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Note to Users NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Defining Canadian Identity in THE NATIONAL CEMETERY OF CANADA By Rachel Sin, B. Arch. Sc. A thesis submitted to The Faculty of Graduate Studies In partial fulfillment for the degree of Master of Architecture Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario, 2006 © Rachel Sin 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Library and Bibliotheque et 1 * 1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 0-494-13432-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 0-494-13432-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce,Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve,sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet,distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform,et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be includedBien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i * i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT When we build we do so for culturally specific reasons that range from the practical to the metaphysical. Canada is a country that embraces multiple identities, allowing for interplay between shifting collectives and individuals that shape our public and private realms. The National Cemetery of Canada is an investigation into the relationship between the built environment and political purpose through themes of nationalism, national identity and death. No society is without contradictions and architecture can reveal or conceal these differences. The National Cemetery in light of Canadian political history and cultural production is an opportunity for critical reflection on the perennial question of Canadian identity. The Cemetery will represent multiple identities, through a ‘humanistic funeral’ that is nontheistic in both structure and content. The National Cemetery will serve as an event location that brings Canadians together, making a connection between the unborn, living, and the dead. By enduring a tragic loss together the journey through social spaces will express themes of separation and transition, human nature and nature of the world, and reunion. Visitors to the Cemetery are forced to redefine themselves within this valley of the dead, in which the National Cemetery emulates the path of life, both spatially and temporally. In a century of revolution and democratization, Canadians can demand to form a government based on nationalism and national identity. The National Cemetery will define Canadian identity using Canadian geography and climate—as something pluralistic, diverse, and ever-changing. Fostering a celebration of national identity, the National Cemetery would engage its citizens through nationalism to reinforce the realities of power and our place in the world. We can re-equip ourselves to assume a more meaningful role internationally by tapping into values already inherent in our national identity. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 The Idea for a Cem etery 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Critical Premise 4 2.0 History and Precedence 2.1 Paris C em eteries 9 2.2 Pere Lachaise Cemetery 13 2.3 Arlington National Cemetery 17 2.4 Asplund Cemetery 20 2.5 San Cataldo Cemetery 25 2.6 Igualada Cemetery 28 2.7 Canadian Cemeteries and Memorials 32 2.8 The Vietnam Veterans Memorial 45 3.0 Complexity: Canadian Nationalism 3.1 Death and National Identity 49 3.2 The Meaning of National Identity 52 3.3 Canadian Identity 60 3.4 Canadian Symbolic Representation 71 3.5 Towards a National Canadian Architecture 77 4.0 Site Analysis: Majors Hill Park 4.1 Thesis Site: Railroad Terrace 96 4.2 History a n d Past Uses of Majors Hill Park 98 4.3 Memorials at Majors Hill Park and Vicinity 106 5.0 Procedure: The Humanist Funeral 5.1 Funeral Custom s through History 115 5.2 A Definition for a Funeral 118 5.3 A Humanist Funeral 120 6.0 Choreography: Procession in the National Cemetery of Canada 6.1 C o n cep t 127 6.2 Design Schemes 133 6.3 The Choreography for a Humanistic Funeral 136 6.4 Social Areas in the Cemetery 144 6.5 Allegorical Spaces in the Cemetery 152 7.0 Conclusion 7.1 Conclusion 158 7.2 Work C ited 160 8.0 Appendix 8.1 Symbols and Conveying Meaning 167 8.2 Peacekeeping and Canadian Nationalism 171 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The need for a national cemetery was realized upon a visit to Wakefield Cemetery, in the Gatineau Hills of Quebec. Enclosed by a chain-link fence, the Cemetery sits on the crest of a hill above the village of Wakefield. The Cemetery also known as MacLaren ’s Cemetery, shows no signs of anything unusual. The cemetery is like any other except for a Canadian flag snapping on a flagpole, a plaque erected by the government of Canada and a sign with Lester B. Pearson’s name that is hung disrespectfully under a no dogs allowed sign. Although, the cemetery seems neglected and insignificant, with its location isolated from anything remotely national, the graves of Hume Wrong, Norman Robertson, and Lester B. Pearson at Wakefield Cemetery conjured up ideas of Canadian nationalism and Canadian identity. It is believed that these three friends came across this spot at the end of the Second World War and decided to be buried here together. Hume Wrong, Norman Robertson, and Lester B. Pearson were diplomats by profession; they represented “a handful of unusually gifted men who shared the belief that Canada had its own role to play in the world and a conception of what that role should be. They worked together without feeling for respective rank, without pomposity, with humour, despising pretence, intolerant of silliness and scathing in their contempt for self-advertisement.”1 They ’Andrew Cohen, While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place In the World (Toronto: McCelland & Stewart Ltd.. 2003) 7. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. contributed something revolutionary—they gave shape to a restless nation shedding its colonial past and pursuing an independent role in the world. Humphrey Hume Wrong (1894-1954) was a diplomat, first secretary, counselor, minister counselor, and ambassador to Washington; permanent Canadian delegate to the League of Nations in Geneva; and assistant undersecretary and undersecretary of state for external affairs. Norman Alexander Robertson (1904-1968) was twice high commissioner to Great Britain, twice undersecretary of state, ambassador to Washington, and clerk of the Privy Council. Lester Bowles Pearson (1897-1972) was ambassador to Washington, assistant undersecretary, undersecretary, secretary of state for external affairs, and president of the General Assembly. In 1957, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his creative diplomacy during the Suez Crisis. He was leader of the opposition from 1958 to 1963 and prime minister from 1963 to 1968. So what did these three men share in order to be buried in the same place? It was the idealism they embraced, the diplomacy they practiced, and the standards they set.2 Hume Wrong served in the department of external affairs from 1927 to 1954, he made a reputation negotiating trade agreements in Washington, he dealt with great issues that emerged from the World War II era, and he had the ambition for Canada to be more and do more internationally. Norman Robertson served in the government from 1929 to 1965, liberalizing trade, building the military, creating the United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), finding a way out of the Suez Crisis. Lester B. Pearson served in the department of external affairs from 1928 to 1948; he “set the postwar style of Canadian diplomacy... Always a rational man in an irrational world, forever trying to make the best out of a bad situation, he epitomized the concepts of quiet diplomacy and middle- powermanship, then the twin cornerstones of Canada’s foreign policy. This approach allowed Canada to exercise an influence quite out of proportion to the country’s real stature.”3 2 Andrew Cohen, While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place In the World (Toronto: McCelland & Stewart Ltd., 2003) 9. 3 Andrew Cohen, While Canada Slept: How We Lost Our Place In the World (Toronto: McCelland & Stewart Ltd., 2003) 11.
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