Planning National parks for Eco-development - Methods and Cases from Latin America Volumes I & II Written by: Kenton R. Miller, Ph. D. School of Natural Resources The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan USA Peace Corps Information, Collection & Exchange Reprint R073 March 1989 Reprinted with permission of Kenton R. Miller, Ph. D. Fundación pare la Ecologia y pare la Protección del Medio Ambiente Madrid, Spain Dedication... to the park managers and rangers who carry the custodianship of their nation's natural and cultural heritage, to manage them for the benefit of present and future generations... First Printing - 1978 Second Printing - 1979 Third Printing - 1982 Bibliographic Information Miller, Kenton R. 1978. Planning National Parks for Ecodevelopment: Methods and Cases from Latin America. Center for Strategic Wildland Management Studies, The School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. 625+ pages. (manuscript) Copies of the English language manuscript may be purchased from the following organization: Center for Strategic Wildland Management Studies School of Natural Resources The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 USA Miller, Kenton R. 1980. Planificación de Parques Nacionales para el Ecodesarrollo en Latiroamérica. Fundación para la Ecologia y para la Protección del Medio Ambiente, Madrid, Spain. 500 páginas. ISBN No. 84-300-2247-3 Copies of the Spanish language publication may be purchased from the following organization: Center for Strategic Wildland Management Studies School of Natural Resources The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 481C9 USA INFORMATION COLLECTION & EXCHANGE Peace Corps' Information Collection & Exchange (ICE) was established so that the strategies and technologies developed by Peace Corps Volunteers, their co-workers, and their counterparts could be made available to the wide range of development organizations and individual workers who might find them useful. Training guides, curricula, lesson plans, project reports, manuals and other Peace Corps- generated materials developed in the field are collected and reviewed. Some are reprinted "as is"; others provide a source of field based information for the production of manuals or for research in particular program areas. 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A conceptual framework for the management of wildland resources Introduction The conceptual framework Appendix 1-A. What is ecodevelopment? References for chapter I Chapter II. The growth and development of national parks in Latin America Introduction The birth of the park idea Development of common concepts for park management Role of national parks in ecodevelopment Political evolution of the park concept in Latin America Appendix II-A. Convention on nature protection and wild life preservation in the western hemisphere Appendix II-B. Convention on nature protection and wildlife preservation in the western hemisphere, 1940 Appendix II-C. Criteria for national parks prepared by the IUCN international commission on national parks, Banff, Canada 1972 Appendix II-D. Declaration of principles on policy for national parks, FAO Latin American forestry commission Quito, 1970 Appendix II-E. Notes on the 1974 IUCN system for classifying natural regions for purposes of conservation References for chapter II Chapter III. Planing national parks for ecodevelopment in Latin America Introduction Characteristics of planning The basic steps for planning Conditions necessary for planning Transforming general conservation objectives into practical directives for action Gathering field information on the areas to be planned Resolving the conflicts for the use of space within parks Establishing boundary lines for national parks Designing management programs Analyzing and evaluating proposals and alternatives Establishing priorities for implementation Appendix III-A: Methods for gathering field information in relatively known and relatively unknown areas Appendix III-B. Development sequence for Santa Rosa national park, Costa Rica Appendix III-C. Graphic presentation of development schedule for Santa Rosa national park Costa Rica Appendix III-D. Development schedule narrative for Santa Rosa national park, Costa Rica References for chapter III Chapter IV. The evolution of national park planing in Latin America Introduction Evolution of park planning experience Planning and management workshops Planning manuals Ecological guidelines for planning Park planning: A tool for democracy or oligarchy? References for chapter IV Chapter V. A practical method for park planning Introduction The planning method in general terms The planning method in detail Appendix V-A. Checklist - Steps for the planning method for national parks Appendix V-B. Strategies and tactics to plan national parks for eco-development Appendix V-C. Suggested standard definitions and general objectives for national park zones References for chapter V Chapter VI. A practical method for planning national park systems Introduction Three fundamental concepts Characteristics of systems planning The method for planning systems of national parks in general terms The method for planning systems of national parks in detail Appendix VI-A. Checklist - Steps of the planning method for national park systems Appendix VI-B. Summary of systems planning experience in Latin America References to chapter VI Chapter VII. The formulation of a strategy plan Introduction The basic concepts and principles An example from Chile A suggested method for strategy planning Guidelines for application of the strategy planning method References for chapter VII Chapter VIII. Human and institutional capacity to manage national parks Introduction Basic concepts of managerial capacity Kinds of personnel required for park management Training park personnel to fulfill management functions Organizing the capacity of a national park department to manage national parks Institutionalization of national parks References for chapter VIII Chapter IX. Some guidelines from park management experience in Africa Introduction Guidelines for consideration from Africa References for chapter IX Chapter X. Major problems facing national park management in Latin America Introduction Ten major problems References for chapter X Chapter XI. International corporation and assistance in national park management Introduction International conservation programs, projects and activities Problems common to international cooperation International cooperative programs which relate to national parks and wildland management Concerns for international cooperation in Latin America Appendix XI-A. The biosphere reserve and its relationship to other conservation efforts40 References for chapter XI Chapter XII. Strategy for regional and global cooperation Introduction General framework for regional cooperation on national park management The strategy Preface This is a book about national parks. It deals with methods for planning national parks to enable them to provide the greatest possible benefit to mankind. And, it focuses upon Latin America where nations are forging ahead with development programs which include the search for means to provide adequate stewardship for natural and cultural heritage and for the maintenance of the biosphere. The book has been written to provide a text for park managers, rangers, and students of middle- and university-level curricula in the field of natural parks, wildlife or wildland management. No other book exists in the Spanish language for practitioners in this field, and no book exists in any language which develops and integrates the theory and the practice of wildland and park management. The book is also written to share my experiences and those of the countries of Latin America with others in that region and elsewhere in the world. While the book concentrates on Latin America, various reviewers of the manuscript commented that the principles and guidelines were in fact of universal interest and applicability. The subject is important because it relates to man and his most important assets: the natural heritage that gives him the resources with which he has to work to feed and cloth himself, to seek shelter; water, medicines, solace, education, identity and the other necessities of life; and the cultural heritage which shows him what he has done and from whence he is coming, in order to learn from the past and make out a path for the future. Wildlands are rich in both natural and cultural values for man. By their very nature, they are still available for human choice and consideration. The major choice,