tatmadaw FRQWLQXHGWRH[LVW7KLVOHDYHVWKHORFDOSRSXODWLRQLQFRQÀLFWDIIHFWHGUHJLRQVLQIHDU Beyond the developments on the peace side, developments in the economy have HTXDOO\RFFXUUHG0\DQPDU¶VRSHQLQJKDVSHUPLWWHGWKHFRXQWU\WRDWWUDFW86DQG other Western investments as well as particularly Chinese and Japanese invest- PHQWV,QWKHFRQÀLFWDIIHFWHGERUGHUDUHDVH[DPSOHVRILQYHVWPHQWVH[SORLWLYHLQ xii Deciphering
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    PEACE Info (August 9, 2017) Analysis: The Peace Process and an Unattainable Plan Detained Journalists ‘Didn’t Break the Law’ China’s Charm Offensive Regains its Foothold in Myanmar Army chief, major Arakanese political party meet as tensions in west simmer Tatmadaw asked Mon youth not to carry arms in commemorative parade TNLA, Burma Army clashes in Namhsan displace over 100 Myanmar Army closes off Mantong township after convoy ambush Burma Army Ignores UN and NCA Conventions, Targets and Arrests Shan Civilians Rakhine villagers return home after Tatmadaw pledges to increase security Myanmar Democratic Transition Forum to discuss the country’s progress NCA လက္မွတ္ထုိးၿပီး ခ်ီတက္သည့္ေနရာတြင္ အားနည္းခ်က္ေတြရွိေနဟု ဗုိလ္ခ်ဳပ္ႀကီးေစာမူတူးေစးဖုိးေျပာ ႏိုင္ငံေရးေဆြးေႏြးပြဲမူေဘာင္ ျပန္ေရးဆြဲရန္ အပါအဝင္ အခ်က္ ၂ခ်က္ ေျပလည္ပါက UNFC က NCA ထိုးဖြယ္ရွိေန ပစ္မွတ္ထားခံလာရတဲ့ ရွမ္းနိုင္ငံေရး ျမန္မာ့ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရး လုပ္ငန္းစဥ္ႏွင့္ အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ား၏ ဦးေဆာင္မႈ အခန္းက႑ ဌာေနတုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား လိုလားခ်က္ပါဝင္မည့္ ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရးရလဒ္ေမ်ွာ္လင့္ဟုဆို ျမန္မာႏုိင္ငံတြင္း ဌာေနတုိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား အခြင့္အေရး ခ်ဳိးေဖာက္ခံေနရဟုဆို နမၼတီးတြင္ ကခ်င္ အမ်ိဳးသား ၂ ဦး မိုင္းေပါက္ကြဲ ဒဏ္ရာမ်ားႏွင့္ ေသဆုံးမႈ ျဖစ္ပြား နမၼတူၿမိဳ႕မွာ စစ္ေဘးဒုကၡသည္ ၂၀၀ ေက်ာ္ထပ္တိုးလာ စစ္ေရးတင္းမာမႈမ်ားေၾကာင့္ နမၼတူတြင္ စစ္ေဘးေရွာင္ ၇၀၀ ေက်ာ္လာ မန္တုံၿမိဳ႕ အ၀င္အထြက္ ကန္႔သတ္ ပိတ္မိေနတဲ့ မန္တုန္ၿမိဳ႕မွာ ေဒသခံေတြ ဒုကၡေရာက္ေန နမၼတူၿမိဳ႕ကိုသြားမယ့္ အစီအစဥ္ကို လူ႔အခြင့္အေရးေကာ္မရွင္ ပယ္ဖ်က္ ရခိုင္အေရး တပ္ခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ ရခိုင္အမ်ဳိးသားပါတီဥကၠ႒ ေတြ႕ဆံုေဆြးေႏြး ရခိုင္ျပည္လံုၿခံဳေရး တပ္ခ်ဳပ္နဲ႔ ANP ပါတီေဆြးေႏြး အေျခခံ ဥပေဒ ခုံ႐ုံးကို လြတ္လပ္တဲ့ မ႑ိဳင္အျဖစ္ ရွိနိုင္ေရး အႀကံျပဳ ကခ်င္ပါတီမ်ား ကခ်င္ဖြဲ႕စည္းပုံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း အသင့္ျဖစ္ရန္ ေရးဆြဲေန ဒုသမၼတ ရခုိင္ေကာ္မရွင္ အစီရင္ခံစာ HRW ေ၀ဖန္ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 1 of 40 Analysis: The Peace Process and an Unattainable Plan By Nyein Nyein 9 August 2017 The Peace Commission and the UNFC DPN meeting on August 4, 2017 in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
  • Fact Book of Political Parties in Myanmar

    Fact Book of Political Parties in Myanmar

    Myanmar Development Research (MDR) (Present) Enlightened Myanmar Research (EMR) Wing (3), Room (A-305) Thitsar Garden Housing. 3 Street , 8 Quarter. South Okkalarpa Township. Yangon, Myanmar +951 562439 Acknowledgement of Myanmar Development Research This edition of the “Fact Book of Political Parties in Myanmar (2010-2012)” is the first published collection of facts and information of political parties which legally registered at the Union Election Commission since the pre-election period of Myanmar’s milestone 2010 election and the post-election period of the 2012 by-elections. This publication is also an important milestone for Myanmar Development Research (MDR) as it is the organization’s first project that was conducted directly in response to the needs of civil society and different stakeholders who have been putting efforts in the process of the political transition of Myanmar towards a peaceful and developed democratic society. We would like to thank our supporters who made this project possible and those who worked hard from the beginning to the end of publication and launching ceremony. In particular: (1) Heinrich B�ll Stiftung (Southeast Asia) for their support of the project and for providing funding to publish “Fact Book of Political Parties in Myanmar (2010-2012)”. (2) Party leaders, the elected MPs, record keepers of the 56 parties in this book who lent their valuable time to contribute to the project, given the limited time frame and other challenges such as technical and communication problems. (3) The Chairperson of the Union Election Commission and all the members of the Commission for their advice and contributions.
  • KACHIN STATE Myanmar

    KACHIN STATE Myanmar

    Myanmar Information Management Unit KACHIN STATE Myanmar 95°30'E 96°0'E 96°30'E 97°0'E 97°30'E 98°0'E 98°30'E 99°0'E 28°30'N Ü 28°30'N 28°0'N 28°0'N Nawngmun INDIA Puta-O Pannandin !( Nawngmun 27°30'N 27°30'N Putao oAirport Machanbaw Puta-O Pansaung !( Khaunglanhpu Machanbaw Khaunglanhpu Nanyun 27°0'N 27°0'N Don Hee !( !( Shin Bway Yang Sumprabum Sumprabum Tanai 26°30'N 26°30'N KACHIN Tsawlaw Tanai Lahe Tsawlaw Injangyang Htan Par Hkamti Kway 26°0'N o Khamti 26°0'N Airport Chipwi Injangyang Chipwi Myitkyina Hpakan Pang War Hpakan !( Kamaing !( 25°30'N 25°30'N Myitkyina Kan Mogaung Airport o Paik Ti Nampong Sadung !( oAir Base .!Myitkyina !( Mogaung Waingmaw Waingmaw SAGAING LAKE INDAWNGYI !( 25°0'N Hopin CHINA 25°0'N Mohnyin !( Mohnyin Sinbo Momauk Dawthponeyan !( Myo Hla 24°30'N !( 24°30'N Banmauk Bhamo Shwegu Bamaw SAGAING oAirport Momauk Shwegu Bhamo Indaw Katha !( Lwegel Mansi Pinlebu !( Maw !( !( Monekoe Hteik Pang Hseng (Kyu Koke) Manhlyoe 24°0'N (Manhero) Muse 24°0'N Mansi !( Wuntho Konkyan Namhkan Kilometers Kawlin Tigyaing 0 15 30 60 90 SHAN Laukkaing 95°30'E 96°0'E 96°30'E 97°0'E 97°30'E 98°0'E 98°30'E 99°0'E Tarmoenye !( Legend Elevation (Meter) Map ID: MIMU940v01 Takaung < 50 1,250 - 1,500 3,000 - 3,250 Data Sources : Myanmar Information Management Unit (MIMU) is a !( o Major Road Township Boundary River/Water Body Creation Date: 4 December 2012.A1 Airports Mabein 50 - 100 1,500 - 1,750 3,250 - 3,500 Base Map - MIMU ChinshwehawcommonNamtit resource of the Humanitarian Country Team Other Road District Boundary Projection/Datum: Geographic/WGS84 Non-Perennial 100 - 250 1,750 - 2,000 3,500 - 3,750 Boundaries - WFP/MIMU (HCT) providing information management services, ^(!_ Capital including GIS mapping and analysis, to the humanitarian Railway State/Region Boundary Perennial 250 - 500 2,000 - 2,250 3,750 - 4,000 River and Stream - DCW Elevation : SRTM 90m and development actors both inside and outside of .! State Capital River and Stream International Boundary 500 - 750 2,250 - 2,500 4,000 - 7,007 Place names - Ministry of Home Affair Myanmar.
  • EBO Background Paper NO. 4 / 2015 AUGUST 2015 EBO MYANMAR

    EBO Background Paper NO. 4 / 2015 AUGUST 2015 EBO MYANMAR

    EBO Background Paper NO. 4 / 2015 AUGUST 2015 EBO MYANMAR AUTHOR | Paul Keenan ALL-INCLUSIVENESS IN AN ETHNIC CONTEXT After what had been recognised as successful ostensibly an agreement not to militarily engage talks in July that brought the Nationwide Ceasefire the government’s armed forces. Agreement (NCA) closer to fruition only three While two of the three main points, signatories and points remained to be addressed before a binding witnesses to the agreement, were satisfactorily agreement could be signed. Perhaps crucially the settled at a meeting between the Union Peace- most important for all concerned parties were making Work Committee (UPWC) and Ethnic Armed which groups are to be included in the signing of Organizations-Senior Delegation (SD), from 6 to 7 the NCA. This has become a particularly difficult August 2015, at the Myanmar Peace Centre, the point to address as the Government and the main one, all-inclusiveness, or more correctly who armed ethnic group leaders have differing views gets to sign the ceasefire agreement, continues as to the validity of those groups that can be a part to be unresolved and without compromise could of the process at the initial ceasefire stage. see the peace process delayed until well after There are six groups that are a major concern May 2016, as the 8 November election and the during these talks, each groups has a different installation of a new government is finalised. background, a different goal, and different claims Consequently, there remains little time left for an as to why they deserve to participate in what is agreement to be made.