DOCSLIB.ORG

Variability and Anatomical Specificity of the Orbitofrontothalamic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Variability and Anatomical Specificity of the Orbitofrontothalamic Brain Imaging and Behavior DOI 10.1007/s11682-015-9462-9 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Variability and anatomical specificity of the orbitofrontothalamic fibers of passage in the ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS): precision care for patient-specific tractography-guided targeting of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) Nikolaos Makris1,2,3,4 & Yogesh Rathi1,2 & Palig Mouradian1 & Giorgio Bonmassar1 & George Papadimitriou1 & Wingkwai I. Ing1 & Edward H. Yeterian5 & Marek Kubicki1,2 & Emad N. Eskandar1 & Lawrence L. Wald1 & Qiuyun Fan1 & Aapo Nummenmaa1 & Alik S. Widge1,6 & Darin D. Dougherty1 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Abstract Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical orbitofrontothalamic connections and estimated their topo- procedure that can reduce symptoms in medically intractable graphic variability within the VC/VS region. Our obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Conceptually, DBS of results showed that the morphology of the individual the ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS) region targets orbitofrontothalamic fibers of passage in the VC/VS region reciprocal excitatory connections between the orbitofrontal is complex and inter-individual variability in their topography cortex (OFC) and thalamus, decreasing abnormal reverberant is high. We applied this method to an example OCD patient activity within the OFC-caudate-pallidal-thalamic circuit. In case who underwent DBS surgery, formulating an initial proof this study, we investigated these connections using diffusion of concept for a tractography-guided patient-specific approach magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) on human connectome in DBS for medically intractable OCD. This may improve on datasets of twenty-nine healthy young-adult volunteers with current surgical practice, which involves implanting all pa- two-tensor unscented Kalman filter based tractography. tients at identical stereotactic coordinates within the VC/VS We studied the morphology of the lateral and medial region. Keywords Diffusion tensor imaging . Diffusion * Nikolaos Makris tractography . Connectome . Obsessive-compulsive disorder [email protected] (OCD) . Deep brain stimulation (DBS) . Tractography-guided DBS 1 Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neurosurgery and Radiology, Center for Morphometric Analysis, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA Introduction 2 Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic mental Boston, MA, USA illness affecting 4–7 million people in the U.S. Patients are 3 McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical impaired in multiple Research Domain constructs (Cuthbert School, Boston, MA, USA and Insel 2010, 2013) including Habit (perseverative compul- 4 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University sive behaviors), Sustained Threat (anxiety in response to ob- School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA sessional thoughts that they know are untrue), and Reward 5 Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA Learning (inability to learn to resist obsessions/compulsions 6 Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of despite negative consequences). Medication and behavioral Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA therapies yield inadequate symptom relief in 50–70 % Brain Imaging and Behavior (Greist et al. 1995; Koran et al. 2007; Pallanti et al. 2002; reveals pathway specificity, there will be little clarity regard- Pittenger and Bloch 2014) of patients. As a result, OCD re- ing target engagement or the correlation of any specific cir- mains a leading worldwide cause of disability, equivalent in cuitry to therapeutic effect. We identified this problem and impact to more visible disorders such as schizophrenia addressed it to a certain extent in two recent papers examining (Ayuso-Mateos 2002). Roughly one-third of patients are un- which gray and white matter structures were lesioned by able to work due to their symptoms (Mancebo et al. 2008)and subcaudate tractotomy in a cohort identified from a their caregivers report profound, life-impairing stress Massachusetts General Hospital database of patients main- (Laidlaw et al. 1999). The clinical syndrome and the underly- tained since 1992 (Yang et al. 2014) and mapping the anatomy ing constructs have been linked to a set of cortico-striato- of fibers of passage in the VC/VS region in normal subjects thalamo-cortical (CSTC) loops, circuits that subserve goal- using DTI probabilistic tractography (Yang et al. 2015). directed action, learning, and motivation (Ahmari et al. Probabilistic tractography is useful for a general understand- 2013; Anticevic et al. 2014; Burguiere et al. 2013; ing of the topographic arrangement of the fibers of passage. Dougherty et al. 2010; Pauls et al. 2014; Posner et al. 2014). Current surgical practice involves implanting all pa- It is not known which loops are most important in OCD, but tients at identical stereotactic coordinates within the VC/ the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in particular is repeatedly im- VS region. Thus, DBS for OCD as currently practiced plicated by neuroimaging studies as a hub, as are ventromedial lacks specificity with respect to targeted engagement of prefrontal (vmPFC) and anterior cingulate (ACC) cortex individual fiber tracts. From a purely anatomical perspec- (Dougherty et al. 2010;MiladandRauch2012). tive, another important factor that adds complexity to the In cases of medically intractable OCD, neurosurgical treat- specificity of fiber tract target engagement is the morphol- ment is an option for reducing symptom burden and increas- ogy of individual fiber tracts. Along their trajectories, as ing quality of life. Although, given its limited application to fiber tracts course from origin toward their termination, date it is still too early to know with clarity how beneficial this they deploy their fibers in the form of a “cloud.” procedure is, our clinical experience and of others (Greenberg Although these clouds of fibers run side-by-side, they et al. 2010a) have shown that approximately one-third of the partially intertwine and share the same space, making it patients had meaningful clinical improvement, another third highly difficult to discern a specific fiber tract with clarity. showed partial clinical response while the remainder did not Another highly relevant problem in DBS target engage- show any meaningful response. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) ment is inter-subject variability, which increases the prob- of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum (VC/VS) region may ability of misplacement of the implant within the VC/VS target reciprocal excitatory connections between OFC and region. For DBS to enable optimal target engagement and thalamus, decreasing reverberant feedback activity within therapeutic efficacy, this surgical procedure should be- the OFC-caudate-pallidal-thalamic circuit, leading to thera- come patient-specific. Varying the specific implant coor- peutic gains (Greenberg et al. 2010b). More specifically, it is dinates based on tractography in individual patients would thought that the OFC connections with the thalamus are the be one way to achieve that specificity. most relevant in OCD pathophysiology (Fineberg et al. 2010; In this study, given the relevance of the orbitofrontothalamic Graybiel and Rauch 2000). The VC/VS target is not a single circuitry in OCD pathophysiology, we adressed issues of the identifiable anatomical structure, but includes both white mat- anatomical connectivity between the OFC and the thalamus. ter of the caudoventral part of the anterior limb of the internal We mapped the lateral orbitofrontothalamic (lOFC-thal) and capsule (ALIC) and the shell of the nucleus accumbens. Fibers the medial orbitofrontothalamic (mOFC-thal) connections and of passage in this region connect dorsal prefrontal cortex elucidated the topographic relationships of these two fiber con- (DPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), nections within the VC/VS region in humans. We measured the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex inter-individual anatomical variabillity of lOFC-thal and (vmPFC) with the thalamus (principally mediodorsal, anterior mOFC-thal connections in a sample of twenty-nine individuals medial, medial pulvinar, and midline-intralaminar nuclei), using two-tensor diffusion tractography of Connectome data amygdala, hypothalamus and brainstem (substantia nigra, and data from an OCD DBS patient. Our results represent an ventral tegmental area, raphe nuclei and peduncolopontine initial proof of concept indicating the relevance of a tegmental nucleus). The trajectories of these fibers of passage tractography-guided patient-specific approach in DBS neuro- show a characteristic general pattern of topographic organiza- surgery for OCD. tion in VC/VS, but the individual projections and bundles overlap considerably (Jbabdi et al. 2013;Lehmanetal. 2011;Yangetal.2015). In DBS practice, anatomical inhomo- Methods geneity in VC/VS results in the stimulation of multiple differ- ent structures by implanted electrodes. Unless visualization of We used magnetic DTI-based tractography in 29 human sub- the various fiber tracts in this region is done in a manner that jects to study the fibers of passage at the VC/VS area in the Brain Imaging and Behavior caudoventral region of the anterior limb of internal
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Regional Cerebral Glucose Utilization During Morphine Withdrawal in the Rat (Cerebral Metabolism/Limbic System/Drug Dependence) G
    Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 79, pp. 3360-3364, May 1982 Neurobiology Regional cerebral glucose utilization during morphine withdrawal in the rat (cerebral metabolism/limbic system/drug dependence) G. F. WOOTEN, P. DISTEFANO, AND R. C. COLLINS Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Neuropharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Communicated by Oliver H. Lowry, February 26, 1982 ABSTRACT Regional cerebral glucose utilization was studied precipitated morphine withdrawal in the rat. A preliminary re- by 2-deoxy['4C]glucose autoradiography in morphine-dependent port of this work has appeared as an abstract (17). rats and during naloxone-induced morphine withdrawal. In mor- phine-dependent rats, glucose utilization was increased compared MATERIALS AND METHODS with naive controls uniformly (23-54%) in hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum and reduced in frontal cortex, striatum, an- Preparation of Animals. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weigh- terior ventral thalamus, and medial habenular nucleus. On pre- ing 275-325 g were used. On experimental day 1, a single pellet cipitation ofmorphine withdrawal by subcutaneous administration containing 75 mg of morphine as free base was implanted sub- of naloxone at 0.5 mg/kg to morphine-dependent rats, glucose cutaneously under light ether anesthesia. On day 4, two pellets, utilization was increased in the central nucleus ofamygdala (51%), each containing 75 mg of morphine as free base, were im- lateral mammillary nucleus (40%), lateral habenular nucleus planted. On day 7, after being deprived of food for 12 hr, the (39%), medial mammillary nucleus (35%), and medial septal nu- rats were lightly anesthetized with 2% halothane, the pellets cleus (35%) (all, P < 0.01).
    [Show full text]
  • The Hypothalamus and Periaqueductal Gray Are the Sources of Dopamine Fibers in the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Thalamus in Th
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 20 November 2014 NEUROANATOMY doi: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00136 The hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray are the sources of dopamine fibers in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus in the rat Sa Li 1,2, Yuxiu Shi 1* and Gilbert J. Kirouac 2,3 1 PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China 2 Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada 3 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada Edited by: The paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) sends a very dense projection to the Kathleen S. Rockland, Boston nucleus accumbens. This area of the striatum plays a key role in motivation and recent University School Medicine, USA experimental evidence indicates that the PVT may have a similar function. It is well known Reviewed by: Ariel Y. Deutch, Vanderbilt that a dopaminergic projection from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus University Medical Center, USA accumbens is a key regulator of motivation and reward-related behavior. Dopamine (DA) Carmen Cavada, Universidad fibers have also been localized in the PVT but the source of these fibers in the rat Autonoma de Madrid, Spain has not been unequivocally identified. The present study was done to re-examine this *Correspondence: question. Small iontophoretic injections of cholera toxin B (CTb) were made in the PVT Yuxiu Shi, PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and to retrogradely label tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons. Neurons that were double-labeled Embryology, Institute of Pathology for TH/CTb were found scattered in DA cell groups of the hypothalamus (ventrorostral and Pathophysiology, China Medical A10, A11, A13, A15 DA cell groups) and the midbrain (dorsocaudal A10 embedded in the University, Basic Medical Sciences periaqueductal gray).
    [Show full text]
  • Hypothesis-Driven Structural Connectivity Analysis Supports Network Over Hierarchical Model of Brain Architecture
    Hypothesis-driven structural connectivity analysis supports network over hierarchical model of brain architecture Richard H. Thompson and Larry W. Swanson1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089 Contributed by Larry W. Swanson, June 30, 2010 (sent for review May 14, 2010) The brain is usually described as hierarchically organized, although (9) and a massive input from the SUBv (10). Only two major an alternative network model has been proposed. To help distin- brainstem inputs were identified: the dorsal raphé (DR), the guish between these two fundamentally different structure-function presumptive source of ACBdmt serotonin (11), and the inter- hypotheses, we developed an experimental circuit-tracing strategy fascicular nucleus (IF), the presumptive source of ACBdmt do- that can be applied to any starting point in the nervous system and pamine (12) that is medial to the expected ventral tegmental area then systematically expanded, and applied it to a previously obscure (VTA) itself (13). Thus, the ACBdmt receives direct inputs from dorsomedial corner of the nucleus accumbens identified functionally three massively interconnected cerebral regions implicated in as a “hedonic hot spot.” A highly topographically organized set of stress and depression, as well as restricted brainstem sites pro- connections involving expected and unexpected gray matter regions viding dopaminergic and serotonergic terminals. was identified that prominently features regions associated with Only one ACBdmt axonal output was labeled with PHAL (Fig. appetite, stress, and clinical depression. These connections are 1A; the filled purple area is a representative injection site): a arranged as a longitudinal series of circuits (closed loops). Thus, the descending pathway through the medial forebrain bundle with two results do not support a rigidly hierarchical model of nervous system clear terminal fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Demarcating the Anatomical Structure of the Claustrum: Piecing Together a New Functional Puddle
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/179879; this version posted August 23, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Demarcating the anatomical structure of the claustrum: piecing together a new functional puddle Christopher M Dillingham1, Bethany E Frost1, Maciej M Jankowski2, Marie AC Lambert3 and Shane M O’Mara1 1Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland 2Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Neurobiology, Jerusalem, Israel 3Université de Poitiers, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers, France Journal: Brain Structure and Function Corresponding Author Professor Shane O’Mara Room 3.43, Institute of Neuroscience Lloyd Building Trinity College Dublin College Green Dublin 2 Ireland Tel: +353 (01) 896 8447 Email: [email protected] bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/179879; this version posted August 23, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Background: A major obstacle in the understanding of the functional anatomy of the claustrum has been, and continues to be, the contradiction surrounding its anatomical boundary and, in particular, its rostral (i.e. anterior to striatum), extent. In a recent review we highlighted gene expression-based evidence from the mouse brain which lends weight to the idea that the anatomical boundary of the claustrum does in fact extend rostral to the anterior apex of the striatum.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basal Ganglia and Thalamus of the Long-Tailed Macaque in Stereotaxic Coordinates
    Brain Struct Funct (2012) 217:613–666 DOI 10.1007/s00429-011-0370-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE The basal ganglia and thalamus of the long-tailed macaque in stereotaxic coordinates. A template atlas based on coronal, sagittal and horizontal brain sections Jose´ L. Lanciego • Alfonso Va´zquez Received: 20 September 2011 / Accepted: 2 December 2011 / Published online: 18 December 2011 Ó The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract A stereotaxic brain atlas of the basal ganglia and Keywords Stereotaxy Á Parkinson’s disease Á thalamus of Macaca fascicularis presented here is designed Ventriculography Á Cerebral cartography with a surgical perspective. In this regard, all coordinates have been referenced to a line linking the anterior and pos- Abbreviations terior commissures (ac–pc line) and considering the center 3n Oculomotor nerve fibers of the ac at the midline as the origin of the bicommissural 3V Third ventricle space. The atlas comprises of 43 different plates (19 coronal 4 Trochlear nucleus levels, 10 sagittal levels and 14 horizontal levels). In addition 4n Trochlear nerve to ‘classical’ cyto- and chemoarchitectural techniques such 5n Trigeminal nerve as the Nissl method and the acetylcholinesterase stain, ABA Accessory basal amygdaloid nucleus several immunohistochemical stains have been performed in ac Anterior commissure adjacent sections, including the detection of tyrosine Acb Nucleus accumbens hydroxylase, enkephalin, neurofilaments, parvalbumin and AD Anterodorsal nucleus calbindin. In comparison to other existing stereotaxic atlases al Ansa lenticularis for M. fasicularis, this atlas has two main advantages: firstly, alv Alveus brain cartography is based on a wide variety of cyto- and AM Anteromedian nucleus chemoarchitectural stains carried out on adjacent sections, Amg Amygdaloid complex therefore enabling accurate segmentation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Time-Dependent Role of Midline Thalamic Nuclei in the Retrieval of Fear Memory
    Neuropharmacology 62 (2012) 457e463 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Neuropharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuropharm A time-dependent role of midline thalamic nuclei in the retrieval of fear memory Nancy Padilla-Coreano1, Fabricio H. Do-Monte1, Gregory J. Quirk* Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico article info abstract Article history: Increasing evidence indicates that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the amygdala mediate Received 6 June 2011 expression and extinction of conditioned fear, but few studies have examined the inputs to these Received in revised form structures. The dorsal part of the midline thalamus (dMT) contains structures such as the mediodorsal 21 August 2011 nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and paratenial nucleus that project prominently to mPFC, as well as to Accepted 22 August 2011 basal (BA) and central (Ce) nuclei of the amygdala. Using temporary inactivation with GABA agonist muscimol, we found that dMT was necessary for retrieving auditory fear memory that was 24 h old, but Keywords: not 2e8 h old. However, pre-training infusions did not impair fear acquisition or extinction. To determine Thalamus Central amygdala the possible targets of dMT that might modulate fear retrieval, we combined dMT inactivation with Fos Fos immunohistochemistry. Rats with inactivation-induced impairment in fear retrieval showed increased Prefrontal cortex Fos in the lateral division of Ce (CeL), and decreased Fos in the medial division of Ce. No differences in Fos Extinction expression were observed in the mPFC or BA. We suggest that the projections from the paraventricular nucleus to CeL are involved in retrieval of well consolidated fear memories.
    [Show full text]
  • Projections of the Paraventricular and Paratenial Nuclei of the Dorsal Midline Thalamus in the Rat
    THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 508:212–237 (2008) Projections of the Paraventricular and Paratenial Nuclei of the Dorsal Midline Thalamus in the Rat ROBERT P. VERTES* AND WALTER B. HOOVER Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431 ABSTRACT The paraventricular (PV) and paratenial (PT) nuclei are prominent cell groups of the midline thalamus. To our knowledge, only a single early report has examined PV projections and no previous study has comprehensively analyzed PT projections. By using the antero- grade anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, and the retrograde tracer, FluoroGold, we examined the efferent projections of PV and PT. We showed that the output of PV is virtually directed to a discrete set of limbic forebrain structures, including ‘limbic’ regions of the cortex. These include the infralimbic, prelimbic, dorsal agranular insular, and entorhinal cortices, the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus, dorsal tenia tecta, claustrum, lateral septum, dorsal striatum, nucleus accumbens (core and shell), olfactory tubercle, bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BST), medial, central, cortical, and basal nuclei of amygdala, and the suprachiasmatic, arcuate, and dorsomedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. The posterior PV distributes more heavily than the anterior PV to the dorsal striatum and to the central and basal nuclei of amygdala. PT projections significantly overlap with those of PV, with some important differences. PT distributes less heavily than PV to BST and to the amygdala, but much more densely to the medial prefrontal and entorhinal cortices and to the ventral subiculum of hippocampus. As described herein, PV/PT receive a vast array of afferents from the brainstem, hypothalamus, and limbic forebrain, related to arousal and attentive states of the animal, and would appear to channel that information to structures of the limbic forebrain in the selection of appropriate responses to changing environmental conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Thalamic Interaction Between the Input and the Output Systems of the Basal Ganglia
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Dadun, University of Navarra Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 16 (1999) 187–200 Review Thalamic interaction between the input and the output systems of the basal ganglia Elisa Mengual a, Silvano de las Heras b, Elena Erro a, Jose´ Luis Lanciego a, Jose´ Manuel Gime´nez-Amaya a,* a Departamento de Anatomı´a, Facultad de Medicina, Uni6ersidad de Na6arra, C/ Irunlarrea, 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain b Departamento de Morfologı´a, Facultad de Medicina, Uni6ersidad Auto´noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain Received 6 April 1998; received in revised form 22 October 1998; accepted 14 February 1999 Abstract The striatal return through the thalamus is largely neglected in current studies dealing with basal ganglia function, and its role within this circuitry remains obscure. In this contribution the thalamus is regarded as an important place of interaction between the input and the output organization of the basal ganglia. In support of this idea, a brief overview is provided of some of the most recent findings concerning the thalamus in relation to the basal ganglia circuitry. In particular, we have focused on the thalamostriatal projections themselves, on the output of the basal ganglia to the thalamus and also on the overlapping territories between the thalamic projection of the output nuclei and the thalamostriatal neurons. These data support the existence of several thalamic feedback circuits within the basal ganglia neural system. Finally, some considerations are provided upon the functional significance of these thalamic feedback circuits in the overall organization of the basal ganglia.
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Projections of the Infralimbic and Prelimbic Cortex in the Rat
    SYNAPSE 51:32–58 (2004) Differential Projections of the Infralimbic and Prelimbic Cortex in the Rat ROBERT P. VERTES* Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431 KEY WORDS agranular insular cortex; claustrum; nucleus accumbens; nucleus re- uniens; prelimbic circuit; visceromotor activity; working memory ABSTRACT The medial prefrontal cortex has been associated with diverse functions including attentional processes, visceromotor activity, decision-making, goal-directed behavior, and working memory. The present report compares and contrasts projections from the infralimbic (IL) and prelimbic (PL) cortices in the rat by using the anterograde anatomical tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. With the exception of common projections to parts of the orbitomedial prefrontal cortex, olfactory forebrain, and mid- line thalamus, PL and IL distribute very differently throughout the brain. Main projec- tion sites of IL are: 1) the lateral septum, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, medial and lateral preoptic nuclei, substantia innominata, and endopiriform nuclei of the basal forebrain; 2) the medial, basomedial, central, and cortical nuclei of amygdala; 3) the dorsomedial, lateral, perifornical, posterior, and supramammillary nuclei of hypothala- mus; and 4) the parabrachial and solitary nuclei of the brainstem. By contrast, PL projects at best sparingly to each of these structures. Main projection sites of PL are: the agranular insular cortex, claustrum, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle,
    [Show full text]
  • Large-Scale Regional Interactions with Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Orbitofrontal Cortex, and Anterior Cingulate Cortex
    The Journal of Neuroscience, June 15, 2001, 21(12):4400–4407 Maturation of Extinction Behavior in Infant Rats: Large-Scale Regional Interactions with Medial Prefrontal Cortex, Orbitofrontal Cortex, and Anterior Cingulate Cortex Hemanth P. Nair, Jason D. Berndt, Douglas Barrett, and F. Gonzalez-Lima Institute for Neuroscience and Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 The ability to express a behavior during the postnatal period pups relative to PRF pups. No differences were found between may be related to developmental changes in the recruitment of P12 groups. FDG uptake, an index of acute changes in func- particular neural systems. Here, we show that developmental tional activity, was quantified in the three cortical regions and 27 changes in the functional interactions involving three cortical other brain regions of interest. A multivariate covariance anal- regions (the medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and ysis, seed partial least squares, revealed that functional rela- anterior cingulate cortex) are associated with maturation of tionships involving the three cortical regions and large-scale extinction behavior in infant rats. Postnatal day 17 (P17) and systems of regions throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the P12 pups were trained in a straight-alley runway on an alter- brain changed with training in P17 pups. The cortical regions nating schedule of reward and nonreward [patterned single were primarily uncoupled in the younger group. The data sug- alternation (PSA)] or on a pseudorandom schedule of partial gest that functional maturation of the frontal cortical regions reinforcement (PRF); the pups were then injected with fluoro- and their interactions with other brain systems are related to the deoxyglucose (FDG) and shifted to continuous nonreward (ex- maturational shift in behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Thalamic Afferents to the Rostral and Caudal Forelimb Regions of Rat Motor Cortex: an Experimental Investigation Using Horseradish Peroxidase
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1982 A Comparison of Thalamic Afferents to the Rostral and Caudal Forelimb Regions of Rat Motor Cortex: An Experimental Investigation Using Horseradish Peroxidase E. Luke Bold Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Bold, E. Luke, "A Comparison of Thalamic Afferents to the Rostral and Caudal Forelimb Regions of Rat Motor Cortex: An Experimental Investigation Using Horseradish Peroxidase" (1982). Master's Theses. 3171. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/3171 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1982 E. Luke Bold A COMPARISON OF THALAMIC AFFERENTS TO THE ROSTRAL AND CAUDAL FORELIMB REGIONS OF RAT MOTOR CORTEX AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION USING HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE by E. LUKE BOLD A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF LOYOLA UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE APRIL 1982 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the patience and unfailing guidance of his advisor, Dr. E.J. Neafsey, for his continued support throughout the extent of this project. Also thanks to the other members of the thesis committee, Dr. R.D. Wurster, Dr. A.J. Castro, and Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 56 (2015) 315–329
    Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 56 (2015) 315–329 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews jou rnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neubiorev Review Placing the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus within the brain circuits that control behavior ∗ Gilbert J. Kirouac Departments of Oral Biology and Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: This article reviews the anatomical connections of the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) Received 6 January 2015 and discusses some of the connections by which the PVT could influence behavior. The PVT receives Received in revised form 29 July 2015 neurochemically diverse projections from the brainstem and hypothalamus with an especially strong Accepted 4 August 2015 innervation from peptide producing neurons. Anatomical evidence is also presented which suggests that Available online 7 August 2015 the PVT relays information from neurons involved in visceral or homeostatic functions. In turn, the PVT is a major source of projections to the nucleus accumbens, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the Keywords: central nucleus of the amygdala as well as the cortical areas associated with these subcortical regions. Paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus Motivation The PVT is activated by conditions and cues that produce states of arousal including those with appetitive Emotions or aversive emotional valences. The paper focuses on the potential contribution of the PVT to circadian Arousal rhythms, fear, anxiety, food intake and drug-seeking. The information in this paper highlights the poten- Nucleus accumbens tial importance of the PVT as being a component of the brain circuits that regulate reward and defensive Prefrontal cortex behavior with the hope of generating more research in this relatively understudied region of the brain.
    [Show full text]