123. Antimony
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Classification of Medicinal Drugs and Driving: Co-Ordination and Synthesis Report
Project No. TREN-05-FP6TR-S07.61320-518404-DRUID DRUID Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines Integrated Project 1.6. Sustainable Development, Global Change and Ecosystem 1.6.2: Sustainable Surface Transport 6th Framework Programme Deliverable 4.4.1 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Due date of deliverable: 21.07.2011 Actual submission date: 21.07.2011 Revision date: 21.07.2011 Start date of project: 15.10.2006 Duration: 48 months Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: UVA Revision 0.0 Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level PU Public PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission x Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) DRUID 6th Framework Programme Deliverable D.4.4.1 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Page 1 of 243 Classification of medicinal drugs and driving: Co-ordination and synthesis report. Authors Trinidad Gómez-Talegón, Inmaculada Fierro, M. Carmen Del Río, F. Javier Álvarez (UVa, University of Valladolid, Spain) Partners - Silvia Ravera, Susana Monteiro, Han de Gier (RUGPha, University of Groningen, the Netherlands) - Gertrude Van der Linden, Sara-Ann Legrand, Kristof Pil, Alain Verstraete (UGent, Ghent University, Belgium) - Michel Mallaret, Charles Mercier-Guyon, Isabelle Mercier-Guyon (UGren, University of Grenoble, Centre Regional de Pharmacovigilance, France) - Katerina Touliou (CERT-HIT, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Greece) - Michael Hei βing (BASt, Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, Germany). -
Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials John D
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 3-25-2005 Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials John D. Krause University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Scholar Commons Citation Krause, John D., "Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials" (2005). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/730 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Generation of Carbon Dioxide and Mobilization of Antimony Trioxide by Fungal Decomposition of Building Materials by John D. Krause A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Environmental and Occupational Health College of Public Health University of South Florida Major Professor: Yehia Y. Hammad, Sc.D. Noreen D. Poor, Ph.D. Ann C. Debaldo, Ph.D. Diane Te Strake, Ph.D. Date of Approval: March 25, 2005 Keywords: mold, mould, carbon dioxide, antimony trioxide, flame retardant © Copyright 2005, John D. Krause Dedication For their love, support, patience and understanding throughout this endeavor, I dedicate this work to my family, daughter, and most of all, my loving wife. Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the following individuals and companies for their assistance in this research. -
Refrigerant Safety Refrigerant History
Refrigerant Safety The risks associated with the use of refrigerants in refrigeration and airconditioning equipment can include toxicity, flammability, asphyxiation, and physical hazards. Although refrigerants can pose one or more of these risks, system design, engineering controls, and other techniques mitigate this risk for the use of refrigerant in various types of equipment. Refrigerant History Nearly all of the historically used refrigerants were flammable, toxic, or both. Some were also highly reactive, resulting in accidents (e. g., leak, explosion) due to equipment failure, poor maintenance, or human error. The task of finding a nonflammable refrigerant with good stability was given to Thomas Midgley in 1926. With his associates Albert Leon Henne and Robert Reed McNary, Dr. Midgley observed that the refrigerants then in use comprised relatively few chemical elements, many of which were clustered in an intersecting row and column of the periodic table of elements. The element at the intersection was fluorine, known to be toxic by itself. Midgley and his collaborators felt, however, that compounds containing fluorine could be both nontoxic and nonflammable. The attention of Midgley and his associates was drawn to organic fluorides by an error in the literature that showed the boiling point for tetrafluoromethane (carbon tetrafluoride) to be high compared to those for other fluorinated compounds. The correct boiling temperature later was found to be much lower. Nevertheless, the incorrect value was in the range sought and led to evaluation of organic fluorides as candidates. The shorthand convention, later introduced to simplify identification of the organic fluorides for a systematic search, is used today as the numbering system for refrigerants. -
Gsaüiiveiwibte
'C or GSAÜIIVEIWIBTE CUflIIITIIIi MïtiTHI AJIAlfïïf ,7 -' y/ . •'• .'7. 's -i, . \ STELLINGEN BEHORENDE BIJ HEJ FROEFSCHRIffT VAN R. FURLER 1. De episoomtheorie over het ontstaan van het mitochon- drion is weinig plausibel. R.A, Ratt and H.R. Mahler, Science 221 O972),575 2, Doordat S. Cirendini et al. de dragergassnelheid aan 'aet einde van een chromatografische kolom gebruiken, ontstaat een geflatteerd beeld van de weergegeven re- sultaten. Tevens is het niet mogelijk een dragergas- snelheid te berekenen zonder dat men de interstitiële porositeit kent» S, Cirendini, J. Vermont, J.C. Gressin and CL. Guilleain , J. Chromat. 84 (1973),24 3. De in de mode zijnde bepaling van RNA-moleculair ge- wichten door metingen aan formaldehyde behandelde RNA's berust op dubieuze aannamen. J.M. Kaper and M.E. v/aterworth,Virology 51 (1973),183 T.O. Diener and D.R. Smith, Virology *£ (^973), 359 M.M. El Manna and G. Bruening, Virology 56 (1973),198 4, Op grond van de zeer grote verschillen in stralingska- rakteristiek van de isotopen 1-131 en 1-123 is het streven van isotopenproducenten om een zo 'schoon' mogelijk 1-123 voor diagnostische doeleinden te leve- ren in strijd met de volksgezondheid, doordat de ver- tragingen#die dit oplevert onnodige stralingsbelasting voor patiënten veroorzaakt. H. ïlishiyama et al. J.Nucl.Med. 1£ (1974),261 5« De analogie die Gilbert et al. opmerken tussen de "exchange peak" in de kolom vloaistofchromatografie met behulp van ionenwisselaar en de luchtpi.ek bij gaschromatografie is twijfelachtig. T.W. Gilbert and R.A, Dobbs, Analyt.Chem. 45 (1>73), 1390. -
4. Inorganic Flame Retardants. Plastics Can Be Given Flame Retardant Characteristics by Introducing Elements of Organic, Inorganic and Halogen Origin
4. Inorganic Flame Retardants. Plastics can be given flame retardant characteristics by introducing elements of organic, inorganic and halogen origin. Such elements include magnesium, aluminium, phosphorous, molybdenum, antimony, tin, chlorine and bromine. Flame retardants are added in either the manufacturing step of the polymer or the compounding step of the polymeric article. Phosphorous bromine and chlorine are usually included as some organic compound. Inorganic flame retardants are usually added together with other flame retardants to provide a more efficient flame retardant action through synergism. Halogen flame retardants usually need an addition of about 40% in order to be effective, and this affects the properties of the polymer quite negatively. Structural integrity of the polymer article is often very important, and a drastic decrease in strength and other mechanical properties is simply not acceptable. The efficiency of halogen flame retardants is often enhanced by the addition of inorganic flame retardants. A smaller mass percentage halogen flame retardant is now needed, so the adverse effect on the polymer properties is also reduced (Touval, 1993) . 4.1 Antimony Compounds The antimony compounds used for flame retardancy include antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide and antimony-metal compounds. In 1990 in the United States alone, the use of antimony trioxide amounted to 20 000 metric tons just for the flame retardancy of plastics. Antimony oxide is readily found in nature but in very impure form. This is not suitable for 29 direct use as flame retardant, so antimony oxide is often rather produced from antimony metal. There are therefore many different grades of antimony oxide that can be used for flame retardants. -
Properties and Human Exposure; Sanford Garner; Roc; Jan. 24, 2018
Draft RoC Monograph on Antimony Trioxide Properties and Human Exposure Sanford Garner, PhD Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. Contractor supporting the Office of the Report on Carcinogens National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences January 24, 2018 Properties Antimony and antimony compounds • Antimony is a metalloid found in nature in over 100 mineral species – Exists as four oxidation states: -3, 0, +3 and +5 • +3 (trivalent) and +5 (pentavalent) are most common in environmental, biological, and geochemical systems – Antimony species can undergo transformation during manufacturing processes, in the environment, or in vivo • Elemental antimony is a silver-white metal used to make alloys • Antimony(III) trioxide exists as an odorless white powder or polymorphic crystals Properties Solubility of antimony oxides and antimony metal is higher in biological fluids than in water • Antimony trioxide: 3.3 mg/L in water • Antimony pentoxide: 0.043 mg/L in water • Antimony metal: Insoluble in water Source: ECHA Registration Dossiers for diantimony pentoxide and diantimony trioxide. Properties and Human Exposure Human Exposure Human Exposure A significant number of people in the United States are exposed to antimony(III) trioxide based on: • Consumption (~ 70 million lb/yr; 1 producer and 10 importers reported in the United States) in manufacturing • Widespread use in industrial applications (e.g., 273 companies in the flame retardant industry) • Occupational exposure • General population exposure – Consumer products – Environmental exposure Uses of Antimony(III) Trioxide Antimony(III) trioxide is the most commercially significant form of processed antimony • Workers in formulation, processing, and manufacturing of consumer products are exposed to antimony(III) trioxide Consumer Formulation Processing products flame retardant e.g., furniture, flame retardant plastics (including electrical and synergist PVC), textiles, electronic equipment rubbers e.g., PET containers PET packaging and PET catalyst for water, soft drinks, fibers etc. -
United States Patent Office Patented Sept
2,904,588 United States Patent Office Patented Sept. 15, 1959 - 2 m Three grams of the product prepared as described above was placed in a polyethylene bottle and 6 g. of water 2,904,588 was added. After the initial exothermic reaction had FLUOROPHOSPHORANES AND THEIR subsided and the solution had cooled, a white crystalline PREPARATION solid separated. This solid was recrystallized twice from water. After drying, the product melted at 159 to 161 William C. Smith, Wilmington, Del, assignor to E. I. du C. The melting point of benzenephosphonic acid is 159 Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., a to 161° C., and this is the product expected from the com corporation of Delaware plete hydrolysis of phenyltetrafluorophosphorane. No Drawing. Application March 26, 1956 O Nuclear magnetic resonance examination of the phenyl Serial No. 573,659 tetrafluorophosphorane showed it to have four equiv alent fluorine atoms bound to phosphorus, which indi 15 Claims. (C. 260-543) cated a square pyramidal structure. This invention relates to new compositions of matter 5 EXAMPLE II and to their preparation. Example I was repeated, using a charge consisting Organic fluorine compounds have attained considerable of 53.7 g (0.3 mole) of phenylphosphonous dichloride importance in recent years and simple and economic in the reaction flask and 65.1 g (0.3 mole) of antimony methods for their preparation are greatly desired. pentafluoride in the dropping funnel. The antimony This invention has as an object the preparation of new 20 pentafluoride was added to the phenylphosphonous di fluorophosphoranes. A further object is the provision of chloride at such a rate that the temperature of the reac a new process for their preparation. -
Toxicological Profile for Antimony
ANTIMONY AND COMPOUNDS 11 CHAPTER 2. HEALTH EFFECTS 2.1 INTRODUCTION The primary purpose of this chapter is to provide public health officials, physicians, toxicologists, and other interested individuals and groups with an overall perspective on the toxicology of antimony. It contains descriptions and evaluations of toxicological studies and epidemiological investigations and provides conclusions, where possible, on the relevance of toxicity and toxicokinetic data to public health. When available, mechanisms of action are discussed along with the health effects data; toxicokinetic mechanistic data are discussed in Section 3.1. A glossary and list of acronyms, abbreviations, and symbols can be found at the end of this profile. To help public health professionals and others address the needs of persons living or working near hazardous waste sites, the information in this section is organized by health effect. These data are discussed in terms of route of exposure (inhalation, oral, and dermal) and three exposure periods: acute (≤14 days), intermediate (15–364 days), and chronic (≥365 days). As discussed in Appendix B, a literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies examining health effect endpoints. Figure 2-1 provides an overview of the database of studies in humans or experimental animals included in this chapter of the profile. These studies evaluate the potential health effects associated with inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to antimony, but may not be inclusive of the entire body of literature. A systematic review of the scientific evidence of the health effects associated with exposure to antimony was also conducted; the results of this review are presented in Appendix C. -
General Pharmacology
GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY Winners of “Nobel” prize for their contribution to pharmacology Year Name Contribution 1923 Frederick Banting Discovery of insulin John McLeod 1939 Gerhard Domagk Discovery of antibacterial effects of prontosil 1945 Sir Alexander Fleming Discovery of penicillin & its purification Ernst Boris Chain Sir Howard Walter Florey 1952 Selman Abraham Waksman Discovery of streptomycin 1982 Sir John R.Vane Discovery of prostaglandins 1999 Alfred G.Gilman Discovery of G proteins & their role in signal transduction in cells Martin Rodbell 1999 Arvid Carlson Discovery that dopamine is neurotransmitter in the brain whose depletion leads to symptoms of Parkinson’s disease Drug nomenclature: i. Chemical name ii. Non-proprietary name iii. Proprietary (Brand) name Source of drugs: Natural – plant /animal derivatives Synthetic/semisynthetic Plant Part Drug obtained Pilocarpus microphyllus Leaflets Pilocarpine Atropa belladonna Atropine Datura stramonium Physostigma venenosum dried, ripe seed Physostigmine Ephedra vulgaris Ephedrine Digitalis lanata Digoxin Strychnos toxifera Curare group of drugs Chondrodendron tomentosum Cannabis indica (Marijuana) Various parts are used ∆9Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Bhang - the dried leaves Ganja - the dried female inflorescence Charas- is the dried resinous extract from the flowering tops & leaves Papaver somniferum, P album Poppy seed pod/ Capsule Natural opiates such as morphine, codeine, thebaine Cinchona bark Quinine Vinca rosea periwinkle plant Vinca alkaloids Podophyllum peltatum the mayapple -
Toxic Or Hazardous Substance List
301 CMR: EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS 301 CMR 41.00: TOXIC OR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE LIST Section 41.01: Authority and Purpose 41.02: Definitions 41.03: Toxic or Hazardous Substance List 41.04: Amendment of the Toxic or Hazardous Substance List 41.05: Designation of Higher and Lower Hazard Substances 41.06: Higher Hazard Substances 41.07: Lower Hazard Substances 41.01: Authority and Purpose (1) Authority. The Administrative Council On Toxics Use Reduction adopts 301 CMR 41.00 pursuant to M.G.L. c. 21I, §§ 4(C) and 9. (2) Purpose. The Administrative Council on Toxics Use Reduction promulgates 301 CMR 41.00 to carry out its authority and responsibility: (a) to promote the coordination and enforcement of federal and state laws and regulations pertaining to toxics production and use, hazardous waste, industrial hygiene, worker safety, public exposure to toxics and the release of toxics into the environment; (b) to coordinate state programs in order to promote, most effectively, toxics use reduction in the Commonwealth; (c) to minimize unnecessary duplication of reporting requirements concerning toxic or hazardous substance production, use, release, disposal, and worker exposure; (d) to provide up-to-date and consistent information about manufacturing, worker exposure, distribution, process, sale, storage, release or other use of toxics on a facility, regional and statewide basis; (e) to adjust the toxic or hazardous substance list under M.G.L. c. 21I, § 9 by adding or deleting substances consistent with the changes on the Toxic Chemical List established pursuant to Section 313 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA); (f) to adjust the toxic or hazardous substance list under M.G.L. -
FLAME RETARDANTS in PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS Chapter 3
FLAME RETARDANTS IN PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS Chapter 3 FINAL REPORT August 2015 EPA Publication 744-R-15-001 3 Chemical Flame Retardants for FR-4 Laminates This chapter summarizes the general characteristics of flame retardants and associated mechanisms of flame retardancy. The flame-retardant chemicals currently used in printed circuit boards (PCBs) are also briefly introduced, with more detailed information about their potential exposure pathways, toxicity, and life-cycle considerations presented in later chapters. 3.1 General Characteristics of Flame-Retardant Chemicals Fire occurs in three stages: (a) thermal decomposition, where the solid, or condensed phase, breaks down into gaseous decomposition products as a result of heat, (b) combustion chain reactions in the gas phase, where thermal decomposition products react with an oxidant (usually air) and generate more combustion products, which can then propagate the fire and release heat, and (c) transfer of the heat generated from the combustion process back to the condensed phase to continue the thermal decomposition process (Hirschler, 1992; Beyler and Hirschler, 2002). In general, flame retardants decrease the likelihood of a fire occurring and/or decrease the undesirable consequences of a fire (Lyons, 1970; Cullis and Hirschler, 1981). The simplest way, in theory, of preventing polymer combustion is to design the polymer so that it is thermally very stable. Thermally stable polymers are less likely to thermally degrade, which prevents combustion from initiating. However, thermally stable polymers are not typically used due to cost and/or other performance issues such as mechanical and electrical properties incompatible with end-use needs for the finished part/item. -
Antimony Trioxide [CAS No. 1309-64-4]
Antimony Trioxide [CAS No. 1309-64-4] Brief Review of Toxicological Literature Prepared for National Toxicology Program (NTP) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Contract No. N01-ES-35515 Project Officer: Scott A. Masten, Ph.D. NTP/NIEHS Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Prepared by Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina July 2005 Chemical Name: Antimony Trioxide CAS RN: 1309-64-4 Formula: Sb2O3 Basis for Nomination: Antimony trioxide was nominated by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences for chronic toxicity, cardiotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies due to the potential for substantial human exposure in occupational settings and lack of adequate two-year exposure carcinogenicity studies. Additional studies of antimony trioxide are of interest, in lieu of studies with antimony trisulfide or another antimony compound, considering the higher volume of use and magnitude of human exposure, and the lack of two- year exposure carcinogenicity studies for any antimony compound by any route of administration. Antimony trisulfide was nominated to the NTP by the National Cancer Institute in 2002 for carcinogenicity studies (http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntpweb/index.cfm?objectid=25BEBA08-BDB7-CEBA- FC56EAD78615ADCF). Subsequent to the nomination review process, the NTP concluded that antimony trisulfide should not be studied further at this time for the following reasons: 1) antimony trisulfide does not appear to represent a major form of antimony to which humans are exposed; 2) carcinogenicity studies of antimony trisulfide is unlikely to lead to a sufficient understanding of the carcinogenicity hazard for antimony compounds as a group; and 3) there is concern regarding the safe handling of pure antimony trisulfide in experimental settings due to its flammable/combustible nature.