South Korean Good Practice SDI Investigations

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National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ...... iv Acknowledgments...... v About the Author ...... vi Executive Summary ...... 1 Chapter 1. Introduction ...... 8 Chapter 2. Social Context and Theoretical Framework ...... 10 Chapter 3. The Current Korean SDI Situation ...... 17 Chapter 4. Korean NSDI History ...... 36 Chapter 5. Best Practices in Korea ...... 45 Chapter 6. Lessons Learned ...... 56 Chapter 7. A Strategic NSDI Model for the Developing Countries ...... 62 Annex- A National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act ...... 74 Annex- B Spatial Data Industry Promotin Act ...... 85 Annex- C Current Status of Korean GIS Standards ...... 94 Annex- D Korean SDI/GIS Organization List...... 97 Annex- E Selected List of the Korean National GIS Projects ...... 98 Annex- F Korean GIS Expert Investigation Results ...... 105 Annex- G Tasks and Activities for SDI in Developing Countries (Example) ...... 111

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Acknowledgments

This work would not be possible without the support of numerous people and organizations whose contributions remain invaluable to the preparation and writing of this report. Specifically, I would like to thank the Korea Trust Fund on ICT for Development and the The World Bank Group, especially Tim Kelly, team task leader of the overall “SDI for Monitoring Development Outcomes” report; Marisela Montoliu Muñoz, for her work on the original PCN; Bruce McCormack and Paul Scott, for their insightful and detailed revisions; Samhir Vasdev, for editing and preparing this document for publication; and all reviewers whose suggestions were deeply appreciated.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

About the Author

Eun-Hyung Kim is a professor at Division of Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning, College of Engineering, Kyungwon University in Korea. Since he found GIS technology in 1985, most of his lifetime has been devoted to GIS research on national and local GIS planning and implementation. His major research area is on NSDI policies, GIS standards, GIS implementations in local governments and recently, Geospatial Web and Ubiquitous City.

The Korea NGIS Project, also called the Korea NSDI, started in 1995 and is now on the third phase. The fourth phase will begin next year. He might be the only one who went through the Korea NSDI planning and implementation from the beginning to the present. He is also deeply involved in GIS implementation in local governments. His most current NSDI perspective was presented by the paper, "The Prescriptive NSDI Model(2008)".

Since 1995, he has been a member of Steering Committee for the NATIONAL GIS project to establish the Korean NSDI and to develop its implementation plans. He is one of the five members who initiated the NGIS project by the first-phase NGIS Implementation Plan. He has been participating in numerous Advisory Committees in various central and local governments in Korea. Also, he is a Korean Head of Delegate to the Technical Committee of the International Standard Organization on Geographic Information/Geomatics (ISO/TC211).

His main papers include "A Study on a GIS ISP (Information Strategic Plan) Model for Local Governments to Overcome the Problems in a Transition Period (2004)", "A Study on Integration Strategies for e- Government and GIS in Korea (2005)", "Comparative Study on Advanced NSDIs for the future NATIONAL GIS Implementation in Korea (2006)", "Study on Advanced Model for GIS Implementation in Local Governments (2007)", and "The Prescriptive NSDI Model (2008)", which are on SDI policies from local via national to international level.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Executive summary

This report seeks to understand how to help country‟s NGIS (1995-2000, 2001-2005, and 2005- developing countries advance their SDI efforts 2010). By 2008, a total of 1,2 trillion won ($1,1 based on the case study of South Korea. With billion) had been invested from public funding remarkable economic growth, South Korea stands from national budgets – 2,787 billion won ($2,6 in a unique position in the world, transforming million) in the first phase, 4,550 billion won ($4,3 from a largely aid-dependent nation to a billion) in the second phase, and 4,438 billion won developed country in a relatively short period of ($4,2 billion) in the third phase. On both the time. Strategic efforts with advanced IT national and local levels, the plurality of NGIS technologies have contributed considerably to its expenditures was invested in creating and rapid economic development, largely due to South managing geospatial data and applications. Korea‟s notable NSDI effort. To investigate and analyze the country‟s achievements as a good It can be said that Korean SDI has been driven by practice SDI, the current Korean SDI, this report a top-down approach rather than by a bottom-up reviews its situation and its history. Through the approach because the central government has analysis, a strategic NSDI model is proposed that played a larger role to run the Korean SDI. can help developing countries implement SDI Recently in Korea, however, a paradigmatic shift efficiently. in GIS technology from geographic information systems to geo-spatial information resulted in new legislation, a change of policy from top-down The current Korean SDI situation approach to a more bottom-up approach, a harmonization of both of these approaches, and The current Korean SDI situation can be organizational arrangements for future direction. identified by 12 issues: GIS applications, policy According to the 4th NGIS Plan (MLTM, 2010), a issues, legislation, organizational issues, funding, new concept of “Neogeography” will move the data sets, standards, software and network current NSDI direction toward a “new deal” data services, access issues, international issues, governance policy with private partnerships. evaluation, and education/research. These issues Under the vision of Green – focusing on fit neatly into six primary components of SDI intelligence, integration, interoperability, (data, standards, access and metadata, policy, governance, and easy access to spatial information technology, and partnerships) as follows: 1) Data – the “everywhere”, “everybody,” and “new deal” sets can be mapped to the data component; 2) policy will begin to guide the country‟s NGIS. Standards issues to the standard component; 3) Access issues to the access and metadata component; 4) Policy, legislation, and South Korean NSDI history organizational issues to the policy component; 5) Software and network services issues to the It should be said that Korean SDI history cannot technology component; and 6) Funding, be separated from the NGIS project since both international issues, evaluation, and evolved together. In other words, from simple education/research issues to the partnerships digitization of information to knowledge, Korean component. These components are interrelated SDI developed and changed rapidly through the through mutual interactions. implementation of various NGIS projects. This transformation can be illustrated by examining the With regards to the important issue of funding, a three phrases of NGIS: large amount of the Korean budget had been invested throughout the three phases of the

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Table 1: The three phases of Korea's NGIS

NGIS Phase 1 (1995-2000) NGIS Phase 2 (2001-2005) NGIS Phase 3 (2005-2010)

Digitization of spatial data to Emphasis on the establish GIS infrastructure in Construction of a wider GIS infrastructure of the order to promote to national digital landscape implementation of Korean Goal competitiveness and Ubiquitous Land productivity

Creation of digital topographic and cadastral maps Fundamental data including Digital thematic map, parcel- National /marine base map administrative district, address map, administrative

ata transportation, marine and National geodetic control boundary map, road map, D water resources, etc point, national imagery DB current land use map, national land zoning map, and urban planning map

Linkage and integration of

GIS application for individual GIS application GIS application for underground facility , land use, systems underground facility environment, agriculture,

marine 3D spatial information, UPIS, pplication

A KOPSS, BIM etc.

Re-establishment of Developments of several framework data standard

standards including∙ standard Developments of several

for national base map, standards including∙ standard Developments of advanced underground facility map for framework, data, several standards construction, distribution and

Standard Developments of standards for application for NGIS Modification and exchange of spatial data supplementation of existing standards

Intelligent land information based on GIS technology Mapping technology, DB Tool, 3D GIS, high-resolution RS and developed new software GIS S/W technology technology for the future information-

oriented society.

Technology

Online and offline GIS Online and offline GIS IT labor markets promotion education education project Development of educational Update of educational Offline GIS education program and educational program and educational

textbook textbook Human resource Human

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Project for national spatial Advancement project for Pilot project for national spatial clearing house 70m datasets in management of national clearing house

139 categories available spatial clearing house

house

Clearing

Research for NGIS in mid- and Research for NGIS in Research for NGIS

long-term policy project changing environments Research

Lessons learned from NSDI

Lessons learned by the Korean NSDI align with and partnerships), and with the additional metric the 6 components of SDI discussed earlier (data, of GIS applications: policy, standard, access and metadata, technology,

Table 2: Lessons learned from Korea's NSDI

SDI Lessons learned Recommendation component

In South Korea, an over-emphasis on Efforts to bridge gaps between data accuracy has retarded the assessing formal institutional data quality development of SDI. Harmonizing a and informal real usage for business concept of data quality in users‘ perspective with suppliers‘ perspective For example, using digital ortho-photo, is important for data production, satellite image or new surveying

usages and various applications technology can be preferable to using traditional surveying methods.

Data Harmonization of cost with quality is important. For rapid return on investment, the selection of maps at proper scale and The strategies for data updating must decision on data building method will be considered during initial data- need to be reviewed. building to prevent duplicated investment for revision and data Tools such as UFID for efficient and real- updating. time updating will be useful.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

In the South Korean SDI, two kinds of level as de jure standards have developed: KS and TTA standards. To Strategic standardization based on

Developing the standards while consensus among GIS communities for s obtaining consensus, will inevitably SDI, more effectively and easily. take considerable time. Tools such as the USGS geospatial

Standard As a result, several NGIS projects have bluebook, the standards guidance been implemented without related resource, are useful at the standards. implementation and conceptual levels.

A delay of NGIS standardization results in issues of data interoperability and project inefficiency.

Due to a lack of best practicse in the use of technologies from the get-go, In spite of the development of GIS

educational programs for GIS technologies for the 3 NGIS phases, the technologists and experts are crucial. adoption of advanced foreign technologies is significant in Korea. Wider strategical use of open-source technologies is recommended. With the help of ubiquitous Technology technologies, Korea competitively Strategic and rapid development of develops specific technologies. selected technologies for developing countries‘ SDI is recommended.

More administrative experts and fewer Legislation for the NSDI at a national GIS experts as decision makers may and local level is required for SDI. In due have resulted in some trial and errors at time, legislation for SDI must be the beginning of NGIS phase in South introduced with a a clear definition of Korea. roles defining who does what.

Conflicts between the GIS and More participation and determination surveying communities could present of GIS experts in policy-making process problems, and the latter‘s influence has is needed. been more substantial than the former

Policy group‘s. Accuracy has prevailed over Strategic and sustainable Master Plans fitness for use. It has retarded GIS for SDI First, according to Master Plan, applications to bloom. ??? implementation Plan is also needed.<-- ?? Tools such as a NGIS Master Plan in every phase of NGIS in Korea As with the Korean case, evaluation presented a vision, tasks, project and following implementation is also budgets, with the SDI Master Plan first. needed.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Standards for metadata and data Online or off line distribution networks catalogue are required to distribute and are essential for successful SDI. share data via the NGIS One Stop Portal. NGIS ―One Stop Portal‖ for access service and linkage of e-government To spure adoption of the VGI concept, portal with NGIS portal are useful. poor knowledge of data availability should be overcome and access to Access& Metadata spatial data .

Many GIS applications are developed Considering the limits of resources in and used for efficient resource developing countries, for efficient management throughout the 15-year, budget allocation, priorities among 3-phase NGIS in South Korea. various GIS applications would be The recent trend of users making their included in the master plan. To provide own GIS applications using Open interoperability of GIS applications, a Application APIhas significant implications for geo-Web platform is useful. developing countries. For example, Rapid return on investment of GIS Open API services are available in applications must also be considered. Seoul and Daegu at the local level.

Efficient institutional reorganization and regulations required to promote powerful organization partnerships. Strong government leadership and organisational partnership are

For example, as Chairperson of National s important. Spatial Data Committee, the President provided powerful leadership, rather The delayed establishment of NGIS than the minister of land, transport and standards during the 2nd phase was maritime affairs. This alleviates the due to a lack of organizational Partnership potential obstacles of weaker partnerships. leadership, inter-organizational conflict, and a lack of cooperation between government agencies.

A strategic NSDI model for developing for the development of SDIs at the national level countries with reference to the local level.

This report proposes a strategic NSDI model for In developing countries, due to a lack of various developing countries based on South Korean resources such as financial and human capital, top lessons highlighted above and on the opinions of priority must be given to a product-based model. Korean GIS experts. This model includes 4 Given varying political, economic, and cultural strategies, including strategies for geospatial data, circumstances in developing countries, the GI capacity building, GI portal enabling access findings of this report will have different platforms, and cost-effective management of GI implications for different countries. However, with partnerships, all of which can be established primary consideration might be given to the creation of geospatial data.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

STRATEGIES FOR GEOSPATIAL most successful in taking advantage of local and DATA national geographic information assets in situations where the capacity exists to exploit their Like NGII‟s digital topographical map at 1:1.000 potential. This is particularly important in scale covering almost all of the countries in the developing countries where the implementation of Korean SDI, high quality geospatial data such as a SDI initiatives is often dependent on a limited digital topographical map makes successful SDI number of staff with necessary geographic implementation possible. However, the digital information management skills. It must also be topographic map database is also likely to be an recognized that there remains a great deal to be expensive task that takes place over a relatively done to develop GIS capabilities, particularly at long period of time. Using new technologies, the local level. GIS capacity-building can be strategies for geospatial data for developing considered in the adoption and vitalization of the countries can exploit alternative information VGI concept for future SDI development. sources such as remotely-sensed data in addition to conventional survey technology. For example, Openstreetmap, which is a wiki-style VGI STRATEGIES FOR GI PORTAL ENABLING ACCESS PLATFORMS (Volunteered Geographic Information) map using various mapping techniques including Without enabling access platforms, and the remote mapping and sketching over aerial imagery appropriate metadata services which help them to with GPS unit, can be a possible method to build find this information, it is unlikely that a SDI will a basic map efficiently. A great deal can be done in be able to achieve its overarching objective of this way without incurring the delays that are promoting greater use of geographic information. inevitably associated with conventional database There is also a practical reason that the creation. development of metadata services should be given

a high priority in the implementation of a SDI: Additionally, in Korea‟s experience processing These services can be developed at relatively low further NGIS projects, not only building costs and high speeds. In this respect, they can be geospatial data but also maintaining it for sharing regarded as potential “quick winners” which and utilizing is of paramount importance. In this demonstrate tangible benefits for those involved context, it is more important to make data in SDI development. interoperable for data sharing and utilization.

Thus, standardization is a prerequisite to building The establishment of Web-based metadata and sharing geospatial data, information, and services provides information to users about the services efficiently. GIS standards for data that is available to meet their needs. It is also interoperability of geospatial data and services one of the most obvious SDI success stories. In should be developed according to the consensus recent years, the development of spatial portals of stakeholders. has opened up new possibilities for metadata and

application services. As their name suggests, Concerning the matter of financing, the co- spatial portals can be seen as gateways to funding model reliant on international funds geographic information (GI) resources. As such (building topological maps with central and local they provide points of entry to SDIs and help governments in South Korea) serves as a good users around the world identify and connect to reference for developing countries with many GI-rich resources. These portals also allow insufficient budgets. GI users and providers to share content and create a consensus. Also, for better citizen spatial S TRATEGIES FOR GI CAPACITY - service , integration and linkage of e-government BUILDING and NSDI should be done from the beginning of the project timeline to avoid duplication of efforts. Due to poor human resources, misunderstanding Furthermore, in the context of recent trends or lack of technological accuity in developing toward vitalization with the adoption of the VGI countries, strategies for GI capacity-building are concept, poor knowledge of data availability also of high importance. SDIs are likely to be

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

should be improved and access of spatial data This same strategy is needed for SDI in extended. developing countries, wherein SDI coordinating bodies should play a key role.Like the National STRATEGIES FOR COST - E F F E C T I V E Spatial Data Committee in South Korea, an MANAGEMENT OF GI WITH interagency committee is necessary to deliberate STRONG LEADERSHIP AND on and coordinate matters concerning national PARTNERSHIPS spatial data policy and to promote the coordinated development, use, sharing and dissemination of Strong government leadership and organizational geospatial data and services. Finally, legislation for partnerships have been evaluated as a primary the NSDI at the national and local levels is drive to successful NSDI, as mentioned earlier. In required embrace the importance of SDI and to order to pursue a more powerful organizational encourage a technological mindset. partnership, more efficient institutional reorganization and regulations are required.

The South Korean SDI case reveals that strong, top-down, national NSDI leadership by the central government is important to successful SDI implementation from the start.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Chapter 1: Introduction

Many countries worldwide including both In this context, there is a common need for advanced and developing are engaged in SDI knowledge on “how to” guide on the development, which involves the development of development of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) at geospatial services that support public service a national level. delivery, ultimately to promote economic development, stimulate better government, and Contents of this report foster environmental sustainability. This development ranges from local to state/provincial, This report provides a reference on the national and regional levels, to a global level. SDI development of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) at is now moving to underpin an information society a national level for developing countries. Based on and enable a society to be spatially enabled, recent SDI-related activities in Korea, and history (Rabajifard, 2006a). of Korean SDI with best practices in Korea, a SDI can be seen as a framework of spatial (GIS) strategic NSDI model is suggested for developing data, metadata, users and tools (services) that are countries. The report is divided into three parts interactively connected in order to use spatial data with seven chapters by concept. in an efficient and flexible way. Due to its nature (size, cost, number of inter-actors), an SDI is Social change, economic growth, and usually government-related. SDIs and the broader SDI use of GIS create an improved information environment worldwide. The first part of the report examines the social background and theoretical reviews. To With the increased generation and use of GIS data understand SDI in relation to South Korean necessitates, however, the need for standardizing, historical, economic, and social background, organizing, storing, managing and sharing them Chapter 2 shortly reviews South Korean recent better. Increasingly aware of the material and history of social change and economic growth opportunity costs of bad GIS management since the Korean War. Next, SDI theoretical practices, developing countries are now framework will be described with conceptual approaching for advice on how to develop sound background and directional envision for the South Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) – that is, the Korean SDI investigation in practice. technologies, policies, standards, and human resources necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute and improve utilization of geospatial The South Korean situation data. The second part of the report draws about the To synthesize lessons from global experience on status quo and history of South Korean SDI, that how countries can manage GIS, technical is, the current Korean SDI Situation (Chapter 3), challenge can be reviewed. But, History of Korean SDI (Chapter 4), Best Practices beyond(redundant) the technical challenge of in Korea (Chapter 5) and Lessons Learned building an SDI, the most critical issues and (Chapter 6). obstacles often emerge on the institutional, organizational, and financial fronts – that is, in the The Current Korean SDI Situation (Chapter 3) definition of the roles and responsibilities for reviews 12 issues, GIS applications, policy issues, diverse actors working with and benefitting from legislation, organizational issues, funding, data sets, the SDI. In terms of it, institutional governance is standards, software and network services, access necessary for effective and efficient spatial data issues, and international issues, evaluations, and and services management within or across education/research. organizations

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

History of Korean SDI (Chapter 4) introduces 3 A strategic NSDI model for developing phases of the NGIS project. The results of the countries project are analyzed and evaluated both at a national and a local level. The final part of the report addresses about a strategic SDI model for the developing countries Based on the evaluation by GIS Experts and based on previous chapters mentioned. The model existing NGIS evaluation reports, Best Practices in provides a “how to” guidance including key South Korea (Chapter 5) are selected to exemplify factors and choices to have in mind in the good NSDI characteristics in central and local development of SDIs at the national level with governments. referencing at the local level. At the same time, SDI development is a longer-term and nonlinear Lessons Learned (Chapter 6) is discussed in 6 SDI process requiring a high level of coordination components such as 1) Data; 2) Law/institution, amongst different ministries and private entities 3) Standards; 4) Access and metadata; 5) that manage different data sets and provide Technology; and 6) Partnerships; and additionally necessary network services. Therefore, the key to in GIS application. Based on above Chapter 3, its success may be highly context-specific. Chapter 4, and Chapter 5, Lessons Learned is However, in the context of South Korean identified for the developing countries. In experience, several tasks for strategic SDI presenting the lessons, two different aspects development proposed use of GIS to produce relating to an SDI-technical and institutional/ developmental outcomes for the developing organizational viewpoint and two audiences countries (Chapter 7). including technicians/project managers and policy-makers might be considered.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Chapter 2. Social Context and Theoretical Framework

Many issues on SDI development are strongly related with the society itself. Therefore, which ECONOMIC BACKGROUND stage of SDI development a country can enter and how fast and efficiently the SDI can be developed Since the 1960s, in contrast of North Korea, depend on how a society evolves (E. Olof Olsson, South Korean economy has grown enormously 2009). Since the beginning year of Korean NSDI, and the economic structure was radically called NGIS (National Geographic Information transformed. In 1957, South Korea had a lower System), 1995, the Korean society has rapidly per capita GDP than Ghana, but it became 17 changed with development of advanced IT times as high as Ghana'sa in 2008. In 1995, South technologies and remarkable economic growth. Korea‟s GNI (Gross National Income) per capita GDP (Gross domestic product) had reached Historical, economic and social $11,471 exceeding at first $10,000, and South background Korea became a member of the OECD in the following year. A little over a decade later, in spite From 1950 to 2010, South Korea have gone of a dramatic drop down to $7,477 due to an through extreme depths of devastating war, economic crisis in 1997-1998, its GNI per capita b gradual but steady national recovery, remarkable GDP reached $20,015 in 2007 . economic growth, and accession to membership in the OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development). And then, it became a member of the G20 (Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors) as one of the world‟s major economic powers. Despite of economic achievements, however, South Korea challenges for reunification and faces political conflict with North Korea.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

After the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945 (which marked the end of World War II), a Figure 1 Economic growth in South Korea (Source: Soviet-style socialist regime, was established in the http://ecos.bok.or.kr/) north, while in the Republic of Korea, a Western- style republic was established. The two parts of A rapid growth and success of economic the Korean nation - democratic South Korea and development have changed various aspects of communist North Korea - still had internal South Korean lifestyle in the social and cultural conflicts including insurgency threats and context. A wider-use of the internet is a good subversion problems for the next 5 years. During example. the Korean War (1950–1953), millions of civilians died and the three years of war thoroughly SOCIAL BACKGROUND destroyed most cities. The Korean Peninsula remains divided, and the Korean Demilitarized National territory area of South Korea which is Zone is being the de facto border between the under the south of Korean Demilitarized Zone North and South Korea. has slightly increased from 99,250 km2 in 1995 to

a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea b http://ecos.bok.or.kr

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

99,897km2 in 2009. At the same period, the Governmental background: The population growth rate has been continuing to fall National GIS Project as an NSDI in Korea and the population increased a little c. Two Gas Explosions in Korea took place in 1995 Furthermore, with issues on urbanization and at the turning point of the South Korean economy, industrialization, social problems are increased. In in whichits GNI (Gross National Income) per order to solve various problems, improve quality capita GDP (Gross domestic product) reached of life, and ensure public safety, social exceeding at first $10,000. The first-phase infrastructure becomes to more important and the National GIS implementation plan was initiated necessity of efficient managements for it required. just after two large gas explosions in Korea. As a Also, with advance in IT technologies, South solution for the accidents, GIS technology was Korea‟s shift to a post-industrialization era has broadcasted and could get more budgets for the already made considerable progress for the nation plan. The accidents have invoked public to moves to a more knowledge-based economy. awareness and necessity of GIS. By using GIS for underground facilities management, such accidents can be prevented and, economic and social benefits could be expected.

Under the 4- phase comprehensive National GIS implementation plans, MLTM d , at central government level, have undertaken the NGIS project with the cooperation of many local governments, GIS academies and industries for 15 years as of 2010.

. 1st phase (1995-2000): “Digitalization of spatial data” Figure 2 Change of population growth rate (Source: www.index.go.kr) . 2nd phase (2001-2005): “Implementation of Korean Digital Land,”

. 3rd phase (2006-2010 in progress): “ For the Infrastructure of the Implementation of Korean Ubiquitous Land”

. 4th phase (as a completed plan 2011- 2015): “Implementation of Korean Green Geospatial Society.”

E-government and NSDI

Figure 3 Change of national area Since Korean e-government initiatives have (Source:www.index.go.kr) started in 2001 by Ministry of Public Administration and Home Affairs (now Ministry

of Public Administration and Security: MOPAS), the Korean e-government one-stop portal had been officially opened on October in 2002. c Compare, if reunified, Korean Peninsula total area would be 223,170 km2, total population 2010 estimate 73,000,000. d (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea) , http://www.index.go.kr MLTM: Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Through the key e-government projects (2002 ~ Korean nationwide ubiquitous city projects at 2003) and 31 e-government roadmap projects central and local government level are especially (2003~2007), the Korean e-government made established. For the ubiquitous city, spatial data innovative performances. Since 2007, it has been becomes extremely crucial for better ubiquitous evaluated to the world top class e-government by service. UN evaluation. Under the master plan for the next generation of e-government established in 2007, however, a significant effort was made for Theoretical framework the integration of spatial data and administrative data for Korean e-government. And now, via A short review of the theoretical framework such Korean e-government portal site, citizens have as SDI concept, component, hierarchies and access to spatial data of various government evolution of SDI may be useful for the SDI agencies. investigation and the strategic NSDI model later.

On developing process of Korean e-government, CONCEPT OF SDI integration and linkage of Korean e-government and NSDI between MOPAS and MLTM have According to the Global Spatial Data become a critical issue. Though a concern on SDI Infrastructure Association Cookbook (Nebert, in the early Korean e-government phase is not 2004) ,“the term Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) insufficient, for better citizen service and public is often used to denote the relevant base collection efficiency based on spatial data, the projects are of technologies, policies and institutional on process. In fact, Korean e- government can be arrangements that facilitate the availability of and considered an important channel to drive the SDI access to spatial data” f . A. Rajabifard (2002) agenda. The NIIS project with a large amount of describes SDI as an enabling platform based on budgets which was launched in 2008 by MLTM dynamic, hierarchic concept with the aim of and MOPAS is a good example. Also, the project facilitating and coordinating the exchange and for administrative spatial information system by sharing spatial information between different MOPAS which is going on as one of Korean e- stakeholders g . A definition used by the U.S. government projects is worthy of consideration. Federal Government includes the technologies, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, Technology: Introduction and use, maintain, and preserve spatial datah. SDI, as a development of ubiquitous technology minimum infrastructure, includes applications, standards, technology and institutional governance With an advance of information and necessary for effective and efficient spatial data communication technology and network, Korea and services management within or across tries to introduce and develop ubiquitous organizations. technologies. In 2006, the basic plan for u- KOREA, which is working on action plans, was In fact, the concept of SDI is different within already established to achieve the world's first various contexts of political, social, administrative ubiquitous society. u-IT is an enabler making all and technical environments; however, its ultimate objects to have computing power allows them to objectives are to promote economic development, use anytime and anywhere through networking. stimulate better government and foster Also, u-IT is characterized by the term's 'real', environmental sustainability (Masser, 1998). 'connected', 'invisible', and 'calm' and u-services utilizing u-IT enable intelligent services through SDIs provide the framework for optimization of context understanding, space convergence services, the creation, maintenance and distribution of real-time site services, and invisible servicese. geographic information at different organization

f http://www.gsdi.org/gsdicookbook g A. Rajabifard et al, 2002 in “Developing Spatial Data e MIC, “u-KOREA Master Plan to Achieve the World‟s First Infrastructures: From concept to reality” by Ian Williamson, 2003 Ubiquitous Society”, 2006 h http://www.fgdc.gov

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea levels (e.g., regional, national, or global level) and . Framework – include mechanisms for involve both public and private institutions. SDI identifying and sharing the data features, is fundamentally about facilitation and attributes, and attribute values, and coordination of exchange and sharing spatial data, mechanisms for updating the data services and other resources between stakeholders without complete re-collection; in the spatial community. From a technical point of view, in order to facilitate access to and . Services – to help discover and interact exploitation of spatial data, SDIs must set up a with the data; series of services to be reused by their community of users in the construction of different . Clearinghouse – to actually obtain the applications and value-added services. Thus, SDI data in uniform, distributed searches enables users to save resources, time and effort by through a single user interface; avoiding duplication of efforts related to information collection, maintenance and . Standards – created and accepted at local, integration (Chan et al., 2001). national, or global levels;

These definitions of SDI can be applicable in . Partnerships – relationships and South Korean SDI, and Choi et.al(2009) has also agreements across relevant actors and defined that SDI is the framework for the organizations that reduce duplication and optimization of creation, maintenance and collection costs and leverage local, distribution of geographic information including national and global technology and skills; all of the logical and physical platform for spatial data, standard, access, policy, human resources . Education and Communication – i and technologies . allowing individual citizens, scientists, administrators, private companies, COMPONENTS OF SDI government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and academic institutions Coleman and McLaughlin (1998) define to communicate and learn from each components of SDI as sources of spatial data, other. database and metadata, data networks, technology, institutional arrangement, policies and standards Among various components and elements of SDI and end-users. A. Rajabifard (2002) asserts that mentioned, components of Korean SDI can be data, people, standards, policy and access network framework data, metadata & access are included in SDI. (clearinghouse), standards, technology, human resources, law/institution and partnership [Figure More systematically, the GSDI Association‟s 2006 4]. newsletter proposed that SDIs would include all or a combination of the following elements:

. Geographic data (or GIS) – the actual digital geographic data and information;

. Metadata – the data describing the data (content, quality, condition, location, disclosure or confidentiality issues, etc.), which permits structured searches, comparison of data and inter-operability;

i B.M.Choi, et.al, “Establishment of Korean Spatial Data Infrastructure Model and Study of Globalization Strategy”, 2009,KHRIS

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Figure 4 Korean NSDI Components (Source: MLTM, ―The 4th-phase National GIS Comprehensive Implementation Plan (2010-2015)‖, March 16, 2010)

SDI HIERARCHY Thus, South Korean SDI should be taken into consideration in a SDI hierarchy, in which vertical An SDI hierarchy is made up of inter-connected and horizontal relationships are included. Figure 6 SDIs at corporate, local, state/provincial, national, shows a South Korean SDI hierarchy which regional (multi-national) and global levels (Figure allows the different levels of SDIs data available, 5). Two views on SDI hierarchy are introduced, standard for data and application, and other such as umbrella view of SDI and the building components of SDI interconnected vertically and block view of SDI, A. Rajabifard (2002) explained horizontally. As an example of vertical that SDI hierarchy creates an environment, in interconnection, spatial data such as the which decision-makers working at any level can topological map etc. are integrated covering all draw on data from other levels. The themes, scales, levels. GIS Applications at a national level are also currency and coverage of the data needed for it mapped with those at a local level, such as UPIS, depend on different levels of SDI hierarchy. Underground Facilities GIS etc. Horizontally, at any level including a national level via at a provincial level to at a local level, each of 6 SDI components is interrelated. At last, as far as partnership, both vertical and horizontal partnerships in SDI hierarchy are key components for successful SDI:

Figure 5 Korean SDI hierarchy (Source: A. Rajabifard et. al., 2002)

In the SDI hierarchy, the SDI at a national level has stronger relationships as well as a more significant role in building SDI in other levels.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

With the increasing role of the data user and multilevel participation, recently, a new trend of user-created geospatial content Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) named by Goodchildk is emerging. Thank to wider access to internet, ease mapping technologies such as GPS and mobile devices in web 2.0 environment anyone who have access to them now can add information to geospatial data.

Openstreet map is a good example of VGIl. Like USGS National Map Corpsm, also in the public sector, an effort to integrate VGI with official Figure 6 Korean SDI hierarchy (Source: Kim (2010) authoritative information is going on made. Using a concept of VGI, user-created geospatial content EVOLUTION OF SDI can be considered a resource for SDI along with its development. As Goodchild said, it can be B.van Loenen(2009) analyzed that the focus of regarded as VGI clearly fits the model of NSDI. SDIs has moved from data orientation in the So to speak, a collection of individuals acting independently, and responding to the needs of 1990s to process orientation in the late 1990s- local communities can together create a 2005 towards service-oriented SDIs exemplified patchwork coverage. Given a server with by the INSPIRE directive in Europe and the appropriate tools, the various pieces of the Spatially enabling government initiative in patchwork can be fitted together, removing any Australiaj. obvious inconsistencies, and distributed over the Web. Also, as summarized by Masser (2005, p. 257), current trends in SDI development are as follows: The accuracy of each piece of the patchwork, and the frequency with which it is updated, can be . From a product to a process model; determined by local needn. Therefore, it can be a powerful source of spatial data that can be . From formulation to implementation; included in SDIs and VGI potential in developing countries which can be discussed in policy issues . From data producers to data users; later.

. From database creation to data sharing;

. From centralised to decentralised structures;

. From coordination to governance; k Michael F. Goodchild, “Citizens as sensors: the world of . From single to multilevel participation; volunteered geography”, 2007, NCGIA VGI Workshop l http://www.openstreetmap.org/ As the free wiki world map, OpenStreetMap creates and provides free geographic data such as . From existing to new organisational street maps to anyone who wants them all around whole world. structures. m http://nationalmap.gov/TheNationalMapCorps/ The National Map Corps' Web-based data collection procedure presents an opportunity for private citizens to contribute specific geographic knowledge to the USGS's mapping program. By completing a simple registration procedure, volunteers can immediately collect data and provide the location and name of important map-worthy features in j B. van Loenen, et.al(ed), “SDI Convergence; Research, Emerging their community. n Trends, and Critical Assessment”, 2009 Michael F. Goodchild (2007)

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

In South Korea, completing the 3rd phase of the For future SDI evolution toward the NGIS project, most of trends mentioned are knowledge/information society, Korean NSDI founded. For example, in the 1st phase of NGIS, policies and programmes will be transformed as more concerns were on data creation and suggested in “The 4th-phase National GIS production of dataset such as digital topological Comprehensive implementation plan (2010- maps and various thematic maps, later in the 2nd 2015).” and 3rd phases more efforts on data sharing were made.

Table 3: Changes in the 4th-Phase Korean NSDI (Source: MLTM, 2010)

Present Future IT Environment Digital Ubiquitous

Type of Information 2D, Static 3D, Dynamic

Subject Supply-Driven Demand-Driven Types of Business Individual Cooperative

Data policy Close, Limited Open Policy Data Open Policy

Information Domain Stand alone Linkage･Integration

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Chapter 3. The Current Korean SDI Situation

12 issues to describe the current Korean SDI banking and insurance, marketing and customer situation are identified: GIS applications, policy management and so on are developed in South issues, legislation, organizational issues, funding, Korea. Moreover, mobile GIS applications for data sets, standards, software and network services, navigation and internet searching based on the access issues, and international issues, evaluation, map have already pervaded people‟s everyday and education/research. These issues are reviewed lives . and will be mapped to 6 SDI components later: 1) data sets issue is mapped to Data component, 2) Usage in the public sector standards issue to Standard component, 3) access issues to Access and Metadata component, 4) In total, in the public sector including at a national policy issues, legislation, organizational issues to and local level, 6 major projects and 27 general Policy and Institutional component, 5) software projects for GIS applications have been underway and network services issues to Technology funded by the NGIS budgets since 1995. component, and 6) funding, international issues, 6 major projects mean the essential and basic GIS evaluation, and education/research issues to applications: National Spatial Information System, Partnership component. GIS applications will be 3D GIS, UPIS (Urban Planning Information added to the 6 SDI components as a composite of System), the 2nd advanced KLIS (Korea Land those. Information System), KOPSS (KOrea Planning Support Systems), and Architectural management GIS applications system based on GIS.

In Korea, there are many GIS applications in Also, 27 General projects for GIS applications in various domains: for the purpose of development various domains including environments, and management of both natural and human agriculture, forest, marine resources, utilities, resources such as environments, land use, road, cultural heritage, water, statistics, and military have underground facilities, agriculture, farmland, rural been completed and being used. development, soil, forest, park, cultural heritage, underground water, marine resources, natural Besides them, other several GIS projects have disaster and security, geology, military, and been executed by each Ministry‟s budget. Table 4 education in the public sector covering both at a shows many GIS applications which have been national and local level. developed with funds of general projects and now being used in various domains: Also, in the private sector, various innovative applications for health, financial management,

Table 4: Korean GIS applications (Source: MLTM, "The Study on Evaluation of NGIS Project and Action Plan," 2008, p.57)

Domains National Government Agencies in the Public Sector Applications

Environment ME(Ministry of Environment) Environmental GISo

MIFAFF(Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Agriculture Agriculture GIS Fisheries), Rural Development Administration

Forest Korea Forest Service Forest GISp

o http://egis.me.go.kr/ p http://fgis.forest.go.kr/fgis/

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

MLTM (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Marine Marine GIS Affairs)

Utilities MLTM Underground Facilities GIS Water MLTM Underground Water GIS Cultures Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea Cultural Heritage GISq Statistics Statistics Korea SGISr Military MND(Ministry of National Defense) Military GIS MEST(Ministry of Education, Science and Education Educational GIS Technology)

Table 5: Examples of GIS applications at the local level

Local Domain Application URL Government Province/ Bus information system http://businfo.daegu.go.kr/ Metropolit Daegu Neighbor GIS system http://gis.go.kr an city Address information system http://address.daegu.go.kr level Urban Planning Information Seoul System Busan Lifemap System http://lifemap.busan.go.kr Bus information system http://bus.gjcity.net/ Gwangju Neighbor GIS system http://gis.gjcity.go.kr City, Gu/Gun Gwacheon Address information system http://210.104.127.25 level Gunsan Neighbor GIS Gunsan http://gunsan.info system Gunpo Water GIS system http://map.gangdong.go.kr/home/ind Gangdong-gu Gangdong life map ex.jsp Gangnam-gu Gangnam-gu GIS http://gis.kangnam.seoul.kr

q http://gis-heritage.go.kr/ r http://gis.nso.go.kr

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Service name Vendor URL Wooricy Sundosoft Co.Ltd http://www.wooricy.com CyberCT CyberCT http://www.cyberct.net Empas map Empas http://map.empas.com/ Superpagemap KTH http://freemap.isuperpage.co.kr/ Cybermap world Cybermap world Co.Ltd http://www.cybermap.co.kr/ Wholsee Mandoma&Soft Co.Ltd. http://www.wholsee.com Paran map KTH http://map.paran.com/ Daum city map Daum communications Co.Ltd http://local.daum.net/map/ Yahoomap (gugi) Yahoo Korea http://kr.maps.yahoo.com Navermap NHN Co.Ltd http://maps.naver.com Congnamul Twinklelittlestar Co.Ltd http://www.congnamul.com/

Table 6 Korean neighborhood GIS map services in the private sector

Some application systems such as Underground foreign vendors. So, considering a return of Facilities Management system, Land Information investments this can be a reason that Korean system, and 3D GIS systems have been developed market is not attractive to them. Competitive by the central government. They are used and efforts for larger GIS market-shares are made in managed by local governments to prevent local the private sector especially in Neighbourhood governments from dual investments and to GIS application like searching restaurants, encourage wider use of GIS applications. Also, hospitals and others. some GIS applications for sightseeing, cultural tour, were developed by local governments An increase in innovative GIS applications is themselves to meet their specific needs. Table 5 expected, such as location based services, g- shows several sample GIS applications at the local customer relationship management, mobile level out of many applications. services and ubiquitous services.

Policy issues Usage in the private sector Policy issues are complex. A successful In the private sector, Korean portal vendors, such implementation of SDI components mentioned as “Daum,” “Nate,” and so on, provide various would depend on proper policy and partnership. map services now, with widening scope and Policies need to touch on SDI driving forces, improving the quality of service. Bing map and building fundamental data, GIS application, Google map service from foreign vendors are also technology, access, standard, and education. These available in Korea. The services of these policy issues will be discussed in detail later. Here, international companies, however, are not focusing only on a governance policy for SDI in a predominant in the Korean geospatial market comprehensive perspective, a debate on changing share. Korean domestic vendor, such as “Daum” paradigm from the top-down to bottom-up Map with a high resolution based on an aerial approach in South Korea will be addressed. There photograph and street view has a significant is no objection among Korean GIS experts that competitive edge with global Google map based the larger part of the successful achievements of on remote sensing data. Besides because of South Korean SDI results from strong driving Korean data security policy, the full vector forces by the central government as the top-down coverage of all over the country is not open to

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea approach s . There are both top-down as well a showed that the necessity of the combined bottom-up approach for building spatial data approach to move toward demand-driven, infrastructure. In the relation of the SDI hierarchy cooperative, data open policy and linkage & mentioned above, there can be differences integration, open, sharing and participation. With between the top down and bottom up approach. the recent Web 2.0 trends, “open”, “sharing” and In general, while traditional top down SDI is “participation” become a keyword. South Korea defined a national policy and producer driven, government also intend to open its geospatial bottom up SDI might be driven by user. Also, it information as much as possible and the private can be analyzed between each level of SDI sector can play a leading role in the processing and hierarchy including national SDI, provincial SDI distribution of geospatial information. According and local SDI. In terms of it, most attempts to to the 4th NGIS Plan(MLTM, 2010) mentioned, a update and manage digital topological data and to new concept of “Neogeography” will move the develop some GIS applications were made in a current NSDI direction toward a new deal data top-down approach by matching funds with local governance policy with the private partnerships. governments in Koreat. Under the vision of GRreen, focusing on At the same time, top-down approach leads to intelligence, integration, interoperability, some troubles like lack of horizontal partnerships, governance, and ease access to spatial information, less willingness for data sharing, weak voluntary the “everywhere”, “everybody,” and “new deal” participation, and so on. Furthermore, there is less policy will be opened. coordination among various leading organizations in every domain and project. Like the Korean experience, that is, a shift from a top down to a more integrated top down/bottom Thus, harmonization of top-down and bottom-up up overall approach would be beneficial, approach has become more important. Table1 particularly for developing countries. It can be said that a top down approach is somewhat inevitable for successful SDI, particularly in the early stages, but user driven bottom up SDI becomes more important. Stage Top-down Approach Bottom-up Approach

Focus on standard, Focus on creation of GIS application, and Early stages partnership, and law, policy and institutional data construction arrangement

Later stages Focus on access and metadata Focus on data update

Table 7: Top-down and bottom-up approaches to SDI

s There can be different perspectives between top down and bottom up approach. According to “FIG Views of GIS and NSDI( )”, NSDI can proceed even if a formal policy document [top down approach] does not exist. It is possible to proceed with certain operational level activities [bottom up approach] while the policy is being formulated. These activities can themselves drive and encourage policy. In the context of it, South Korean NSDI mainly can be considered in top down approach with a formal policy document, such as NGIS master plans and related legislation etc. t For example, see invested budgets of project for revision and data updating of digital topographic map(1995～), and Co-Management of Road & Underground facilities(2001) in Annex E. Selected List of the Korean National GIS Projects

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Table 8: Comparison between the new and old legislation New Old

(Korean Act No.9705) (Korean Act No. 8852, repealed)

General Provisions §2 ―spatial data", "spatial database" §2 ―geographic information‖ (§2 definition) "spatial data system" ―geographic information system‖

"national spatial data system" ―national geographic information

"National Geospatial Program" system‖

"spatial data referring system"

§3 Facilitation of Access and Use of §3 Disclosure of Geographic (§3 access) Spatial Data with Citizens information §5 National Spatial Data Committee §8 National Geographic information System to promote System Promotion Committee §10 Support from the Government - §12 Fundamental Spatial Data - Creation of National §13 Spatial Data Referring System - Spatial Data Framework §18 Establishment of National Spatial - Data Center §15 Establishment and Management §21 Construction and Management Establishment and of Geographic information Database of Spatial Databases Utilization §18 Utilization of Geographic §25 Utilization, etc. of Spatial Data information §28-§31 Protection of National Spatial §22-25 Protection of Geographic Protection Data information

Legislation The new legislation indicates a significant meaning on the Korean SDI. Because of the paradigm shift in the GIS There are two main legislations for NGIS at technology from geographic information system to national government level in Korea, which are geo-spatial information, a majority has recognized the attached in Annex A, B. importance of SDI and the necessities of the new legislation in Korea. This legislation is driven by the Ministry of Land, Replacing “the Act on the establishment and use Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) supported with of the National Geographic information System multi participation of Korean GIS communities because [Act No. 8852, repealed ]” legislated in 1996, with that is a starting point to establish the policy to build new visions of Korean NSDI for the future, “the spatial data and implement various projects for national Act on National Geospatial Information [Act SDI. A comparison between the new and old legislation No.9705, on May 22, 2009 approved., on shows a big picture of Korean SDI change and development. August.23, 2009 implemented]” is recently working. To promote Korean GIS industry, “the Act on Promotion of Spatial Information Industry [Act No.9438, on February 6,2009 approved, on August 7, 2009 implemented] is additionally enacted in the last yearu. According to this Act, by delegating his responsibilities or sharing his deputies, the MLTM(Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs ) could be co-responsible

u Also, “Presidential decree on Promotion of Spatial Information Industry [Presidential decree No 21881, on December14, 2009 implemented.]” and “Regulation on Promotion of Spatial Information Industry [MLTM regulation No 155 on August.7, 2009 implemented]” are in context of the Act on Promotion of Spatial Information Industry..

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea with different GIS relevant organizations in the 3. No less than seven civil experts with public and private sector in order to promote extensive professional knowledge and Korean GIS industries. experience in a spatial data system commissioned by the chairperson At a local government level, there are GIS regulations: such as, at a provincical level, The Committee structure is currently composed Gyeonggi province, North Kyongsang and South of 4 Subcommittees and 3 other subcommittee Kyongsang province, at metropolitan city level, based on Presidential decree. 4 Subcommittees are Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Dajeon, Gwangju, Subcommittee on general affairs and coordination; at medium city level, Gangneungm, Junju, and, at Subcommittee on standardization and technical small city level, Gu /Gun have different GIS standards (specifications); Subcommittee on regulations. Most of GIS regulations in local promotion of industries, and Subcommittee on governments cover on building, using and surveying and hydrographical survey. And, 3 other managing GIS data and security, for example, subcommittee according to Presidential decree No Gyeonggi GIS Ordinance, Regulations for spatial 21881, Subcommittee on the national framework data security in Daegu, Dajeon, Busan, Incheon, data, Subcommittee on spatial reference system Gwnagju and othersv. and Subcommittee on spatial fusion service are organized now. Figure 7 shows the current Organizational issues Korean NSDI Organizations.

According to Act No.9705 §5, a coordinating As an only Korean national mapping agency, structure within the public sector to promote NGII(National Geographic Information Institute) Korean SDI was established in the MLTM in 2009. established in 1958 has been playing an important That was named as “a National Spatial Data role in Korean SDI. Current NGII organizations Committee,” an interagency committee, to are composed of 6 Divisions, 15 in charge and 2 deliberate on and coordinate matters concerning teams for covering geodetic & vertical & public national spatial data policy to promote surveying, geospatial image information & coordinated development, use, sharing and photogrammetry, geographic information & dissemination of Korean geospatial data and mapping, and nations land information survey. services. The Committee is comprised of not more than 30 At a local government level, the issue on the members including the chairperson. As the formation and position of GIS organizations is st chairperson, the Minister of Land, Transport and controversial. At the beginning of the 1 phase of Maritime Affairs serves and as members the NGIS, there was no separate organization in local following persons from both the public and governments. Now, GIS separate organizations private sectors serve: are established in some. According to a survey on w local governments in South Korea , there are a 1. A public official in a vice ministerial grade few separate GIS division. Due to lack of human at a central administrative agency managing resources and budgets in local governments, the national spatial data system, who is mostly a local public service officer is responsible determined by Presidential Decree; to work each domain business with each GIS application. For example, it is responsible of the 2. No less than seven heads of local division of urban facilities with urban facilities governments (Deputy Mayors or Deputy GIS application, the division of cadastral Governors in the case of the Special information with cadastral GIS application, and Metropolitan City, Metropolitan Cities, division of water and underwater information with Dos and Special Self-Governing water and underwater GIS application etc. It has Provinces) commissioned by the worked to be a reason of poor data sharing, chairperson; inefficiency and ineffectiveness in the local governments. In the process of business process

v http://www.law.go.kr/ w NGII, “ Study on digital topological map at 1:2500 scale”, 2010

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea reengineering, GIS organizational issues will provincial and local government level, a formation continue to be a main common concern. Thus, of efficient and proper GIS organizations or now, South Korea recognizes that both at a organizational restructure is required.

Figure 7 Korean NSDI organizations (SourceL MLTM, 2010)

District Heating Corporation) bb are participating Additionally, in the process of the establishment in digital underground facilities map project, data of the GIS Coordinating Body for Underground sharing is much more difficult to create and Facilities as an inter-organizational structure at a manage underground maps even through local government level, the lessons learned can be cooperative efforts with NGII. Cooperation based found for developing countries. In order to on complete MOU with every stakeholder is coordinate integrated management for necessary to solve the problem of data sharing at a underground facilities, at the earlier stage, the GIS local level, but a solution was driven by the central Coordinating Body for Underground Facilities at level of governments and related organizations. several local governments is not successful except Harmonization of a top-down approach and a for a few advanced local government cases such as bottom-up approach between the central and the Seoul, Daegu GIS Coordinating Body for local governments is the good answer. Now GIS Underground Facilities. Because too many Coordinating Body for Underground Facilities is stakeholders such as water pipeline and sewage actually working for a management of digital division of local governments, KT (Korea underground facilities map. Telecommunication Corporation) x , KOGAS (Korea Gas Corporation) y , DOPC(Daehan Oil As non-governmental GI organisations for GIS Pipeline Corporation) z , KEPCO(Korea Electric industries, studies and researches, the following Power Corporation) aa , and KDHC(Korean organisations are working for development of Korean SDI:

Korean Association of Survey & Mappingcc x http://www.kt.com/ y http://www.kogas.or.kr/ z http://www.dopco.co.kr/ bb http://www.kdhc.co.kr aa http://www.kepco.co.kr cc http://www.kasm.or.kr

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

business is GIS education for data quality and new The Korean Association of Surveying and technology. Mapping (KASM) was established in 1972 as a non-profit organization to contribute to the Korea Association of Geographic Information development of the surveying industry by Studiesff providing quality service for engineers and companies. The Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies (KAGIS) started in 1997 with With a long history, since the 1st phase of NGIS 180 scholars for academic purposes in geographic project in 1995, KASM as a powerful organization information science. It aims to contribute to which represents the interest of surveying develop geographic information studies and to community has provided new surveying communicate academic information and advanced technologies and studied various laws for legal geospatial technologies based on national and enforcement and the revision purpose. Especially, international academic network. Annual GIS an important role of KASM regarding Korean workshop and conference are held by KAGIS and SDI development is to assess public surveying many related books and articles published to results for the National Geography Information encourage both national and local SDI in South Institute dd . Without assessment by it, public Korea. surveying results and map productions such as digital topographic map, digital underground facilities map must not be usable for public Korean Society of Remote Sensinggg purpose. It is a significant effort for authoritative data quality of spatial data including surveying The Korean Society of Remote Sensing (KSRS) results. was established in 1984 for the development of remote sensing in Korea. As an academic society, It also collects and researches diverse data on its goal is to make a significant contribution to surveying and mapping, while providing education develop and distribute the advanced and training for surveying engineers. In addition, interdisciplinary technologies, to encourage co- KASM publishes surveying books in and out of research and cooperative development of remote the country, supports a variety of technologies for sensing technologies, and to promote international its members and sets standards for surveying work academic communication and exchange of remote cost so as to conduce to the development of the sensing technologies. surveying industry and improvement of surveying technologies. It has worked as an associate member of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing Korean Geographic Information Industries (ISRS) since 1996. Also, KSRS hosted Cooperativeee international conference of Asian Conference on Remote Sensing (ACRS) in 2003. The Korean Geospatial Information Industries Cooperative (KBiz) was established in 1992 as a In GIS private sector, such as GIS S/W provider, non-profit organization to contribute to the GIS DB developer, GIS consulting and audit development of the geospatial Information service provider, and GIS academies are making Industries. It is composed of mostly small and partial efforts for developing Korean SDI. medium geospatial information industrial companies and the number of it reaches up to 135 Industry vendor: companies from all over the world now. Its main In 2008, the number of registered GIS companies to MLTM was about 400. However, that of dd The Association has been entitled by the government to assess the registered land surveying companies was far more public surveying results and to manage the career of engineers (entitled by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation according to Article 61 of the Survey Law) ff http://www.kagis.or.kr ee http://www.giscorea.com gg http://www.ksrs.or.kr

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea than over 2,200. By now, most GIS companies made up 2,787 billion won in the 1st phase, 4,550 still remain the status of SMEs. The large and billion won in the 2nd phase, and 4,438 billion won representative companies, such as Samsung SDS, in the 3rd phase. With covering both at the Sundosoft. INC, Korea geoSpatial Information & national and local level, budgets for data and Communication Co., Ltd. LG-EDS, SK C&C, applications show the highest percentage with KTdata, Geomania, Hanjin Information System & degrees, while for standard the lowest percentage. Telecommunication etc. can be some of them Figure 8 shows the change of each NGIS sector‟s mentioned above. budget during this period and Table 10 describes figures in detail. Funding For the 4th phase of NGIS (2011-2015), much In Korea, from the first phase (1995-2000) to the more budget (4 trillion and 405.7 billion won) are 3rd phase of NGIS(2005-2010), a very large supposed to be invested. This will be also assigned amount of the budget had been invested. By 2008, to the national and local governments‟ budgets. total 1trillion and 2billion won had been invested,

Table 9: Number of registered GIS companies (Source: MLTM, 2008)

Digital Imagery LBS Telematics Total Cartography Number of Registered 195 26 140 35 396 Companies

Figure 8 Time flow chart of each NGIS sector's budget (Source: MLTM, 2010)

Table 10: Investment for Korean SDI (Source: MLTM, 2010)

The 3rd NGIS The 1st NGIS phase The 2nd NGIS phase(2006- (1995-2000) phase(2001-2005) 2010) billion million billion million billion million Budgets Unit % % % won USD won USD won USD Framework data 1,166 145.5 41.8 1,476 113.5 32.4 1,506 146.7 33.9

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Application 1,287 160.8 46.2 2,689 207.1 59.1 2,342 228.5 52.8

Technology 204 25.4 7.3 226 17.5 5.0 531 51.9 12

Standard 14 1.7 0.5 40 3.2 0.9 13 1.3 0.3 Law/institution/ 116 14.6 4.2 119 9.1 2.6 46 4.3 1 policy Sum 2,787 348.1 100 4,550 350.3 100 4,438 432.7 100

Table 11: Planned Budgets for the 4th Phase of NGIS (2011-2015)

The 4th NGIS phase (2011~2015)

billion won million USD % Coordinate Governance 10,343 882.5 23.5 Ease Access 905 78.9 2.1 Interoperability 1,383 116.4 3.1 Integration 19,592 1,671.1 44.5 For Intelligent spatial information 8,096 691.0 18.4 For Promotion of spatial information industry 1,079 90.1 2.4 Others 2,659 225.3 6.0 Sum 44,057 3,755.4 100

For the Korean NSDI, as well as collection and analysis of national 3D GIS project is a good preparation of funds, prevention of dual example for budget competitionkk, but it fails to investments and efficiency of the allocation of get a budget for the next year project because of a resources are very important and interested. In relatively lower BC ratio of it. order to achieve the successful GIS implementation, it is also important to obtain Data sets continuous financial supports from decision makers. So, as a persuasion measure for the Spatial data sets are at the core of any SDI and budget appropriation, several cost/benefit essential for GIS usage. Here, in regards to the analyses in the allocation of resources in the report‟s concern, namely, the policy relevance and Korean SDI field have been made at a national use of economic analysis based on geo-referenced and a local level. At a local level, from the large data or GIS data, fundamental spatial data could metropolitan city such as Daeguhh, and Incheon be relevant. Metropolitan Cityii to medium city like Chungju City jj , the cost-benefit analyses have been To avoid duplicating data production efforts, undertaken and the results of them were very Korean national fundamental spatial data can be useful for moving the local governments toward introduced like Framework data in the U.S.A. As expenditure in local SDI, particularly in the UIS at mentioned in Table 5, the legislation for that time. Recently, at a national level cost/benefit fundamental spatial data has been recently enforced. According to Act No.9705 §12 1, hh Myung-Hee Jo, Kwang Ju Kim, Sang-Woo Park, “Benefit-Cost Analysis of GIS in Local Governments: A Case Study of Taegu kk KDI, “A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of 3D GIS”, 2009.8 Metropolitan City”, 1999 To help to enhance efficiency and transparency in infrastructure ii Incheon, “A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of UIS,” 2001 procurement, Public & Private Infrastructure Investment jj Kwang Ju Kim, “A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of Chungju Management Center PIMAC) in Korea Development Institute (KDI) UIS,” 2003 evaluates public and private infrastructure investment.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

MLTM shall designate as fundamental spatial data phase of NGIS projects, most people did not the spatial data relevant to artificial structures such understand an importance of fundamental spatial as topography, coastal boundaries, administrative data well. Besides, it was a complicated task to boundaries, boundaries of roads or railways, decide which spatial data is selected as boundaries of rivers, acreage and structures, and fundamental spatial data without a clear concept other major spatial data determined by and definition of it. It requires the coordinating Presidential Decree after consulting with the process across various stakeholders based on heads of relevant central administrative agencies. users‟ need. . As a result, for example, it has taken considerable time that projects for several themes Thus, fundamental spatial data which consists of including boundaries of roads layer for the following 8 themes now can be added to other transportation theme and boundaries of rivers major themes such as addressesll and many other layer for hydrography at 1:5000 scale are data: completed.

• Administrative boundaries, But, in Korea, for various GIS applications many GI datasets exist. It is impossible to explore all of • Transportation, them in great detail, only catalogue of several main data sets including NGII‟s digital topographical • Hydrography, map at 1/5,000, and 1/25,000 scales excluding some mountain and island areas; and at 1/1,000 • Cadastral maps, scale of 81 cities among the whole 84 cities, to which the public access via Korea National • Geodetic controls, Geographic Information Clearinghouse can be reviewed as follows: • Topographic maps,

• Facilities,

• Satellite imagery & aerial photographs

Even though the digital topological map at various scales including at 1:1,000 scale, at 1:5,000 scale and at 1:25,000 scale covering all over the countries are available, not all of the fundamental spatial data are available now. Some themes are still being built.

In spite of a large amount of investment for spatial data building through the 3 stages of NGIS projects in Korea, fundamental spatial data cannot be fully and widely used now. At the earlier 1st ll As far as addresses themes, old and new address system coexists on the process of transformation to new one in Korea. That is why address data is not included in the fundamental data sets. Government does to use existing land-lot number and street name address at the same time until 2011 for national life confusion prevention by method of construction address conversion, and plan to complete various government and municipal office document and general full equipment etc. in period while establish location indication facilities and device including address that establish a high quality new address system that set in a Ubiquitous era until 2011 and is improved. After then, it might be included in fundamental spatial data.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Table 72: Current Status of Data Sets in South Korea

Data Application Data sets Scale Target area Price sets whole 11,83 17,000won/1m 1/5,000 country 5 ap Topology Digital topologic map 1/25,000

1/1,000

vegetation map of 1/50,000 206 Free Environment naturalness whole 1/50,000 234 Free vegetation map country al GIS 1/50,000 238 Free Land cover map Agriculture Soil map 1/25,000 Gyunggido 69 Free GIS Forest use base map 1/25,000 22 Free whole Forest GIS Forest map 1/25,000 23 Free country Forest road map 1/25,000 21 Free whole 17,500won/1m country 415 1/25,000 ap whole 9,714 Land use map 1/5,000, 10,500won/1m country 6,944 Urban GIS Land map 1/1,000 ap whole 16,17 Urban Planning Map 1/3,000 12,000won/1m country 6 1/500 ap Seoul, 1,188

Kwuyngjoo 1,716 Underground (2:re Sewage facilities map 1/1,000 0.0879won/bite Facilities GIS strict ed) Hydrographic geologic map 1/25,000 whole 53 Free Hydrography Hydrographic 1/25,000 country 377 geologic map ‗Free‘ means free of charge just on public purpose, that is, not free to all users including value adding private companies Such as SGIS (Statistical Geographic Information method/criteria, the map product of NGII must Service), Cultural Heritage GIS and Marine GIS, be guaranteed. various datasets exist. For example, SGIS portalmm To guarantee data quality for use on public provides various statistical geographic datasets purpose, as mentioned above, it requires to assess including map for statistics by Output areas public surveying results and map productions and (Population, household, housing, and to meet minimum assessment criteria by KASM establishment), map for Statistical Areas and for NGII. census map. Also, recently NGII is starting to construct digital topologic map at 1/2,500 scale to meet user needs Regarding data quality, the NGII (National for data quality with relatively less construction Geographic Information Institute) has conducted cost than digital topologic map at 1:1000 scale. several researches and regulations. For example, in accordance of the NGII regulation on the In other hands, issue on data quality of cadastral evaluation process of digital map products which spatial data sets also which are important for defines the data quality principle and evaluation National Spatial Data Infrastructure and based on cadastral survey by the Korean Cadastral Survey Corporation has continued to be spotlighted mm http://gis.nso.go.kr because of outdated cadastral survey and

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea economic concerns. Thus, to improve cadastral Software and network services spatial data quality, action plan to renovate cadastral spatial data are making now. At the beginning of the NGIS project in the 1st phase, using foreign GIS software, such as ESRI‟s Standards ArcGIS products, Laser-Scan‟s Gothic products, Microstation,and Smallworld, GIS applications Without agreed standards, underpinning data and had been developed in South Korea. From the network aspects of SDI interoperability becomes early 2000s, Korean native GIS software engine, more difficult to achieve. In MLTM‟s “the 4th- such as IntroMap, GeoMania, GeoGate, and phase National GIS Comprehensive XWorld have begun to be released and used to implementation plan (2011-2015)”, to develop and build GIS applications. Nevertheless, foreign GIS manage GIS standards for interoperability, several Software markets share have been estimated over projects will be performed. 90 percentages in the public sector, while native GIS software markets share remained small, so Now, in Korea, two levels of standard system are farpp. established for NSDI In spite of the fact that the usage of GIS native TTA STANDARDS software is not much more than foreign software in traditional public GIS sector, to obtain national competitive in new industrial sector, development TTA (Telecommunications Technology of new GIS, LBS and Ubi-GIS software is on- Association) GIS standards are at community level going. For example, KAITqq‟s 2009 IT markets and for Korean NGISnn. However, they are not analysis report outlooks that South Korean mandatory. Therefore, the issue on the necessity domestic LBS market growth rate would be over of the mandatory standard for SDI continues to 41 percentages in average from 2008 to 2011rr. be in dispute. TTA standards have been There are various LBS products and services developed focusing on standardization on data developed and being used with the neighbour GIS production and distribution of digital map at the in vogue. beginning, and recently achieved the development of standard on Framework Data Model and In order to develop future intelligent and mobile GIS. Now, standardization on ubiGI data advanced software technologies and to use spatial services and technologies is going on. information widely, a significant effort is also being made. As a representative effort, the Korean Land Spatialization research project which is one KS STANDARDS of the 3rd stage NGIS projects of the MLTM is KS (Korean Industrial Standard) GIS standards the biggest research project among R&D research projects of it, and about $97 million US dollars is are at the national level oo . KS standards are developed by adoption of ISO 19100 series, funded from the Korean government for five including geographic information- conceptual years from 2006 to 2012. That is, for using RFID, schema, application schema, data quality principle integration of space based sensor collected and metadata etc. Now, Korean ISO Committee information, shift towards GI on mobile and under KATS(Korean Agency for Technology and ubiquitous devices and real time location Standards) is making an effort to harmonize information, as a one of the national R&D terminology among KS GIS standards because of projects, KLSG (Korean Land Spatialization inconsistency on translating, and also to Group) has conducted the research on intelligent harmonize recently revised and new ISO 19100 Land informationization based on GIS technology standard series. The Current status of Korean GIS and developed new software for the future standards is showed in detail in Annex C.

pp KIPA: The Korea Institute of Public Administration, KIPA, “Trend of GIS Software Market ”, 2006 nn http://www.tta.or.kr/ qq KAIT: Korea Association of Information and Telecommunication oo http://www.standard.go.kr/ rr http://www.lbskorea.or.kr

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea knowledge-oriented society ss . With a new CGIS Portal links National Geographic paradigm for changing the future, under the 5 Information Clearinghouse, Geotechnical core projects including projects for geospatial Information Clearinghouse zz , and Marine GIS information infrastructure, for land monitoring, Clearinghouseaaa. for intelligent urban facility management, for design information based indoor-outdoor spatial Many different data sets like in Table 6 can be information & application technology obtained on free or on charge online through the development, and for u-GIS core SW technology, NGIC (Figure 9) and/or offline. The NGIC many specific R&D projects are completed and center plays the role for an NGIC gateway, and going on now. Among them, to develop u-GIS manages the regional gateway and distribution core SW technology, geospatial web platform record information. The regional gateways such as technologies which are also using for web2.0 and NGII covering all of the country and 8 regional advanced geospatial technology environment such gateways operate its own independent system, as Google and Bing map are developed for on- which distributes the spatial data of the demand personalized spatial information by my corresponding region. hands. And developing technology to construct application systems for indoor spatial information As a geospatial one-stop in Korea, the NGIC is one of the interesting projects. provides about 150 kinds of diversified spatial Regarding network service, it has to be noted that data from 11 data themes, including South Korea is one of the first class IT countries construction/transportation, agriculture/forest, in the world. According to OECD‟s households urban/facilities, culture/tour nature/ecology, with access to the internet in 2008tt, Korea was cadastral/land, topology/satellite image, ranked first in the world and it has the highest ocean/water resource, administration/statistics, internet penetration rate, which is over 80 and environment/ atmosphere. Users can search percentages all of the households, indicating that for spatial data using index map search, string IT mind of it is much bigger than any other search, or map number search methods. After the country and opportunities of SDI development user finds the required data, the user can make an are much wider. It means that Korean national online payment and the download the data. information and telecommunication infrastructure including broadband, mobile and wireless service Data that has been designated as “Free” can be infrastructure have supported access to national downloaded from the main page, without search GI in anywhere and anytime. And, nowadays, with procedures or payment. The user can preview the ubiquitous sensor network, Korean u-Cities are data in advance, and can also inquire regarding the good examples using ubiGI. history of data through the provision of metadata. In other words, NGIC provides all of the types Access issues for service for which metadata have been created, including service for finding (discovering), viewing, About the access issues, NGIS Portal and downloading spatial data, which are defined in (http://www.ngis.go.kr/index.jsp) and National INSPIRE Directivebbb, Geographic Information Clearinghouse (NGIC)uu can be a good gateway considered. NGIS Portal Now, nearly 1 million spatial data elements have contains links to 4 sub-Portals, which are PGIS been provided through the NGIC, but some data for policy vv , SGIS for standard ww , EGIS for is still restricted. education xx , and CGIS linked to a National Geographic Information Clearinghouseyy. In turns, ss http://intelligentkorea.com/ tt OECD, “Households with access to theInternet”,2008 uu http://ngic.go.kr/index.jsp vv http://ngis.go.kr/pgis/ zz http://geoidc.kict.re.kr ww http://ngis.go.kr/sgis/ aaa http://www.mgis.go.kr/ xx http://ngis.go.kr/egis/ bbb EU DIRECTIVE establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial yy http://ngis.go.kr/cgis/ Information in the European Community (INSPIRE), 2007

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

plan for data.gov.kr has just begun, like data.gov In South Korea, because of North Korea, data in USA and data.gov.uk in U.K. After the plan is security is more important than other countries. In complemented, more spatial data will be open. spite of open administration data policy, on For instance, at the beginning of the last July, military purpose, access to GI is constrained to be MLTM has announced that 38,000 spatial datasets limited. across 58 kinds in the public sector will be opened to the public on free. In fact, many of the local government regulations in Korea mentioned above are about data security. In relation to access issues, new challenges for So, there are some delays related to getting data open policy, privacy and intellectual property permission for involved bureaucratic procedures. rights lead to require some legal frameworks. In addition to above mentioned laws, there are South Korea is eventually transforming to data- several legal frameworks in Korea to examine open policy, in order to make public sector major related acts as demonstrated in Table 13. information available (e.g. freedom of information) and/or reuse them. For example, the

Figure 9 Configuration diagram of the NGIC (Source: www.ngic.go/kr)

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Table 83: Korean SDI policy (Source: http://elaw.klri.re.kr)

Concern Name of Act Purpose or Related Main Article

Article 30 (2) No person shall be allowed to Protection of ―National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act (Act infringe upon the rights or privacy of another No. 9705, Augst.23, 2009)‖ Privacy by using spatial data or spatial databases.

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is to protect privacy from the leakage, abuse and misuse of location information, promote a Act on the Protection, Use, etc. of Location safe environment for using location

Information(Act No. 9483, Mar. 13, 2009) information and activate the use of location information, thus contributing to the improvement of people's standard of living and the promotion of public welfare.

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is to contribute to the improvement of citizens‗ lives and the enhancement of public ―Act on Promotion of Information and welfare by facilitating utilization of information Communications Network Utilization and and communications networks, protecting Information Protection, etc. (Act No. 10166, personal information of people using Mar. 22, 2010)‖ information and communications services, and developing an environment in which people can utilize information and communications networks in a sounder and safer way.

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is to secure proper execution of public affairs and to further protect the rights and benefits ―Act on the Protection of Personal Information of all citizens by establishing necessary Maintained by Public Institutions (Act No. 8871, guidelines concerning protection of private Feb. 29, 2008)‖ information managed by such equipment with functions for processing, transmitting and receiving information as computers or closed- circuit televisions of public institutions.

Article 10 (Protection of Intellectual Property Rights) (1) The Government may implement the following policies to protect intellectual property rights involved in technologies, data, etc. related to spatial data: 1. Technical protection of private spatial data utilization systems and databases; SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY PROMOTION ACT (Act 2. Vitalization of display of the information on Intellectual No. 9438, Feb. 6, 2009) management of new spatial data property rights technologies; 3. Education on and publicity of copyrights and other intellectual property rights to spatial data; (2) The Government may entrust the business of implementing such policy as referred to in any subparagraph of paragraph (1) to any institution or organization that specializes in the field of intellectual property rights related to spatial data, etc., as prescribed by

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Presidential Decree.

Article 21 (Special Cases concerning Investment in Industrial Property Rights, etc.)

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is to protect the rights of authors and the rights neighboring on them and to promote fair use of works in order to contribute to the Copyright Act(Act No. 9785, Jul. 31, 2009) improvement and development of culture

and related industries.

Article 4 (Examples of Works) 8. Maps, charts, design drawings, sketches, models and other diagrammatic works;

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is Data open to contribute to the realization of a policy & sustainable knowledge and information based Framework Act on National Informatization(Act society, and to improve the quality of life for national No. 10166, Mar. 22, 2010) the nation by prescribing matters necessary informatization for the establishment and promotion of the policy basic direction of national informatization and policies relevant thereto.

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is to operate main information and communications infrastructure in a stable Act on the Protection of Information and manner by formulating and implementing Communications Infrastructure(Act No. 9708, measures concerning the protection of such May 22, 2009) infrastructure, in preparation for intrusion by electronic means, thereby contributing to the safety of the nation and the stability of the life of people.

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is to facilitate efficient management of information and technology resources, improve efficiency of investment in Act on the Efficient Introduction and Operation informatization, raise performance of of Information Systems(Act No. 9209, organizations, and ultimately contribute to December 26, 2008) development of the national economy, by promoting utilization of information technology architecture and establishing a system for auditing information systems.

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is to ensure the people‘s rights to know and to secure the people‘s participation in state affairs and the transparency of the operation Official Information Disclosure Act (Act No. of state affairs by prescribing necessary 8871, Feb. 29, 2008)‖ matters concerning the people‘s claims for

the disclosure of information kept and controlled by public institutions and the obligations of public institutions to disclose such information.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Even if there are several legal enforcements and and so on, as part of the Korean government's regulations related to the issue of access to spatial grant aid and technical cooperation programmmm. data as above, the various problems about it still remain in Korea. For example, it is difficult to At last, in the private sector for GI/GIS related define who copyright of map products base on data or services, several Korean GIS vendors such co-fund by local governments and related as LG-EDS, SK C&C, KTdata, Geomania, Hanjin organizations and of value added map data sets Information System & Telecommunication etc. has. have widened export markets to China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Iran, and Brazil etc. International issues Education/Research International cooperation can be considered in various perspectives. Firstly, for mapping, survey For a successful NGIS, GIS education and and remote sensing technology, NGII is involved research are extremely crucial. Because GIS with PCGIAPccc, ISCGMddd, ISPRSeee, ASPRSfff, human resources are very critical components for ICAggg, IGU, UNGEGNhhh, UNRCC-APiii, and NGIS, Korea improved the GIS education system FIGjjj, which are global and regional GI, Surveying and built an integrated GIS education network: and RS organizations. GIS EDUCATION Secondly, in the geographic standard perspective, as a participating member, Korea is involved with With the increasing need for GIS professionals, ISO/TC211kkk. And OGC/TC Korea has recently Korea made an effort to improve the GIS established to participate in OGC lll standard education system and build an integrated GIS programmes. education network by encompassing industry, academia, and research institutes and establishing Third, for international cooperation and aids, the GIS On-Line Education Center nnn and GIS Korea International Cooperation Center in selected universities based on regions. Agency(KOICA) conducts a GIS training program "Urban & Regional Development Policy NECGIS (National GIS Education Center) portal, of Kazakhstan”, GIS mineral resources and mine as a GIS On-Line Education Center which is hazard management of Mongolia, Hydro-Infra linked to NGIS portal, provides various GIS Development and Management of Bangladesh, education services managed by the GIS Central Education Center in KRIHS(Korean Research ccc Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Institute of Housing and Settlement) using MLTM Pacific to establish an Asian/Pacific network to maximize the economic value of geographic information fund. ddd International Steering Committee for Global Mapping sharing information and technology on map creation to solve global With online education, for off-line education 7 environmental issues Graduate Schools of Spatial Information, which eee International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing for are Inha University, NamSeoul University, Pusan international cooperation on aerial photograph surveys and remote sensing exploration National University, Pukyung University, fff American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing University of Seoul, Sejong University, and ggg International Cartographic Association to share information on Kyungpook National University play an important map creation technology between member nations role in education and research. hhh UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names iii UN Regional Cartographic Conferences on map creating In order to raise up GIS experts and to widen GIS technology sharing and support among nations knowledge to the public nation-widely, Seoul jjj International Federation of Surveyors for information sharing and National University and Ewha Womans mutual cooperation between national survey organizations University in Seoul, Kangwon University and kkk International Organization for Standardization, Technical Gangneung-Wonju National University in Committee to establish international standards on geographic information lll Open GIS Consortium to establish universal technological mmm http://www.koica.go.kr/ standards on geographic information processing nnn http://ngis.go.kr/egis/

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Gangwon Porvince, Gyeongsang National 1995. ESRI Korea Annual Conferences have been University in Kyungnam Province, Jeju National held since 1996 to promote and demonstrate University in Jeju Porvince and so on, total 15 various GIS applications. Also, other different local GIS Base Universities have been designated. GIS workshops in the universities and GIS related

Also, to increase the public recognition and research organizations provide a forum for education of GIS in the long term, the discussion on GIS applications. government authorized textbooks on geography to compile a guide to use GIS for middle and high EVALUATION school students. When the 1st phase of NGIS projects was GIS RESEARCH completed, there was the necessity of annual institutional evaluation on NGIS projects by the In Korea, there is continuing support for GIS- Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea. From related research on map generation and surveying, that time on, it has come to settle the evaluation application S/W development, data distribution on NGIS projects annually to prevent dual related technologies, component SW technology, investments in NGIS projects. intelligent GIS technology and ubiGI so on. For a good performance and efficiency of NGIS In detail, the researches and studies on ubiGI, projects, evaluations by GIS experts who are intelligent GIS technology and IT convergence involved in that NGIS projects are made every technology are one of the recent interesting year during all the phases of NGIS. When academic technological concerns in Korea. In assessing NGIS projects, specific criteria both by terms of it, u-city, indoor spatial information, sector and whole are given and focus is on the sensor web, semantic interoperability, 3D GIS, vision and necessity of NGIS projects, virtual argument reality, and smart mobile appropriateness and efficiency of them, and geospatial platform and application etc. become performance and improvement of civil services keywords of recent GIS researches. Recently, next through them. generation cloud computing for convenient intellectual IT services can be considered useful Also, the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea technology for SDI. has audited NGIS projects which have invested a large amount of money focusing on dual Also, a meaningful effort to transfer research investments and inefficiency of projects. findings into business opportunities has been made by related research organizations such as ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute) ooo , KICT(Korea Institute of Construction Technology)ppp and etc. in Korea.

CONFERENCES & WORKSHOPS

In relation to GIS education and research for developing SDI, there have been many conferences and workshops including the international, national and local level by the public organizations, universities, research organizations, and private GIS vendors. KRIHS has annually hosted the International Seminar on GIS since ooo http://www.etri.re.kr/eng/ ppp http://www.kict.re.kr/eng/

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Chapter 4. Korean NSDI History

In this chapter, the Korean NGIS project is and manage them efficiently. introduced, analyzed and evaluated as a Korean NSDI. It would be said that Korean SDI History Specially, the accident of city gas supply base could not be separated from the NGIS project. explosion in Ahyeon-dong, Seoul in1994, and a From simple digitalization via information to subway construction site gas pipe explosion in knowledge, Korean SDI has developed and Sangin-dong, Daegu in 1995 became decisive changed rapidly, through various NGIS projects. moments for the emergence of the NGIS. Now, the importance of knowledge database on After tragic events, as a useful tool to manage every aspect including industry, economy, life, and underground facilities effectively and to contribute culture will be greater than ever before. public safety, GIS became spotlighted, and the Knowledge-based industry will be the single most initiative for NGIS projects started in 1995. Since important factor on national competition. then „NGIS Master Plan‟ has been made every five Advancement of IT technology like GIS will years, and in accordance with it NGIS projects accelerate the global competition period and were successfully implemented in Korea. Citizens will demand more diversified information on national geography. Historical General Description, Key Introduction Issues, and Vision

In Korea, with a wider use of computers, the The 4th NGIS Master Plan, in which the process concept of a Geographic Information System of NGIS with technological, social and (GIS) was introduced in the late 1980‟s. Several international issues are examined and future local governments, public institutions and private visions are proposed, shows good historical sector companies began to digitalize paper map descriptions and visions of NSDI for Korea. partially for own business purposes. Inconsistent According to it, at the beginning, establishing and scattered GIS projects by multiple institutions spatial data infrastructure is the main concern. have given rise to duplicated data implementation, Next, at the 2nd stage of spatial data utilization, lack of compatibility and poor data quality. development of GIS applications is actively conducted. But, by individually developing them, Furthermore, since remarkable economic growth it was an issue to link and integrate, in turns, at the was achieved in 1990‟s, as a result of rapid 3rd stage. From such historical background, to industrialization and urbanization, Korean has support to make a decision and intelligent faced various problems including environmental geospatial enable society, goal for the future pollution, traffic jams, and a lack of basic direction of SDI is going to move. infrastructure. To solve increasing such natural and human problems, it is necessary to analyze

Table 94: Trajectory of Korean SDI initiatives

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 Establish Spatial Support to Intelligent Extend Spatial Linkage and Stage Data Infrastructure Making a geospatial Data Utilization integration Decision enable society

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Development Interaction of of GIS Digitalization of physical reality Applications On-demand map Focus on and virtual user-centered - the topological linkage and reality National geospatial Major map, thematic integration of geospatial service initiative map, DB and New data underground Application application concerning clearinghouse Indoor and facilities map, using high spatial data - a total outdoor cadastral map KOPSS, UPIS, resolution and number of geospatial GIS capacity 3D GIS high precision distributions application building geospatial reaches to 700 data thousand Twitter, Semantic web Web2.0, Blog Wearable Invisible Smart Phone computing Devices Wireless, Intelligent Calm Modem Web portal Fiberglass CNS, D-GPS, technology IPv4 PDA CNS, PNS, ITS, Mirror world, Grid Homepage LAN, WAN GPS Metaverse, computing Technological E-mail T1, Cable Google Second Life Cloud Pager-City phone Mobile Phone map/Earth Space issue computing Cyber world, Intelligence Disposable Convergence Social computing RFID, USN Network, U- Robot City Our GIS My GIS Professional Geospatial GIS Web Event of a gas Digital identity explosion of virtual occurred in reality Daegu city‘s subway (1995) Paradigm shift The collapse of based on the Development UCC Seongsu bridge change of of security Mobile device Sustainable and Sampoong temporal and technology for One-stop, development Social issues department spatial a millennium home banking of urban store(1995) concept bug(2000) One-line civil green society Launch the service autonomous local Social security government network system(1995) against financial currency natural crisis and IMF disaster and intervention(1997) crime The September New regional International attacks on the community issues World Trade without Center(2001) borders

The NGIS Project as Korean NSDI launched since 1995. The first phase (1995~2000) and the second phase (2001~2005) have already To establish GI infrastructure, by the Ministry of been finished. The third phase (2006~2010) is Construction and Transportation (MOCT, now now in progress. Finally, The fourth phase MLTM) the Korean NGIS project has been

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

(2011~2015) just finished a master plan recently substantial funding is required, and based on the for the implementation of next year. fact that the usage of GIS [is] mainly for the public sectors. Furthermore, since the geographical DIGITIZATION OF SPATIAL DATA factors as well as the attribute information are the basic assets of our country, construction or The 1st phase (1995-2000) of NGIS was primarily development of the relevant databases has been concerned with a creation of a digital topographic recognized as a national project. Accordingly, the map base for the country as a whole at scales Korean government is exerting significant efforts ranging from 1:1,000 in urban areas to 1:25,000 in to develop and improve NGIS." (MOCT 1995, mountain regions. Digital topographical maps at 10). 1/5,000 and 1/25,000 scales excluding some mountain and island areas have been produced. Because of the 1997 currency crisis and the Also, 81 cities have completed creation of 1/1,000 following IMF remedies, as part of its public new scale digital topographical maps among the whole deal project to create new labor markets for 84 cities. Digital thematic map, parcel-address temporary workers, a large amount of human map, administrative boundary map, road map, resources was invested to digitalize topographical current land use map, national land zoning map, and cadastral map database. and urban planning map are digitalized. In the 1st phase, above the project to digitalize Special attention was also given to the digital topographical, thematic, underground facilities mapping of underground facilities in this phase and cadastral map, other various projects are and 19 cities were digitizing underground facility implemented like the project for GIS relative map containing water pipeline, sewage, gas, technique development such as the base and electricity, communication, oil pipeline and application core software, development of GIS heating information in conjunction with municipal application, GIS standardization, GIS research, governments and government-invested GIS education and capacity building. organizations. Creation of digital cadastral map was also made in this phase. “Act on the establishment and use of the National Geographic information System” were The budget allocated to NGIS was $346m over a legislated and the 1st phase of Basic Plan for the five year period and $288.5m out of the $346m NGIS also established to promote the budget for the Korean NGIS was allocated to establishment and use of NGIS. digital topographic, thematic and underground facility mapping. The digitalization of spatial data There were some problems, that is, according to was largely controlled by the Korean government the audit report of the 1st NGIS projects by Board including both central and local level, but many of Audit and Inspection of Korea, regarding dual GIS researches, GIS capacity building and investments and inefficiency in NGIS project. applications of GIS were carried out by private Some experts said that this was indispensable in sectors and research institutes. the beginning of NGIS and such trials and errors have provided meaningful lessons and new The need for government intervention to create perspectives of NGIS for the next phase. the necessary infrastructure for exploiting the potential of digital geographic information technology is particularly important in the eyes of IMPLEMENTATION OF KOREAN the Korean government: DIGITAL LAND In the 2nd phase (2001-2005), establishing "The National Geographic Information System framework data and building application systems (NGIS) is recognized as one of the most as well as enhancing the digital maps of the 1st fundamental infrastructures required in phase were important issues. The maps were promoting national competitiveness and revised and updated according to the Basic Plan of productivity. This enormous task is a national the 2nd phase for NGIS. The whole country is project that is led by the government since a

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea categorized into 5 regions, and one region is surveyed each year. And then, maps of the region Development of wealth-creating core technology are updated accordingly. These updated digital and promotion of GIS industry, establishment and maps are called digital maps version 2 provided in improvement of the basic environment with a new file format, the NGII (National Geographic standardization, development of human resources, Information Institute) format. and fund research projects were also driven in the 2nd phase of NGIS. To implement Korean digital land with digital topographical maps, framework data were also FOR THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE required. Definition of framework data and IMPLEMENTATION OF KOREAN research for data model of it were made, as a UBIQUITOUS LAND result, themes of framework data included administrative district, transportation, marine and The 3rd phase (2006-2010) is in process. It is water resources, cadastral data, datum, continuously focused on enriching the substance geographical features, facilities, imagery and of NGIS base such as framework data, standards, remote sensing data. technologies in accordance with international changes and technology level. The second focus is Rather than the creation of digital maps in the 1st on creating synergy and value by linking and phase, utilization and application of them was the integrating established data and systems from main concern of the 2nd phase of NGIS. areas and agencies to support decision making. Therefore, a firm basis for National Spatial The third is in improving and enhancing NGIS in Information Infrastructure and nation-wide accordance with users of public agencies, distribution & utilization of GIS and National individuals and private corporations. The fourth is Geographic Information clearinghouse have in cooperating with the National Informatization established to help information sharing among Projects and successively playing a role in it by public agencies and data acquisitions of individuals. using and developing related technologies Implementation of National Digital Land by including IT, GPS and sensor technologies. constructing National Spatial Information Infrastructure enables getting geographic During the 3rd phases of NGIS for 15 years above information anytime anywhere. To make mentioned in Korea, main achievements cane be geographic information available on the Internet summarized as follows: (See a list of NGIS for distribution and utilization by all people, projects attached in Annex E) citizen services were emphasized.

Table 105: Primary achievements of the Korean NGIS project

Domain 1st phase NGIS 2nd phase NGIS 3rd phase NGIS ∙creation of a digital topographic map, cadastral map

∙framework data ∙digital thematic map, ∙national /marine base including administrative parcel-address map, map, national geodetic Data district, transportation, administrative control point, national marine and water boundary map, road imagery DB resources, etc map, current land use map, national land zoning map, and urban planning map

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

∙ GIS application for ∙ GIS application for underground facility , ∙3D spatial information, Application underground facility land use, environment, UPIS, KOPSS, BIM etc. agriculture, marine ∙developments of several standards including∙ standard for ∙ developments of national base map, several standards ∙ developments of underground facility including∙ standard for advanced several Standard map framework, data, standards, projects for NGIS construction, distribution standard system - developments of and application for standards for NGIS exchange of spatial data ∙intelligent land informationization based on ∙Mapping technology, ∙3D GIS, high resolution GIS technology and Technology DB Tool, GIS S/W RS technology developed new software for technology the future information- oriented society. ∙Online and Offline GIS ∙ Online and Offline GIS education ∙IT labor markets education

Human promotion project ∙ development of ∙ update of educational resource educational program ∙Offline GIS education program and educational and educational textbook textbook ∙Project for National ∙Pilot project for ∙Advancement Project for Clearing spatial clearing house National spatial management of National 70m datasets in 139 house clearing house spatial clearing house categories available ∙Research for NGIS in ∙ Research for NGIS in Research ∙Research for NGIS mid and long term changing environments policy project

- “Everywhere”, “Everybody” means geospatial IMPLEMENTATION OF KOREAN information available to everybody in GREEN GEOSPATIAL SOCIETY everywhere. It is focused on creating safe and convenient life environment by supplying Vision of the master plan for the 4th phase of various customized information services using NGIS (2011-2015) is GREEN. GREEN is a geospatial information to everybody in conjugation of GR (Green growth), EE everywhere. (Everywhere Everybody) and N (New deal), and GREEN Geospatial Society is the society which is - “New deal” means geospatial information adopting the meaning of GREEN. which can be used in open, linked and integrated ways. - Green: Green Growth means the geospatial It is focused on the national economic information which can be the substance of development through revitalization of related green growth. It is possible to establish the industry and creating a new growth engine for the geospatial information base supporting future by using geospatial information in open, sustainable development of green homeland. linked and integrated ways.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Figure 10 Evaluation for the strategic NSDI model

Evaluation of the NGIS project for a When the 1st phase of the NGIS project was strategic NSDI model completed, annual institutional evaluation was needed for NGIS projects and conducted by the To establish an efficient NSDI model for Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea. From developing countries, evaluation matrixes are that time on, the evaluation on NGIS projects produced to identify more important activities and continued annually. For a good performance and tasks for the model. An evaluation matrix includes efficiency of NGIS projects, evaluations by GIS components and hierarchies of SDI discussed in experts are made every year during all phases of Chapter 2. Furthermore, the strategic NSDI the NGIS project. When assessing NGIS projects, model will use the results of the followings. specific criteria both by sector and whole are given Important tasks and activities identified and and focused on the vision and necessity of NGIS prioritized later in these matrixes will be a part of projects, appropriateness and efficiency of them, the model.Main tasks and activities in the Korean and performance and improvement of civil NSDI and Local SDI are evaluated and prioritized services through them, as mentioned above. for the NSDI model by the degree of importance (DOI). For DOI and evaluation, the degree 3 Based on annual evaluations mentioned above and scales are used: High(H), Medium(M), and the results of the expert investigation (see Annex Low(L) . F), some NGIS projects were selected in terms of budget size and importance in each SDI Evaluation of national SDI component for the evaluation (see Annex E). NGIS projects can be differently evaluated by For the last 15 years in Korea, many projects were whom, when, and how. From a long-term and completed (a list of NGIS projects attached in more comprehensive view, 5 criteria are used for Annex E). By 2009, almost 100 projects by 20 evaluation matrixes: Efficiency, effectiveness, governmental organizations and agencies have sharing and interrelationship for infrastructure, been conducted and some of them are still on usability and improvement of development and vvv processing . civil services . qqq.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Table 116: Evaluation Matrix of National SDI

Partner- Laws/regulations NSDI Metad ship & and institutional components Data ata & Standard Technology Human policies & & Phases access resource Research

-Creation of a - digital Developmen topographic ts of several map standards - Basic Plan for the

including∙ -IT labor 1st NGIS -Cadastral map -Pilot standard for markets -Mapping project national promotion - The Act on the -Digital thematic technology, DB for base map, project establishment and map: parcel- Tool MA National underground use of the NGIS address map, spatial facility map -Offline [Act No. 8852, administrative -GIS S/W NGIS clearing GIS repealed ]‖ boundary map, technology house - educatio Phase road map, Developmen n -Various Research I current land use ts of for NGIS map, national standards for land zoning exchange of map, and urban spatial data planning map

E H M L M M M

DoI H M M M H H

-Project - for Developmen National -Framework ts of several spatial - Basic Plan for the data including standards clearing -Online 2nd NGIS administrative including∙ -3D GIS house and district, standard for MA 70m Offline GIS -Researches for transportation, framework, - High resolution datasets educatio NGIS in mid and NGIS marine and data, RS technology in 139 n long term policy PhaseII water resources, construction, categori project etc- distribution es and NGIS availabl application e- E M M L H H M DoI H H M M H H -National - - - Basic Plan for the -Intelligent land /marine base Advanc Developmen -Online 3rd NGIS informationizatio NGIS map ed ts of and n based on GIS Phase MA Project advanced Offline GIS -The Act on technology and -National for several educatio National III developed new geodetic control manage standards n Geospatial software point ment of Information qqq Because every component of SDI is related with each other, it is also necessary to analyze an interrelationship for every component further. To explain the interrelationship in every phase would be more complicated. Each NGIS project can be mapped to the six SDI components for the interrelationship analysis. It is not possible or necessary to explore all of them in detail. For example, a project for creation of a digital topographic map in the data component, DOI and Evaluations are evaluated as both High, because of the budgets and human resources for it prepared. A project for standard development is evaluated as Low and DOI as Medium. This means that after creating digital topographic map, issues on data update, data management, data exchange, and data usability etc. have raised because of insufficient standard and policy.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

National - Projects for -National spatial NGIS -Researches for imagery DB clearing standard NGIS in changing house system environment

∙3D spatial informati on, UPIS, KOPSS, BIM etc. E M H L H H M

DoI H H H H H H

 MA: Main Activities, E: Evaluations, DoI: Degree of Importance

Table 11 Evaluation Matrix of National SDI

Table 15 shows that data, partnership, human Evaluation of local SDI resources, and laws/institutional component have played a larger role than the others at the On the local level, many LSDI projects were beginning. With the advancement of national SDI, conducted by cooperation with national access metadata and technologies component organizations and agencies or by themselves. By should be considered at a national level. using the same criteria are used for the national SDI evaluation: selected projects for local SDI are evaluated as follows:

Table 12: Evaluation Matrix of Local SDI

Laws/regulatio Partner- Metadata ns and ship & Data and Standard Technology institutional Human access polices & resource Research -Building digital water, sewage , road -Surveying -GIS -Guidelines for -Market research map technology, education digital water, on spatial NGIS MA -Data processing and sewage map information and -Digital technology promotion Phas thematic map e I topographical map on 1/1,000 E H H M L M DoI H M M M M -underground -Standard -Formation - Regulation on facility map package for of separate - Metadata data containing, underground organizatio for urban management gas, electricity, -Guidelines for facility system , n for GIS, NGIS facilities and data communicatio underground Phas MA charges, n, oil pipeline facility map -Data exchange -Est. Local - SDW pilot e II and heating technology , Committee project -Regulation on information, -Linkage of for urban data security administrative facilities

-transportation system map

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

information,

-road facilities,

-cultural and tour information,

-urban management spatial information E H L H M H M DoI H M M H H M -Trans-formation - to world Completio coordinate n of the -Regulation for system , MOU with -RS, - Guideline for efficient data -SDW private SDW updating NGIS MA project -mobile system, portal -3D GIS data operation according to company Phas business process -3D GIS for the e III technology, public service -RS technology E H M M M H H DoI H H M H M M  MA: Main Activities, E: Evaluations, DoI: Degree of Importance

Table 16 shows that data component played a This chapter finally prioritizes tasks and activities more important role than the others at the in the Korean SDI history and those will be used beginning. With advancement of local SDI, access in Chapter 7 for the Strategic Model for the metadata, technologies, and partnership & human developing countries. resource component should be considered in a local level.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Chapter 5. Best Practices in Korea

Based on the evaluation by GIS Experts and terms of SDI as well as e-government. As an existing NGIS evaluation reports, best practices important channel to drive the SDI agenda, are chosen in central and local governments. Korean e- government is very important, as Good points are identified from each practice and mentioned above. will be used for the lessons learned in later Chapters. The NIIS project which was launched in 2008 is one of Korean e-government projects with a large . amount of budgets. This project is not yet Best practices at a national level completed, but is now in process. For the project from 2008 to 2012, total budgets from both national and local funding would reach 397.7 NATIONAL INTEGRATED (SPATIAL) INFORMATION SYSTEM (NIIS) billion won. The budget of this year (11.8 billion won) is going to be invested to integrate 9 By MLTM(the Ministry of Land, Transport and applications from 5 organizations, which are for Maritime Affairs) and MOPAS(the Ministry of MLTM‟s National Land Information, Coastal Public Administration and Security), the project Management Information, Korean Tidal flat for “National Integrated (Spatial) Information Information, MIFAFF(Ministry for Food, System (NIIS)” is an ambitious drive to integrate Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)‟s Agricultural spatial data with administrative data in Korea for Information, ME(Ministry for Environment)‟s implementation of prescriptive NSDI. With National Environmental Information and process-based rather than product-based approach, Ecological Information, Korea Forest Service‟s both central and local governments have Forestry GIS and CHA(Cultural Heritage participated in this project. This initiative has a Administration of Korea)‟s Cultural Heritage significant implication for developing countries in Information.

Figure 11 Integrated System of National Spatial Information (Source: ―Integrated National Spatial Information,‖ 2010)

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Like the Geospatial Platform which is the next Figure 11 shows the overview of National generation of federal geospatial resource Integrated (Spatial) Information System (NIIS) management, focusing on operations and delivery which is linking and integrating various thematic of services, and the next phase that builds on the geospatial data from above mentioned successes of Geospatial One Stop, Geospatial organizations, administrative data, policy data, and Line of Business, Ongoing cross-governmental statistical data etc. covering national and local level coordination by FGDC in USArrr, recognition of by geospatial web platform. In addition, providing the importance and benefits of geospatial platform Open API, it is possible to mash-up and create for next generation Korea led to the launch of this value-add service for its customers in the private project to integrate various spatial data and sector. administrative data via geospatial platform. That is, the platform will be a solution that facilitates data Emphasizing the importance of this project, some sharing and reuse of resources. It will lead to cost expert said that the earlier the projects have savings, wise investments, increased efficiency and started, the better for Korean SDI, by improving improved innovations. The Platform will improve data quality and reducing updating costs. Open overall management of geospatial resources by API technologies with geoweb platform leveraging portfolio management and utilizing best technologies are used for integrating spatial and practices. administrative data from various organizations.

Key points:

. Efforts for integration of spatial data with administrative data are impressive for SDI. . To meet users‘ need, it is necessary to build the seamless data covering the entire country. . Interoperability of GIS applications based on geoweb platform is a key drive for efficient and economic SDI. . Using Open API and geoweb standards, including WMS, WFS etc.are reasonable. . Geospatial Open Stop Portal is very important. . Up-to date data updating by institutional arrangement and technological supports are also key-points for SDI.

rrr www. GeoPlatform.gov

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

NGII (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION INSTITUTE)

Korean National Geographic Information Institute (hereafter referred to as “the NGII ”) established in 1958 is the only national surveying and mapping organization under the MLTM. The NGII, as a center for national geographic information infrastructure, records, provides, maintains and manages all of the national land information above and below ground, Figure 12 NGII's service portal (Source: air.ngii.go.kr) computerizing and publishing maps. Most GIS experts evaluate that 2 projects for the building of Another one, the project for Korean fundamental the National Fundamental Data and National spatial data conducted by NGII is very important Spatial Imagery Database are the best GIS for Korean national and local SDI. NGII is a projects by the NGII. leading organization to build and manage Korean fundamental spatial data which is one of the key As one of the NGII‟s best GIS projects, the components for Korean SDI and the most project for National Spatial Imagery Database common data themes users need consisting of makes it more efficient to compile and revise administrative boundaries, transportation, maps and monitor the land, using aerial images. hydrography, cadastral maps, geodetic controls, Also, various decision-making systems with the topographic maps, facilities and satellite imagery & national base maps and digital image maps for (1) aerial photographs theme. To define these urban planning, (2) disaster management, (3) fundamental spatial data and develop several natural resources management, and (4) framework data standards as TTA standards, telecommunication networks are developedsss. GIS further tasks remain. Therefore, the project is Experts emphasize importance of National Spatial making progress to construct fundamental spatial Imagery Database to provide the wider usage of databases and manage integrated fundamental visual applications as fundamental data. Now, spatial databases. NGII provides the public with aerial images and remote sensing images data, via National Spatial Imagery Information Service Portalttt.

Key points:

. Through the establishment of National Spatial Imagery Database, NGII is cooperating and working together with the local governments to share ortho-imagery data and to prevent dual management efforts for them . Using aerial images, to compile and revise maps and monitor the land, . As a National Basic Map, Creation of National Fundamental Data and Digital Topological Map . Real-time data currency and efficient and effective data updating

sss http://www.ngii.go.kr/ ttt http://air.ngii.go.kr/index.do

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

STATISTICAL GEOGRAPHIC DHTM or JavaScript. Advanced users can also INFORMATION SERVICE create more sophisticated statistical application by To strengthen the national competitiveness of using detailed API. Therefore, the Korean Korea, Statistics Korea has established various Statistical Geographic Information Service is statistical geographic data such as Census Map, considered NSDI key elements for data, service data for Statistics Navigator and Statistical Areas. and applications. For the collaborative use of them, through “Statistical Geographic Information Service (SGIS)” portal, many useful statistical geographic services are available nowuuu. Statistical geographic data and information are one of the key elements related to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) including economic developments. In this context, as the best of best practices of NSDI, “Statistical Geographic Information Service (SGIS)” would be considered.

Among different kinds of “Statistical Geographic Information Services”, users can enter their own statistical data in order to create their own SGIS Figure 13 Statistical Geographic Information Service map on the KoStat census map in „Experiencing (Source: sgis.kostat.go/kr) the statistical map‟ service, statistical changes by Si/Gun/Gu for every 5 years between 1995 to 2015 in „e-Miji‟ service and SGIS OpenAPI (External connection service) service are distinctive. By using SGIS Open API, users can have statistics data on users‟ own website through

Key points:

. Creation and usage of various useful statistical geographic data and services, . Adoption of ―Basic unit district‖ for proper minimum size of statistical area, considering citizen‘s convenience and privacy protection, and a framework for integration of administrative data . SGIS Open API for mash-up spatial data with other administrative data, toward more customized and sophisticated statistical application

 

uuu http://sgis.kostat.go.kr/statistics_eng/

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

KOREA FOREST GIS SERVICE Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal is a Web system which integrates hardware, software and Several Korean GIS Experts recommend Korea human resources enabling to exploit the forest Forest GIS Service as the best practice of NSDI geospatial information and analysis output for because of the higher and wider use based on high planning and decision making support. Web 2.0- quality of data. That is, Korea‟s Forest Spatial based JavaScript API and AJAX are the key Data Infrastructure Portal is being used to survey technologies in completing this project for assessing damages by blight and harmful successfully. The portal service supports any kind insects and manage forest resources, forest of standard-based web browser. This Web service products, and breed resources. It is also used to is a comprehensive source of providing the most provide a landslide monitoring system, wild fire recent trend of forest GIS technology enabling to monitoring system, street lights management search, disseminate and exploit forest GIS data. system, and C/S-based forest GIS management Based on systematic forest information as well as system. In addition, citizens have easy access to customized individual services, this Web GIS Web-based forest GIS services and are, therefore, portal serves citizens. Also, the portal has vvv able to obtain useful, high-quality information . enhanced the efficiency of data management Forest officers can use GIS to integrate disparate through integrated services and management of data and serve the information throughout the forest GIS databases. Korea‟s excellent Internet organization by creating a unified channel for access infrastructure has made a tremendously effective and efficient management including positive contribution to the satisfaction on the managing administrative forest maps and datawww. Web service.

The concept of SDI rather than GIS in Forest domain is introduced in Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal Service. The Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal enables connecting to the National GIS and improves practices to standardize forest GIS. GIS saved the organization US$1.4 million as by providing forest GIS materials and saving administration costs. All future forest GIS services will be integrated into this Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal, and all of their information will be provided through the current portal site. This year, the existing forest portal site will be enhanced to a center offering forest database online service. Currently, Figure 14 Korea Forest GIS Service (Source: fgis.forest.go.kr/fgis) there is no local GIS database circulation model; by building an integrated forestry GIS database circulation system, the Korea Forest Service would set the national standard for a GIS circulation system.

vvv http://fgis.forest.go.kr/fgis/ www The Korea Forest Service received a Special Achievement in GIS (SAG) Award at the 2009 ESRI International User Conference (ESRI UC) in San Diego, California. The organization received this honor for its vision, leadership, and innovative use of ESRI's geographic information system (GIS) technology. The Korea Forest Service was selected from more than 300,000 organizations worldwide and recognized during today's SAG awards ceremony for making extraordinary contributions to our global society.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Key points:

. Evolution of the concept of SDI from GIS in Forest domain is remarkable. . Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure One-Stop Portal Service can be a lesson learned. . Ease access to spatial forest data and service is being able to create many value- added services. . To use standards and Web 2.0-based new technology is recommendable.

Best practices at a local level

SEOUL METROPOLITAN CITY 3D themes services provide theme Tourism and VR (Virtual Reality) experience. Also, users can Most GIS experts agree with the case of Seoul enter their own information to create their own Metropolitan City as the best practice. The Seoul map on the Seoul map in „UCC‟ service. Metropolitan City (capital city of South Korea) has developed Urban Planning Information System with successful utilization of 3D technology. With various 3D map services already available from major internet portals like Google and MS, it is another indication of the 3D technology being used by professionals in critical decision making. Using the 3D GIS system, Seoul expects to promote participation to city plans by providing 12 million city residents public web access and in turn boost tourism sector to bring in more foreign visitors. And, to reach that goal, new parks will be put into places to aid tourism operations and xxx boost tourism

Figure 15 Seoul GIS portal (Source: gis.seoul.go.kr) Figure 16 (Two images) Seoul 3D GIS portal service (Source: 3dgis.seoul.go.kr) Through the Seoul GIS Portal Service, Portal, Map search, and 3D theme services are availableyyy. The Seoul Metropolitan Government has used GIS to eliminate redundant data processing and xxx http://gis.seoul.go.kr/ save costs by leveraging existing spatial data. The yyy http://3dgis.seoul.go.kr/

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Key points:

. As an excellent LSDI implementation with the relation of NSDI of , taking into account the own unique, for example, 3D tourist service . Good quality and diversity of thematic spatial data: based on high resolution data on 1:1000 scale, higher accuracy and efficient updating of many thematic spatial data . Efficient SDW for eliminating redundant data processing and for saving cost by leveraging the existing spatial data from 30 GIS applications

SDW (Spatial Data Warehouse) was created to . Increase efficiency of administration eliminate all double or redundant data processing workflow by making most of spatial data and to save cost by leveraging the existing spatial data. As Seoul has been required to provide a . Enhanced spatial data service to public unified channel for searching, checking and acquiring spatial data, the SDW was proposed to DAEGU METROPOLITCAN CITY meet such requirements by the interior officials Daegu City, the third largest city in Korea, has a responsible for GIS-related projects. It not only long history of GIS in Korea. Daegu City began to improves efficiency of administration activities, construct digital maps for GIS since 1988 and but also simplifies the process of authoring field completed city-wide digital mapping for GIS in data. Also, Seoul developed a SDW to provide a the year 2000. unified channel for searching, checking, and acquiring spatial data; the SDW improves Its rich experience in GIS development, a vision administration activities, such as decision making of future direction, and the strong GIS support and management work flows, and simplifies the for business make its GIS applications more process of authoring field data. The accuracy and efficient and useful. For example, with starting the updating of spatial data served to the public were projects for development of GIS applications, also enhanced. The SDW has become an excellent Daegu City has made the cost/benefit analysis reference for expanding into a national spatial data which simulates future costs and benefits in order infrastructure. to find the shortest payback period, to maximize the effect of investment and to avoid unclear goal Seoul Metropolitan Government, which is the definition, weak assumption on the system largest city of Korea, has developed its SDW over sustainability and other intangible detriments. the years. It contains all of the spatial layers including transportation, land & building records, census, demographic data, etc. Moreover, it is the fundamental base to implement all GIS applications of Seoul. The warehouse being operated by this global city sustaining such a big population became a great reference to expand into the national spatial data infrastructure.

. Prevention of creating unnecessary spatial data as being dispersed in sub- organizations

. Necessity to improve usability of the existing spatial data. Figure 17 Daegu Life Geographic Service (Source: www.gis.go.kkr) . Improve efficiency of managing spatial data by having access through only one channel

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Key points:

. Cost/benefit analysis to maximize the investment effect is recommendable. . Systemic spatial data updating linking on administrative data is a key-drive to successful local SDI. . Daegu‘s Geospatial One Stop with multi-lingual service and life geographic service, as a good example for wider access and public service . Partnership for underground facilities management system and efficient data updating, signed MOU with 7 related organizations Now, Daegu Life Geographic Service provides several services, such as „Map of daily life‟(„Search Best practices at the GIS application for living space‟, „Category search‟), „Finding my level surrounding information,‟ „Statistics from the map‟ service‟ and Search shortcut zzz . Also, 3D map services are available like Seoul. In addition, KOREA LAND INFORMATION 119 Daegu opened web GIS for disaster SYSTEM (KLIS) aaaa management. The Korea Land Information System (KLIS) developed by MOGAHA (The Ministry of Government And Home Affairs)and KCSC(Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation) since 2001 currently provides cadastral information through the Internet. The cadastral survey organization of KCSC is in charge of cadastral survey activities which are originally the responsibilities of the government. KLIS mainly consists of two parts, survey data reduction and cadastral administration. In the cadastral survey aspects, surveyors make use of cadastral survey results for executing boundary survey, subdivision Figure 18 Daegu's Web GIS of 119 service (Source: survey, etc. http://119.daegu.go.kr) In the other hand, cadastral administration module can be used for examining cadastral survey results or updating cadastral records in municipalities. If there are cadastral surveys or requests for cadastral data from a municipality, a cadastral administrator sends a file through the Internet. The whole process is depicted in Figure 19.

zzz http://www.gis.go.kr- Daegu aaaa http://119.daegu.go.kr/119/webgis/index.html

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Figure 19 KLIS architecture (Source: Lee, Young-Ho,‖ Strategy for Improving Cadastral Spatial Data Quality for a more effective e-Government based on NSDI‖, 2009.5 )

Key points:

. Harmonization model of top-down with bottom-up, by matching funds and with partnerships is recommendable. . Proper division of who does what- at the beginning, creation of data and developing of applications by central government, and later management and operation by local governments is distinctive. . Integration of land information and cadastral information will take the synergy effects.

Summary of best practices governments and private organizations at both national and local level is necessary. As selected best practices are examined above, they have several good points which can be useful The second NGII case reveals that building to establish efficient and successful SDI and National Basic Map such as National Fundamental provide lessons learned for developing countries. Databases or digital topological map should be the most important task and increasing importance of The first case of NIIS indicates that NSDI and e- imagery data might have a wider application for a government are indispensible to achieve an rapid data update. Statistical GIS case can also be efficient NSDI which in participating many very impressive to developing issues and FSDI is a government organizations it must be in context of good example of thematic SDI in Korea. e-government. Especially, not yet completed, it shows the future direction of next generation SDI, In addition, at a local level, Seoul and Daegu case focusing on geospatial platform to facilitate data show that a civil service using such as 3D GIS sharing with cost saving and value-added services service and VR technology is interesting and creating possible. It is also emphasized that public implicative to evoke public attention to GIS, and and private partnership among various public at a GIS application level, KLIS can be a very

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea important service on priority for sustainable In result, these best practices can be summarized development in developing countries. in each SDI component as follows:

Table 13: Best practices

Laws/regul Metadata Partner-ship ations and Technolo Best practices Data and Standard & Human institutional gy access resource polices & Research

-One of the -Using e- National -Using open -Up-to date geoweb government Integrated -Geospatial API and data -Integration of standards, project Open Stop geospatial updating by (Spatial) spatial data including based on Portal platform institutional Information WMS, WFS intergovernm technology arrangement System (NIIS) etc. ental partnership

-Cooperating and working together with - Building -Using - NGII‘s the local National aerial National -Framework governments NGII’s Fundamental images, to Spatial data to share fundamental Databases and compile Imagery standards ortho- - - National and revise spatial data Information as TTA imagery Spatial maps and project etc. Service standards data and to Imagery monitor the Portal prevent dual Database land managemen t efforts for them

-SGIS Open -Statistical API for -Various useful Geographi Statistical customized - One of NGIS At a national a At level statistical c Geographic -Geoweb and GIS geographic Information standards sophisticat Application Information data and Service ed projects Service services (SGIS) statistical portal application

- Human resource - enabling to -Forest Standardiz -Web 2.0- exploit the -Building an Spatial e forest GIS based Korea Forest forest integrated Data & JavaScript geospatial GIS Service forestry GIS DB Infrastructur standard- API and information e Portal based web AJAX - Connecting browsers to the National GIS

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

-Good quality - Based on and diversity of SDW thematic (Spatial spatial data

Seoul Data -higher -Seoul GIS Warehouse Metropolitan accuracy and Portal ) City efficient -Using updating of 3DGIS , VR many thematic technology spatial data -Partnership

At a local a At level -Early GIS for Daegu - Daegu‘s adopter and - 3D map underground -Cost/benefit Geospatial Metropolitan efficient data services facilities analysis One Stop City updating managemen t system

- -Integrated -via E- Harmonizatio -Integration of DB of

governmen n model of Korea Land land cadastral t portal, top-down information administrati Information land civil with bottom- level and cadastral ve and System KLIS service up for a more information spatial enable effective e- data

At a application a At Government

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Chapter 1. Chapter 6. Lessons Learned

Based on previous Chapters 3, 4, and 5, lessons Summary of Korean GIS experts‘ are discussed in each component of SDI. investigation results

For lessons learned, in addition to the issue about 20 Korean GIS experts with more than 10 years‟ SDI implementation, lessons on a SDI user‟s experience from various GIS organizations in the perspective are required. Thus, for lessons learned public and private sector provided many useful from the Korean NSDI, results of expert answers for the questions as follows. interview are considered with current Korean SDI situation and history mentioned above.

Key Questions Selected Answers

1) What is Korean NSDI Pride in  As one of Korean NSDI Pride, many Experts agreed with your opinion? In your view, Digital Topologic map at 1/1,000 scale, covering whole Korea. In the data perspective of SDI, digitalizing high what are NSDI success quality map on large scale has driven the Korean NSDI factors? Please mention the successfully. good points？ Based on your experience to date and  To achieve it, a large amount of budgets had required. According to experts‘ opinion, in partnership and policy understanding of the SDI perspective, the role of Korean central government to situation in Korea, what might driving and coordinating for the Korean SDI is more critical. be main factors?

 Dual investments on data in various applications at the beginning of NGIS projects have been obstacles in building NSDI. Also, many GIS Experts has indicated an inefficient system for NGIS standards as one of problems to retard the Korean NSDI.

 In Korea, for example, dual investments have been somewhat inevitable to construct common underground facilities GIS DB for the development of underground facilities management system. Since a base map of each 2) Based on your experience, organization was different each other, it was difficult to what are obstacles and integrate different kinds of maps from them containing too problems in building NSDI? many stakeholders such as water pipeline and sewage division of local governments, KT, KOGAS, DOPC, KEPCO, and KDHC as above mentioned, and to build digital underground facilities map. There was no choice to build new one, even though a standard for underground facility map for national geographic information system (NGIS) was developed later. Same case can be found on the process of NIIS project. Due to lack of standardization and standard fundamental spatial data is not completed yet, integration of spatial data from various organizations is delayed and for it a large amount of budget required.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

 GIS Experts have evaluated good NSDI characteristics 3) What are Best Practices in including more wider usability and applications in central Korean NSDI? If you and local governments, and such as following best recommend Best Practices in practices have be introduced: Korean NSDI, What are those . National Integrated (Spatial) Information System (NIIS) and why? . NGII(National Geographic Information Institute) . Statistical Geographic Information Service . Korea Forest GIS Service, at the national level: . Seoul Metropolitan City . Daegu Metropolitan City, at the local level

 To CSF and SWOT analysis for developing countries, GIS 4) What might be successful Experts suggested several factors, such as strengths of no factors for developing conflict of old and new, GIS application system (because countries constrained by any GIS application is not yet, even though there is a conflict of old paper system and new digital system), resources? What might be weakness of infrastructure and GIS resources, emphasizing SWOT factors for developing on considering unique characteristics of developing countries? countries.

 GIS Experts said that selection of priorities and strategies for 5) How can SDI build for SDI in developing countries would be more important for success. The policy for SDI such as preparation of GIS action developing countries plan including main projects, main driving forces and efficiently? What are related budgets, legislations, and GIS education and priorities? capacity building would be more required to implement and realize the other components of SDI.

Lessons learned for NSDI business in geospatial industry sectors also promoted by raising quality of analysis and Lessons learned for NSDI in 6 components such widening quantity of it. Korean underground as data, law/institution, standard, access and facilities map is a good example based on digital metadata, technology and partnership, and in topographic map at 1:1000 scale. At the beginning addition, in GIS application are as follows: . of NGIS projects, a large amount of budget has been continuously invested to build it on short- terms. With processing further NGIS projects, it DATA is perceived that not only building geospatial data, but also maintaining it for sharing and using data There is no denying that NGII‟s digital is extremely important. topographical map at 1/1,000 scale covering almost of the countries is the pride of Korean SDI. Lessons Learned High quality of geospatial data such as digital topographical map at 1/1,000 scale and on make . To prevent duplicated investment for revision successful Korean SDI implementation possible. and data updating, the strategies for data It has played a very important role in supporting a updating have to be considered with the wide variety of decisions and solutions for various beginning of building data. problems on earth. Using it, geospatial civil service has been improved and a higher value-added

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

. In terms of digital topographical map, after hand, standard estimation of digital the projects for creating it have completed in topological map production cost per unit the 1st phase, the projects to revise and indicates that it could be different by updating it must be followed in the 2nd phase different scale. If same production in South Korea(see Annex E). methods using aerial photogrammetry were used, cost would be rapidly . Such as UFID for efficient and real-time increased for higher data accuracy. updating will be useful. • To harmonize a concept of data quality in users‟ perspective within suppliers‟ . Harmonization of cost with quality can be perspective is important for data recommended. production, usages and various • For example, using digital ortho-photo or applications. satellite image or new surveying technology can be more preferred than LAW/INSTITUTION using traditional surveying method. • For rapid return on investment, proper It can be said that Korean SDI has been driven selection at map scale and decision on rather by a top-down approach than by a bottom- data building method will need to be up approach, because the Korean central reviewed by efficient methodology government has played a larger role to run the including such as an estimation of cost Korean SDI considering SDI hierarchy and a based on the analysis of various formal policy document, such as NGIS master alternatives with multiple scenarios based plans and related legislation etc.[a top-down on combination of each production approach] drives operational level activities methods considering different areas and [bottom up approach]. different scalesbbbb, a survey of experts and users‟ need, and CBA (Cost-Benefit As a legal basis upon which drive SDI and Analysis) etc. promote geospatial industries, two main • Based on Korean experience, it would be legislations for NGIS at national government level useful to identify different scales for had established. According to this legislation, as an different areas (e g say 1:2500 in urban interagency committee to coordinate matters areas, 1:10000 in rural areas etc). concerning national spatial data policy, “National Spatial Data Committee,” has been composed. . Efforts to bridge a gap between for assessing Though its members includes representatives formal institutional data quality and for from national and local government level and informal real usage for business can be from public and private sectors, as the chairperson recommended. of it, the Minister of Land, Transport and • In South Korea, an over-emphasis on Maritime Affair show Korean SDI‟s a top-down data accuracy has retarded the approach. development of SDI. According to the recent surveycccc in Korea, both at a Also, as mentioned above, there are many GIS central and local level, digital topological regulations, GIS implementation plans and GIS map at 1:5,000 scale is most widely used responsible organizational teams at the local for business across the various domains. government level, which are also legal and It also estimates that 1:1,000 at scale for organizational basis for local SDI. the higher data accuracy is not wider in use than 1:5,000 on scale, but much more Regarding local legislation, it is established in used than 1:25, 000 at scale. On the other accordance with the national legislations and based on specific articles of them. Since the autonomous local government system was bbbb For example, to build digital topographic map on 1:2500 scale, launched in 1995, Korea has 15 year local Korean has examined several options using different scales for governments‟ history. During that time, the different areas. underground facility management projects have cccc NGII, 2010

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea driven to make a necessity for legal regulations at a Because the development of SDIs is a long-term local level especially. In this context, many local process, in Korean GIS expert‟s opinion, a top- governments established GIS regulations covering down approach is somewhat necessary and fit for on building, using and managing GIS data and the strong SDI driving at the beginning. With over security. Local legislations such as Gyeonggi GIS time, the harmonization of it with the bottom-up Ordinance and regulations for spatial data security approach is more efficient. Therefore, GIS in Daegu, Dajeon, Busan, Incheon, Gwnagju and education, considering the concept of others are made reflecting each local government‟s “Neogeography”, should be more urgent. unique needs. STANDAR DS Lessons Learned Due to the lack of standardization, data sharing . Legislations for the NSDI at a national and and cooperation among agencies have not been local level are required for SDI. easy to accomplish. Until now, Korea developed • In proper time, legislations for SDI must many standards(show Annex C), but according to be introduced. NGIS evaluation literature or results from • Who does what! – A clear definition of Korean GIS experts investigations, a time lag, no role, based on legislation is critical. availability and no obligation of GIS standards for NGIS have been controversial. Regarding as . Strategic and sustainable Master Plan for SDI standards for current Korean NSDI, as one of First National Spatial Data Committee‟s Subcommittee, • Such as NGIS Master Plan in every phase Subcommittee on Standardization and Technical of NGIS in Korea proposed the vision, Standards is responsible to develop and manage tasks, project and budgets of it , Master standards for spatial data by the provisions of Plan for SDI First National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act, the • According to Master Plan, Framework Act on National Standards, and the implementation Plan is also needed. Industrial Standardization Act. According to the • Like a Korean case, after implementation, Framework Act on National Standards, KS and evaluation is inevitable for successful TTA standards for NSDI are not mandatory but SDI arbitrary, while technical standards are mandatory. Until now, there are no technical standards in the . More participation and determination of GIS field of GIS domain (show Annex C). experts in policy making process is needed. • More administrative experts, less GIS To solve the problem of standards and develop experts as decision makers might be mandatory standards for only the NGIS projects resulted in some trial and errors at the not all of private sectors, such as FGDC standards beginning of NGIS phase in South Korea. in USA, a project for developing GIS technical • Conflicts of GIS and surveying standards is going on recently in Korea. community also as a problem. Surveyor‟s Law has been more substantial than GIS In order to integrate and share data more law. Accuracy has prevailed over fitness effectively and easily and to provide for use. It has retarded GIS applications interoperability to geospatial data and services, the to bloom. standards are very important.

In addition, Korean has experienced that SDI Lessons Learned policy focusing on top-down approach at the beginning lead to some troubles. And now, the . Strategic standardization based on consensus harmonization of it with the bottom-up approach among GIS communities for SDI, more has emphasized to move toward demand-driven, effectively and easily cooperative, data open policy and linkage& • In general, there are de facto standards integration, open, sharing and participation. and de jure standards. In contrast to de facto standards which are informal

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

industry based, de jure standards are the other for management. KS metadata standard formal. In Korea, for national SDI two is adopted from ISO 19115 metadata standard. kinds of level as de jure standards have developed. Lessons Learned • To develop the standard with obtaining consensus, it is inevitable to take a . Online or off line distribution network are considerate time. Thus, adoption of inevitable for successful SDI international standards can be a solution like the example of KS standards. . NGIS One Stop Portal for access service are Nonetheless, it is not the best way for also useful developing countries to adopt all of them • To data sharing and distributing via NGIS without a strategic GIS standard plandddd One Stop Portal, standards for metadata and data catalogue are required. . Such standards like the FGDC standards and • Linkage of e-government portal with USGS geospatial bluebook as consistent data NGIS Portal is necessary. model and specification guidelines can be considered. . For vitalization with adoption of VGI concept, poor knowledge of data availability should be overcome and access of spatial data ACCESS AND METADATA extended. Recently, open data policy was accepted and TECHNOLOGY prevailed. Data.gov. in USA, Data.gov.uk in UK, and also Data.gov.kr in Korea are good examples. Advanced information and communication But, in Korea, open geospatial data policy still infrastructure might be helpful for successful remains to be a sensitive and controversial issue. Korean SDI implementation. However, separation Until now, because of North Korea, data security of IT and GIS community: two domains should is more important than other countries. Thus, have been in one perspective from the beginning access to geospatial data in some sensitive areas for a better NSDI. Integration and linkage of e- on military purpose is limited and permission is government and NSDI should have been done required. “NSDI ACT(Act No. 9705)” includes from the beginning to avoid duplication of efforts provisions on both establishment of National for better citizen spatial service. Spatial Data Center, and protection of national spatial data. Through NGIS projects, there are many projects for developing GIS technology, such as from GIS In spite of data security issues above reviewed, components technology in the beginning via 3D Korea opened the national clearing house since GIS technology, Mobile GIS technology, Geoweb 2000. Now, various kinds of spatial data including technology in the mid phase, and to ubiquitous digital topologic maps and many thematic maps geospatial technology on developing now, which are available on free or for cost sale. are sponsored by national R&D funds.

In addition, so far about metadata, there are 3 In fact, although Koreans had weak international metadata standards containing 2 TTA standards competitiveness in GIS S/W technology at the and 1KS standard in Korea (see Annex E). One of beginning, more research to develop GIS the TTA metadata standards is for distribution, components, platform interface technology and ubiquitous geospatial technology have contributed to open new geospatial markets and encourage dddd Because most of ISO/TC standards are abstract, to adopt SDI infrastructure. efficient standards for SDI in developing countries, it recommends with profiling them considering each developing country‟s situations. Lessons Learned Also, standards for web service at an implementation level and that for data model, quality and metadata from ISO19100 standard series would be on priority in a strategic GIS standard plan for developing . Strategic and rapid development of selected countries. technology for the developing countries‟ SDI

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

is recommended. For example, like a Korean no cooperation with other governmental case, niche technologies such as technology organization and agencies have been for GIS applications, a unique fusion obstacles. technology for developing countries, and • Also, a delay of driving organization for mobile GIS applications NGIS standard in 2nd phase of NGIS was due to lack of organizational . Import of advanced foreign technologies, partnership. considering larger benefits of each country, is needed. GIS APPLICATION • Due to lack of best practice in the use of technologies in the beginning, education The Best Practice (Chapter5) showed possibility program for GIS technologist and experts that various GIS applications can be developed in are urgent. different domains, especially in economic • Wider strategic use of open source developments, monitoring environmental technologies is recommended. developments and MDGs etc.

PARTNERSHIPS From Korean cases, interoperability among GIS applications would contribute to avoid duplicated Partnership can be defined as relationships and efforts and inefficiency, and integration of GIS agreements across relevant actors and applications might be critical as exemplified by organizations that reduce duplication and National Integrated Spatial Information system collection costs and leverage local, national and (NIIS) global technology and skills. Lessons learned through NGIS projects, the main reason of Lessons Learned inefficiency and inconsistency always have been the lack of partnership. Success of projects . Interoperability of GIS applications depends on coordinating many stakeholders and • To provide interoperability of GIS many organizations and on cooperating with each applications, geoweb platform is very other. Therefore, a great deal of attention and useful. devotion should be in vertical and horizontal • The recent trend, on which using Open partnership in the SDI hierarchy. Also, API, user can make his own GIS international partnership can be a very important application, have significant implications component for SDI of developing countries. for developing countries. For example, even if such as Seoul Metropolitan City, Lessons Learned Daegu Metropolitan City at the local level, Open API service is available. . Strong Government Leadership and Organisational Partnership . Priorities of GIS applications • To more powerful organisational • For 15 years through 3rd phase of NGIS partnership, more efficient institutional in Korea, many GIS applications are reorganization and regulations are developed and used for efficient resource required. For example, as a chairperson of managements. Considering the limit of “National Spatial Data Committee,” the resources in developing countries, for President served to more powerful efficient budget allocation priorities leadership, instead of the Minister of among various GIS applications would be Land, Transport and Maritime in Korea. included in the master plan. Because of relatively less powerful • Rapid return on investment of GIS leadership, some government applications also must be considered. organizational conflicts, less concern and

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Chapter 7. A Strategic NSDI Model for Developing Countries

Based on South Korean lessons learned in Chapter 6 and Korean GIS experts‟ opinions, a In this Chapter, a strategic SDI model for the strategic NSDI model for developing countries is developing countries is proposed based on proposed in this chapter. Due to social, economic, previous chapter mentioned above and SWOT cultural and political uniqueness of each analysis. The model provides a “how to” guidance developing country, the above findings of this including key factors and choices to have in mind report will have different implications for different in the development of SDIs at the national level countries in detail. While in broader perspective, it with referencing at the local level. At the same will be necessary to establish a strategic NSDI time, SDI development is a longer-term and model for them. It would be useful for reducing nonlinear process requiring a high level of trials and errors and providing a good guideline to coordination amongst different ministries and construct SDI in developing countries. private entities that manage different data sets and provide the necessary network services. Therefore, In general, a strategic model for SDI should the key to its success may be highly context- include a clear definition on how and what to do specific. However, in the context of South Korean for efficient SDI implementation. Using the experience, several tasks for strategic SDI SWOT analysis and CSF (Critical Success Factor) development are proposed use of GIS to produce analysis, 4 strategies including strategies for developmental outcomes for the developing geospatial data, GI capacity building, GI portal countries. enabling access platforms and cost-effective management of GI with partnership explain how Analysis of SWOT for developing to do. What to do, that is, tasks and activities for countries SDI in the developing countries, is exemplified considering a phased implementation of SDI and For strategic SDI development of the developing harmonization of both a top down and a bottom countries, SWOT Analysis can be useful by up approach at a national and local level. evaluating the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in SDI In the developing countries, due to lack of various projects in developing countries. A SWOT resources including financial and human resources, analysis fulfilled below may be incorporated into a earlier top priority must be given to a product- strategic NSDI Model for the developing based model discussed later. For an advanced SDI, countries. In GIS experts‟ investigations, these a process-based model, which focus on human SWOT factors are discussed as follows: rather than on technology, will be also helpful.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Table 14: SWOT analysis of an NSDI model

Strengths Weakness

 More and ease to introduce new technologies  Weak national IT infrastructure  Even though there is a conflict of old  Insufficient budgets paper system and new digital system, no  Poor human resources conflict of old and new GIS application  Misunderstanding or lack of system, because any GIS application is not technological mind yet.  No SDI legislations, and no institutional  Prevention of the unnecessary data organizational arrangements  Minimization of trial and error, based on  Lack of awareness of the benefits at high lessons learned from the advanced cases decision making level  Adoption of advance GIS application

Opportunities Threats

 Difficulty of access and usability  International competitiveness on data  Uncertainty of future continuous resource building input  Creation of new labor markets  No willingness of decision makers  International Funds for IT projects  Over competition of global enterprises

Analysis of critical success factors Even if table contents somewhat repeated, for analysis of critical success factors, based on above The SWOT matrix above could help in drawing SWOT analysis, the S-O strategy, S-T Strategy, S- strategic directions for NSDI, which in turn could T Strategy, and S-T Strategy can be proposed as be helpful for tasks and activities for NSDI in follows: developing countries.

Table 15: Analysis of critical success factors

Opportunities Threats  Difficulty of access and usability  International competitiveness  Uncertainty of future on data building continuous resource input  Creation of new labor markets  No willingness of decision  International Funds for IT makers projects  Over competition of global enterprises

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

 More and ease to introduce new technologies S-T Strategies  No conflict of old S S-O Strategies and new GIS T  Strategies for establishing application system R  Strategies for building competitive GI portal which  Prevention of the E geospatial data and is going to provide unnecessary data N information using international discovery, access, sharing,  Minimization of trial G funds and new technologies, and utilization of geospatial and error, based T focus on a product-based data, information and on lessons learned H strategic model service. from the S advanced cases

 Adoption of advance GIS application

 Weak national IT infrastructure  Insufficient budgets  Poor human W resources W-T Strategies E W-O Strategies  Misunderstanding A or lack of  Strategies for cost-effective K  Strategies for GI capacity technological management of GI with N building by education of both mind institutional, organizational E GIS technological skill and mind  No SDI legislations, arrangements for operational S and no institutional efficiency by promoting S organizational partnerships and cooperation E arrangements S  Lack of awareness of the benefits at high decision making level

As an S-O strategy, with pursuing opportunities minimizing trial and error based on lessons that are a good fit to the strengths, to make learned from advanced cases, S-T strategy can international competitiveness on data building become that for GI portal enabling access using international funds can be strategic. Firstly, platforms. that is a strategy focusing on geospatial data. Lastly, W-T strategy establishes a defensive plan Secondly, W-O strategy, which overcomes to prevent the weaknesses from making it highly weakness to pursue opportunities, should solve susceptible to external threats. As W-T strategy, the problems of insufficient budgets and poor that for cost-effective management of GI with human resources. It can be represented as a partnership can be proposed. strategy for GI capacity building. A strategic NSDI model for developing In addition, S-T strategy identifies ways that can countries use its strengths to reduce its vulnerability to external threats. Therefore, in order to solve the In regard to components of SDI, a strategic NSDI problems of difficulty of access and usability model for the developing countries based on 4 because of poor IT infrastructure, with strategies above mentioned, including strategies

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea for geospatial data, for GI capacity building, for will be paralleled and encouraged with promotion GI portal enabling access platforms, and for cost- of awareness in geospatial information in effective management of GI with partnership can developing countries . be developed on the development of SDIs at the national level with reference at the local level. STRATEGIES FOR GEOSPATIAL DATA Rajabifard et al (2002) introduced relationships between SDI hierarchy and different two models of SDI development, namely a product-based and Like NGII‟s digital topographical map at 1/1,000 process-based model eeee . According to these scale covering almost of the countries in Korean models, an SDI initiative is considered to be a SDI, high quality of geospatial data such as digital product-based model if the main aim of the topographical map make successful SDI initiative is to link existing and upcoming implementation possible. However, the digital databases of the respective political/administrative topographic map database is also likely to be an levels of the community. expensive task that takes place over a relatively long period of time. Using new technologies, Furthermore, in the developing countries, due to strategies for geospatial data for the developing lack of various resources including financial and countries can be proposed to exploit alternative human resources, earlier top priority must be information sources such as remotely sensed data given to a product-based model. The first top in addition to conventional survey technology. For priority might be given to the creation of data. example, Openstreetmap which is way ahead wiki- style VGI(Volunteered Geographic Information) As Chinonye Cletus Onah(2009) has found that map using various mapping techniques including the analysis of the definitions of SDI by respective remote mapping and sketching over aerial imagery NSDI is similar, and their fundamental (core) with GPS unit can be a possible way to build a datasets are similar, while the major driving force basic map quickly. A great deal can be done in this is to promote data sharing and reduce duplication way without incurring the delays that are in the developed world, it is to promote awareness inevitably associated with conventional data base in the use of geoinformation to address national creation. issues such as governance and environment in developing countries , the following each strategy Also, in Korean experience with processing based on South Korean NSDI best practices also further NGIS projects, it is perceived that not only building geospatial data, but also maintaining eeee Abbas Rajabifard, Mary-Ellen Feeney and Ian P. Williamson, it for sharing and using data is extremely “Directions for the Future of SDI Development,” 2002 important. In context of it, it is more important to According to this relationship, any SDI initiative belonging to the make data interoperable for data sharing and using. higher levels of SDI hierarchy (especially multi-national SDIs) is able Thus, to build and share geospatial data, to take more benefit using a process-based model of SDI information and service efficiently, standardization development. A process-based model may be better able to overcome some of the challenges facing SDI initiatives persisting is a prerequisite. GIS standards for interoperability with a product-based approach, especially in the voluntary domains of geospatial data and services should be of SDI initiatives at higher levels. The local and state levels of an SDI developed with obtaining consensus of hierarchy are similar to the operational tier of an organisational stakeholders, at least, such as USGS geospatial structure. Both these levels of SDIs are producing data and are thus bluebook can be considered. forming data belonging to higher levels of an SDI hierarchy. However, state level SDIs can play more important roles in a federated system of government, where due to the power and Concerning the matter of funds, co-funding responsibilities of states, state-level SDIs can emulate management or model, such as for building topological map with operational organisational tiers, or both, for the entire state. Both central and local governments in South Korea is a management and operational tiers take product-based approaches good reference model for developing countries due to their key roles in data development. Only the strategic tier and Nations with federated systems are suggested here to adopt the which have insufficient budgets, using process-based model of SDI development. The main reason international funds. multinational and federated nations can take more benefit from using a Process-based model is because of the voluntary nature of SDI STRATEGIES FOR GI CAPACITY participation in these levels of an SDI hierarchy. BUILDING

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Because of poor human resources, from the beginning to avoid duplication of efforts misunderstanding or lack of technological mind in for better citizen spatial service. developing countries, strategy for GI capacity building is also on priority. SDIs are likely to be STRATEGIES FOR COST - E F F E C T I V E most successful in maximizing the use that is MANAGEMENT OF GI WITH made of local and national geographic information STRONG LEADERSHIP AND WIDE assets in situations where the capacity exists to RANGE OF PARTNERSHIPS exploit their potential. This is particularly Strong government leadership and organisational important in developing countries where the partnership have been evaluated as a primary drive implementation of SDI initiatives is often to successful NSDI, as mentioned above. To dependent on a limited number of staff with the achieve a more powerful organisational necessary geographic information management partnership, more efficient institutional skills. It must also be recognized that there is still a reorganization and regulations are required. great deal to be done to develop GIS capabilities, Because of relatively less powerful leadership, particularly at the local level. GIS capabilities some government organizational conflicts, less building can be considered in the adoption and concern and no cooperation with other vitalization of VGI concept for future SDI governmental organization and agencies have development. been obstacles.

STRATEGIES FOR GI PORTAL ENABLING ACCESS PLATFORMS As South Korean SDI case reveals that strong national NSDI leadership by the central Without enabling access platforms and government as the top-down approach is very appropriate metadata services which help them to important for successful SDI implementation at find this information it is unlikely that a SDI will the beginning, it is also needed for SDI in be able to achieve its overarching objective of developing countries. SDI coordinating bodies promoting greater use of geographic information. should play a key role. Such as “a National Spatial There is also a very practical reason the Data Committee” in South Korea, an interagency development of metadata services should be given committee, to deliberate on and coordinate a high priority in the implementation of a SDI. matters concerning national spatial data policy to promote coordinated development, use, sharing This is because they can be developed relatively and dissemination of geospatial data and services quickly and at a relatively low cost. In this respect is necessary. Also, legislations for the NSDI at a they can be regarded as a potential quick winner national and a local level are required for SDI to which demonstrates tangible benefits for those understand importance of SDI and to encourage involved in SDI development. The establishment technological mind. of Web based metadata services that provide information to users about the data that is As discussed above, partnership is very critical to available to meet their needs. This is also one of develop SDI in developing countries. Especially, the most obvious SDI success stories. In recent for them, international partnership should be years the development of spatial portals has considered a very important component of SDI. opened up new possibilities for metadata and Also, in the context of recent trend toward application services. As their name suggests, vitalization with adoption of VGI concept, it can spatial portals can be seen as gateways to be emphasized. Considering VGI which fits the geographic information (GI) resources. As such model of NSDI, as Goodchild (2007) asserted, at they provide points of entry to SDIs and help the beginning of SDI in developing countries, users around the world to find and connect to using it as the efficient building of spatial data can many rich GI resources. These portals also allow be achievedffff. That is, a collection of individuals GI users and providers to share content and meet not only in developing countries but also from all consensus. Also, Integration and linkage of e- over the world acting independently, and government and NSDI should have been done

ffff Michael F. Goodchild (2007)

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea responding to the needs of local communities, can There are both a top down and a bottom up together create the base map coverage for approach to the relationships between different developing countries. It would be a meaningful levels involved in national SDI implementation. method to use international human resources and National SDI strategies drive state wide SDI advanced technologies as well as international strategies and state wide SDI strategies drive local funds. level SDI strategies. As most of the detailed database maintenance and updating tasks are Tasks and activities for the model carried out at the local level, the input of local government also has a considerable influence on According to the strategic model in both the process of SDI implementation at the state approaches, prioritization of SDI tasks and and national levels. activities for developing countries might be This vision of a bottom up SDI differs markedly needed. The results of the previous evaluation from the top down one that is implicit in much of matrix will be used here and the prioritized the SDI literature. While the top down vision activities and tasks will be arranged for the track. emphasizes the need for standardization and uniformity, the bottom up vision stresses the TASKS AND ACTIVITIES FOR A importance of diversity and heterogeneity given PHASED IMPLEMENTATIONOF the very different aspirations of various SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE stakeholders and the resources that are at their disposal. Consequently, the challenge to those As not everything can be done at once, there is involved in SDI implementation will be to find obviously a need to draw up a plan for the ways of ensuring some measure of standardization implementation of SDI in phases. The creation of and uniformity while recognizing the diversity and SDIs is a long term process that may take years or the heterogeneity of different stakeholders. even decades in some cases before they will be This will require a sustained mutual learning fully operational. Such a process is also dependent process on the part of all those involved in SDI on sustaining political support and commitment for such initiatives. This is likely to present implementation. particular problems in developing countries where financial and human resources are scarce and TASKS AND ACTIVITIES FOR THE MODEL governments may be politically unstable. The long-term strategy will service the needs of many Within a strategic model, the following SDI tasks sectors and citizens for effective development can be proposed at a national level and local level strategies of the future. And collaborative approach, strategic planning, efficiency is the key. in each phase for a phased implementation of SDI.

Targets and timeframes relating to specific activities and outcomes need to be established. A Roadmap of tasks and activities at a national benefit of a phased implementation with well- level defined milestones which can be reached at regular short intervals is that achieving recognized As a roadmap for tasks and activities at a national objectives is likely to engender more support for level, although it would be different, each the process, as well as keep those involved in developing country depending on its own implementation enthusiastic about the process. uniqueness, for example, it can be proposed in each component of SDI and in 3 following phases for a phased NSDI implementation based on the TASKS AND ACTIVITIES Korean case. CONSIDERING BOTH A TOP - D O W N APPROACH AND A BOTTOM - U P APPROACH

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

A Strategic NSDI Model Top priority tasks and activities for the Developing

Countries

SDI The 3rd Strategies compone The 1st phase The 2nd phase phase nts Strategies Arrangements of for Technolo National geospatial gy Geodetic data controls Building of Data fundamental spatial data

Topography

boundaries of roads or railways Transporta tion Satellite imagery & aerial photogra phs Cadastral Administrative boundaries

Facilities, structures

Hydro- graphy,

boundaries of rivers Building of Digital

topological map Updating and Management of

Digital topological map

Project for Digital thematic map

Standard for fundamental Standard spatial data

Standard for digital topological map, (national base map)

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Strategies Project for GIS for GI Human capacity resource capacity building building

Offline GIS expert education

On-line GIS

education

Strategies for cost- NSDI Master effective NSDI Master Plan NSDI Master Plan Plan and Policy and Action Plan and Action Plan Action Plan manageme for the 1st phase for the 2nd phase for the 3rd nt of GI with phase partnership

GIS legislation and

institutional arrangements

Strategies for GI portal Access Pilot project for enabling and National access metadat spatial clearing platforms a house

Project for National spatial clearing house

GIS portal for public access

to geospatial data Developments of standards Standard for exchange of spatial data

Development of GIS metadata standard

Roadmap of tasks and activities at a local level uniqueness, for example, based on the Korean case it can be proposed in each component of As a roadmap for tasks and activities at a local SDI and in the three following phases for a level, although it would be different at each phased LSDI implementation. developing country depending on its own

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

A Strategic NSDI Model Top priority tasks and activities for the Developing

Countries SDI The 3rd Strategies compone The 1st phase The 2nd phase phase nts Strategies Arrangements of for Technolo Local Geodetic gy geospatial controls data Building of Digital Data topological map Updating and Managing Digital topological map Project for underground facility map containing, gas, electricity, communication, oil pipeline and heating information, Project for thematic map- transportation information, -road facilities, -cultural and tour information, -urban management spatial information -Guidelines for

Standard digital water,

sewage map

Strategies project for GIS for GI Human capacity resource capacity building building

GIS education

On-line GIS

education

Strategies LSDI Master for cost- LSDI Master Plan LSDI Master Plan Plan and effective and Action Plan and Action Plan Action Plan Policy manageme for the 1st phase for the 2nd phase for the 3rd nt of GI with at a local level at a local level phase at a partnership local level Regulation on

data

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

management and data charges, -Regulation on data security Strategies for GI portal Access enabling and SDW pilot access metadat project platforms a

SDW project

Pilot project for Local GIS portal Linking to National spatial clearing house Project for Local GIS portal Linking

to National spatial clearing house Completion of the MOU with private portal company for the public service

Guideline for Standard SDW operation

Harmonization model standardization, dual investments, and so on in Korea. This report proposes a strategic NSDI model for developing countries based on South Korean In general, while the top down vision emphasizes lessons learned from the current and historical the need for uniformity and vertical consistency, analysis of various issues on implementing SDI the bottom up vision stresses the importance of and best practices. Since 1995 when the 1st NGIS diversity and horizontal consistency. Thus, project was launched, Korea experienced some challenges to those problems involved in SDI trials and errors such as duplicated investment for implementation will be to find ways of managing data building, revision and updating, a delay of standardization and keeping uniformity while NGIS standardization and lack of partnership. recognizing the diversity and heterogeneity of different stakeholders. During the process of the three phases of the NGIS projects, Korean SDI has been driven by a In this context, as a strategic NSDI model for top-down approach rather than by a bottom-up developing countries, a harmonization model of approach, because the Korean central government top-down and bottom-up approach can provide a played a larger role to run the Korean SDI. good solution. Now in Korea, reflecting a new Relatively weak leadership of driving forces and paradigm shift from a geographic information poor partnership resulted in a delay of system to a geo-spatial information system, a

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Figure 20 Harmonization model of SDI - a strategic SDI model for developing countries policy change from a top-down approach to a (4)legal/institutional/organizational policy more harmonized one and organizational arrangements can exemplified from Korean rearrangements for the future direction can be experiences. good evidence. Firstly, master and action plans for the two In conclusion, in accordance with a strategic different levels (national and local) and NSDI model including strategies for geospatial implementing phases should be harmonized each data, GI capacity building, GI portal enabling other to prioritize the tasks and activities such as access platforms, and cost-effective management data building, sharing, dissemination, and of GI with partnership, several tasks and activities utilization activities. For the SDI in developing for SDI on priority should be carried out in countries, strategies mentioned for geospatial data, harmonization of a top-down approach and a and activities considering data harmonization and bottom-up one. integration based would be on priority.

Different point of views about harmonization Secondly, it might be important to achieve model and different social, economic, political, standard harmonization across hierarchical levels and cultural situations can create a different of SDI in developing countries. For example, by association of tasks and activities mentioned referencing and adopting results of before. Tasks and activities for (1)data standardization projects for the creation of harmonization and integration, (2)standards fundamental spatial datasets at a national level, harmonization for data, access platforms and guidelines for digital water, sewage map at a local technology, (3)public-private partnership, and level can be developed. Additional guidelines for

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea data harmonization and integration, access Data Committee" in Korea, or FGDC (Federal platforms and technologies can be another Geographic Data Committee) in USA can play an important task needed. essential role. To realize those, laws and institutional regulations should be prepared. Third, various tasks and activities need to be conducted with public-private partnership. In addition, to achieve successful SDI Capability building driven by the public-private implementation in developing countries, which partnership (p.60) can be a good example. still remain on the dark side of digital divide while Concept of 3Cs, including cooperation, developed countries worldwide are moving toward communication, coordination has to be geospatial enabled society, clear organizational emphasized for wider range of partnership. role definitions on the part of all those involved and vital motivation to it are required. Above all, At last, legal/institutional/organizational policy the first top priority might be given to the creation arrangements should be considered for of geospatial data including national base map at harmonization model. Wider participation of SDI proper scale (e.g. 1:5,000) and digital ortho- stakeholders from the public to the private, and imagery data, which can provide a basis for local from a national level to a local level, and co- governments and the private sector. operative organizations such as "National Spatial

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Annex- A

NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE ACT

Act No. 9440, Feb. 6, 2009 Amended by Act No. 9705, May 22, 2009

CHAPTER Ⅰ GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is to provide for matters concerning the efficient construction of the national spatial data system and the integrated utilization and management thereof, thereby contributing to the development of the national economy through the rational use of the national territory and natural resources.

Article 2 (Definitions) For the purposes of this Act:

1. The term "spatial data" means the locational data of natural or artificial objects existing in space, including the space above ground, space under ground, space above water and space underwater, and the data necessary for spatial identification and decision-making related thereto;

2. The term "spatial database" means an aggregate of spatial data that is systematically organized and developed for the purposes of search and practical application by users;

3. The term "spatial data system" means a framework of computer hardware, software, databases and human resources that are interactively connected with one another to collect, store, process, analyze and express spatial data in an efficient way;

4. The term "management institution" means a central administrative agency, local government, or public institution under Article 4 of the Act on the Management of Public Institutions Public Institutions(hereinafter referred to as "public institution") that produces or manages spatial data, or similar private organizations as determined by Presidential Decree;

5. The term "national spatial data system" means a spatial data system constructed and managed by a management institution;

6.The term "National Geospatial Program" means a spatial data system that the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs constructs and operates by integrating or coordinating the national spatial data system, based on the fundamental spatial databases under Article 12 (3);

7. The term "spatial data referring system" means a system for assigning a unique identification number to natural or artificial objects for the purpose of efficiently managing and utilizing spatial data.

Article 3 (Facilitation of Access and Use of Spatial Data with Citizens) (1) The State and local governments shall endeavor to promote the welfare of citizens by facilitating easy access and use of spatial data with citizens through the systematic production, management, and disclosure of spatial data.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

(2) Every citizen shall have the right, in accordance with appropriate procedures, to use spatial data produced by management institutions, unless the disclosure and use of such spatial data are restricted under other Acts and subordinate statutes.

Article 4 (Relations with other Acts) Except otherwise provided for in other Acts, the provisions of this Act shall apply to the production, management, use, distribution, etc. of spatial data.

CHAPTER Ⅱ SYSTEM TO PROMOTE NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA POLICY

Article 5 (National Spatial Data Committee) (1) A National Spatial Data Committee (hereinafter referred to as the "Committee") shall be established in the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs to deliberate on and coordinate matters concerning national spatial data policy.

(2) The Committee shall deliberate on the following matters:

1. Formulation of, and alterations to, a basic plan for national spatial data policy under Article 6 and assessment of the compliance status thereof; 2. Formulation of, and alterations to, an action plan for national spatial data policy under Article 7 (including an action plan for national spatial data policy by agencies under Article 7) and assessment of the compliance status thereof; 3. Matters concerning the distribution and protection of spatial data; 4. Matters concerning the prevention of redundant investment in the national spatial data system and investment efficiency; 5. Matters concerning the coordination of major policies for the construction, management and utilization of the national spatial data system; 6. Other matters presented by the chairperson for consideration, concerning national spatial data policy and the national spatial data system.

(3) The Committee shall be comprised of not more than 30 members including the chairperson.

(4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall serve as the chairperson and the following persons shall serve as members:

1. A public official in a vice ministerial grade at a central administrative agency managing the national spatial data system, who is determined by Presidential Decree; 2. No less than seven heads of local governments (Deputy Mayors or Deputy Governors in the case of the Special Metropolitan City, Metropolitan Cities, Dos and Special Self-Governing Provinces) commissioned by the chairperson; 3. No less than seven civil experts with extensive professional knowledge and experience in a spatial data system commissioned by the chairperson.

(5) The term of office of members under paragraph (4) 2 and 3 shall be two years: Provided, That the term of office of members newly commissioned as a result of the resignation of other members or other circumstances shall be the remaining term of office of the predecessor.

(6) The following subcommittees shall be established to efficiently facilitate the duties of the Committee:

1. Subcommittee on general affairs and coordination;

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

2. Subcommittee on standardization and technical standards; 3. Subcommittee on promotion of industries; 4. Subcommittee on measurement and hydrographical survey; 5. Other subcommittees to be determined by Presidential Decree.

(7) Other necessary matters concerning the organization, operation, etc. of the Committee and subcommittees shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 6 (Formulation of Basic Plans for National Spatial Data Policy) (1) The Government shall formulate and implement a basic plan for national spatial data policy (hereinafter referred to as "basic plan") every five years in order to facilitate the construction and utilization of the national spatial data system.

(2) A basic plan shall include the following matters:

1. The basic policy direction for facilitating the construction of the national spatial data system and utilization of spatial data; 2. Acquisition and management of fundamental spatial data under Article 12; 3. Research and development of the national spatial data system; 4. Fostering of professional manpower related to spatial data; 5. The utilization of the national spatial data system and distribution of spatial data; 6. A plan to procure investments and financial resources to facilitate the establishment, management and distribution of the national spatial data system; 7. Research and dissemination of national standards for the national spatial data system and management of technical standards; 8. Matters concerning the fostering of spatial data industries under Article 2 (1) 2 of the Act on the Promotion of Spatial Data Industries; 9. Other matters concerning national spatial data policy.

(3) The head of a relevant central administrative agency shall prepare a basic plan for national spatial data policy for the agency concerned (hereinafter referred to as "basic agency plan") that concerns the affairs under his/her authority among the matters indicated in each of the subparagraphs of paragraph (2) and submit it to the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

(4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall formulate a basic plan by combining the basic agency plans submitted by the heads of the relevant central administrative agencies pursuant to paragraph (3) and after passing Committee deliberations such plan shall be confirmed by the National Informatization Strategy Committee pursuant to Article 9 (1) of the Framework Act on National Informatization.

(5) With regard to the procedures of alteration to the basic plan confirmed under paragraph (4), the provisions of paragraph (4) shall apply mutatis mutandis: Provided, That the same shall not apply to minor alterations determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 7 (Action Plan for National Spatial Data Policy) (1) The head of a relevant central administrative agency, the Special Metropolitan City Mayor, any Metropolitan City Mayor, Do Governor and the Governor of a Special Self-Governing Province (hereinafter referred to as the "Mayor/Do Governor") shall formulate, in accordance with a basic plan, an annual action plan for national spatial data policy specific to the agencies concerned (hereinafter referred to as "agency action plan") that concerns the affairs under their respective authority.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

(2) The head of a relevant central administrative agency and the Mayor/Do Governor shall submit an agency action plan formulated pursuant to paragraph (1) to the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs as prescribed by Presidential Decree, and the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall formulate an annual action plan for national spatial data policy (hereinafter referred to as "action plan") by integrating the submitted agency action plans, which shall be confirmed through Committee deliberations.

(3) The provisions of paragraph (2) shall apply mutatis mutandis with regard to alterations to an action plan confirmed under paragraph (2): Provided, That the same shall not apply to minor alterations determined by Presidential Decree.

(4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, the head of a relevant central administrative agency, and the Mayor/Do Governor shall implement an action plan and agency action plan confirmed or altered pursuant to paragraph (2) or (3), respectively, and assess the compliance status thereof.

(5) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may present, following Committee deliberations, his/her opinion on the budget needed for the implementation of an action plan or agency action plan to the Minister of Strategy and Finance.

(6) Necessary matters concerning the formulation and implementation of an action plan or agency action plan, assessment of the compliance status thereof, and presentation of opinions by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs under paragraph (5) shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 8 (Consultation with Management Institutions, etc.) (1) The head of a relevant central administrative agency or the Mayor/Do Governor who intends to formulate or alter an agency action plan shall consult with related management institutions. In such cases, the head of the relevant central administrative agency or the Mayor/Do Governor may make a request to the head of a related management institution for consultation on the matters concerned.

(2) The head of a management institution who receives a request for consultation pursuant to paragraph (1) shall present his/her opinion to the head of the requesting central administrative agency or the Mayor/Do Governor within 30 days in the absence of extenuating circumstances.

Article 9 (Research and Development, etc.) (1) The head of a relevant central administrative agency may conduct the following affairs to efficiently facilitate the research and development activities related to the technologies needed for the establishment and utilization of a spatial data system:

1. Research and development, assessment, transfer and dissemination of technologies related to the establishment, management and utilization of a spatial data system, distribution of spatial data, etc.; 2. Joint research and development with industrial or academic circles; 3. Fostering and education of professional manpower; 4. International technical cooperation and exchange.

(2) The head of a relevant central administrative agency may entrust the affairs in the subparagraphs of paragraph (1) to a management institution that is not a central administrative agency, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 10 (Support from the Government)

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

The Government may provide necessary support, such as contributions and subsidies, to those who conduct an affair falling under any of the following subparagraphs, in order to facilitate the efficient establishment and utilization of the national spatial data system:

1. Research and development of technologies related to a spatial data system; 2. Fostering of professional manpower related to a spatial data system; 3. Support for professional knowledge and technology related to a spatial data system; 4. Construction and management of spatial databases; 5. Distribution of spatial data; 6. Preparation of a spatial data catalogue pursuant to Article 23.

Article 11 (Annual Report on National Spatial Data Policy) (1) The Government shall prepare a report on the major measures taken under national spatial data policy (hereinafter referred to as "annual report") and submit it to the National Assembly before the opening of its regular session each year.

(2) An annual report shall include the following:

1. The basic plan and action plan; 2. Measures that have been taken or measures that are intended to be taken on the establishment and utilization of the national spatial data system; 3. The current state of the promotion of national spatial data policy, such as the establishment of the national spatial data system; 4. The current state of standards and technical standards for spatial data; 5. Matters concerning the fostering of spatial data industries under Article 2 (1) 2 of the Act on the Promotion of Spatial Data Industries; 6. Other important matters concerning national spatial data policy.

(3) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request the submission of materials necessary for the preparation of the annual report, etc., to the head of a central administrative agency or the head of a local government. In such cases, the head of a central administrative agency or the head of a local government that receives such request shall comply with it in the absence of extenuating circumstances.

(4) Other necessary matters concerning the procedures, method, etc. for preparing the annual report shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

CHAPTER Ⅲ CREATION OF NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA FRAMEWORK

Article 12 (Acquisition and Management of Fundamental Spatial Data) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall designate as fundamental spatial data the spatial data relevant to artificial structures such as topography, coastal boundaries, administrative boundaries, boundaries of roads or railways, boundaries of rivers, acreage and structures, and other major spatial data determined by Presidential Decree and publish such in the official gazette after consulting with the heads of relevant central administrative agencies.

(2) The head of a relevant central administrative agency shall manage the fundamental spatial data designated and published pursuant to paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as "fundamental spatial data") through the construction and management of databases, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

(3) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall integrate the databases that management institutions construct and manage pursuant to paragraph (2) (hereinafter referred to as "fundamental spatial databases") and manage it as a single database.

(4) The criteria and procedures for designating fundamental spatial data, construction and management of fundamental spatial databases, integrated management of fundamental spatial databases and other necessary matters shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 13 (Assignment of Spatial Data Referring System) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may assign a spatial data referring system to major objects existing in space, such as buildings, roads, rivers and bridges, and publicly announce such system for the efficient construction, management and utilization of spatial databases.

(2) The head of a management institution shall construct a spatial database in accordance with the spatial data referring system assigned under paragraph (1).

(3) The method for assigning a spatial data referring system, and the subject, maintenance and management, and other necessary matters thereof shall be determined by Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs.

Article 14 (Standardization of Spatial Data) (1) Except as otherwise provided for in this Act, the setting and management of standards for spatial data shall be governed by the provisions of the Framework Act on National Standards and the provisions of the Industrial Standardization Act.

(2) The head of a management institution may present his/her opinion on the standards for spatial data to the Minister of Knowledge Economy to facilitate the sharing and joint use of spatial data.

(3) The head of a management institution may establish technical standards for the construction, management, and utilization of spatial data and the distribution of spatial data, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

(4) Where the head of a management institution intends to present his/her opinion on the standards for spatial data or to establish technical standards, he/she shall consult in advance with the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs.

Article 15 (Research on and Dissemination of Standards) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may take the following measures to facilitate research on and dissemination of standards for spatial data:

1. Studies on standards for the construction, management and utilization of a spatial data system, distribution of spatial data, etc.;

2. Studies on international standards for spatial data.

Article 16 (Obligation to Observe Standards, etc.) When constructing, managing and utilizing a spatial data system, and distributing spatial data, the head of a management institution shall comply with the technical standards established under this Act and the standards established under other Acts. Article 17 (Establishment and Operation of the National Geospatial Program) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may establish or operate a National Geospatial Program in cooperation with management institutions.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request the provision of materials or data necessary for the establishment and operation of the National Geospatial Program to the heads of management institutions. In such cases, the head of a management institution who receives such request for the provision of materials or data shall comply with it in the absence of extenuating circumstances.

(3) Other necessary matters concerning the establishment and operation of the National Geospatial Program shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 18 (Establishment of National Spatial Data Center) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall establish and operate a National Spatial Data Center to collect and process spatial data which will be provided to users.

(2) Necessary matters concerning the establishment, operation, etc. of the National Spatial Information Center under paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as the "National Spatial Data Center") shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 19 (Request for Submission of Materials, etc.) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request the head of a management institution that produces or manages spatial data necessary for the operation of the National Spatial Data Center to submit materials, and the head of a management institution that receives such request shall provide materials, except where extenuating circumstances exist: Provided, That where the management institution is a public institution, he/she shall consult in advance with the head of the competent agency under Article 6 (2) of the Act on the Management of Public Institutions(hereinafter referred to as "competent agency").

Article 20 (Data Processing, etc.) (1) In order to facilitate the utilization of spatial data, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, after analyzing and processing the spatial data collected pursuant to Article 18, may provide such to data users.

(2) In order to maintain the accuracy of the data processed pursuant to paragraph (1), where the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs determines that there is an error in the collected spatial data, he/she may request the correction or supplementation of such data to the management institution that provided such data, and the head of a management institution that is requested to correct or supplement such data shall submit the result of the measures taken to the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs: Provided, That where the management institution is a public institution, he/she shall consult in advance with the head of the competent agency before submitting the result of such measures.

CHAPTER Ⅳ ESTABLISHMENT AND UTILIZATION OF NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA SYSTEM

Article 21 (Construction and Management of Spatial Databases) (1) The head of a management institution shall, in accordance with the standards for spatial data or technical standards under Article 14, construct and manage spatial databases in such a manner as to allow the spatial data produced or managed by the management institution concerned to be compatible with the spatial data produced or managed by other institutions.

(2) The head of a management institution shall endeavor to maintain the spatial databases managed by the management institution concerned based on the most recently available data.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

(3) When the head of a management institution receives from central administrative agencies or local governments a request for the inspection or reproduction of relevant materials necessary for the construction, management, etc. of spatial databases, he/she shall comply with such request in the absence of extenuating circumstances.

(4) When the head of a management institution receives from management institutions other than central administrative agencies or local governments a request for the inspection or reproduction of relevant materials necessary for the construction, management, etc. of spatial databases, he/she may provide cooperation in such request

(5) No spatial data provided pursuant to paragraphs (3) and (4) shall be used for purposes other than the construction, management, etc. of spatial databases under paragraph (1).

Article 22 (Prevention of Redundant Investment) (1) When the head of a management institution intends to establish a new spatial database, he/she shall review in advance the following matters in order to prevent redundant investments in regard to an existing spatial data system:

1. Whether the spatial database that the management institution concerned intends to construct has been already constructed in the management institution concerned or another management institution; 2. Whether it is possible to use the spatial database that has been already constructed in the management institution concerned or another management institution.

(2) When the head of a management institution intends to construct a new spatial database, he/she shall establish a plan for the construction and management of the spatial database concerned and provide notice of such to the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs: Provided, That in cases where such management institution is a public institution, he/she shall consult in advance with the head of the competent agency before providing such notice.

(3) When the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs determines that the plan for the construction and management of a spatial database, the notice of which was provided to him/her pursuant to paragraph (2), constitutes a redundant investment, he/may, following the deliberation of the Committee, request the head of the management institution that intends to construct the spatial database to make corrections.

(4) When the head of a management institution makes a request for materials necessary for a review required under paragraph (1), the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall comply with such request in the absence of extenuating circumstances.

(5) The necessary criteria for deciding whether an investment is redundant under paragraph (3) may be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 23 (Preparation of Spatial Data Catalogue) (1) The head of a management institution shall endeavor to prepare or manage in accordance with the standards for spatial data or technical standards under Article 14 a spatial data catalogue (referring to a catalogue describing the nature of the collected data, such as its substance, characteristics, accuracy rate, and relations with other data; hereinafter referred to as "data catalogue") of the spatial data established and managed by the management institution concerned.

(2) The head of a management institution shall submit on occasion the data catalogue constructed and managed by the management institution concerned to the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs in the absence of extenuating circumstances: Provided, That in cases where the management

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea institution is a public institution, he/she shall consult in advance with the head of the competent agency before submitting such catalogue.

(3) Other necessary matters concerning the preparation or management of a data catalogue shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 24 (Establishment of Cooperative System) The head of a management institution may establish a cooperative system between management institutions, or between management institution and industrial and academic circles, for the construction, management and utilization of a spatial data system.

Article 25 (Utilization, etc. of Spatial Data) (1) When the head of a management institution conducts his/her duties, he/she shall seek out measures to utilize spatial data.

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may make a survey of the present state of the national territory as prescribed by Presidential Decree and provide such as spatial data for use under the requirements of paragraph (1).

(3) The head of a management institution shall cooperate with other management institutions for the joint use of the spatial data system constructed and managed by his/her institution in the absence of extenuating circumstances.

Article 26 (Disclosure of Spatial Data) The head of a management institution shall, under conditions prescribed by Presidential Decree, disclose the spatial data produced by the management institution concerned and make it available to citizens, preparing a disclosure list thereof: Provided, That the same shall not apply to data subject to non-disclosure under Article 9 of the Act on Information Disclosure by Public Institutions.

Article 27 (Reproduction and Sale, etc. of Spatial Data) (1) The head of a management institution may sell or distribute in whole or in part the spatial databases managed by the management institution concerned by means of reproduction or publication as prescribed by Presidential Decree, or otherwise provide a printed version of the databases concerned to data users: Provided, That the same shall not apply to the data the disclosure or leakage of which is prohibited in accordance with other Acts and subordinate statutes, and the security management regulations under Article 28.

(2) The head of a management institution may receive user fees or fees from those who use copies or printed versions of spatial databases as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

CHAPTER Ⅴ PROTECTION OF NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA

Article 28 (Security Management) (1) In the construction, management and utilization of spatial data or spatial databases, the head of a management institution shall, under conditions prescribed by Presidential Decree, establish and enforce necessary security management regulations to prevent improper access to, or the use or leakage of, spatial data for which disclosure is restricted.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

(2) When the head of a management institution establishes the security management regulations under paragraph (1), he/she shall consult with the Director of the National Intelligence Service. The same shall apply to amendments to the security management regulations.

Article 29 (Ensuring Safety of Spatial Databases) In order to provide against damage or impairment to spatial databases, the head of a management institution shall make and manage separate copies of spatial databases as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 30 (Prohibition of Interference with or Impairment to Spatial Data, etc.) (1) No person shall be allowed to interfere with or impair the spatial data or spatial databases produced or managed by management institutions, or view, make a copy of or disseminate spatial data for which disclosure is restricted in accordance with other Acts and subordinate statutes without the approval of the management institution concerned.

(2) No person shall be allowed to infringe upon the rights or privacy of another by using spatial data or spatial databases.

Article 31 (Obligation to Observe Confidentiality, etc.) No person that belongs or formerly belonged to a management institution, or an institution, corporation or organization that conducts the affairs related to the national spatial data system (including those who assume the relevant duties in accordance with a service contract, etc., or the employer thereof) entrusted under this Act or other Acts and subordinate statutes shall divulge or make fraudulent use of confidential information that he/she has learned in the course of conducting his/her duties related to the establishment, management and utilization of the national spatial data system.

CHAPTER Ⅵ PENAL PROVISIONS

Article 32 (Penal Provisions) Any person that interferes with or impairs spatial data or spatial databases without permission in violation of Article 30 (1) shall be punished by imprisonment with prison labor for not more than two years or by a fine not exceeding 20 million won. Article 33 (Penal Provisions) Any person that falls under any of the following subparagraphs shall be punished by imprisonment with prison labor for not more than one year or by a fine not exceeding ten million won:

1. A person who views, makes a copy of or disseminates spatial data or spatial databases without the approval of the management institution concerned in violation of Article 30 (1); 2. A person who divulges or makes fraudulent use of confidential information he/she has learned while conducting his/her duties in violation of Article 31.

Article 34 (Joint Penal Provisions) When the representative of a corporation, or an agent, employee or any other employed person of a corporation or individual commits an offense cited in Article 32 or 33 in connection with the business of the corporation or the individual, not only shall the offender be punished, but the corporation or said individual shall be punished by a fine as prescribed in the corresponding provisions: Provided, That the same shall not apply to cases where such corporation or individual took proper precautions and did not negligently supervise the business concerned so as to prevent the occurrence of such offense.

ADDENDA

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Article 1 (Enforcement Date) This Act shall enter into force six months after its promulgation.

Article 2 (Repeal of other Acts) The Act on the Building and Utilization, etc. of National Geographic Information System shall be repealed.

Article 3 (Transitional Measures following Repeal of other Acts) (1) The basic plans and action plans formulated in accordance with the former Act on the Building and Utilization, etc. of National Geographic Information System (hereinafter referred to as the "former Act") existing as at the time this Act enters into force shall be considered basic plans (including basic agency plans) and action plans (including agency action plans) formulated in accordance with this Act, and the activities that have been or are carried out in accordance with such basic plans or action plans shall be considered activities that have been or are carried out in accordance with this Act. In such cases, the basic plans and action plans formulated in accordance with the former Act shall be considered basic plans and action plans under this Act, until the first basic plan and action plan are formulated and confirmed pursuant to this Act.

(2) Any offense that violates the former Act before this Act enters into force shall be punished by applying the provisons of the former Act.

Article 4 Omitted.

ADDENDA Article 1 (Enforcement Date) This Act shall enter into force three months after its promulgation. (Proviso Omitted)

Articles 2 through 7 Omitted.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Annex- B

SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY PROMOTION ACT

Act No. 9438, Feb. 6, 2009

HAPTER Ⅰ GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is to contribute to the development of the national economy and the qualitative improvement in national life by strengthening the competitiveness of the spatial data industry and promoting the development thereof.

Article 2 (Definitions) The definitions of terms used in this Act shall be as follows:

1. The term "spatial data" means any position information on any natural or artificial object that exists in any on-ground, underground, on-water, underwater or other space, and other related information necessary for spatial cognition and decision making;

2. The term "spatial data industry" means the industry that builds a system or offers services, etc. by producing, managing, processing or distributing any spatial information or through integration or combination with other industries;

3. The term "spatial data business" means any business mentioned in any of the following items that belongs to the spatial data industry:

(a) Surveying business and waterway business; (b) Business which utilizes satellite image for spatial data; (c) Equipment industry related to positioning, including global positioning, and location-based service business; (d) Business of developing, maintaining, managing and servicing software to produce, manage, process or distribute spatial data; (e) Business of installing and utilizing a spatial data system; (f) Business of providing educational and counselling services related to spatial data; (g) Other businesses that utilize spatial data;

4. The term "spatial data business operator" means any person who carries on any spatial data business;

5. The term "processed spatial data" means any spatial data produced by means of processing spatial data or adding any other data thereto;

6. The term "spatial data, etc." means any spatial data and any processed spatial data, software, equipment, services, etc. based on such spatial data;

7. The term "combined spatial data industry" means any industry that produces new materials, equipment, software, services, etc. by combining spatial data with other data, technologies, etc.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Article 3 (Relationship to other Acts) Except as specifically provided for in any other Act, matters regarding the advancement of the spatial data industry, support therefor, etc. shall be governed by this Act.

CHAPTER Ⅱ POLICIES FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY

Article 4 (Establishment of Plans for Promotion of Spatial Data Industry) (1) In order to promote the spatial data industry, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall develop a basic plan for advancement of the spatial data industry (hereinafter referred to as "basic plan"), including the following matters, every five years according to the basic plan for national spatial data policies under Article 6 of the National Spatial Data Act:

1. Basic direction of policies for advancement of the spatial data industry; 2. Matters relating to policies for advancement of the spatial data industry by field; 3. Matters relating to the development of foundations for the spatial data industry; 4. Matters relating to the fostering of the local spatial data industry; 5. Matters relating to the furtherance of combined spatial data industry; 6. Matters relating to the fostering of spatial data business operators; 7. Matters relating to the training of manpower who specialize in the spatial data industry; 8. Matters relating to the research, development and dissemination of technologies using spatial data; 9. Matters relating to the advancement of use and the vitalization of distribution of spatial data; 10. Such other matters as may be necessary to promote the spatial data industry.

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may develop and implement an annual implementation plan for advancement of the spatial data industry (hereinafter referred to as "implementation plan") within the scope of the basic plan, taking into consideration market and technology trends, etc. in the spatial data industry.

(3) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request the head of the competent central administrative agency or the local government concerned to provide materials necessary to develop the basic plan referred to in paragraph (1) and the implementation plan referred to in paragraph (2) (hereinafter referred to as "promotion plans"), and the head of the competent central administrative agency or the head of the local government concerned so requested shall cooperate therewith unless there is any special reason to the contrary.

(4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall develop the promotion plans and establish them subject to deliberation by the National Spatial Data Committee provided for in Article 5 of the National Spatial Data Act. The same shall also apply in cases of any alterations to the important matters of the established promotion plans as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 5 (Disclosure of Public Demand for Spatial Data Industry, etc.) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may survey and disclose the following year„s public demand for the spatial data industry.

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request the head of the competent central administrative agency to provide materials necessary to survey public demand, and the head of the competent central administrative agency so requested shall comply with it unless there is any special reason to the contrary.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

(3) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may make a comprehensive survey and disclosure of information on the spatial data industry in general, including the domestic and overseas market and technology trends in the spatial data industry.

(4) Necessary matters regarding the disclosure of public demand and the survey of information on the spatial data industry under paragraphs (1) through (3) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 6 (Provision of Spatial Data) (1) The Government may provide spatial data business operators with spatial data, with or without compensation, which is held by the National Spatial Data Center provided for in Article 18 of the National Spatial Data Act (hereinafter referred to as the "National Spatial Data Center") or by any such managing agency (excluding any private managing agency; hereinafter the same shall apply) as provided for in subparagraph 4 of Article 2 of the said Act: Provided, That the same shall not apply to the information, the disclosure of which is prohibited under any other Act or subordinate statute.

(2) Any spatial data business operator who intend to be provided with the spatial data pursuant to paragraph (1) shall file for the registration thereof as prescribed by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs.

(3) Necessary matters regarding the provision of spatial data, the registration of spatial data business operators, etc. under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 7 (Production and Distribution of Processed Spatial Data) (1) Spatial data business operators may produce and distribute any processed spatial data. In such cases, processed spatial data shall not include any spatial data on any military base provided for in subparagraph 1 of Article 2 of the Protection of Military Bases and Installations Act nor on any military installation provided for in subparagraph 2 of the said Article.

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may devise policies to foster industries related to any processed spatial data.

Article 8 (Vitalization of Distribution of Spatial Data, etc.) (1) The Government shall endeavor to vitalize the distribution of spatial data, etc. to promote the spatial data industry.

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may loan some of the funds incurred in building a spatial data distribution system to any private business operator who installs and manages such a distribution system with a view to sharing and distributing spatial data, etc. (hereinafter referred to as "distribution business operator") or to any person who intends to become such distribution business operator.

(3) Any distribution business operator who is provided with any loan pursuant to paragraph (2) shall, upon request by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, provide such related information as the situations of distribution of spatial data.

(4) Methods, standards, etc. for provision of loans to distribution business operators under paragraph (2) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 9 (Support for Combined Spatial Data Industry)

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

(1) The Government may build a combined spatial data system, by establishing an annual plan therefor, to serve public purposes in the areas of disaster, safety, environment, welfare, education, culture, etc.

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may provide support for traffic, logistics, indoor positioning systems, ubiquitous city projects, etc. to foster the combined spatial data industry.

1. Technical protection of private spatial data utilization systems and databases; 2. Vitalization of display of the information on management of new spatial data technologies; 3. Education on and publicity of copyrights and other intellectual property rights to spatial data; 4. Such other incidental businesses as may be necessary to carry on the businesses referred to in subparagraphs 1 through 3.

(2) The Government may entrust the business of implementing such policy as referred to in any subparagraph of paragraph (1) to any institution or organization that specializes in the field of intellectual property rights related to spatial data, etc., as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 11 (Financial Support, etc.) The State and local governments may implement necessary policies for financial support, etc. to advance the spatial data industry.

CHAPTER Ⅲ DEVELOPMENT OF FOUNDATION FOR SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY

Article 12 (Quality Certification) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may conduct quality certification for equipment, software, services, etc. related to spatial data and processed spatial data to ensure the quality of spatial data, etc. and promote the distribution thereof, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

(2) Products manufactured by small and medium businessmen among those the quality of which is certified pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be competitive products designated in accordance with Article 6 of the Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises and Encouragement of Purchase of their Products Act.

(3) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request managing agencies to preferentially purchase the products manufactured by small and medium businessmen among those, the quality of which is certified pursuant to paragraph (1), and assist the institutions in charge of the training and education of spatial data manpower to preferentially utilize such products.

(4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may designate a certification agency to conduct quality certification referred to in paragraph (1).

(5) Procedures for quality certification under paragraph (1), requirements for designation of the certification agency under paragraph (4), and other necessary matters regarding the conduct of quality certification shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 13 (Promotion of Development of Spatial Data Technology) To promote the development of technologies involved in the spatial data industry, the Government may provide those who engage in the business of such development with all or some of the funds involved.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Article 14 (Support for Standardization of Spatial Data Industry) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may support various activities to establish the industrial standardization of the technology standards, etc. necessary to jointly use spatial data.

(2) Necessary matters regarding support for the industrial standardization of technology standards, etc. referred to in paragraph (1) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 15 (Training, etc. of Technical Manpower) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may develop and implement policies necessary to train manpower specializing in spatial data and improve their techniques.

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may designate the institutions in charge of the training of technical manpower to conduct the education and training referred to in paragraph (1), and provide them with necessary budgetary assistance.

(3) Necessary matters regarding the training of technical manpower and the designation, and cancellation of designation, of the institutions in charge of such training referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree. Article 16 (Assistance to International Cooperation and Advancement into Foreign Markets) (1) The Government may provide support for the business of technological and personnel exchange, exhibitions, joint research and development, etc. to promote international cooperation in the spatial data industry and the advancement of related enterprises into foreign markets.

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may provide budgetary assistance necessary to carry on the business referred to in paragraph (1).

Article 17 (Price for Services Involved in Spatial Data) (1) In placing orders for services in relation to spatial data, the head of the managing agency (excluding the head of a private managing agency; hereinafter the same shall apply) concerned may determine the price thereof by applying mutatis mutandis the standards for price set in the Engineering Technology Promotion Act, the Software Industry Promotion Act and the Land Survey Act.

(2) The standards for the price of services related to spatial data to which the standards for price referred to in paragraph (1) do not apply or are difficult to apply mutatis mutandis may be separately determined by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs.

CHAPTER Ⅳ SUPPORT TO SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY

Article 18 (Designation, etc. of Facilities for Promotion of Spatial Data Industry) (1) To advance the spatial data industry, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may designate facilities for advancement of the spatial data industry (hereinafter referred to as "advancement facilities") and provide them with necessary support, including funds, equipment, etc.

(2) Any entity that seeks to be designated as a advancement facility shall file an application therefor with the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

(3) To advance the development of the spatial data industry, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may attach necessary conditions in designating a advancement facility according to the application referred to in paragraph (2). In such cases, conditions shall be limited to the minimum necessary to advance public interest and shall not include any undue obligation.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

(4) Advancement facility designated pursuant to paragraph (3) shall be deemed to be designated as such facility for collective location of venture businesses as provided for in Article 18 of the Act on Special Measures for the Promotion of Venture Businesses.

(5) Necessary matters regarding the requirements for designation of advancement facilities, assistance for such facilities, etc. shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 19 (Cancellation of Designation of Advancement Facilities) When a advancement facility cease to meet the requirements for designation or a person whose facility has been designated as a advancement facility fails to fulfill the conditions of designation referred to in Article 18 (3), the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may cancel the designation thereof, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 20 (Assistance by Local Governments to Advancement Facilities) Local governments may, if necessary to promote the spatial data industry, make contributions to those who intend to set up advancement facilities, the public organizations, etc. which assist in establishing spatial data businesses, or make investments therein notwithstanding the provisions of Article 18 (1) of the Local Finance Act.

Article 21 (Special Cases concerning Investment in Industrial Property Rights, etc.) With respect to the establishment of a company aimed at carrying on a spatial data business or the issuance of new stocks by the company so established, if investments therein are made with patent rights, utility model rights or design rights involved in spatial data or any other similar right to technology and the use thereof, the appraisal of the price thereof by any such technology appraisal institution as prescribed by Presidential Decree shall be deemed to be made by such certified appraiser as provided for in Article 299-2 of the Commercial Act.

Article 22 (Support for Small and Medium Spatial Data Business Operators to Participate in Business) (1) When a managing agency seeks to conclude a procurement contract for construction works, manufacture, purchase, services, etc. related to spatial data, the Government shall endeavor to provide small and medium spatial data business operators more opportunities to receive orders, which may serve to foster such business operators.

(2) In conducting bidding for construction works, manufacture, purchase, services, etc. related to spatial data, the head of the managing agency concerned may compensate any bidder who failed to win the contract therefor, but earned high marks in appraising the bid proposal, for part of the costs, etc. of preparing such proposal: Provided, That the same shall not apply to any small or medium spatial data business operator who has participated in such bidding in cooperation with a large enterprise.

CHAPTER Ⅴ SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS, ETC. FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY

Article 23 (Designation of Supporting Institutions for Advancement of Spatial Data Industry) (1) To efficiently support the spatial data industry, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may designate a related research institute, organization or corporation as a supporting institution for advancement of the spatial data industry (hereinafter referred to as "supporting institution").

(2) Each supporting institution shall meet the following requirements:

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

1. It shall have ten or more employees who take exclusive charge of the business of advancing the spatial data industry; 2. It shall be equipped with the facilities to gather, analyze and provide information on the spatial data industry; 3. It shall be a nonprofit corporation; 4. It shall have the ability to carry out the work of support for the spatial data industry.

(3) A supporting institution may perform any business entrusted by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs among those provided for in the following subparagraphs:

1. Survey of public demand and information on the spatial data industry; 2. Survey and analysis of the situations of distribution; 3. Collection and analysis of information necessary to support any combined spatial data industry; 4. Implementation of policies for the protection of intellectual property rights; 5. Assistance to academic-industrial collaboration programs for the spatial data industry; 6. Quality certification of products and services related to spatial data; 7. Promotion of development of spatial data technologies; 8. Assistance to the standardization of the spatial data industry; 9. Training of and support for technical manpower for the spatial data industry; 10. Assistance to advancement facilities; 11. Such other matters as entrusted by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs.

(4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may provide any such institution as designated as a supporting institution with expenses required for performing business entrusted pursuant to paragraph (3), within budget limit.

(5) When a supporting institution ceases to meet the requirements for designation referred to in paragraph (2), the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may direct the institution to rectify such situation within two months, specifying the reason therefore, and revoke the designation of such institution if it fails to comply with such direction three or more a year.

(6) Other necessary matters concerning the management, etc. of supporting institutions shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 24 (Establishment of Spatial Data Industry Association) (1) Spatial data business operators may establish a Spatial Data Industry Association (hereinafter referred to as the "Association") to promote the sound development of the spatial data industry and the mutual interests of spatial data business operators.

(2) The Association shall be a legal entity.

(3) The Association shall perform the following functions:

1. Study of systems for advancement of the spatial data industry, and proposal for the improvement of the existing systems; 2. Matters relating to assistance for activities to protect the copyrights, trademark rights, etc. of spatial data business operators; 3. Such other work as may be necessary to achieve the objectives of establishment of the Association.

(4) Except as otherwise provided for in this Act, the provisions of the Civil Act concerning incorporated associations shall apply mutatis mutandis to the Association.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Article 25 (Establishment, etc. of Collective Spatial Data Investment Scheme) (1) A collective investment scheme (hereinafter referred to as the "collective spatial data investment scheme") may be established to invest its assets in the spatial data industry and distribute the profits therefrom to stockholders in accordance with the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.

(2) The Financial Services Commission, which receives an application for the registration of a collective spatial data investment scheme in accordance with Article 182 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, shall consult in advance with the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

(3) Except as specifically provided for in this Act, collective spatial data investment schemes shall be governed by the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.

Article 26 (Methods of Asset Management) A collective spatial data investment scheme shall use 50/100 or more of its capital for any purpose as provided for in any of the following subparagraphs:

1. Investment in spatial data business operators prescribed by Presidential Decree or the acquisition of stocks, shares, rights to benefit or loan claims issued by such business operators; 2. Such other investments approved by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs as may be necessary for performance of the business.

CHAPTER Ⅵ SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS

Article 27 (Delegation and Entrustment of Authority) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may delegate part of his/her authority under this Act to the Special Metropolitan City Mayor, Metropolitan City Mayor or Do governor, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may entrust part of his/her functions under this Act to any institution, corporation or association related to the spatial data industry, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 28 (Legal Fiction of Public Officials) Any person who is an officer or employee of any institution, corporation or association entrusted pursuant to Article 23 (3) or 27 (2) and performs the business so entrusted shall be deemed to be a public official in the application of the Criminal Act.

CHAPTER Ⅶ PENAL PROVISIONS

Article 29 (Penal Provisions) Any person who is granted quality certification referred to in Article 12 by false or other unjust means shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than two years or by a fine not exceeding twenty million won.

Article 30 (Joint Penal Provisions) In cases where the representative of a legal entity or an agent, employee or other hired person by a legal entity or an individual commits any offence prescribed in Article 29 in connection with the business of the said entity or individual, not only shall the wrongdoer be punished accordingly, but the entity or individual shall also be punished by a fine prescribed in the said Article: Provided, That this shall not apply in cases

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea where the said entity or individual has not neglected to supervise the business concerned with due care to prevent such offence.

Article 31 (Fines for Negligence) (1) Any distributor who has failed to comply with a request made pursuant to Article 8 (3) without any reasonable ground shall be subject to a fine for negligence not exceeding five million won.

(2) Fines for negligence provided for in paragraph (1) shall be imposed and collected by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

ADDENDUM This Act shall enter into force six months after the date of its promulgation.

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Annex- C

Current Status of Korean GIS Standards

TTA STANDARDS

Standards Standards to develop Year

A STANDARD FOR NATIONAL BASE MAP FOR THE ANTIONAL TTAK.KO-10.0082 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTME(NGIS) - TERRAIN FEATURE 1997 DATA FORMATS FOR DIFFERENT SCALES - VERSION 1.0

A STANDARD FOR UNDERGROUND FACILITY MAP FOR NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTME(NGIS) - WATERWORKS/SEWER TTAK.KO-10.0083R1 1999 SYSTEM, ELECTRICITY, COMMUNICATION, GAS, OIL PIPE, HEATING - VERSION 1.1

A STANDARD FOR COMMON THEMATIC MAPS FOR THE NATIONAL TTAK.KO-10.0084R1 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTME(NGIS) - NATIONAL LAND USE 1999 MAPS/CITY PLANNING MAPS - VERSION 1.1

STANDARD FOR COMMON THEMATIC MAP FOR THE NATIONAL TTAK.KO-10.0095 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM(NGIS) - ADMINISTRATIVE AREA 1999. MAP TTAS.OG- The Standardization of Open GIS Interface for OLE/COM – Simple 2002 SFOLECOM Features Specification TTAS.KO-10.0139 Metadata Standard for Geographic Information Distribution 2002 TTAS.IS-19109/R1 Design Guideline for Geographic Database 2.0 2003 TTAS.OG-WMS The Standard for Web Map Service for Sharing Geospatial Data 2003 TTAS.OG-GML3.0 GML3.0 based Encoding Standard for Geographic Information 2003 The Standardization of Open GIS Interface for SQL – Simple TTAS.OG-SFSQL Features Specification 2003

TTAK.KO-10.0157 Geographic Information -Quality Standard 2003 TTAK.KO-10.0158 Digital Map - Integration Standard 2003 TTAS.KO-10.0159 Development Guideline for GIS 2003 TTAS.IS-19115 Metadata Standard for Geographic Information Management 2003 TTAS.OT-10.0021 Framework Data Model on Transportations 2004 TTAS.OT-10.0022 Design Guideline for Standard Data Models of Framework Data 2004 TTAS.OT-10.0023 Framework data model on water resources 2004 TTAS.OT-10.0024 Framework Data Model on Facilities 2004 TTAS.OT-10.0025 Framework Data Model on Administrative Boundaries 2004 TTAS.KO-10.0176 Function for Mobile GIS Services 2004 Profile and the application of a Standard for the application of a TTAS.KO-10.0177 2004 GIS project TTAS.KO-10.0178 Construction Guidelines for Mobile GIS DB with Legacy GIS DB 2004 TTAS.OT-10.0046 Voice Information Model for Mobile GIS 2005 Exchange Standard of National Framework Database Based on TTAS.KO-10.0193 2005 NGI(National Geographic Institute) File Format TTAS.KO-10.0195 Exchange Standard of National Framework Database Based on 2005

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

GML TTAS.KO-10.0196 GML Profile for Mobile Services 2005 TTAK.OT-10.0253 Web Map Service ver1.3 2009 TTAK.KO-10.0314 Production Procedure for Digital Elevation Model 2009 TTAK.KO- 2009 10.0177/R2 Reference Model and Profiles for GIS Standards Ver.2.1 TTAK.KO- 2009 Terminology ver1.1 10.0156/R1 revision

KS STANDARDS

Standards Standards to develop Year /revision

KS X ISO 19101 Geographic information -- Reference model 2008 KS X ISO 19101-2 Geographic information -- Reference Model-Imagery 2009 KS X ISO 19103 Geographic information -- Conceptual schema language 2009 KS X ISO/TS 19104 Geographic information -- Terminology 2008 KS X ISO 19105 Geographic information -- Conformance and testing 2007 KS X ISO 19106 Geographic information -- Profiles 2009 KS X ISO 19107 Geographic information -- Spatial schema 2009 KS X ISO 19108 Geographic information -- Temporal schema 2007 KS X ISO 19109 Geographic information -- Rules for application schema 2006 Geographic information -- Methodology for feature KS X ISO 19110 2009 cataloguing

KS X ISO 19111 Geographic information -- Spatial referencing by 2007 coordinates Geographic information -- Spatial referencing by geographic KS X ISO 19112 2009 identifiers KS X ISO 19113 Geographic information -- Quality principles 2007 KS X ISO 19114 Geographic information -- Quality evaluation procedures 2009 KS X ISO 19115 Geographic information -- Metadata 2008 KS X ISO 19116 Geographic information -- Positioning services 2008 KS X ISO 19117 Geographic information -- Portrayal 2006 KS X ISO 19118 Geographic information -- Encoding 2008 KS X ISO 19119 Geographic information -- Services 2009 Geographic information -- Schema for coverage geometry KS X ISO 19123 2007 and functions Geographic information -- Simple feature access -- Part 1: KS X ISO 19125-1 2007 Common architecture Geographic information -- Simple feature access -- Part 2: KS X ISO 19125-2 2009 SQL option KS X ISO 19128 Geographic information -- Web Map Server interface 2009 KS X ISO 19131 Geographic information -- Data product specifications 2008 Geographic information -- Location-based services -- KS X ISO 19132 2006/2009 Reference model KS X ISO 19133 Geographic information -- Location-based services -- 2006

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Tracking and navigation Geographic information -- Location-based services -- KS X ISO 19134 2007 Multimodal routing and navigation KS X ISO 19135 Geographic information -- Procedures for item registration 2009 KS X ISO 19136 Geographic information -- Geography Markup Language 2009 KS X ISO 19137 Geographic information -- Core profile of the spatial schema 2008 KS X ISO/TS 19138 Geographic information -- Data quality measures 2007 KS X ISO 19141 Geographic information -- Schema for moving features 2009

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Annex- D

Korean SDI/GIS Organization List

Organization Topics Domain URL

Director General for NSDI policy of the Ministry of Policy NSDI http://www.mltm.go.kr/ Land, Transport and Legislation Maritime Affairs(MLTM)

Organizational/ Committee for National institutional Spatial Information arrangements

The National Geographic Data Survey & http://www.ngii.go.kr/ Information Institute(NGII) Mapping

Korea Cadastral Survey http://www.kcsc.co.kr/ikcsc Data Cadastral Corporation (KCSC) /new/

Korean Association of Survey & Expertise availability http://www.kasm.or.kr Survey & Mapping Mapping

Korean Geographic Geographic Information Industries http://www.giscorea.com

Cooperative

Korea Association of Geographic Geographic Information Expertise availability http://www.kagis.or.kr

Studies

Korean Society of Remote Remote Sensing http://www.ksrs.or.kr Sensing

GIS On-Line Education Access Education http://www.e-gis.or.kr Center the Korea Hydrographic Hydrographic and Oceanographic Data & Service and http://www.khoa.go.kr/ Administration (KHOA) Oceanographic

Statistical http://sgis.kostat.go.kr/statis Geographic Statistics Korea Data & Service tics_eng/ Information

Service(SGIS)

Seoul Metropolitan Data & Service Geographic http://gis.seoul.go.kr/ Government

Korean ISO/TC211 Standard Geographic http://www.kats.go.kr/ Committee

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

Annex- E

Selected List of Korean National GIS Projects

Budgets Phase I NGIS Projects unit:

million won Sub-committee SDI Invested Project (period) Description (Government component budgets Agency) Country as a whole completed, Geographic Project for Digital on1/5,000 and information Data topographic 1/25,000scales,excluding some sub- 742 map(1995～2000) mountain and island areasž 81 cities committee(NG completed, at 1/1,000 scale II) Parcel-address map, administrative Geographic Project for Digital boundary map, roadmap, current information thematic land use map, national land zoning sub- 258 map(1998～2000) map, and urban planning map committee(NG digitalized. II) Project for Land information Digitalization of 27%completed 204,000 cadastral sub- 906 cadastral map copies(total 748,000 copies) committee(M map(1995～2000) OGAHAgggg) Developments of several standards Standardizatio including ∙standard for national GIS standard n sub- Standard basemap, underground facility map 166 projects(1995～2000) committee developments of standards for (MIChhhh) exchange of spatial data Project for GIS Technology Technology Technology sub-committee 14 (1995～2000) (MOSTiiii) GIS Capacity building focus on Human Project for GIS expert Technology resource education of experts in graduate education(1996～200 sub-committee 204 and school and national-wide GIS (MOST/MIC) education 0) education Project for Digitalization of water pipeline, General sub- Digitalization of sewage, gas, electricity, Application committee 76 Underground facility communication, oil pipeline and (MOCTjjjj) map(1998～2000) heating information Development of public GIS Project for Public GIS General sub- Applications including GIS Application committee 367 management system for land, soil, (1998～2000) (MOCT) forestry, underwater, geology in the gggg Ministry of Government Administration & Home Affairs, now renamed to Ministry of Public Administration and Security(MOPAS) hhhh Ministry of Information & Communications iiii Ministry of Science & Technology jjjj Ministry of Construction & Transportation, now Ministry of Land, Transportation and Maritime Affairs (MLTM)

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

5sectors

Pilot-project for General sub- underground facility Pilotprojectforundergroundfacilitym committee 14 management anagementsysteminGwacheonCity (MOCT) system(1996～1997) General sub- Policy, National GIS research GIS Basic plan &GIS implementation institutional, committee 40 projects(1995～2000) planž 47 GIS researches completed research (MOCT) Sum 2,787

Phase II NGIS Projects Budgets unit: million won

Lead Invested Invested SDI component Project (period) Gov’t National Local Agency budgets budgets

Project for revision and data updating of digital Data NGII 52,833 17,242 topographic map(1995～) National control point arrangement(2001～) NGII 40,191 - MOGAH Digitalization of cadastral map(2001～2003) 14,870 14,870 A Land monitoring system(2001～) NGII 10,999 - Coastline survey &DB(2002～2010) KHOAkkkk 9,972 - Project for building fundamental spatial data(2001～) NGII 6,100 - Marine GIS(2001～2010) KHOA 3,360 - Cultural Heritage GIS OCPllll 2,683 - Creating of nautical charts(2000～2011) KHOA 2,006 - Land management GIS(2001～2008) NGII 1,668 - Coastal Areal Information(2003～2015) KHOA 1,520 - Basic Map of the Sea(2001～2015) KHOA 1,285 - Water Basin map(2002) Kwater 141 - Railroad fundamental spatial data building Korail 0 Application Land Management Information System(LMIS) MOCT 73,211 - MAFF Rural GIS 11,043 - mmmm Statistical GIS NSOnnnn 398 - Architectural Administration Information MOCT 34,522 - Industrial GIS MOCIE 920 -

kkkk The Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration (KHOA). llll Office of Cultural Properties, now renamed to Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea(CHA) mmmm Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry nnnn National Statistical Office

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

oooo 3DGISPilotProject MOCT 1,787 - Co-Management of Road & Underground MOCT 58,763 58,763 facilities(2001～) Drinking water GIS(2001～2004) MOCT 14,378 -

Harbor underground facilities GISDB(2002～2010) MOMAF 3,264 - Industrial complex digital map &GIS(2002～2006) MOCIE 6,761 - National Geotechnical Information GISDB(2001～2007) MOCT 4,358 - Mine Reclamation GIS(2003～2009) Mireco 2,008 - Digitalization of River map(1999～2012) MOCT 7,745 - UnderwaterGIS1995～2011) MOCT 1,259 - Rural Agricultural Water Resource Information MAFF 2,668 - System(2002～2011) Land cover map(1998～2010) MEpppp 5,605 - EGIS(Integrated Natural Environmental)GIS-DB(2000～) NIER 1,885 - CARIS(Chemicals Accident Response Information NIER 2,590 - System)(2002～2004)

Forestry GIS(1995～) FA 5,461 - Soil information DB(1998～2006) NIAST 3,137 - Coastal Management GIS(1999～2008) MOMAF 4,253 -

Real-time Coastal Marine information system KHOA 1,727 - National Geographic Information Access MOCT 9,804 - Clearinghouse(2000～2005) Marine Geographic Information MOMAF 1,254 - Clearinghouse(2002～2010) Integrated management of satellite imagery MIC 10,100 - information(2002～2005) Technology Open LBS component Technology(2003) MIC 3,000 - High resolution RS image processing MIC 7,392 - Technology(2001～2003) Open GIS component Technology(2001) MIC 2,200 - 3DGISS/W(2000～2002) MIC 2,413 - Multi-sensor imagery information integration processing MIC 7,646 - Technology (2004～2007)

Standard Research on national GIS standardization(2001～2005) MIC 1,283 - Project for geographic information NGII 678 - standardization(2001～2005)

oooo Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Energy pppp Ministry of Environment:

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Establishment of GIS national standard KATS 1,250 - system(2001～2005) Marine GIS standard system MOMAF 753 -

Policy, Institutional, National GIS capacity building(2002～) MOCT 3184 - education& research

GIS/ITS expert education(2001～2006) MIC 3,996 -

National GIS researches(2001～) MOCT 4,400 -

Phase III NGIS Projects Budgets unit: million won

Lead 2007year 2008year 2009 year SDI Project (period) Government Invested Invested planned component Agency budgets budgets budgets

1. Project for building fundamental Data NGII 1,225 414 1,125 spatial data

2. National Basic Map NGII 40,704 45,335 44,605

3. Basic Map of the Sea KHOA 311 310 400

4. Coastline survey KHOA 2,432 1,567 2,000 5.National control point NGII 10,677 15,008 15,200 arrangement(2001～)

6. national spatial imagery DB NGII 2,452 2,150 2,655

7. Statistical GIS NSO 2,315 6,945 1,500 8. Research on national GIS Standard MOFATqqqq 134 155 140 standardization

9. Project for geographic NGII 150 280 800 information standardization

10.Establishment of GIS national KATSrrrr 100 50 100 standard system

qqqq Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade rrrr Korean Agency for Technology and Standard

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11.National Geographic Access MLTM 1,700 1,363 712 Information Clearinghouse

Policy & 12.GIS/ITS expert MOFAT 700 600 1,990 Institutional education(2001～2006)

13.National GIS researches(2001～) MLTM 800 800 500

14.NGIS projects management MLTM - - 500 system

Main 15. Development of national MLTM 407 26,000 25,000 Application geographic information system

16. 3D GIS Project MLTM 4,090 4,590 13,100

17.Land Management Information MLTM 5,956 6,060 5,174 System(LMIS)

18.UPIS MLTM - - 5,300 Main 19. KOPSS MLTM 1,252 1,050 865 Application

20. Architectural management GIS MLTM 242.5 - 300 information

21. Development of intelligent MLTM 29,500 15,908 24,958 technology

22. New address map DB MLTM 1,650 2,134 2,160

General 23.Co-Management of Road & MLTM 30,000 22,000 22,000 Application Underground facilities(2001～)

24.National Geotechnical MLTM 194 145 100 Information GIS DB(2001～2007) 25.Mine Reclamation Mireco 1,474 1,318 1,180 GIS(2003～2009) 26. KMRGIS(Korea Mineral 195 180 200 Resources GIS)

27. Harbor underground facilities MOMAF 606 797 980 GIS DB(2002～2010)

28. Underwater GIS(1995～2011) MLTM 700 733 950

29.Rural Agricultural Water Resource Information MIFAFFssss 700 759 613 System(2002～2011)

ssss Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

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30.Digitalization of River MLTM 948 206 876 map(1999～2012) 31.Cultural Heritage GIS OCP 1,020 1,880 4,589 32.EGIS(Integrated Natural NIER 338 373 400 Environmental) GIS-DB(2000～) 33. Management of ECVAM(Environmental ME 353 353 317 Conservation Value Assessment Map)for National Land 34. Data updating of land cover MLTM 977 - 605 map using satellite imagery 35. National Environmental ME - - 4,283 Assessment GIS 36. Green Belt(Development MLTM 628 151 600 Restricted Zone)GIS 37. Rural Area GIS MIFAFF 2,865 656 1,867 38. Creation of rural amenity MIFAFF 950 850 700 resources map General 39. Agricultural GIS MIFAFF 540 700 700 Application 40.Forestry GIS(1995～) FA 4,145 3,943 2,197 41. Creation of Forest Map FA - - 3,236 42. Coastal management GIS KHOA 830 1,036 974 43. Creation of ENC(Electronic KHOA 408 450 700 Navigational Chart) 44. TOIS(Total Ocean. Information KHOA 1,161 485 2,073 System) 45. Survey of coastal areal KHOA 465 255 4,700 information 46.Real-time Coastal Marine KHOA 446 240 200 information system 47. KMST(Korean Maritime Safety KHOA - - 505 Tribunal)GIS 48. Multi-lingual tourist map service - - 700 49. Tourist knowledge information 407 482 482 system

50. National Transportation GIS DB MLTM 5,698 5,850 6,010 51. National land information on- MLTM 376 315 1,720 stop center 52. National marine disaster GIS KHOA 200 667 1,500 53. Management of national MLTM 94 99 105 imagery information system Sum 175,642 215,146

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Annex- F Korean GIS Expert Investigation Results

For lessons learned from the Korean NSDI, Korean GIS expert investigation has been conducted. In order to consider a SDI user‟s perspectives, collecting the wider and deeper evaluation data about Korean SDI, and predicting the vision and issue of the developing countries, experts‟ opinion may be helpful.

Methodology of investigation

The GIS expert survey is goes through three main steps: pre-survey, survey, and pro-survey steps. After identifying main research areas to be assessed; the related experts are selected; research is designed, and the questionnaire in pre-survey step is prepared. The expert survey was conducted between July 13 and July 30, 2010. In pro-survey steps, data was analyzed, and feedback was reported.

(1) Pre- Survey steps A. At first, in accordance to object and theme of this report, by selecting key items and methods of the survey, design of research was made.

B. As a targeted group of people, GIS experts have been selected based on their knowledge, expertise, and interest in SDI, and over 30 selected Korean GIS experts with GIS experience for over 10 years from the organization list attached in Annex D, in both public and private sectors participated.

C. The expert‟s questionnaire about 3 main concerns, including evaluation of Korean SDI in general, best practices of Korean SDI, and future directions for the developing countries SDI was prepared.

(2) Survey steps

A. The questionnaire was sent to over 30 selected GIS experts by e-mail on July.13th .2010. B. From 20 Korean GIS experts among them, a voluntary participation and comments feedback were provided. C. Over two weeks of time was needed to respond to questions from them by e-mail or by post.

(3) Analysis of Survey steps

A. Analysis of survey was conducted by both qualitative and quantitative methods. B. Survey results were reviewed and discussed at the workshop on September 2nd, 2010. Additional comments and advice by 6 experts were given.

Results of investigation

EVALUATION OF KOREAN SDI IN GENERAL

Question 1. What is Korean NSDI Pride in your opinion? In your view, what are NSDI success factors? Please mention the good points. Based on your experience to date and understanding of the SDI situation in Korea, what might be the main factors?

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(1) In the data perspective of SDI, many GIS experts agreed with Digital Topologic map at 1/1,000 scale, covering the whole country, as the best Korean NSDI pride. Also, National Spatial Imagery Information is evaluated as one of the proud assets of SDI.

(2) Secondly, in GIS experts‟ opinions, excellent human resource is a powerful driving force for successful Korean NSDI.

(3) Third, the recent development of new technologies, including ubiquitous technologies using LiDAR, RFID, USN technology, geoweb platform technologies, and intelligent and advanced software technologies etc. could be a proud achievement of Korean SDI.

To digitalize the high quality map at large scale like digital topological map at 1/1,000 scale, a large amount of budgets should be intensively and consistently invested. According to GIS experts‟ opinions, in the partnership and policy perspective, the role of the Korean central government has been more decisive to driving and coordinating for Korean SDI. For NGIS projects public governmental funds have been established, without financial supports, it would not be successfully implemented.

The Basic Plan, as a NGIS Master Plan, in every phase of NGIS, and Action Plan as an implementation Plan in accordance with it, also, have greatly contributed for Korean SDI‟s success. Some experts emphasized that a good Master Plan would be a starting point for successful SDI.

Question 2. Based on your experience, what are obstacles and problems in building NSDI?

(1) Dual investments on data in various applications at the beginning of NGIS projects and a delay of building fundamental data have been obstacles in establishing NSDI in South Korea.

(2) Also, many GIS Experts have indicated an inefficient system for NGIS standards as one of the problems that retard Korean NSDI.

(3) In the partnership and policy perspective, administrative barriers with a lack of technological mind, discords of the governmental organizations and agencies, and conflicts of GIS and surveying community have also been.

At first, in the regard of data, some redundancy existed, because of time difference of building national wide data, diversity of digitalization method, non common data environment, and unsatisfactory data quality for users‟ need in various applications. Since late initiation of the project for fundamental data, dual investment was somewhat inevitable in the beginning.

Spatial data, including digital topological map and various thematic maps etc., has been established, by using public matching funds, with central governments and/or local governments, local governments with relatively weak financial condition and less resource had some trials and errors. Furthermore, a poor communication system between the responsible and various stakeholders could not improve and push up the development of SDI both at the national and local level.

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Secondly, due to the lack of standardization, data sharing and cooperation among agencies have not been easy to accomplish. Even though many GIS standards have been developed until now, in Korean GIS experts‟ opinions, use of them might be questionable. A time lag, no availability and no obligation of GIS standards for NGIS projects have been controversial that many of them still remain as standards for standards by themselves, not standards for GIS project and interoperability.

In the partnership and policy perspective, in addition to above mentioned problems, if there were comprehensive integration of GIS and IT perspective, it would avoid to invest the considerate additional budgets to make the recent efforts for link and integration for geospatial one-stop portal access and operability. Also, in the point of open data policy, many regulations for data security caused the data access slow down.

B E S T P R A CTICES OF KOREAN SDI

Question 3. What are the Best Practices in Korean NSDI? If you recommend Best Practices in Korean NSDI, what are those and why?

GIS Experts have evaluated good NSDI characteristics including wider usage and applications in central and local governments, and such as following best practices have been introduced:

(1) At the central level in the public sector:

 National Integrated (Spatial) Information System (NIIS), for integration using new geoweb platform technologies  NGII(National Geographic Information Institute), because of production a basic map  Statistical Geographic Information Service, due to wider application  Korea Forest GIS Service, recent introduction of infrastructure concept in forest domain  Korean Land Information System, because of good public service

(2) At the local level in the public sector:

 Seoul Metropolitan City, for user-centered citizen service, and 3D GIS etc  Daegu Metropolitan City, due to efficient data update, useful neighbor GIS service

(3) In the private sector:  Daum map service etc

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES SDI

Question 4.What might be successful factors for developing countries constrained by resources? What might be SWOT factors for developing countries?

To CSF and SWOT analysis for developing countries, GIS Experts suggested several factors, such as strengths of no conflict of old and new, weakness of infrastructure and GIS resources, emphasizing on consideration of unique characteristics of developing countries

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Strengths Weakness

 More and ease to introduce new technologies  Weak national IT infrastructure  No conflict of old and new GIS application  Insufficient budgets system  Poor human resources  Prevention of the unnecessary data  Misunderstanding or lack of technological mind  Minimization of trial and error, based on lessons  No SDI legislations, and no institutional learned from the advanced cases organizational arrangements  Adoption of advance GIS application

Opportunities Threats  Difficulty of access and usability  International competitiveness on data building  Uncertainty of future continuous resource input  Creation of new labor markets  No willingness of decision makers  International Funds for IT projects  Over competition of global enterprises

Question 5.How can SDI build for developing countries efficiently? What are priorities?

GIS Experts said that selection of priorities and strategies for SDI in developing countries would be important for success. The policy for SDI such as preparation of GIS action plan including main projects, main driving forces and related budgets, legislations, and GIS education and capacity building would be required to implement and realize the other components of SDI.

(1) Priorities of activities and tasks for SDI

Through the GIS Experts survey, the priorities of activities and tasks for SDI are as follows:

frequency of Degree of priority SDI components Activities and tasks response High Policy NSDI Master Plan and Action Plan 14

Human resource GIS capacity building 13

technology Arrangements of National Geodetic controls 11

Data Building of Fundamental data 9

Building of Digital topological map 9

Standard Standard for fundamental data 8

Policy GIS legislation and institutional arrangements 7 Access and GIS applications based on public access to 6 application geospatial data Definition of role between the central governments Medium Partnership 5 and the local governments Enhanced international partnership 4

Technology National Integrated Geo-platform 4

Standard NSDI Standard System 3 Data product specification for digital topological 2 map

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Partnership Open data policy and extended civil participation 2

Low Technology Development of GIS application technology 0

Policy Evaluation system of NSDI 0

Policy Regulation for data security 0

Policy Advanced neighbor GIS 0

(2) Fundamental spatial data

In regard to fundamental spatial data, users‟ common needs and collaborative efforts are key concerns. To avoid duplicating data production efforts, it is necessary to make a basic data that can be used in applications, a base to which users can add or attach geographic details and attributes, a reference map for displaying the locations and the results of an analysis of other data. There are several basic themes of fundamental spatial data, and for efficient construction of them, GIS experts have said that it would depend on users „need in developing countries, if the priorities considered in the light of Korean experiences, that could be as follows: .

frequency of Rank Theme of fundamental data response boundaries of roads or railways 1 16 Transportation, 2 Satellite imagery & aerial photographs 11 3 Cadastral 9 4 Administrative boundaries 8 5 Topography 8 6 Facilities, structures 5 7 Hydrography, boundaries of rivers 3 8 Geodetic controls 2 9 coastal boundaries 1 10 Geospatial name & address, gazetteer 0

In addition, it would be a preference for 1:5,000 on the scale of fundamental spatial data in the developing countries and focus on the leadership of the public agency with collaborative public and private participation desirable.

(3) Priorities of GIS applications

Although, it depends on the uniqueness of the developing countries, as a reference considering Korean experience, the priorities of GIS applications can be proposed by GIS experts as follows:

frequency of Degree of priority GIS application response

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High National Integrated (Spatial) Information System (NIIS): 13 Land and cadastral Information System 11 Underground Water 10 Emergency Management GIS 9 Urban GIS 7 Medium Water and Marine GIS 4

Statistical Geographic Information Service 3

Environmental GIS 2 Low Forest GIS 1 Cultural Heritage GIS 1 Agriculture GIS 1

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Annex- G Tasks and Activities for SDI in Developing Countries (Example)

Descriptions of tasks and activities at a national level

According to the above roadmap for tasks and activities at a national level, each project can be described in details as follows:

SDI Leading Title of Projects Description component organization

 Projects will build and arrange national control points which are essential for national surveying. Also, national geodetic control network and national geodetic reference system shall be established in developing countries. Arrangements of  National geodetic control network includes National Technology National Geodetic the National Geodetic horizontal, vertical Geodetic controls and gravity control networks. Survey  With a wider use of GPS, as a need of high quality of positioning information is growing, National Geodetic Reference System in accordance with International Geodetic Reference System will be useful in developing countries.

 Projects will build fundamental spatial data .The most commonly used set of base data are considered fundamental spatial data.  Topography, boundaries of roads or railways transportation, satellite imagery & aerial Building of National photographs, cadastral, administrative Data fundamental spatial Mapping boundaries, facilities, structures, data agency hydrography, boundaries of rivers etc. are prioritized themes of fundamental spatial data.  Building and using fundamental spatial data can help avoid redundant data building and dual investments.  Projects will build digital topological maps. As a national basic map, creation of digital topological map at proper scale is Building of digital important, at 1:5,000 scale is topological map recommended, even if it would be different, depending on the situations of developing countries.

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 After building digital topological maps, efficient updating and management of it is Updating and the main concern. Projects will update and management of manage the digital topological map. Using

digital topological UFID, the advanced surveying map technologies, and VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information) technology are recommended.  Projects will build digital thematic data. With development of fundamental data, more detailed digital thematic data such as parcel-address map, administrative Project for digital boundary map, road map, current land thematic map use map, national land zoning mapand urban planning map are also required and recommended for social and economic development in developing countries.

Standard for  Projects will help develop standards for fundamental spatial fundamental spatial data. Fundamental Standard data data standards include data model, data quality, etc. in every theme of them.

 Projects will help develop standards for Standard for digital digital topological map. To efficiently build topological map, a digital topological map, standards for it is (national base map) a prerequisite.

 Projects will help develop standards for Developments of exchange of spatial data. Data distribution, standards for data sharing and data integration become

exchange of spatial main concerns of NSDI. For it, standards of data exchange of spatial data are indispensible for spatial data clearing house.

 Projects will help develop GIS metadata standards.  Metadata means data for data, which is Development of GIS one of the components of NSDI. GIS metadata standard metadata standards can provide the interoperability of data discovery and searching.

 Projects will develop GIS capacity building  With the increasing needof GIS professionals, efforts to improve the GIS Human Project for GIS education system and build an integrated resource capacity building GIS education network by encompassing industry, academia, and research institutes shall be made.

 Projects will educate GIS experts off line  GIS education programs shall be developed Offline GIS expert on demand of user communities for NSDI. education  Projects for preparation of GIS education materials are also required.

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 Projects will educate GIS experts online.  Such as a GIS on-line education portal, GIS education programs online would be useful On-line GIS to widen GIS capacity building in

education developing countries. However, considering the poor IT network environments of them, a strategic on-line GIS education is recommendable.  Projects will develop and implement NSDI Master Plan and Action Plan for the 1st phase. NSDI Master Plan and  A NSDI Master Plan provides a clear Policy Action Plan for the 1st explanation of how one or more strategic phase visions and goals are to be achieved and an Action Plan describes detailed objects, tasks, and projects to build NSDI for the first time in developing countries.  Projects will develop and implement NSDI Master Plan and Action Plan for the 2nd NSDI Master Plan and phase. Action Plan for the  For the 2nd phase, based on the review and 2nd phase evaluations of accomplishments in the 1st phase, a NSDI Master Plan is prepared and an Action Plan developed.  Projects will develop and implement NSDI Master Plan and Action Plan for the 3rd phase. NSDI Master Plan  A NSDI Master Plan for the 3rd phase reviews and Action Plan long-term goals and provides details of for the 3rd phase specific strategies and programmatic goals that are to be pursued in the future. In accordance with it, an Action Plan will also be developed.

 Projects will develop and implement GIS legislation and institutional arrangements GIS legislation and for NSDI. institutional  GIS legislations both at the national level arrangements and a local level are required to lead to NSDI with more force in developing countries.

 Projects will develop the pilot project for Pilot project for National spatial clearing house. Access and National spatial  A pilot project for it in developing countries metadata clearing house may be skipped and would be cost- effective as possible.

 Projects will develop the National spatial clearing house. Project for National  It will provide various kinds of spatial data spatial clearing house including digital topologic maps and many thematic maps.

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 Projects will develop the GIS portal for public GIS portal for public access to geospatial data. access to geospatial  GIS one-stop portal will provide various data data and services to developing countries.

Descriptions of tasks and activities at a local level

According to the above roadmap for tasks and activities at a local level, each project can be described in details as follows:

Leading SDI Title of Tasks Description organizatio component n

 Projects will build and arrange local control points with link of national Arrangements of control points. Technology Local Geodetic  In accordance with international and controls national geodetic reference system, local geodetic reference system shall be established.

 Projects will build digital topological map at a local level. Building of digital  Project for digital topological map at a Data topological map local level can be supported from its own budgets and national matching funding.

 Projects will update and manage digital topological map at a local level. Updating and  It is recommended to update and Management of manage digital topological map more

digital topological efficiently at a local level. It is also map recommended using UFID technology, the advanced surveying technologies, and VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information) like at national level.  Projects will build underground facilities Project for map containing, gas, electricity, underground facilities communication, oil pipeline and map containing, gas, heating information for citizen service electricity, and efficient management of communication, oil underground facilities. pipeline and heating

information Project for thematic  Projects will build digital thematic data map -transportation at a local level. information,  Transportation information, road

-road facilities, facilities, cultural and tour information, -cultural and tour urban management spatial data information, based on local need can be included

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-urban management in digital thematic data. spatial information

 Projects will develop more detailed guideline for digital water and sewage map.  At a local level, it is recommended to Guidelines for digital Standard guide and adopt GIS related water, sewage map standards, rather than to develop them. If necessary, it is recommendable to develop new standards or to profile existed one.

 Projects will develop regulation on Regulation on data data management and data charges management and at a local level. data charges,  Also, regulation on data management -Regulation on data can include guidance on data security security.

 Projects will develop Guideline for SDW (Spatial Data Warehouse) operation Guideline for SDW at a local level. operation  It will define that who, what and how to implement and operate SDW in detail.

 Projects will educate GIS experts and GIS users offline and online for GIS Human Project for GIS capacity building.

resource capacity building  GIS education programs shall be developed on demand of user communities at a local level.

 Projects will develop and implement Project for Local SDI Local SDI Master Plan and Action Plan Master Plan and with harmonization of National SDI Action Plan Master Plan and Action Plan in every phase and every local government.

 Projects will develop and implement Projects for local GIS GIS legislation and institutional legislation and arrangements for Local SDI. institutional  GIS legislations at a local level are arrangements established with link to a legal system.

 Projects will construct SDW at a local level. Access and SDW pilot project  SDW development is to improve the

metadata SDW project delivery of GIS data and provide easy access to GIS data for local government agencies.

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(Pilot) Project for  Projects will develop Local GIS portal Local GIS portal  It will be linked to the National spatial

Linking to National clearinghouse to improve its spatial clearing house accessibility of users.

 Projects will complete the MOU with private portal company for public Completion of the service at a local level. MOU with private  It can be a strategic approach to portal company for coordinate with advanced portal the public service providers to provide better public service of spatial data.

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References

B. Deloatch, Ivan. NSDI 2.0: Implementing Change, Challenges and Opportunities. NSGIC Annual Conference. Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America 4-8 October 2009.

Choi, B.M., et.al, 2009. Establishment of Korean Spatial Data Infrastructure Model and Study of Globalization Strategy. [online] Korea Resarch Institute for Human Settlement. Available at : < http://www.krihs.re.kr/english/sub/05/sub05 _1_1.asp?pag eNum=5&subNum=1>

Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 Establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSIPIRE).

Goodchild, Michael F, 2007. Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis Volunteered Geographic Information, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America, 13-14 December 2007.

Incheon Metropolitan City, 2001. A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of UIS.

Jo, Myung-Hee, Kwang Ju Kim, Sang-Woo Park,1999. Benefit-Cost Analysis of GIS in Local Governments: A Case Study of Taegu Metropolitan City. The Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies, 2(2), pp.87- 96.

Korea Development Institute,2009. A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of 3D GIS.

Kim, Kwang Ju, 2003. A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of Chungju UIS. The Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies, 6(4), pp.1-16.

Kim, Eun Hyung, 2005. Comparative Study on Advanced NSDIs for the future NGIS Implementation in Korea. The Journal of Geographic Information System Association of Korea, 13(4), pp.381-391; 2008, The Prescriptive NSDI Model The Journal of Geographic Information System Association of Korea, 16(4), pp.499-511.

Korea Invention Promotion Association, 2006. Trends of the GIS Software Market.

Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 1997, A Conceptual Framework for the Phase II of the National GIS Development; 2004, Vision and policy issues for national geographic information system in Korea; 2007 Strategies of NGIS in Preparation for Paradigm Shift in Geospatial Information; 2008, The 12th International Seminar on GIS: NSDI Policy for National Spatial Data Integration.

Lee, Young-Ho, Lee Myong Kun, 2009. Strategy for Improving Cadastral Spatial Data Quality for a More Effective e- Government based on NSDI. The Journal of Korean Cadastral Information Association 11(1), pp.101-110.

MIC, 2006, u-KOREA Master Plan to Achieve the World’s First Ubiquitous Society.

MOCT,1995. Preliminary study on National Geographic Information System; 1996, Masterplan for Public Geographic Information System Application; 2002, White Paper on the Phase I of the National GIS Projects; 2003, Establishing Strategic Plan for National Spatial Data Infrastructure; 2003, The study on information strategic planning for the GIS implementation in local governments; 2004, Enhancing the Usability of NGIS : Focused on the Effective Measurements dealing National Land Policy Issues; 2004, Enhancing the Usability of National Geographic Information clearinghouse; 2006, White Paper on the Phase II of the National GIS Projects.

MOPAS, 2010. Integrated National Spatial Information.

NGII, 2010. Study on digital topological map at 1:2500 scale.

OECD, 2008. Households with access to the Internet.

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Robinson, Milo, 2008. The History of Spatial Data Coordination. Federal Geographic Data Committee.

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Williamson, I., Abbas Rajabifard and Mary-Ellen F.Feeney(ed), 2003 Developing Spatial Data Infrastructures: From Concept to Reality. London, United Kingdom : Taylor & Francis Group.

Additional Resources – South Korea

Cultural Heritage Administration - http://gis-heritage.go.kr/

Daegu Information Map System - http://ww.gis.go.kr

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute - http://www.etri.re.kr/eng/

Environmental Geographic Information System - http://egis.me.go.kr/

Forest Geographic Information Service - http://fgis.forest.go.kr/fgis/

Geotechnical Information Clearinghouse - http://geoidc.kict.re.kr

GIS Portal System, Seoul - http://gis.seoul.go.kr/

Korea District Heating Corporation - http://www.kdhc.co.kr

Korea Electric Power Corporation - http://www.kepco.co.kr

Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration - http://www.khoa.go.kr/

Korea Institute of Construction Technology - http://www.kict.re.kr/eng/

Korean Agency for Technology and Standards - http://www.kats.go.kr/

Korean Association of Surveying and Mapping - http://www.kasm.or.kr

Korean Geospatial Information Industries Cooperative - http://www.giscorea.com

Korean Land Spatialization Group - http://intelligentkorea.com/

Korean Standards Information Centre - http://www.standard.go.kr/

Location Based Services Industry Council - http://www.lbskorea.or.kr

MarineGIS Portal - http://www.mgis.go.kr/

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Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs - http://www.mltm.go.kr/

National Education Center for GIS - http://ngis.go.kr/egis/.../pgis.../sgis

National Geographic Information Institute - http://air.ngii.go.kr/index.do

National Geographic Information Institute - Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs - http://www.ngii.go.kr/

Seoul GIS Service - http://3dgis.seoul.go.kr/

South Korean Statistical Navigator - http://sgis.kostat.go.kr/statistics_eng/

State Law Information Center - http://www.law.go.kr/

Statistical Geographic Information Service - http://ngis.go.kr/cgis/

Statistics Korea - http://www.index.go.kr

Statutes of the Republic of Korea - http://elaw.klri.re.kr/

Telecommunications Technology Association - http://www.tta.or.kr/

The Korean Institute of Geographic Information Studies - http://www.kagis.or.kr

The Korean Society of Remote Sensing - http://www.ksrs.or.kr

Additional Resources – United States of America

Federal Geographic Data Committee - http://www.fgdc.gov

Geospatial Platform - http://www. GeoPlatform.gov

U.S. Geological Survey National Map Corps - http://nationalmap.gov/TheNationalMapCorps/

Other Resources (GSDI & EC, etc.)

European Commission INSPIRE Directive - http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association - http://www.gsdi.org/gsdicookbook

Open Street Map - http://www.openstreetmap.org/

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About infoDev infoDev is a global development financing program among international development agencies, coordinated and served by an expert Secretariat housed at the World Bank Group, one of its key donors and founders. It acts as a neutral convener of dialogue—and as a coordinator of joint action among bilateral and multilateral donors—supporting global sharing of information on ICT for development (ICT4D), and helping to reduce duplication of efforts and investments. infoDev also forms partnerships with public and private sector organizations who are innovators in the field of ICT4D. infoDev is housed in the Financial and Private Sector Development (FPD) Vice Presidency of the World Bank Group.

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