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* Council of * Conseil De L' Naturona * COUNCIL OF * CONSEIL DE L’ Naturopa N°72-1993 : : Editorial V. Bossevski 3 What future for our mountains? W. Bätzing 4 Managing this vulnerable environment P. Messerli 6 The Rhodope Mountains. Jewel of Bulgaria J. Danchev 8 * * * Mountainous perspectives. Lessons from history E. Lichtenberger 9 CENTRE An ecological approach P. Stoll 11 NATUROPA Living nature P. Ozenda 12 The Alpine Convention U. Tödter 14 In Italy F. Bartaletti 15 A blessing in disguise? A. Gosar 20 Editorial Teberda A.M. Amirkhanov, N. N. Polivanova 22 he Balkans represent a vast mountai­ and species endemic to the Balkans such as altitude run to 2,000 m. There are between nous universe with a natural environ­ the Pinus peuce. Coniferous bushes and 1,700 and 1,850 higher plant species and Delights in the heights H. Haid 23 T ment very similar to that of the Alps, Siberian junipers grow above the forests, between 170 and 200 species of vertebrates. the Appenines and the Carpathians, but with rocky Alpine meadows dotted with small Out of the 50 protected areas in Bulgaria on Naturopa is published in English, Wise use of natural resources F. Sieren, P. F. Sieben 24 which also has its own special features. The glaciers at the summits and peaks. the United Nations’ list of national parks, 40 French, German, Italian, Spanish and proximity of Asia has enriched its fauna and are in the mountains. Portuguese by the Centre Naturopa of the Mountaineering: protection first J. Klenner 26 flora, but it is the species and populations Mountain conservation in Bulgaria dates Council of Éurope, F-67075 Strasbourg typical of the Balkans alone that make it from the last century. The first reserve was, In 1995, Europe is set to celebrate European Cedex. The Urals Y. Badenkov 27 exceptional. There are more endemic species however, only proclaimed 60 years ago. One Nature Conservation Year. The same year, here than in any other region of Europe. year later, in 1934, the Balkans National Bulgaria will host the Conference of Council Editor responsible: La Vanoise National Park M.-O. Guth 29 Park (Vitocha Park) was created and the of Europe Environment Ministers. This pre­ Ing. Hayo H. Hoekstra The Stara planina or the real Balkan, which nature conservation Act was passed in 1936. stigious forum obliges me to undertake to At the Council of Europe 30 gave its name to the whole of the peninsula, Despite such beginnings, until 1977 national achieve significant results in the sphere of Conception and editing: Christian Meyer along with the ancient Rila massif and the parks accounted for only 1% of national ter­ wildlife conservation, despite the obstacles. Rhodopes, are all situated entirely within the ritory. The network of nature reserves expan- Adopting a law on protected areas, drafting Special adviser for this issue: borders of Bulgaria. These two mountains a law to safeguard biological diversity, set­ Dr. Werner Bätzing are home to thousands of animal and plant ting up a national nature conservation Institute of Geography species. The effects of man on nature go back agency and ensuring the proper modern Bern University management of reserves and national parks, CH-3012 Bern to the prehistoric era and numerous traces of Tourism and environment destructive processes from antiquity onwards devising the national strategy to protect bio­ Production: Artegrafica Silva s.r.l. can still be found there today. In the logical resources, safeguarding threatened Parma, Italy Bulgarian countryside, nature has been left species and reintroducing species that have disappeared are just some of the objectives he Bulgarian capital, Sofia, is the between mankind and nature has been alone and the ecosystems’ natural character we have set ourselves. We need to pool our Articles may be freely reprinted but it venue chosen for the third “Tourism broken. People desert the mountains in has been preserved right to the present day efforts to create a large park in the western would be appreciated if reference is and Environment” Colloquy: it will search of an easier livelihood elsewhere, over a large area of the mountainous terri­ part of the Rhodopes, which would be a mar­ made to the source and copy sent to the Tbe held on 5 and 6 October of this year. returning to the same spots for relaxation, tory. Nevertheless, however mighty this Centre. The copyright of all photographs sport and recreation. Its concern to help mountain kingdom may be, it remains acutely vellous gift to the nation as well as to united Europe in the year its nature is celebrated. I is reserved. In this way the Centre Naturopa will be safeguard this rich and attractive compo­ vulnerable to human activities. If it is not know that relations between Bulgarian eco­ continuing its series of information mee­ nent of the natural world and to support protected, it will go down in history as logists and the Centre Naturopa go back to The opinions expressed in this publica­ tings on tourism, an activity whose impact the cause of sustainable development and another man-made major disaster. How tion are those of the authors and do not the 1960s. News reached Bulgaria thanks to on the natural environment is increasing. the rational use of these natural resources, much Europe would lose if we allowed roads, necessarily reflect the views of the the marvellous Naturopa magazine. I believe For its part, the Steering Committee for is what prompted the Centre Naturopa to ski lifts and pistes to criss-cross mountain Council of Europe. its role as an intermediary will continue and the Conservation and Management of the organise this colloquy and to devote the slopes; if buildings sprang up at the foot of will help make Bulgaria’s natural heritage Environment and Natural Habitats, the current issue of the magazine Naturopa to summits; if primary forests were replaced by dear to all Europeans. ■ intergovernmental body, is this year the mountains of Europe. arable land; if bears and wolves were driven embarking on a series of studies on this away! Valentin Bossevski Cover: P. Poulet/Pluriel theme from a technical angle. A fourth colloquy will be held in Poland in 1994, when the theme will be forests. The considerable altitude of the Bulgarian Bulgarian Environment Minister Central to the theme of the Sofia mountains means that they are home to the Colloquy is tourism in mountain areas: The next number of Naturopa will discuss counterparts to a variety of biotopes that are Pages 16-17: ded rapidly following the creation of a nature mountains constitute a unique, attractive biological diversity, with particular characteristic of different latitudes, ranging golden eagle/J.P. Varin/Jacana; conservation committee - subsequently repla­ and extremely varied environment and a emphasis on the conservation of wild pro­ from the Mediterranean to the Arctic polar deltaplane/S. Cordier; ced by the present Environment Ministry - place of safety for a large number of genitors of cultivated species, a subject circle. At the foot of the Pirine, for example, chamois/S. Meyers; there is an oasis of Mediterranean scle- and currently covers 3.5% of national terri­ eagle owl/S. Meyers; representatives of Europe’s flora and which the Council of Europe is currently tory. The country’s two largest protected mountaineer/Klein-Hubert/Bios; fauna. That environment is also endange­ addressing. ■ rophyllous vegetation that leads into forests areas, the central Balkan (73 000 ha) and wallcreeper/E. Hütenmoser; red by the forces of nature itself and, of of broad-leaved trees typical of the Balkans Rila (108 000 ha) National Parks, were cre­ marmots/S. Meyers; course, by human activity. Even at high H.H.H. and central Europe, followed by coniferous ated in 1991 and 1992 respectively. Here, as landscape/Geiersperger/Pluriel; altitudes, the harmonious relationship forests, an extraordinary mix of species ramblers/G. Baumgart characteristic of the taiga such as the spruce in the Pirine National Park, variations in there is a much greater danger, namely their The main function of this environmental pro­ This “new” approach to environmental pro­ destruction through the modernisation and tection is not to designate national parks and tection based on a sustainable economy gra­ intensification of mountain farming, through other reserves, but to allow all kinds of land dually became established in the Alps in the mass tourism, over-development, the pressu­ use that are consistent with a sustainable 1980s (eg Cipra 1987: “The grand coalition I re exerted by transport - in short all modem economy. The implications to be drawn from between mountain agriculture and conserva­ development, in which short-term economic this for agriculture are that both unnecessary tion”) and has spread to other mountain interests preclude all “sustainable” manage­ fallow and intensive cultivation must be pre­ ranges (eg Euromontana 1989: “Cestona ment. Not only is ecological diversity lost, vented and that sustainable management is Declaration”). The Environment Ministers of but local life and the local economy are also closely related to the production of high-qua­ the seven Alpine states are endeavouring to increasingly dominated and controlled by lity natural produce. For tourism, which is put this concept into practice on a day-to-day European centres. often a mainstay in mountain areas, the result basis in the Alps. should be a transformation respecting the environment, which demands great efforts (cf The United Nations Conference on Environ­ Combined efforts article by A. Gosar). Transport also requires ment and Development in Rio de Janeiro also far-reaching changes because the current subscribed to this fundamental idea. volume and means of transport are having A In Swedish Lapland Under these conditions, a “grand coalition” ■4 Trig lav National Park (Slovenia) between, on the one hand, environmental disastrous effects on the environment.
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