DOCSLIB.ORG

Mark Clark's Signature Ending the Korean War on 27 July, 1953

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mark Clark's Signature Ending the Korean War on 27 July, 1953 FIGHTING IN A KOREAN WAR: THE AMERICAN ADVISORY MISSIONS FROM 1946-1953 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bryan Robert Gibby, B.S., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Allan R. Millett, Advisor Dr. John F. Guilmartin Dr. Alan D. Beyerchen ___________________________ Advisor Department of History Copyright by Bryan Robert Gibby 2004 ABSTRACT In the earliest days of the Korean War, the Commander in Chief of the United States Far East Command, General of the Army Douglas MacArthur reported to President Harry Truman that South Korean troops were outmaneuvered, outgunned, and appeared beaten: “South Korean casualties as an index to fighting have not shown adequate resistance capabilities or the will to fight and our estimate is that a complete collapse is possible.” MacArthur’s low opinion of Korean soldiers rested unchallenged, and remains unchallenged to this day. American advisors in Korea were responsible for the organization, training, and development of the Korean army. Fundamental to the evaluation of the Korean army’s capability is an analysis of the American military advisory missions active in Korea from January 1946 to July 1953. This dissertation examines how these missions performed their mandated duties to organize, train, and mentor the Korean Constabulary and the Republic of Korea (ROK) Army. These advisors faced tremendous challenges ranging from cultural disconnects, inexperience, scarce resources, and lack of time. The North Korean invasion in June 1950 revealed crucial weaknesses in training, experience, leadership, and firepower. These weaknesses nearly brought the ROK Army to its knees by the spring of 1951. Once truce negotiations began, however, new command emphasis, new leadership, greater resources, and a coherent vision for reform produced a movement to create a new army that was better led, reorganized, and expanded. In the process, the Koreans developed confident leadership, trained units, and tactical and technical skills in fighting modern war. This new ROK Army fought critical battles from October 1952 through June 1953 that set the conditions for an Armistice agreement in July 1953. ii This study concludes that the successful reformation of the Korean Army (1951- 1953) under the supervision of its American advisors enlarged the fighting ability of the Eighth United States Army as a whole. By the end of the war, Koreans were bearing a military burden that was inconceivable just two years earlier. It is improbable that an armistice agreement could have been signed without a demonstration of their increased fighting ability. iii For my parents, Dr. L. Bruce and Haydee Gibby and For Desrae iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I served in Korea as an Army officer for two and a half years, from 1997-2000. Koreans are industrious, cultivated, kind, and respectful. The older generation especially was solicitous. Never did I feel out of place. For this, and many other, reasons, I wish to thank the people of the Republic of Korea for their hospitality and friendliness towards American servicemen and women. My study of US-ROK governmental and military relationships during the Korean War has only increased my admiration for the “Land of the morning calm.” The completion of this project could not have been realized without the generous assistance I received from several research institutions. The personnel of the National Archives and Records Administration at College Park, Maryland, Beth Lipford, Will Mahoney, and Rich Boylan, provided assistance in finding the documents related to the United States Military Advisory Group to the Republic of Korea and the United States Army Forces in Korea. Many of these records are not yet fully catalogued or organized, so their patience and expertise was invaluable. A special thanks goes to Susan K. Lemke, the National Defense University Special Collections, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C. Her guidance through various security protocols allowed me to be one of the first scholars to have unfettered access to the papers of General Maxwell D. Taylor. Ms. Lemke generously allowed me to make copies of any unclassified documents that I wanted – a grand gift indeed to any researcher. Cynthia Brougher and Joanne Hartog of the George C. Marshall Library and Archives provided valuable assistance with the voluminous collections of George C. Marshall, James A. Van Fleet, and Walton H. Walker. v Dr. Geoffrey Parker, Dr. John Guilmartin, and Dr. Alan Beyerchen of the Ohio State University have all contributed to this study in material and psychological ways. Thanks to their mentorship, I learned that fighting is never the full story – training, organization, logistics, and culture also play a part, sometimes in obvious ways, sometimes more subtly. As a rotating faculty member in the Department of History, United States Military Academy, I must acknowledge the tremendous support and encouragement I have received from Colonel Robert A. Doughty (Department Head), Colonel Lance A. Betros (Deputy Head), and Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Moten (Chief, Military History Division). I especially owe a debt to my division chief, who not only read and gave constructive criticism on four chapters, but also provided me with time to complete this project. The Office of the Dean also provided generous financial support for research trips to Washington, D.C., Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, and Lexington, Virginia. This history of the American advisory missions would be nothing without the men who were there. Harold S. Fischgrund read and commented on a draft of the first two chapters. F. Foster Cowey, Minor A. Kelso, Ralph Bliss, Robert G. Shackleton, Edwin J. Stewart, and Leon Sembach were all generous with their time, precious memories, and patience. As an historian, I am indebted to their first-hand observations. As a fellow officer and veteran of Korean service, I regard their commitment to two armies as a model for duty and honor. I am most appreciative to my dissertation advisor, Dr. Allan R. Millet of The Ohio State University. I owe him a great intellectual debt. A generation of officer- historians has matured under his guiding influence, and I consider it a privilege to count myself as part of that generation. Dr. Millett provided me not only encouragement but access to his personal collection of correspondence, recordings, and official documents. Lastly, I thank my wife Desrae and our four children: Paul, Peter, Parker, and Preston. Desrae, a soldier’s wife, has patiently and without complaint (nearly so) gone far above the demands of duty, living – one page at a time – some of the most forgotten aspects of the Korean War. vi VITA April 7, 1969……………………….. Born – Los Angeles, California 1993…………………………………B.S. History, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York 2002…………………………………M.A. History, The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 2002-Present Instructor of Military History, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract………………………………….………………………………………………...ii Dedication………………………………………………………………….…………......iv Acknowledgments……………………………………….……………………………......v Vita………………………………………………………………………………………vii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….…….x List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………..xi Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………….........xii Chapters: 1. Introduction……………….……...………………………………………………….....1 2. From Occupation to a Republic: September 1945 – August 1948..……………….. ..18 3. The Limited War, 1949-1950………………………..…………………………….. ..69 4. The Structure and Functions of the Military Mission, 1948-1950.…………………102 5. 6-2-5: Invasion and Survival…………………………………...………………….. 138 6. Reformation, Part 1: KMAG Trains an Army………………………………………186 7. Reformation, Part 2: A New Korean Army at War..…………………………...… ..221 8. The Test of Battle….………………………………………………………………..260 9. Shrimp Amongst Whales……………………………………………………………301 Appendices: A. Chronology……………………………………………………………….…………323 B. Lieutenant General John Hodge’s Statement to the Korean People……....………..326 viii C. U.S. IX Corps Citation, ROK Capitol Division, 1953……..……………………….328 D. Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, 1952 ……………………………….330 E. Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, 1953………………………………..332 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………333 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Table of Organization of a Constabulary Company, ca. 1946………...…..….....34 2.2 South Cholla Province, October – November 1948……………………………..62 3.1 Disposition of ROK Army Divisions and Regiments, January to June 1950…..100 5.1 Battles of Sachang-ri and Kapyong, 22-24 April 1951...……………………….172 5.2 Battle of Hyon-ri, 16-18 May 1951…………….………………………….…...178 6.1 Officer Selection and Training………………………………………………….199 8.1 Chinese Summer Offensive, Phase One………………………………………..269 8.2 Situation, June 1953…….…………………………………..………………….274 8.3 ROK 5th Division defends the Pukhan River Valley, 10-14 June 1953………..278 8.4 Situation, July 1953…………………………………………………………….294 8.5 Final offensive and armistice disposition, June - July 1953……………………297 x LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Regimental Activation, Korean Constabulary………………………………..….35 6.1 ROKA Officers at U.S. Army Schools…………………………………………203 9.1 Resolving conflicts with counterparts…………………………………………..315 xi ABBREVIATIONS ASU Army Service Unit CPVF Chinese People’s Volunteer Force DIS Department
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sunshine in Korea
    CENTER FOR ASIA PACIFIC POLICY International Programs at RAND CHILDREN AND FAMILIES The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that EDUCATION AND THE ARTS helps improve policy and decisionmaking through ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT research and analysis. HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE This electronic document was made available from INFRASTRUCTURE AND www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND TRANSPORTATION Corporation. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Support RAND Purchase this document TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY Browse Reports & Bookstore Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore the RAND Center for Asia Pacific Policy View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. The monograph/report was a product of the RAND Corporation from 1993 to 2003. RAND monograph/reports presented major research findings that addressed the challenges facing the public and private sectors. They included executive summaries, technical documentation, and synthesis pieces. Sunshine in Korea The South Korean Debate over Policies Toward North Korea Norman D.
    [Show full text]
  • South Korea Section 3
    DEFENSE WHITE PAPER Message from the Minister of National Defense The year 2010 marked the 60th anniversary of the outbreak of the Korean War. Since the end of the war, the Republic of Korea has made such great strides and its economy now ranks among the 10-plus largest economies in the world. Out of the ashes of the war, it has risen from an aid recipient to a donor nation. Korea’s economic miracle rests on the strength and commitment of the ROK military. However, the threat of war and persistent security concerns remain undiminished on the Korean Peninsula. North Korea is threatening peace with its recent surprise attack against the ROK Ship CheonanDQGLWV¿ULQJRIDUWLOOHU\DW<HRQS\HRQJ Island. The series of illegitimate armed provocations by the North have left a fragile peace on the Korean Peninsula. Transnational and non-military threats coupled with potential conflicts among Northeast Asian countries add another element that further jeopardizes the Korean Peninsula’s security. To handle security threats, the ROK military has instituted its Defense Vision to foster an ‘Advanced Elite Military,’ which will realize the said Vision. As part of the efforts, the ROK military complemented the Defense Reform Basic Plan and has UHYDPSHGLWVZHDSRQSURFXUHPHQWDQGDFTXLVLWLRQV\VWHP,QDGGLWLRQLWKDVUHYDPSHGWKHHGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHPIRURI¿FHUVZKLOH strengthening the current training system by extending the basic training period and by taking other measures. The military has also endeavored to invigorate the defense industry as an exporter so the defense economy may develop as a new growth engine for the entire Korean economy. To reduce any possible inconveniences that Koreans may experience, the military has reformed its defense rules and regulations to ease the standards necessary to designate a Military Installation Protection Zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Undermining the Global Nuclear Order? Impacts of Unilateral Negotiations Between the U.S. and North-Korea
    Undermining the global nuclear order? Impacts of unilateral negotiations between the U.S. and North-Korea Gordon Friedrichs, M.A. America first – America alone? Evangelische Akademie Hofgeismar Haus der Kirche, Kassel Dienstag, 27. November 2018 Gordon Friedrichs, M.A. Evangelische Akademie Hofgeismar 24.01.2019 Haus der Kirche, Kassel #1 Outline 1. History of U.S.-North Korea relations 2. The Nuclearization of North Korea 3. North Korea and challenges to U.S. global leadership 4. Discussion: Four options for conflict resolution Chanlett-Avery et al. 2018: 3 Gordon Friedrichs, M.A. Evangelische Akademie Hofgeismar 24.01.2019 Haus der Kirche, Kassel #2 History of U.S.-North Korea relations 1949-50: Communist insurrection on Jeju Island, Soviet & Chinese military support for the North; 1910 Japanese 1948/49: Kim Il-Sung Stalin’s support for military 1937: The battle depicted becomes chairman of the invasion. rule over NK 1950-53: Korean War. in the Grand Workers’ Party of Korea; Monument in Samjiyon, Democratic People’s Samjiyon County Republic of Korea (DPRK) 38th parallel established to divide North (SU, Communist) 1949: U.S. troop and South (US) Korea withdrawal; SK instability. 1953: The Korean Armistice 1945: End of World War II; Agreement that declared cease fire but no peace on the 38th parallel; Soviet victory over Japan on 1948: Republic of Korea was Korean Peninsula consolidation of power on both sides: founded under Syngman Rhee Juche ideology paired with Stalinism (authoritarian leader) in the North; autocratic military rule in the South. Gordon Friedrichs, M.A. Evangelische Akademie Hofgeismar 24.01.2019 Haus der Kirche, Kassel #3 Gordon Friedrichs, M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Anniversary Battle of the Imjin River, Korean
    70th Anniversary Friends of The of the Battle of the Imjin River, Korea 22nd – 25th April,1951 Welcome! The Museum will be able to open to visitors from 17th May 2021. The grounds at Alnwick Castle have been open since the end of March and it is a pleasure to see, and hear, visitors enjoying the venue once again. The Museum will have to wait a little longer before opening but our Front of House Team are looking forward to welcoming you soon! Cultural Recovery Fund Royal Northumberland Fusiliers The Museum is delighted to announce a in Korea, 1950-1951 successful bid for a share of the Arts Council’s government funded, Cultural Recovery Fund. After the defeat of the Japanese in the Second World War, Korea was divided into the The award of £25,000 will enable the Museum to communist North and the American-supported move forward after a challenging year and recover South. In June 1950 the North Koreans shortfalls caused by Covid-19. launched an invasion which threatened to overwhelm the South. The United Nations The Chairman of the Museum Trustees said: (founded in 1945) came to the defence of the South. The First Battalion, Royal Northumberland Fusiliers (1RNF) was “The Cultural Recovery Fund's award is great deployed to Korea as part of 29 Brigade, the news for us. We'll be opening on 17 May after UK's ground contribution to UN Forces. more than a year of shut-down, and the award means we can afford the staffing and the Initially the Government considered National precautions needed to welcome visitors safely.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline Korean Conflict-1950
    Timeline Korean Conflict-1950 June 25 North Korean Army invades South Korea. June 25 June 26 June 26 June 27 July 3 United States forces clash with North Korean forces. July 4 July 7 UN Res. 84 request U.S. designate a commander of UN forces in Korea. July 8 Gen. Douglas MacArthur named commander of UN forces in Korea. September 1 North Korean divisions open assault on UN lines. September 1 October 1 South Korean troops cross 38th parallel to North Korea. October 6 October 7 United States forces cross 38th parallel to North Korea. October 15 October 19 UN forces enter the capital Pyongyang, North Korea. November 4 United States troops vacate Pyongyang, North Korea. December 28 Chinese troops cross 38th parallel into South Korea. Student Name: ________________________________ Class Period: _________ Date: ______________ Korean Conflict-1950 Who was really in charge of the Korean War; United Nations or the United States? Description of What evidence supports What evidence supports Why is this evidence Source (Author, the United States? the United Nations? significant? Date & Title) Source 3 Source 4 Source 5 Based on the evidence, who was really in charge of the Korean conflict? Description of What evidence supports What evidence supports Why is this evidence Source (Author, the United States? the United Nations? significant? Date & Title) Source 6 Source 7 Based on the evidence, who was really in charge of the Korean conflict? Student Name: ________________________________ Class Period: _________ Date: ______________ Description of What evidence supports What evidence supports Why is this evidence Source (Author, the United States? the United Nations? significant? Date & Title) Source 8 Source 9 Based on the evidence, who was really in charge of the Korean conflict? Final Assessment: Student Editorial An editorial is a form of persuasive writing that is meant to provide the writer an opportunity to express to the reader their position over a specific topic.
    [Show full text]
  • A Legal Study of the Korean War Howard S
    The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron Akron Law Review Akron Law Journals July 2015 How It All Started - And How It Ended: A Legal Study of the Korean War Howard S. Levie Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Follow this and additional works at: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Levie, Howard S. (2002) "How It All Started - And How It Ended: A Legal Study of the Korean War," Akron Law Review: Vol. 35 : Iss. 2 , Article 2. Available at: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/akronlawreview/vol35/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Akron Law Journals at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The nivU ersity of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Akron Law Review by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Levie: A Legal Study of the Korean War LEVIE1.DOC 3/26/02 12:29 PM HOW IT ALL STARTED - AND HOW IT ENDED: A LEGAL STUDY OF THE KOREAN WAR Howard S. Levie A. World War II Before taking up the basic subject of the discussion which follows, it would appear appropriate to ascertain just what events led to the creation of two such disparate independent nations as the Republic of Korea (hereinafter referred to as South Korea) and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (hereinafter referred to as North Korea) out of what had been a united territory for centuries, whether independent or as the possession of a more powerful neighbor, Japan — and the background of how the hostilities were initiated in Korea in June 1950.
    [Show full text]
  • South Korea: Defense White Paper 2010
    DEFENSE WHITE PAPER Message from the Minister of National Defense The year 2010 marked the 60th anniversary of the outbreak of the Korean War. Since the end of the war, the Republic of Korea has made such great strides and its economy now ranks among the 10-plus largest economies in the world. Out of the ashes of the war, it has risen from an aid recipient to a donor nation. Korea’s economic miracle rests on the strength and commitment of the ROK military. However, the threat of war and persistent security concerns remain undiminished on the Korean Peninsula. North Korea is threatening peace with its recent surprise attack against the ROK Ship CheonanDQGLWV¿ULQJRIDUWLOOHU\DW<HRQS\HRQJ Island. The series of illegitimate armed provocations by the North have left a fragile peace on the Korean Peninsula. Transnational and non-military threats coupled with potential conflicts among Northeast Asian countries add another element that further jeopardizes the Korean Peninsula’s security. To handle security threats, the ROK military has instituted its Defense Vision to foster an ‘Advanced Elite Military,’ which will realize the said Vision. As part of the efforts, the ROK military complemented the Defense Reform Basic Plan and has UHYDPSHGLWVZHDSRQSURFXUHPHQWDQGDFTXLVLWLRQV\VWHP,QDGGLWLRQLWKDVUHYDPSHGWKHHGXFDWLRQDOV\VWHPIRURI¿FHUVZKLOH strengthening the current training system by extending the basic training period and by taking other measures. The military has also endeavored to invigorate the defense industry as an exporter so the defense economy may develop as a new growth engine for the entire Korean economy. To reduce any possible inconveniences that Koreans may experience, the military has reformed its defense rules and regulations to ease the standards necessary to designate a Military Installation Protection Zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Historic Resource Study
    Historic Resource Study Minidoka Internment National Monument _____________________________________________________ Prepared for the National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Seattle, Washington Minidoka Internment National Monument Historic Resource Study Amy Lowe Meger History Department Colorado State University National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Seattle, Washington 2005 Table of Contents Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………… i Note on Terminology………………………………………….…………………..…. ii List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………. iii Part One - Before World War II Chapter One - Introduction - Minidoka Internment National Monument …………... 1 Chapter Two - Life on the Margins - History of Early Idaho………………………… 5 Chapter Three - Gardening in a Desert - Settlement and Development……………… 21 Chapter Four - Legalized Discrimination - Nikkei Before World War II……………. 37 Part Two - World War II Chapter Five- Outcry for Relocation - World War II in America ………….…..…… 65 Chapter Six - A Dust Covered Pseudo City - Camp Construction……………………. 87 Chapter Seven - Camp Minidoka - Evacuation, Relocation, and Incarceration ………105 Part Three - After World War II Chapter Eight - Farm in a Day- Settlement and Development Resume……………… 153 Chapter Nine - Conclusion- Commemoration and Memory………………………….. 163 Appendixes ………………………………………………………………………… 173 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………. 181 Cover: Nikkei working on canal drop at Minidoka, date and photographer unknown, circa 1943. (Minidoka Manuscript Collection, Hagerman Fossil
    [Show full text]
  • Imjin70 Information Sheet What Is the Battle of Imjin River?
    Imjin70 Information Sheet What is the battle of Imjin River? The battle of Imjin River was fought between the 22 – 25th of April 1951. The battle was part of a Chinese counter-offensive, after United Nations forces had recaptured Seoul in March 1951 The assault on ‘Gloster Hill’ was led by General Peng Dehuai who commanded a force of 300,000 troops attacking over a 40-mile sector. The 29th Independent Infantry Brigade group, under the command of Brigadier Tom Brodie, comprised of the 1st Battalion Gloucestershire Regiment, led by Lieutenant-Colonel J.P ‘Fred’ Carne, the 1st Royal Northumberland Fusiliers, 1st Royal Ulster Rifles, 8th King’s Royal Irish Hussars, C squadron 7th Royal Tank Regiment, 45th Field regiment Royal Artillery, 11th Light Anti-Aircraft Battery Royal Artillery, and 170th Battery Royal Artillery. The brigade was responsible for defending a 15-kilometre section of the front, over which General Peng Dehuai sent three divisions of his force. What resulted was the bloodiest battle that involved British troops in modern history since the Second World War. In the three-day battle, the Gloucestershire Regiment took the heaviest fire on 24th April 1951. In the early hours of the day, the ‘Glosters’ were forced to regroup and defend hill 235, now known as ‘Gloster Hill.’ That day an attempt was made to reinforce the Gloster’ position, but the Chinese military had now surrounded their position, and attempts to reinforce them were impossible. The 29th Independent Brigades mission became withdrawal. The other battalions retreated while the Glosters, Irish Fusiliers, and Ulster Riflemen repelled attack after attack.
    [Show full text]
  • Living Voices Within the Silence Bibliography 1
    Living Voices Within the Silence bibliography 1 Within the Silence bibliography FICTION Elementary So Far from the Sea Eve Bunting Aloha means come back: the story of a World War II girl Thomas and Dorothy Hoobler Pearl Harbor is burning: a story of World War II Kathleen Kudlinski A Place Where Sunflowers Grow (bilingual: English/Japanese) Amy Lee-Tai Baseball Saved Us Heroes Ken Mochizuki Flowers from Mariko Rick Noguchi & Deneen Jenks Sachiko Means Happiness Kimiko Sakai Home of the Brave Allen Say Blue Jay in the Desert Marlene Shigekawa The Bracelet Yoshiko Uchida Umbrella Taro Yashima Intermediate The Burma Rifles Frank Bonham My Friend the Enemy J.B. Cheaney Tallgrass Sandra Dallas Early Sunday Morning: The Pearl Harbor Diary of Amber Billows 1 Living Voices Within the Silence bibliography 2 The Journal of Ben Uchida, Citizen 13559, Mirror Lake Internment Camp Barry Denenberg Farewell to Manzanar Jeanne and James Houston Lone Heart Mountain Estelle Ishigo Itsuka Joy Kogawa Weedflower Cynthia Kadohata Boy From Nebraska Ralph G. Martin A boy at war: a novel of Pearl Harbor A boy no more Heroes don't run Harry Mazer Citizen 13660 Mine Okubo My Secret War: The World War II Diary of Madeline Beck Mary Pope Osborne Thin wood walls David Patneaude A Time Too Swift Margaret Poynter House of the Red Fish Under the Blood-Red Sun Eyes of the Emperor Graham Salisbury, The Moon Bridge Marcia Savin Nisei Daughter Monica Sone The Best Bad Thing A Jar of Dreams The Happiest Ending Journey to Topaz Journey Home Yoshiko Uchida 2 Living Voices Within the Silence bibliography 3 Secondary Snow Falling on Cedars David Guterson Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet Jamie Ford Before the War: Poems as they Happened Drawing the Line: Poems Legends from Camp Lawson Fusao Inada The moved-outers Florence Crannell Means From a Three-Cornered World, New & Selected Poems James Masao Mitsui Chauvinist and Other Stories Toshio Mori No No Boy John Okada When the Emperor was Divine Julie Otsuka The Loom and Other Stories R.A.
    [Show full text]
  • “Sic 'Em Ned”: Edward M. Almond and His Army, 1916
    “SIC ’EM NED”: EDWARD M. ALMOND AND HIS ARMY, 1916-1953 A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy By Michael E. Lynch August 2014 Examining Committee Members: Dr. Gregory J. W. Urwin, Advisory Chair, Department of History Dr. Kenneth L. Kusmer, Department of History Dr. Jay Lockenour, Department of History Dr. Dennis Showalter, External Member, Colorado College i © Copyright 2014 by Michael E. Lynch All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Edward Mallory “Ned” Almond belonged to the generation of US Army officers who came of age during World War I and went on to hold important command positions in World War II and the Korean War. His contemporaries included some of America’s greatest captains such as Omar N. Bradley. While Almond is no longer a household name, he played a key role in Army history. Almond was ambitious and gave his all to everything he did. He was a careful student of his profession, a successful commander at battalion and corps level, a dedicated staff officer, something of a scholar, a paternalistic commander turned vehement racist, and a right-wing zealot. He earned his greatest accolades commanding the American troops who landed at Inchon, South Korea, on September 15, 1950, an amphibious flanking movement that temporarily transformed the nature of the Korean War. A soldier of such accomplishments and contradictions has gone too long without a scholarly biography; this dissertation will fill that void. This biography of Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond makes a significant and original contribution to the existing historiography by examining his life in the context of the times in which he served.
    [Show full text]
  • CCF Spring Offensive, 22 April
    Grave and Ever Present Danger The CCF Spring Offensives, Part I – April 1951 Copyright © 2005 by Luis Asencio Camacho For Bob Wells, 3rd Military Police Company, 3rd Division, Ben Farnan, 3rd Reconnaissance Company, 3rd Division, Honorary Borinqueneers, and for Danny Nieves Webmaster of the Borinqueneers Website A Borinqueneer BAR man engages enemy positions during the CCF Spring Offensive. April 1951 (National Archives) As I reconstructed the Chinese attack later, it seemed to me that the main thrust had been at the 65th and our boundary with the British. I believe that the enemy attack bounced off us, spilled over on both sides of us and then concentrated on the British and the Turks. BRIGADIER GENERAL (RET.) W. W. HARRIS analyzing, in retrospect, the CCF Spring Offensive Puerto Rico’s Fighting 65th U.S. Infantry (1980) Grave and Ever Present Danger Introduction Korea, April 1951. It was the worst of places at the worst of times. President Truman had relieved General MacArthur from command of the United Nations Command (UNC) in favor of Lt. Gen. Matthew B. “Matt” Ridgway a mere four months after Ridgway had assumed command of the Eighth Army (EUSAK). Although in sympathy with MacArthur’s views of unlimited war, Ridgway concurred with and abided by the President’s politics against another attempt to conquer North Korea or expand the war beyond the Yalu River. Whatever the outcome might be, it had to be within the peninsula. The first of two Chinese Communist Forces (CCF) major offensives, in a final attempt to destroy the UNC forces and score a decisive victory in and for Korea, would fall under the moonlit night of the twenty-second, with half a million communist troops swarming down on the UNC lines.
    [Show full text]