T Times New Roman Times New Roman is a serif typeface commissioned by the British newspaper, The Times, in 1931, designed by Stanley Morison and Victor Lardent at the English Aa branch of Monotype. It was commissioned after Stanley Morison had written an article criticizing The Times for being badly printed and, ironically, typographically behind the times. The font was supervised by Morison and drawn by Victor Lardent, an artist from the advertising department of The Times. Morison used an older font named Plantin as the basis for his design, but made revisions for legibility and economy of space. As Ff the old type used by the newspaper had been called Times Old Roman, Morison's revision became Times New Roman and Some experts believe that the design made its debut in the 3 October 1932 issue was based on an ear lier original work of The Times newspaper. After one year, the of William Starling Burgess.This theory design was released for commercial sale. remains controversial. The Times stayed with Times New Roman Because of its ubiquity, the typeface for 40 years, but new production techniques has been influential in the subsequent and the format change from broadsheet to development of a number of serif typefaces tabloid in 2004 have caused the newspaper to both before and after the start of the digital- switch font five times since 1972. However, font era. all the new fonts have been variants of the The story of "The Times New Roman" original New Roman font. can be found in Stanley Morison's A Tally of Types, published by Cambridge University Press, with additional, though not quite the same, versions in Nicolas Barker's biography of Stanley Morison, and in James Moran's biography of SM. (There should be an apostrophe in that name, "Times' Roman", I suppose, though no-one uses it.) During World War II, the American Linotype company, in a generous spirit of Allied camaraderie, applied for registration of the trademark name "Times Roman" as its own, not Monotype's or The Times', and received the registration in 1945.

In the 1980's, all this was revisited when some entrepreneurs, desirous of gaining the rights to use the name, applied to Rupert Murdoch, who owned The Times; separately, a legal action was also initiated to clarify the right of Monotype to use the name in the U.S., despite Linotype's registration. The outcome of all of the legal maneuverings is that Linotype and its licensees like Adobe and Apple continue In the late 1980's, Monotype redrew to use the name "Times Roman", while its Times New Roman to make it fit Monotype and its licensees like Microsoft exactly the proportions and metrics of the use the name "Times New Roman". Adobe-Linotype version of Times Roman. During the decades of transatlantic Monotype claimed that its new version was "sharing" of the Times designs, and the better than the Adobe-Linotype version, transfer of the faces from metal to photo because of smoother curves, better detailing, to digital, various differences developed and generally greater sensitivity to the between the versions marketed by Linotype original designs done for The Times and and Monotype. Especially these became Monotype by Victor Lardent, who worked evident when Adobe released the PostScript under the direction of Stanley Morison. version, for various reasons having to do During the same period, Adobe upgraded with how Adobe produced the original its version of Times, using digital masters PostScript implementations of Times. The from Linotype, which of course claimed width metrics were different, as well as that it had a superior version, so there was a various proportions and details. kind of competition to see who had the most refined, sensitive, original, genuine, bona- fide, artistically and typographically correct along with upgraded versions of its core version. Many, perhaps most, users didn't set of fonts, for improved rasterization on notice and didn't care about these subtle screen. Also, firms like Imagen, now part of distinctions, many of which were invisible QMS, and Sun developed rival font scaling at 10 pt at 300 dpi (which is an em of 42 technologies, and labored to make sure that pixels, a stem of three pixels, a serif of 1 their renderings of Times, licensed from pixel, and so on). Linotype in both cases, were equal to those When Microsoft produced its version of their competitors. Hence, the perceived of Times New Roman, licensed from quality of the Times design became a litmus Monotype, in TrueType format, and when for the quality of several font formats. Apple produced its version of Times Roman, Never before, and probably never again, licensed from Linotype, in TrueType format, would the precise placement of pixels in the subtle competition took on a new the serifs or 's' curves etc. of Times Roman aspect, because both Microsoft and Apple occupy the attention of so many engineers expended a great deal of time and effort to and computer scientists. It was perhaps the make the TrueType versions as good as, or supreme era of the Digital Fontologist. better than, the PostScript version. During the same period, Adobe released ATM

Morison had convinced the newspaper management that a new typeface was required. After unsatisfactory trials with Perpetua, Baskerville and Plantin (although that typeface showed much promise), from January 1931 Morison directed Monotype draftsman Victor Lardent to develop a new and sharper design based on his sketches. The design we know benefits from a Plantin-like large x-height, and short descenders; it is slightly narrower than Plantin. All three characteristics make it economical for a newspaper: they can use less space, setting the type small, without compromising legibility. Font testing

Stanley Morison (6 May 1889 – 11 October 1967) was an English typographer, designer and historian of printing. Born in Wanstead, Essex, and self- taught, having left school after his father abandoned his family, Morison became an of the company's range of typefaces and editorial assistant on Imprint magazine in hugely influenced the field of typography to 1913 . As a conscientious objector he was the present day. imprisoned during the First World War, but Morison was also typographical became design supervisor at the Pelican consultant to The Times newspaper from Press in 1918 . 1929 to 1960 and in 1931, after having In 1922 he founded the Fleuron Society publicly criticized the paper for the poor dedicated to typographical matters (a fleuron quality of its printing, he was commissioned being a typographic flower or ornament). by the newspaper to produce a new easy-to- He edited the society's journal The Fleuron read typeface for the publication. Times New from 1925 to 1930 . The quality of the Roman, the typeface Morison developed publication's artwork and printing was with graphic artist Victor Lardent, was first considered exceptional. From 1923 to 1925 used by the newspaper in 1932 and was he was a staff editor/writer for the Penrose published by Monotype in 1933. Annual, a graphics arts journal. Morison edited the History of the Times From 1923 to 1967 Morison was from 1935 to 1952 and was editor of the typographic consultant for the Monotype Times Literary Supplement between 1945 Corporation. In the 1920s and 1930s, his and 1948 . He was elected a Royal Designer work at Monotype included research and for Industry in 1960 and was a member adaptation of historic typefaces, including of the editorial board of Encyclopædia the revival of the Baskerville and Bembo Britannica from 1961 until his death in 1967 types. He pioneered the great expansion in London. Other typefaces designed by Morison Bibliography for the Monotype Corporation include http://www.adobe.com/type Blado (1923) and Bembo (1929). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Roman http://wapedia.mobi/en/en:Times_New_Roman http://www.linotype.com/510/stanleymorison.html Author: Ing. Codrin Maleş http://blogs.univ-paris5.fr/hy08228/files/ IPP - ESEIG - Graphic Design, 2010 http://www.bethgrossman.com/press/images Coord. Marta Fernandes