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Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project WILLIAM McAFEE Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: September 9, 1997 Copyright 2000 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in Pennsylvania Wooster ollege, Penn State, Harvard " Oxford Teacher - India U.S. Army - WWII - Intelligence 1942-194- .ountbatten Strategy 0WWII1 2eneral Wedemeyer hina Theater Stil3ell Dixie .ission hinese ommunists Ambassador Patrick Hurley hinats U.S. embassy State Department - Office of hinese Affairs 194--1950 hina hands hina White Paper ongressional interest Policy differences U.S.- hinat aid Secretary of State Dean Acheson Policy ommittee on Arms and Armament 6orean War Tai3an hinese in 7ietnam State Department - Bureau of Intelligence and 8esearch 9IN8; 1950-1954 Assessments Organization IA 1 arter priorities urrent intelligence National Indications enter 9NI ; 1954-195- NO8AD Suez risis - 195- Soviet missiles State Department - IN8 - Special Assistant to Director 195--19-0 Sputnik hina-Soviet relations Soviet Union .iddle East Policies State Department - IN8 - Publication Procurement 19-0-19-- Hilsman Advanced Planning National Intelligence Assessment Overhead 8econnaissance IA U2s uba risis S8-71 Blackbird UFOs French problems Interdepartmental coordination Aerial photography Intelligence gathering sources National Security Intelligence Directive IA-embassy relationship Forty committee 6issinger Allende Nicaragua landestine intelligence Defector committee cases Asylum Soviet deception program Libya Pueblo incident Park hung Hee The Liberty DOD " IN8 coordinators 2reece 7ietnam 2 .addux Incident Soviet Union Joint 8econnaissance enter 9J8 ; State Department - Bureau of Intelligence and 8esearch 9IN8; - Assistant Deputy Director 19---1972 State Department - IN8 - Deputy Assistant Secretary 1972-19A- Stansfield Turner Personalities overt operations - cases Afghanistan 8adio broadcast programs Soviet break-up astro Soviet submarine raising 2lomar Explorer AlliesB cooperation Soviet espionage Penkovski Overt intelligence .ilitary attachC intelligence collection Defense Department intelligence organization FBI-State relations Pollard case hiefs of mission authority INTERVIEW Q: Today is September 9, 1997, and this is an interview with William Mc fee, which is being done on behalf of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and I am Charles Stuart Kennedy. Can we start when and where you were born and a little about your family) .cAFEED A friend of mine once said I looked like a person 3ho had descended from a long line of alvinist maiden aunts, easy to understand since I 3as born January 25, 1910, 3hich makes me A7, at Port 8oyal, Pennsylvania, 45 miles 3est of Harrisburg, 3here my dad 3as a Presbyterian minister. .y mother 3as born in Saint 2eorge, Ne3 Bruns3ick. Her father, a sea captain sailing out of Saint John, moved his family to Portland 9.aine; 3hen he 3as 70, probably selecting Portland because it 3as most like Saint John, 3hich 3as near Saint 2eorge. Though she al3ays spoke fondly of Saint 2eorge, it must have been an exciting change for a young girl of fifteen. I remember her in her late eighties saying, ETo be young looking up Exchange Street.E I gre3 up in Pennsylvania. Dad 3as a minister there, then later at Taylor Street Presbyterian hurch in Fort Worth and at Patton, Pennsylvania. Dad 3as a student and scholar all his life and I gre3 up thinking that 3as 3 the only 3ayF some3here along the line I fell by the 3ayside. I 3ent to college at Wooster, in Wooster, Ohio, and took an .A 9masterBs degree; in U.S. history at Penn 9Pennsylvania; State and did some summer 3ork at both Harvard and Oxford 3here my mother, brother John, and I took an unbelievable lecture course in the summer of 1937 on England in the post-3ar 3orld. It could have been called HEngland Bet3een the Wars,I but they didnJt kno3 that then. They had a historian, I think he later became one of the 3ell-kno3n ones, as chairman. Sir John .arriot spoke, .orrison, the labor leader, and Harold Nicholson participated, as did Auden and one of the Loyalist Spanish leadersF and one of the last lecturers 3as a then little kno3n economist by the name of Barbara Ward. 9Such; 3as the quality of the course. Q: I would like to come back to that later. Was Wooster a college or university in those days) .cAFEED Wooster ollege. Q: Did you get involved at all in foreign affairs there) What was your major) .cAFEED I had started off thinking I 3ould be an English major. Ho3ard Lo3ry, 3ho 3as my main professor, 3as a scholar 3ho had been given the initial access to some of .atthe3 ArnoldJs background papers. But, Eileen Dunham 3as a history professor 3hose course on World War I and events leading up to it, made history come alive, so I did gradually change and became more interested in foreign affairs. Then happenstance - it is curious ho3 it plays a role - the editor of the Wooster 7oice 3as Willard Hanna, a friend of mine, and a brilliant guy. He said to me, EBill, go do3n and see Dean ompton 93ho 3as the father of Arthur ompton, the Nobel Prize 3inner, and his brother 3ho 3as president of .IT, .assachusetts Institute of Technology;. The college has al3ays given money to a college in India. .aybe 3e should be thinking of doing something ne3 and different.E I 3ent do3n and intervie3ed Dean ompton and he suggested instead of giving money here and there for students 9in India; to support a teacher 9to be sent to; India. It sounds like collusion, but 3hen they asked for people 3ho 3anted to go, I 3as selected and I 3ent to India. I 3as the first of almost t3enty representatives from Wooster to go to India. Q: ,ou were in India from when to when) .cAFEED From 1932-35. 9There is; one episode on the 3ay to India I have recalled many times during my 3ork in intelligence. I 3as traveling second economy class on the Lloyd-Triestino - 3ith a cabin just above the 3ater line. It 3as monsoon time in the Arabian Sea and I left the deck for my cabin, shared 3ith a British Army officer 3hose 3ife 3as in a medical institution. When I got to the cabin he 3as lifting all the bags up on the berths - there 3ere four or five inches of 3ater slushing around. The shipJs captain had slightly changed course and the sea 3as coming in through port holes. After closing those 9in the cabin; he sat do3n 4 and said he had not had anything like this since the Western Front. He 3as a for3ard artillery observer at a farm house 3ell ahead of the British main line on the morning of .arch 21, 191A, 3hen the 3hole sky lit up. It 3as the start of the Big Drive that almost 3on the 3ar for the 2ermans. He moved to the front and soon met a 2erman 3ho turned and disappeared in the fog, losing his coat as he did so. Lieutenant Tomlinson picked it up and found it had a unit identification - it proved to be a 2erman crack division and this information 3as part of the information that led the British to conclude a major offensive had started. Up until that time such offenses 3ere preceded by a long bombardment but Ludendorff had decided on ne3 infiltration tactics 3ith a short barrage and an immediate troop assault. John 6egan, military historian, describes infiltration as anticipating blitzkrieg tactics of World War II - attack in strength and go deepF Ludendorff himself characterized it as punch a hole and see 3hat happens. It 3as a change of direction and it almost caught the Allies off guard - catching a change of direction - one of the hardest tasks in intelligence. Q: Can you describe India from the perspective of a brand new American college graduate) .cAFEED Lour first impression is of the over3helming poverty, just every3here. It 3as depressing, but you soon got used to it, sorry to say. I served both in India and hina and I am one of the fe3 Americans 3ho can say they prefer India. I have al3ays kept up my contacts there. First the setting - there is nothing in the 3orld like the Himalayas. From the foothills you look back to the main ridge al3ays sno3 covered, and do3n to the plains 3here you can see the rivers, moving across the dry and hot land and understand 3hy the Indians revere them. India had an ancient civilization, magnificent monuments, and an active engaging people. At E3ing hristian ollege 3here I taught, you came out of the clamor of the bazaar into the quiet of the campus 3ith its great banyan tree and 9location on; the Jumna 8iver. I liked the country and my place in it. I greatly respected the missionaries - and they did not fit in the picture many Americans have of them. Dr. 8ice, Principal, 3as a Princeton Ph.D.F Jim .anry, a three year magna cum laude graduate of HarvardF al Hazlett after retirement and in his mid-seventies learned Spanish so he could talk 3ith the maintenance 3orkers in his retirement community in aliforniaF Dr. Forman ran a dispensary that the surgeon general of the United Provinces called the best adaptation of modern medicine to IndiaJs situation and needsF Art .osher, 3ho had to leave because of family health problems, became head of a 8ockefeller foundation - to name a fe3. The Indian staff included Dr. .alvea, a Ph.D. in chemistry from Ohio State, and a Ph.D. in economics from ornell, . .. hattengee - many others had either U.S. or British university training and degrees from IndiaJs major universities, and I liked and respected them - mostly Hindu but 3ith a mix of religious backgrounds.
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