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Concept and Technology of HTV-R: an Advanced Type of H-II Transfer Vehicle

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Concept and Technology of HTV-R: an Advanced Type of H-II Transfer Vehicle Trans. JSASS Aerospace Tech. Japan Vol. 10, No. ists28, pp. Tg_9-Tg_18, 2012 Topics Concept and Technology of HTV-R: an Advanced Type of H-II Transfer Vehicle By Yusuke SUZUKI and Takane IMADA ISS Cargo Return Vehicle Research and Development Office, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ,Tsukuba, Japan (Received June 27th, 2011) The first and second H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) successfully completed their missions in Nov. 2009 and March 2011. Now, JAXA has the capability to upload lots of logistics to support human activities on the International Space Station (ISS). Between these HTV missions, JAXA established "ISS Cargo Return Vehicle Research and Development Office" as a new section to study a new spaceship concept. It is called "HTV-R" and an features improved type of HTV, which enables JAXA to recover various samples of experiments conducted on the ISS. HTV-R equips a new re-entry vehicle called as "HRV(HTV Return Vehicle)" for the enhanced function. Although most of the HTV-R mission does not differ from original HTVs, once the HRV separates from the HTV-R after completion of the de-orbit maneuver, the HRV will fly autonomously and conduct lifting reentry to the atmosphere with controlling the attitude and trajectory to the predefined splashdown point. Because HRV flight profile resembles that for the human returning flight, JAXA considers that the study for HTV-R is not that of a cargo recovery system but also as the pathfinder of human transport system. Keywords: HTV, Re-entry, ISS Acronyms uses HTVs operational heritage, resource, and interfaces (such as to the ISS, ground system, and launch vehicle). Figure 1 ECLSS :Environmental Control and Life Support System shows the overall mission concept HTV-R support system. FRGF : Flight Releasable Grapple Fixture The HTV-R is launched from Tanegashima Space Center by a GSE : Ground Support Equipment H-IIB launch vehicle. Like the original HTV, it can carry HTV : H-II Transfer Vehicle cargo to the ISS but also has a new cargo recovery ability HTV-R : HTV - Return (down mass up to 1.6 metric tons). For this purpose, a re-entry HRV : HTV Return Vehicle vehicle called HRV (HTV Return Vehicle) is installed in the ISS : International Space Station HTV-R, which will conduct controlled a re-entry flight and be IVA : Intravehicular Activity recovered in the Pacific Ocean. LEO : Low Earth Orbit Before separating the HRV, the HTV-R will use all the PCBM : Passive Common Berthing Mechanism flight operations developed for the HTV. The trajectories PLC : Pressurized Logistics Carrier toward the ISS are the same as those of the HTV and their UPLC : Un-pressurized Logistics Carrier safety has been verified in previous HTV reviews. Ensuring safety on the ISS requires considerable effort. JAXA want to 1. Introduction minimize the task in the HTV-R development. The second HTV successfully completed its cargo resupply mission to the ISS on March 30, 2011. The HTVs original operation sequence around the ISS went very well. There was no critical trouble during its 67 days in operation. HTV-2 delivered 5,300 kg of cargo, including two science racks, two orbital replacement units, water, and the consumables necessary for the crew living in the ISS. Two successful HTV operations have encouraged JAXA to start researching upcoming programs as a part of Japan's future space activity plan. This includes HTV-R, which is likely to be one of the most attractive for system engineers who are studying the feasibility of Japanese manned space flight. 2. HTV-R Concept and Target The HTV-R (H-II Transfer Vehicle - Return) vehicle concept study commenced as an enhanced type of the HTV. It Fig.1. Overall operation profile of HTV-R. Copyright© 2012 by the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences and ISTS. All rights reserved. Tg_9 Trans. JSASS Aerospace Tech. Japan Vol. 10, No. ists28 (2012) JAXA has continued the concept study of HTV-R for more which consists of a pressurized section at the top and a service than two years. The first step involved prioritizing the mission module at the bottom is a conventional configuration in targets. Consequently, following two targets are highly human launch systems. The experience of HTV-R prioritized in the HTV-R development. development will become a useful reference for designing the human launch system especially for the structure and - To establish safe and confident return technology as a separation mechanics. pathfinder for a Japanese manned spaceship (3) Lift control during re-entry - To realize an infrastructure for returning utilization A modern manned re-entry vehicle should control its lift specimen and on-orbit replaceable units from the ISS during the re-entry flight, both to relieve G-force acting on crew and minimize the dispersion of the splashing area to The development schedule toward the first HTV-R flight is facilitate quick recovery. It is not mandatory technology as an now under study and based on the shortest development plan, unmanned re-entry vehicle for sample return but needed as a is expected to be ready in around the Japanese financial year means of demonstrating technology for manned re-entry. 2017. (4) Partially redundant system 2.1. Target (1) : Pathfinder for a manned spaceship Manned vehicles should have complete redundancies in Numerous technological challenges must be overcome to important subsystems to manage all possible failures and develop a manned transportation system between ground and eliminate any possibility to cause a catastrophic situation. orbit. Of these, the need to ensure safe and gentle re-entry However, conventional unmanned vehicles have limited technology is a key area and a major milestone in the redundancies in systems reflecting the need to balance development of the transportation system. HRV in the HTV-R mission success against weight/cost efficiency aspects. simulates a manned re-entry vehicle and the demonstration of HTV-R, like other unmanned vehicles, includes partially its re-entry is part of two major targets of the HTV-R redundant systems but must have the potential to become the program. base design for a manned system via functionally Figure 2 shows every step toward a manned spaceship. enhancement of each subsystem. JAXA has completed the first step by HTV and the HTV-R program will be the second. The latter requires HRV 2.2. Target (2): Sample return capability from the ISS development and the HRV will demonstrate the re-entry flight. To utilize the ISS as a space factory as much as possible, HRV has the following characteristics as a bridge to a manned users always want to obtain their samples from the spaceship. experimental instruments in the ISS, from which the annual downmass requirement is shown in Fig. 3. The requirement in 2011 looks set to become one-third of the 2010 level reflecting the Space Shuttle retirement drastically decreases not only the capability but also the requirement for downmass. Conversely, it could be said that if we had plenty of such capability, downmass requirement would considerably exceed current expectations. Based on our interviews with users of experimental equipment, they wish to obtain samples as quickly, frequently and in as raw a state as possible. Smaller sample packing is time-consuming, more troublesome, and reduces the value of the raw sample. The HTV-R program will be able to cooperate with other international partners to realize a frequent and quick sample return infrastructure from the ISS. Also, HTV-R will realize a complete cycle of JAXA's in-orbit experiments. JAXA is already capable of transporting Fig.2. Technology steps toward a manned spaceship1). experimental units to the ISS by HTV, but lacks the ability to obtain the outcome from them now. The second purpose of (1) Re-entry vehicle size is equivalent to manned system HTV-R is to obtain the sample return capability from the ISS HRV design (the trade-off study of which is shown in in order to complete a cycle of experiments utilized in the ISS. section 4) has a reasonable shape and size for a manned Figure 4 shows a few examples to recover from the ISS. vehicle. The size (diameter: 4.2m) is sufficient to transport 4 HTV-R flights will enable JAXA and Japanese space crew members to a LEO station and bring them back to Earth. scientists to utilize the Japanese module "Kibo" and the experimental equipment in it more efficiently. (2) Similar configuration The baseline rocket for the human launch system has yet to be determined. However the vehicle configuration of HTV-R Tg_10 Y. SUZUKI and T. IMADA: Concept and Technology of HTV-R: an Advanced Type of H-II Transfer Vehicle 2) Fig.3. Annual downmass requirement for the ISS . Fig.5. Operation image (Option-0). (2) Option-1 (Medium Re-entry Vehicle on HTV Pallet) After Option-0 was excluded, there were two options. Each option has a re-entry vehicle, which has a limited re-entry flight function in different aero shape size. Option-1, one of the candidates shown in Fig. 6, replaces the exposed pallet in the original HTV and modifies the un-pressurized carrier into the storage and injection bay for a re-entry vehicle. Fig.4. Recovery cargo (examples). 3. Trade-off Study to Determine the HTV-R Configuration To satisfy the two targets in section 2, JAXA conducted a series of trade-off studies to determine the HTV-R configuration. Three types of re-entry capsule/vehicle integrated in different parts of HTV were investigated and following is a summary of the trade-off. 3.1. Candidates (1) Option-0 (Small Capsule in the HTV Carrier) This entry involves the re-entry capsule being installed into 3) the pressurized module of the HTV .
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