Antimony Compounds
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Critical Mineral - Antimony
Critical Mineral - Antimony Listed as one of the 35 critical minerals by the U.S. Government, antimony strengthens metal in munitions, is used in batteries, solar panels, and wind turbines, and therefore plays an important role in our defense and energy industries. Today, China and Russia control the world’s supply of antimony, leaving the U.S. without a direct source of this mineral which is important to our national, economic, and environmental future. Perpetua Resources is developing the only commercially viable antimony mine in the U.S. to source supply for new battery and solar technologies, as well as alloys critical for national security products. CRITICAL TO THE GREEN ECONOMY Critical minerals are vital to national and economic security, as well as the future green economy. Domestic sourcing and production of all critical minerals has bi-partisan political support. Antimony is critical in the use of bearings for wind turbines, glass clarifcation for solar energy projects, and cable sheathing for wiring and as an important component in many electrical and solid state circuitry components. For defense, antimony use is critical in fame retardants, primers, and ammunition. Antimony has current and projected widespread use for the U.S. green energy sectors. Recent studies point to antimony playing a substantial role in the development of large-scale, safe, affordable battery storage technology. A limited supply of antimony and lack of advanced new antimony development projects are considered key risks to this technology moving forward. SUPPLY Currently, 92% antimony Based on the 2020 Feasibility Study the Stibnite Gold production is dominated by Project is expected to produce enough antimony to supply approximately 30% of U.S. -
Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials John D
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 3-25-2005 Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials John D. Krause University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Krause, John D., "Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials" (2005). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/730 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials by John D. Krause A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Environmental and Occupational Health College of Public Health University of South Florida Major Professor: Yehia Y. Hammad, Sc.D. Noreen D. Poor, Ph.D. Ann C. Debaldo, Ph.D. Diane Te Strake, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 25, 2005 Keywords: mold, mould, carbon dioxide, antimony trioxide, flame retardant © Copyright 2005, John D. Krause Dedication For their love, support, patience and understanding throughout this endeavor, I dedicate this work to my family, daughter, and most of all, my loving wife. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the following individuals and companies for their assistance in this research. -
4. Inorganic Flame Retardants. Plastics Can Be Given Flame Retardant Characteristics by Introducing Elements of Organic, Inorganic and Halogen Origin
4. Inorganic Flame Retardants. Plastics can be given flame retardant characteristics by introducing elements of organic, inorganic and halogen origin. Such elements include magnesium, aluminium, phosphorous, molybdenum, antimony, tin, chlorine and bromine. Flame retardants are added in either the manufacturing step of the polymer or the compounding step of the polymeric article. Phosphorous bromine and chlorine are usually included as some organic compound. Inorganic flame retardants are usually added together with other flame retardants to provide a more efficient flame retardant action through synergism. Halogen flame retardants usually need an addition of about 40% in order to be effective, and this affects the properties of the polymer quite negatively. Structural integrity of the polymer article is often very important, and a drastic decrease in strength and other mechanical properties is simply not acceptable. The efficiency of halogen flame retardants is often enhanced by the addition of inorganic flame retardants. A smaller mass percentage halogen flame retardant is now needed, so the adverse effect on the polymer properties is also reduced (Touval, 1993) . 4.1 Antimony Compounds The antimony compounds used for flame retardancy include antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide and antimony-metal compounds. In 1990 in the United States alone, the use of antimony trioxide amounted to 20 000 metric tons just for the flame retardancy of plastics. Antimony oxide is readily found in nature but in very impure form. This is not suitable for 29 direct use as flame retardant, so antimony oxide is often rather produced from antimony metal. There are therefore many different grades of antimony oxide that can be used for flame retardants. -
FS Heavy Metals and Metalloids Final
DETOX Program Fact Sheet – Heavy Metals and Metalloids DETOX Program Hazardous Substances Fact Sheet Heavy Metals and Metalloids 1 DETOX Program Fact Sheet – Heavy Metals and Metalloids Content 1 Background .................................................................................................................... 3 2 Definition ........................................................................................................................ 3 3 Legal Aspects ................................................................................................................. 4 4 Hazardous Properties and Exposure .............................................................................. 4 4.1 Hazardous Properties .............................................................................................. 4 4.2 Exposure ................................................................................................................. 5 5 Sources for Heavy Metals and Metalloids in production of textiles .................................. 6 6 Alternative and Substitute Substances ........................................................................... 7 2 DETOX Program Fact Sheet – Heavy Metals and Metalloids 1 Background Heavy metals and metalloids are constituents of specific dyes and pigments, tanning chemicals for leather, catalysts in fiber production, printing pastes, as part of flame retardants and many more. They can also be found in natural fibers due to absorption by plants through soil or from fertilizers. Metals -
123. Antimony
1998:11 The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals 123. Antimony John Erik Berg Knut Skyberg Nordic Council of Ministers arbete och hälsa vetenskaplig skriftserie ISBN 91–7045–471–x ISSN 0346–7821 http://www.niwl.se/ah/ah.htm National Institute for Working Life National Institute for Working Life The National Institute for Working Life is Sweden's center for research and development on labour market, working life and work environment. Diffusion of infor- mation, training and teaching, local development and international collaboration are other important issues for the Institute. The R&D competence will be found in the following areas: Labour market and labour legislation, work organization and production technology, psychosocial working conditions, occupational medicine, allergy, effects on the nervous system, ergonomics, work environment technology and musculoskeletal disorders, chemical hazards and toxicology. A total of about 470 people work at the Institute, around 370 with research and development. The Institute’s staff includes 32 professors and in total 122 persons with a postdoctoral degree. The National Institute for Working Life has a large international collaboration in R&D, including a number of projects within the EC Framework Programme for Research and Technology Development. ARBETE OCH HÄLSA Redaktör: Anders Kjellberg Redaktionskommitté: Anders Colmsjö och Ewa Wigaeus Hjelm © Arbetslivsinstitutet & författarna 1998 Arbetslivsinstitutet, 171 84 Solna, Sverige ISBN 91–7045–471–X ISSN 0346-7821 Tryckt hos CM Gruppen Preface The Nordic Council is an intergovernmental collaborative body for the five countries, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. One of the committees, the Nordic Senior Executive Committee for Occupational Environmental Matters, initiated a project in order to produce criteria documents to be used by the regulatory authorities in the Nordic countries as a scientific basis for the setting of national occupational exposure limits. -
Toxicological Profile for Antimony
ANTIMONY AND COMPOUNDS 11 CHAPTER 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.1 INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of antimony. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. When available, mechanisms of action are discussed along with the health effects data; toxicokinetic mechanistic data are discussed in Section 3.1. A glossary and list of acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols can be found at the end of this profile. To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized by health effect. These data are discussed in terms of route of exposure (inhalation, oral, and dermal) and three exposure periods: acute (≤14 days), intermediate (15–364 days), and chronic (≥365 days). As discussed in Appendix B, a literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies examining health effect endpoints. Figure 2-1 provides an overview of the database of studies in humans or experimental animals included in this chapter of the profile. These studies evaluate the potential health effects associated with inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to antimony, but may not be inclusive of the entire body of literature. A systematic review of the scientific evidence of the health effects associated with exposure to antimony was also conducted; the results of this review are presented in Appendix C. -
Periodic Table of the Elements Notes
Periodic Table of the Elements Notes Arrangement of the known elements based on atomic number and chemical and physical properties. Divided into three basic categories: Metals (left side of the table) Nonmetals (right side of the table) Metalloids (touching the zig zag line) Basic Organization by: Atomic structure Atomic number Chemical and Physical Properties Uses of the Periodic Table Useful in predicting: chemical behavior of the elements trends properties of the elements Atomic Structure Review: Atoms are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Elements are atoms of only one type. Elements are identified by the atomic number (# of protons in nucleus). Energy Levels Review: Electrons are arranged in a region around the nucleus called an electron cloud. Energy levels are located within the cloud. At least 1 energy level and as many as 7 energy levels exist in atoms Energy Levels & Valence Electrons Energy levels hold a specific amount of electrons: 1st level = up to 2 2nd level = up to 8 3rd level = up to 8 (first 18 elements only) The electrons in the outermost level are called valence electrons. Determine reactivity - how elements will react with others to form compounds Outermost level does not usually fill completely with electrons Using the Table to Identify Valence Electrons Elements are grouped into vertical columns because they have similar properties. These are called groups or families. Groups are numbered 1-18. Group numbers can help you determine the number of valence electrons: Group 1 has 1 valence electron. Group 2 has 2 valence electrons. Groups 3–12 are transition metals and have 1 or 2 valence electrons. -
FLAME RETARDANTS in PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS Chapter 3
FLAME RETARDANTS IN PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS Chapter 3 FINAL REPORT August 2015 EPA Publication 744-R-15-001 3 Chemical Flame Retardants for FR-4 Laminates This chapter summarizes the general characteristics of flame retardants and associated mechanisms of flame retardancy. The flame-retardant chemicals currently used in printed circuit boards (PCBs) are also briefly introduced, with more detailed information about their potential exposure pathways, toxicity, and life-cycle considerations presented in later chapters. 3.1 General Characteristics of Flame-Retardant Chemicals Fire occurs in three stages: (a) thermal decomposition, where the solid, or condensed phase, breaks down into gaseous decomposition products as a result of heat, (b) combustion chain reactions in the gas phase, where thermal decomposition products react with an oxidant (usually air) and generate more combustion products, which can then propagate the fire and release heat, and (c) transfer of the heat generated from the combustion process back to the condensed phase to continue the thermal decomposition process (Hirschler, 1992; Beyler and Hirschler, 2002). In general, flame retardants decrease the likelihood of a fire occurring and/or decrease the undesirable consequences of a fire (Lyons, 1970; Cullis and Hirschler, 1981). The simplest way, in theory, of preventing polymer combustion is to design the polymer so that it is thermally very stable. Thermally stable polymers are less likely to thermally degrade, which prevents combustion from initiating. However, thermally stable polymers are not typically used due to cost and/or other performance issues such as mechanical and electrical properties incompatible with end-use needs for the finished part/item. -
Antimony Trioxide [CAS No. 1309-64-4]
Antimony Trioxide [CAS No. 1309-64-4] Brief Review of Toxicological Literature Prepared for National Toxicology Program (NTP) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Contract No. N01-ES-35515 Project Officer: Scott A. Masten, Ph.D. NTP/NIEHS Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Prepared by Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina July 2005 Chemical Name: Antimony Trioxide CAS RN: 1309-64-4 Formula: Sb2O3 Basis for Nomination: Antimony trioxide was nominated by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences for chronic toxicity, cardiotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies due to the potential for substantial human exposure in occupational settings and lack of adequate two-year exposure carcinogenicity studies. Additional studies of antimony trioxide are of interest, in lieu of studies with antimony trisulfide or another antimony compound, considering the higher volume of use and magnitude of human exposure, and the lack of two- year exposure carcinogenicity studies for any antimony compound by any route of administration. Antimony trisulfide was nominated to the NTP by the National Cancer Institute in 2002 for carcinogenicity studies (http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntpweb/index.cfm?objectid=25BEBA08-BDB7-CEBA- FC56EAD78615ADCF). Subsequent to the nomination review process, the NTP concluded that antimony trisulfide should not be studied further at this time for the following reasons: 1) antimony trisulfide does not appear to represent a major form of antimony to which humans are exposed; 2) carcinogenicity studies of antimony trisulfide is unlikely to lead to a sufficient understanding of the carcinogenicity hazard for antimony compounds as a group; and 3) there is concern regarding the safe handling of pure antimony trisulfide in experimental settings due to its flammable/combustible nature. -
United States Patent (19) [11] 3,945,974 Schwarcz Et Al
United States Patent (19) [11] 3,945,974 Schwarcz et al. (45) Mar. 23, 1976 54 SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR 2,855,266 l Of 1958 James .............................. 260/45.75 2,948,638 8/1960 Baird............................... 260/45.75 HALOGEN-CONTAINING PLASTIC 3,202,567 8/1965 Muri et al. ...................... 106/15 FP COMPOSITIONS 3,705,128 12/1972 Knowles........................... 260/45.75 75) Inventors: Joseph Schwarcz, Highland Park; 3,766, 57 10/1973 Parts................................ 260/45.75 Bernard Engelbart, Trenton; 3,770,577 1 1/1973 Humpbrey....................... 260/45.75 Edward L. White, Freehold, all of N.J. OTHER PUBLICATIONS 73 Assignee: NL Industries, Inc., New York, Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol. 61, N.Y. No. 12 pp. 3241 to 3244 Dec. 19, 1939. (22 Filed: Dec. 20, 1973 21) Appl. No.: 426,492 Primary Examiner-V. P. Hoke 52 U.S. C.260/31.8 R; 260/45.7 R; 260/45.75 W; 57 ABSTRACT 260/45.75 B (5) Int. Cl.............................................. C08J 3/20 Zinc is added to a halogen-containing plastic composi 58 Field of Search. 260/45.75 R, 45.7 R, 45.75 B, tion with or without a flame retardant additive to 260/45.75 W, 45.75 K, 29. R serve as a smoke suppressant during combustion of the plastic. (56) References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 16 Claims, No Drawings 2,772, 59 l/1956 Elliott............................. 260/45.75 3,945,974 2 tions and in particular plasticized polyvinyl chloride SMOKE SUPPRESSANTS FOR include zinc dust, zinc oxide, zinc carbonate, normal HALOGEN-CONTAINING PLASTC zinc -
Understanding Lead-Free Alloys by Karl Seelig
Understanding Lead-Free Alloys By Karl Seelig One result of the push to find lead-free solder alternatives is that there are now many options available to the board assembler. Much development, patterning and research has gone into finding viable solutions for those who want to eliminate lead from their process. However, each of these alloys is different in significant ways and background information is necessary. January 1998 The Alternatives: Many of the new products are rich in tin with a variety of At first glance, the bismuth-bearing alloys appear to offer other elements added to enhance different high tensile strength, but in peel strength tests they are characteristics. The most basic solders are binary prone to failure due to poor fatigue resistance. The alloys that have been used for years in non-electronic same can be said for indium-based lead-free applications. Tin-lead has been a suitable standard alternatives. alloy for many years simply because it meets most of Tin/silver as a 96/4 alloy is fairly common and the requirements for electronics assembly. However, has a long history in the hybrid circuit industry. with the urgent need for controlled recycling and Unfortunately, with a spike temperature of 260°C, this reduction of hazardous waste related to finished alloy’s melting point is too high for many surface mount products, the greater use of lead-free solders has led to applications. the discovery of some of their noteworthy characteristics. For example, high joint strength, better Ternary tin/copper/silver alloys comprise a family fatigue resistance, improved high temperature life and of lead-free alternatives that show high promise. -
Fire Retardant (Fr) Systems and Techniques
FIRE RETARDANT: c o n t i n u e d 2 FIRE RETARDANT: c o n t i n u e d 3 FIRE RETARDANT: c o n t i n u e d 4 FIRE RETARDANT: c o n t i n u e d 5 A strong push is toward low smoke compounding. Minimum smoke emission requires that no Adding 5-10 phr Zinc Borate helps either system. One half as much antimony can be used if Zinc weight, solid Akrochlor R-70 resin can be used at 25-30 phr in EPDM. Make sure R-70 is melted It also provides filler that helps prevent “drips” and sticky rubber forming if the compound burns or fire retardant (fr) systems and halogens or antimony oxide be used. Ideally, other burnable materials like black and petroleum Borate is present. Use of a bromine halogen donor in place of the chlorine donor allows less FR during mixing (220°F minimum). Mill-mixing R-70 sometimes results in molding flaws and melts. Drips are typically more of a plastic concern than rubber. oils are minimized. Besides providing less burnable material, non-black fillers tend to reduce smoke material to be used. The Br radical reacts 2300 times faster and is more efficient than Cl but the poorer flame resistance. In general, good dispersion of the flame retarders is essential. Imagine Smoke and Flame Resistance: techniques generation vs. carbon black. Use of halogens creates an acidic smoke that in a closed space (train Cl is usually less expensive overall. Br is used mostly in plastics where they take advantage of the two identical compounds, one with finely dispersed ingredients; the other with poor dispersion: car, mines, underground subway, and tunnels) can be deadly.