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Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations.

Ad herennium see Rhetorica ad herennium personal and social identity 332, 337 Adamson, Sylvia 244 symmetry of love 393 adjectives: relationship to substance 315 types of love 386 Adonis 320 Apologie for Poetrie (Sidney) 406–7 adultery 29, 294 Aquinas, Thomas 283 Aeneid (Virgil) 17–18 Arcadia (Sidney) 21, 112, 192, 209, 211–12 Akrigg, G. P. V. 123, 125 archaism 59–60 Alberti, Leon Battista 405 Arden, Mary 131 alchemy 405–25 argument, development of 33–6 images and emblems 410, 412 Aristotle 315, 324 metaphors 111, 112, 413–14, 415–16, 419, art 423–4 and order 15–26 Alexander, William 209 see also poetry; writing, act of All’s Well that Ends Well (Shakespeare) 332–3, Arte of English Poesie (Puttenham) 60, 64, 322, 337 408, 419 allegory 30 Arte of Rhetorique (Wilson) 352 Allen, Michael J. B. 51, 52 Artephius 414 alliteration 26, 33, 109 (Shakespeare) 114, 365 Alpers, Paul 174 Ashbery, John 40 Amoretti (Sidney) 212–13 astronomical metaphors 23–5 anagrams 40 Astrophel and Stella (Sidney) Anatomi auri (Mylius) 413 carpe diem theme 114–15 André, Jacques 437 gestation metaphors 61 androgyny 29 COPYRIGHTED identityMATERIAL of characters 397 see also hermaphrodites lovesickness 347 antanaclasis 243 and MS circulation 139, 211 antithesis 37, 42 organization of text 52 (Shakespeare) published editions 209, 210 Cleopatra’s fear of dramatic resolution 228 representation 384, 388 Atalanta fugiens (Maier) 411–12, 412 concern for reputation in 387 Auden, W. H. 177–8 nature of praise 391 audience: 50, 115 Octavian Caesar’s character 385 Augustine of Hippo, St 75, 85, 86

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Aurora (Alexander) 209 relationship with “” and “fair autobiography see biography youth” 294–313, 339, 383–6, 420 BL MSS Bacon, Sir Francis 62, 193, 195, 417 Add. 10309 190, 194 Barnes, Barnabe Add. 15226 193 A Divine Centurie 204, 208, 214 Add. 21433 190, 194 linking devices 217 Add. 25303 190, 194 MS circulation 215 Add. 30982 190, 192–3 Parthenophil and Parthenophe 211, 212, 217 Sloane 1792 190, 191–2 Barnfi eld, Richard black: signifi cance 324 Cynthia 92, 204, 208, 220 Blick, Fred 417 MS circulation 214 Bloom, Harold 383 organization of texts 58, 91, 92, 96 Bodleian MS Rawlinson Poetical 152 199 and same-sex love 5 body, human sonnets to Ganymede 97, 204, 208 female 320, 323–6 Baron, Hans 87 as fl eshly substance 227, 248–57 Bartholomaeus 316, 325 horticultural imagery 318–21 Bassano, Emilia see Lanier, Emilia Petrarch and Shakespeare’s attitudes compared Basse, William 200 73–89 Bate, Jonathan 115, 116, 129–30 relationship with color 316–26 Bates, Catherine 8 substance vs shadow 252–7 Batman, Stephen 316, 325 Boehme, Jacob 319 Beal, Peter 187–8, 201, 214 Bolzoni, Lina 346 Beckett, Samuel 28 books bed-vow: meaning 304–6 as form of identity 376 “Before that antient time that man & wife” as metaphors 374–6 196–7 see also printing Bell, Ilona 8, 92, 100, 426 Booth, Stephen Bellasis, Margaret 194 approach to sonnets as autobiography 169, 228 Bellay, J. du 204 commentary style 33, 175–6, 181 Benbow, Lady 194 on meaning of “hue” 323 Benn, Antony 194 overview of commentary and edition by 142 Benson, John 7, 53–4, 58, 140, 148–9, 188, overview of contribution 7 189 on punctuation of 1609 quarto 301 Berger, Harry 368 on Renaissance sonnets 284 betrothals: Elizabethan 304–5, 307 on Shakespeare’s frames of reference 285 Bible on 1 113–14 Coverdale’s 118 on 274 Ecclesiastes 60–1 on 348 Isaiah 118 on sonnet 35 178–9 John 418 on sonnet 44 259 Leviticus 416 on sonnet 53 227 Luke 423 on sonnet 59 62 Revelation 418, 423–4 on sonnet 89 365 Song of Solomon 421 on sonnets 97–9 320 biography on 231 Empson on authorial 163–82 on sonnet 113 88 sonnets as autobiography 45–56, 121–36, on 80, 81 228–41 on 89 emotional identity with sonnets’ speaker on sonnets’ ambiguity 244–5 169–81, 267–71, 285 Vendler on his structure theories 30, 31

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botanical metaphors 23–5, 318–21, 349–51 sonnets as attempt to halt 65–6, 231–2, Bowers, Fredson 155 238–9 Bradbrook, M. C. 126–7 as theme 4–5 Braden, Gordon 85–6, 88, 342, 435 time and change in the sonnets 106–8 Bradley, A. C. 46–7 see also memory and memorialization; time Breitenberg, Mark 284 Chapman, George 133, 215 Breton, Nicholas 197 characterization 28–30, 383–401 Bruno, Giordano 421 see also speaker Büdel, Oscar 77, 84, 85 Chartier, Roger 353, 354 Burbage, Richard 126 Chaucer, Geoffrey 60 Burbage, Winifred 126 chemical weddings 410–14 Burckhardt, Titus 420 Cheney, Patrick 8, 134–5, 206 Burgess, Anthony 122–3 chiasmus 37, 267–8 Burghley, William Cecil, Lord 129 Chloris (Smith) 212, 213 Burke, Kenneth 249 Christ Church, Oxford: anthologies and poets Burrow, Colin 190–3, 194 and 1609 quarto 205, 206, 210 Christianity on “dark lady” 294, 301, 302 and alchemy 409 on A Lover’s Complaint 100, 421, 427, 435 and Petrarch 80 on MS version of 198 religious signifi cance of sonnet numbering overview of contribution 8 418–19 overview of edition by 143–4, 161 Shakespeare and blasphemy 80 on Shakespeare and classical allusions 242–3 Shakespeare and Catholicism 169–70 on 253 Shakespeare’s rejection of 33 on sonnets 153–4 59 Shakespeare’s use of Christian themes on sonnets’ nature and structure 51–2 A Lover’s Complaint 423 on sonnets’ power to reveal emotion 365 Much Ado 377 Butler, Samuel 54 287 sonnet 105 231 Caelia (Murray) 209 sonnet 125 416 Caelica (Greville) 211 sonnet 146 85 caesura 60 and sonnet conventions 20–1 Callaghan, Dympna 8 sonnets as theological sequence 268 Camillio, Giulio 345 churl: Shakespeare’s meaning 114 “The Canonization” (Donne) 407 Cicero 259, 344 Capell, Edward 150 classical references Carew, Thomas 186, 187, 192, 194, 197 and Shakespeare 242–60 carpe diem theme 113–15, 338 Shakespeare’s allusions 33, 242–3 Carruthers, Mary 344–5, 352, 356, 359 Shakespeare and Ovid 77, 106–7, 108, 116 Carson, Anne 315 Cleopatra (Daniel) 93 Cartwright, William 191 Coelia (Percy) 212 Castiglione, Baldassare: The Courtier 227, 240 Colie, Rosalie 34 catachesis 268, 269 Colin Clouts (Spenser) 209 Cavell, Stanley 398–9 “The Collar” (Herbert) 28 Cecil, William see Burghley, William Cecil, Lord Collier, John Payne 202 Certain Small Works (Daniel) 209 color Certain Sonnets (Sidney) 210–11, 219 ancient and early modern attitudes 315–17 change darkness and the sonnets 324–6 and color 318–19 darkness and writing 325–6 cyclical nature of life 57–70 and nature 318–19 sonnet 15 24–5 relationship with the body 316–26

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as revealer of inner nature 323 The Complaint of Rosamond 59, 93, 97, 98–9, and the sonnets 314–28 209 and time/change 318–19 A Defence of Ryme 406 commemoration see memory and his sister and Southampton 129 memorialization MS circulation 197, 214 “The Comparison” (Donne) 324 preferred medium of circulation 185 complaint genre 59–60, 91–101, 428–9 repetition 218 see also A Lover’s Complaint as “” 133 The Complaint of Rosamond (Daniel) 59, 93, 97, see also Delia 98–9, 209 Dante Alighieri 87 Complaints (Spenser) 204, 215 “dark lady” complexion alchemical view 420, 421 cosmetics for 321–2, 323 character 293–4, 297–311, 337 as mirror of bodily humors 316, 317 darkness and female sexuality 324 as mirror of feelings 323, 374–6 darkness and the sonnets 324–6 The Compound of Alchymie (Ripley) 405 identity 51, 100, 123–34, 225, 314 Constable, Henry 214, 217 as love object 225–41 contracts and A Lover’s Complaint 100, 309–10 early modern 110 and nature 267, 420 as metaphors 305 relationship with “fair youth” and poet Cook, Carol 367 294–311, 339, 420 Cooke, Sir Anthony 214 Shakespeare’s disgust with 230 Corbett, Richard 190, 191, 197 and sonnet 40 235 (Shakespeare) 376 “dark lady” sequence Cormack, Bradin 8 and color 324–6 “Corona” (Donne) 214 dating 215 coronas 220 narrative in 293, 297–309 Coryate, Thomas 146 and privacy 186 cosmetics 321–2, 323 dating (calendrical), and Shakespeare 110 couplets, Shakespearean 34–6, 100 Davies, John, of Hereford 209, 215, 216, 427 The Courtier (Castiglione) 227, 240 Davies, Sir John 214, 215, 315 courtly love conventions 20–2, 284 Davison, Francis 209 Cousins, A. D. 258 De proprietatibus rerum (Bartholomaeus) 316 Coverdale, Miles 118 De re aedifi catoria (Alberti) 405 Craig, Alexander 91 death Craik, Katharine A. 96, 426 and distillation 112 Crane, Mary Thomas 353, 354 and Petrarch 78–80, 106 Crashaw, Richard 187 and sex 112 Crewe, Jonathan 139 sonnet 12 43–4, 109 Crooke, Helkiah 320, 328 sonnet 15 24–5 Crum, Margaret 191, 201, 215 196 Crystal, David and Ben 365, 366 41–3 Cuffe, Henry 197 as theme 4–5, 65 Culpeper, Nicholas 319 writing as immortality 231–2, 238–9, 338–9, Curtius, Ernst 352 345, 348–9, 350, 351–6 Cynthia (Barnfi eld) 92, 204, 208, 220 see also change; memory and memorialization Cynthia (Nugent) 215 deception in A Lover’s Complaint 438 Daniel, Samuel in New Arcadia 438–9 Certain Small Works 209 in the sonnets 437–8 Cleopatra 93 deconstructivism 167

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dedicatee Dryden, John: Aeneid version 17–18 Pembroke 9, 122, 130, 131–3 Dubrow, Heather Shakespeare himself 130 on carpe diem theme 342 Southampton 9, 122 on lyric and narrative 49 Who He? 143 on nature of desire 435 William Hart 152 overview of contribution 7–8 Willie Hughes 54, 121, 152 on Petrarch 80, 87 Defence of Poesie (Sidney) 345, 439 on sonnets’ addressees 233, 304 A Defence of Ryme (Daniel) 406 on sonnets’ disconcerting effect 51 Deggli eroica furori (Bruno) 421 on sonnets’ sequence 45, 46, 218, 228, 310 Delia (Daniel) Duncan-Jones, Katherine côterie images 213–14 on 1609 quarto 33, 47, 53, 88, 205, 294 the Delian tradition 4, 91–101 and authorial biography 166 editions 220 on modernizing spelling 160 linking devices 217 on MS versions of sonnets 189–90, 193, 199 material conventions 207, 208 on same-sex love 284 revisions 216 on Shakespeare and Petrarch 416 structure 58 on sonnet 40 235, 236 desire see sexual desire on sonnet 113 88 “Dialogue” (Herbert) 29 on sonnet 126 262 Diana 421 on sonnet 154 421 Diana (Constable) 217 on sonnets’ biographical context 131–3 Dickinson, Emily 350–1 on sonnets’ sequence and numbering 91, 418 Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) 121–2 Durling, Robert M. 86–7 Diella (Lynche) 91, 92, 93, 94, 97 Dutton, Richard 8 Digby, Venetia 191 dyeing: Shakespeare’s meaning 319 Diggs, Leonard 379 distance theme 246–51, 254–7 E.C.: Emaricdulfe 214, 215, 218 distillation Ecclesiastes 60–1 alchemical process 412, 413–14 Eco, Umberto 356 images 111, 112, 414, 415–16, 419, 423–4 economic metaphors see legal and fi nancial and memory 349–51 metaphors A Divine Centurie (Barnes) 204, 208, 214 education: Elizabethan 259 DNB see Dictionary of National Biography Eld, George 145 Dodoens, Rembert 320 Elderton, William 380 Donne, John Eliot, T. S. 28 and alchemy 407–8 Elizabeth I, queen of England attitude to the body 73–4 as “dark lady” 225 “The Canonization” 407 references in sonnets 125, 128, 130 and comparison 324 Shakespeare’s feelings for 132 “Corona” 214 Emaricdulfe (E.C.) 214, 215, 218 coronas 220 emblems 30, 410, 412 MS circulation 139, 185, 186, 193, 194, 195, emotions 196, 214 early modern emotional regime 279–83, Petrarch’s infl uence 78 284 poetry’s dramatic qualities 6 in Shakespeare 284–8 poetry’s shifting moods 52 sonnet conventions 284 Dowland, John 197 sonnets’ power to evoke 363–82 Draaisma, Douwe 344 and speaker’s authenticity 29 Drayton, Michael 185, 207, 209, 214, 216, 218 see also love Drummond, William 209, 214 emotives 280

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Empson, William 163–82 fi gures of speech 258 and Auden 178 catachesis 268, 269 life 170 chiasmus 37, 267–8 Seven Types of Ambiguity 163, 164–6, 168–72, syllepsis 243 175 fi n a n c i a l metaphors see legal and fi nancial Some Versions of Pastoral 168, 173–5, 178 metaphors on sonnet 94 173–6, 383 Fineman, Joel The Structure of Complex Words 164, 169 on contrast between “dark lady” and “fair Engle, Lars 8, 83, 341 youth” sequences 326 Enterline, Lynn 436 on “dark lady” 299, 304 enumeration 39–40 and epideixis 239 epideixis 239, 270 on infl uence of sonnet convention 296 Erasmus, Desiderius 262 and Shakespeare’s sexuality 226 Erne, Lukas 135, 376 on Shakespeare’s uniqueness 82 Erotomania (Ferrand) 317 on sonnet 44 249 ethics see morality on sonnet 45 250 etymology, Elizabethan knowledge of 244 on sonnet 105 64, 231, 232 on sonnets as autobiography 228, 267–71 face see complexion Finucci, Valeria 325 Faerie Queene (Spenser) 108–9, 166, 344 Fitton, Mary 135, 225 “fair youth” fl a t t e r y character 293, 302–11 Shakespeare’s meaning 84 faults 233 see also praise historical identity 54, 121–34, 225 Flesch, William 8 as love object 225–41 Fletcher, Giles personal identity and selfhood 331–42 Licia 92, 95, 96, 97 relationship with “dark lady” and poet MS circulation 215 294–313, 339, 383–6, 420 organization of texts 58, 91 Shakespeare’s disgust with 230 Florio, John 129 as subject as well as object 265–6 fl owers see also same-sex love as alchemical emblems 412, 415, 422 “fair youth” sequence fl oral imagery 319–21, 349–51 characterization 383–401 Fludd, Robert 346, 416–17, 419 dating 215 Folger MSS erotic rivalry 390–1 V.a.139 196–7 memory in 343–57 V.a.148 187–9 and privacy 186 V.a.162 194–6 procreation sequence 215, 231–2, 331–42, V.a.170 190, 191 347–8, 349–51 V.a.345 190, 193 Falstaff: Shakespeare as 383–6 Forbis, J. F. 51 fame Ford, John (fi lm director) 121 importance to Shakespearean characters 387 Ford, John (writer) 144 Petrarch on 79 forgetting family relationships 100–1, 133–4 self-forgetting 336–9, 340 famine 113 Shakespeare’s exhortations to 355–6 fancifulness 39, 143 Forman, Simon 124 fashioned: meaning 366, 379–80 forms, Platonic 252–7 feminist criticism 28 Foster, Donald 48 Ferrand, Jacques 229, 317 Foucault, Michel 167 Ficino, Marsilio 227, 230, 240, 416 Fowler, Alastair 418 Field, Richard 159 Frankenstein, Dr 415

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Fraser, Russell 127 Greg, W. W. 155 Freccero, John 73–4 Greville, Fulke 211, 214 Freeman, Arthur 143 Griffi n, B. 215 Freinkel, Lisa 268–9 A Groatsworth of Wit (Greene) 129 Freud, Sigmund 384, 392, 428, 436–7 guilt 99 Fry, Paul 163 “Gulling Sonnets” (Davies) 214 Fuller, Thomas 187 Gurr, Andrew 33, 127 “A Funeral Elegy by W. S.” (Shakespeare?; Davies?) 427 Habington, William 195–6 “Funeral Elegy for William Peter” (Ford) 144 Haffenden, John 163 Hall, Joseph 196 Galen 247, 250, 316, 319, 323–4 Hall, Kim 314 Ganymede sonnets (Barnfi eld) 97, 204, 208 Halpern, Richard 65, 350 Gardiner, Judith Kegan 228 halt and halting: meaning 365 Geber 408 (Shakespeare) gender relations concern for reputation in 387, 388, 389 and alchemy 410–14 contemporary popularity 137 feminine masochism 437 on halting verse 365 Galen’s view of male and female bodies Hamlet’s character 385, 386 323–4 links between sex and death 112 in A Lover’s Complaint 429–39 play within the play 384 in Much Ado 371–6 possible memory-theater allusions 346 and nature vs artifi ce 323 table-book metaphor 353 in Petrarchan tradition 367–8 triggers for memory 357 relational view 237 types of love 385, 386 sexual politics in Venus and Lucrece 139 Hardy, Barbara 48, 50 Vendler on Shakespeare’s attitude 29–30 Harington, Sir John 159, 194 see also heterosexuality; same-sex love; women harmonic ratios 417 Genette, Gerard 211 Hart, William 152 genres, literary: social signifi cance 167 Harvey, Elizabeth 8 Gerard, John 319 Hathaway, Anne 127, 133, 301–2, 303 Gibbon, J. 187 Healy, Margaret 8 Gildon, Charles 149, 383 hell: idiomatic meaning 302 Giroux, Robert 286 Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2 (Shakespeare): Goddard, Harold C. 371 Shakespeare and “fair youth” as Falstaff and “Gods love” 196 Hal 383–6 Gorgias (Plato) 322 (Shakespeare) 380, 387, 389 grafting 320 Henry VI, Part 1 (Shakespeare) 388–9 Graves, Robert 153, 156, 168, 278 Herbert, George 20–1, 28–9, 74, 195 Grazia, Margreta de 7, 53, 154, 266, 269, 314 Herbert, Mary see Pembroke, Countess of green: signifi cance 318 Herbert, William see Pembroke, third Earl of Greenblatt, Stephen Herman, Peter 116, 337, 342 on “dark lady” 294 hermaphrodites 407, 414, 418, 424 on distinctness of each sonnet 279 see also androgyny on Much Ado 378–9, 380 Hermes Trismegistus 409 on Shakepeare’s verbal invention 245 Hero and Leander (Marlowe) 139 on social tension in “fair youth” sequence 130 Heroical Epistles (Drayton) 209 on sonnets as autobiography 166, 285 Herrick, Robert 185 on subversion and containment 380 heterosexuality on Wyatt 168, 172 and Shakespeare 132, 225–41 Greene, Robert 129, 130 sonnets’ attitude to 5, 30 Greene, Thomas M. 78, 87, 118, 259 Heywood, Thomas 149

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Hieatt, A. Kent 33, 48 Jameson, Fredric 63 Hieatt, Charles W. 48 John’s Gospel 418 Hippocrates 316, 320 Johnson, Samuel 60 Hobbs, Mary 201 Jonson, Ben Hoby, Thomas 240 1616 fi rst folio 137–8, 159 Holland, Peter 122, 380 MS circulation 187, 191, 197 Hollander, John 228, 244 preferred media of circulation 185 Homer 80, 388–9 as “rival poet” 133 homoeroticism see same-sex love and Shakespeare 115, 240 Honan, Park 130–1 Thorpe’s editions 139, 146 Honigmann, Ernst A. J. 130, 133, 135 Joseph, Miriam 258 Horace 106, 351 (Shakespeare) 118, 384, 388, 390 horticultural metaphors see botanical metaphors Justice, Donald 343 hourglasses 261–7, 271–5 hue: meaning 323 Kalas, Rayna 8 Hughes, Willie 54, 121, 152 Kalstone, David 78 Humes, James C. 130 Kastan, David Scott 205 humors, bodily 247, 250, 316 Keats, John 43–4, 109 Humphreys, A. R. 377, 380 Kerrigan, John A Hundred Points of Good Husbandry (Tusser) on alternative authorial versions of sonnets 110–11 202 Hunsdon, Lord 124 on contrast in the sonnets 52 on “dark lady” 294 iconoclasm 349 on deception in the sonnets 438 Idea (Drayton) 209, 216 on Delia 91 identity and A Lover’s Complaint 3–4, 57–8, 100, 436 alchemy and the ego 420, 422 overview of edition by 142 early modern notions of social and personal on sonnets 40–2 235 331–42 on sonnet 126 263 sexual desire’s effect on 337, 339 on sonnets 153 and 154 59 Shakespeare’s exploration 383–401 on sonnets’ disconcerting effect 51 sonnets’ power to reveal 363–82 on sonnets’ sequence 47–8, 90, 91, 99 theater’s power to reveal 364 on time in the sonnets 108 imagery see metaphor Khunrath 409 infection: Shakespeare’s meaning 321 King, Henry 187, 191 Ingram, W. G. 142 King, John 191 Inns of Court: poetry associated with 194, 245 (Shakespeare) 324, 386 interiority: Shakespeare’s representation 336 King’s Men 138 inventories 39 The Kingis Quair (James I of Scotland) 59 Irigaray, Luce 317, 322–3 knots: in Petrarch 75–80 irony 34, 399–400 Koskimies, Rafael 226–7 Isaiah 118 Kott, Jan 36 Islam, and alchemy 409 Kreiger, Murray 274 Iyengar, Sujata 314 Kristeva, Julia 322–3 Kuin, Roger 92 Jackson, Stephen 195 Jaggard, William 89, 146–7, 185, 199 lame: meaning 365 James I, king of Scotland 59 Lampus, Lord 194 James I and VI, king of England and Scotland land leases 110 poems about 191 language references in sonnets 62, 125, 128, 130, 133, chromatic 322–3 287 early variation of English 259

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language (cont’d) divergence from complaint genre 428–9 Latin’s effect on sonnets 242–60 identity of characters 100 sonnets as social speech 9 Levi on 128 see also fi gures of speech; rhetoric; wordplay lyric and narrative 49 Lanier, Alfonso 124 mentions of sonnets 365, 366 Lanier, Emilia (Aemilia Lanyer; née Bassano) and morality 436–7 124–5, 128, 134, 225, 314 nature of desire in 429–39 lap: Shakespeare’s meaning 320 obscurity 426–7 Latin, and Shakespeare 242–60 place in the sonnet sequence 3–4, 57–9, “A Law Cause” 192 90–103, 309–11, 408 Lawes, Henry 193 surrogacy 96, 100 Leare, Daniel 192 lovesickness: effects 230, 346–7 Lee, Sir Sidney 121 Lucrece see legal and fi nancial metaphors 287, 288, 337–8, Luke’s Gospel 423 342 Luther, Martin 424 Leishman, J. B. 117, 240 Lydgate, John 60 Lennard, John 262 Lynche, Richard Lever, J. W. 85 Diella 91, 92, 93, 94, 97 Levi, Peter 127–8 MS circulation 215 Levin, Richard 89 lyrics: historical contextual infl uences 167 Leviticus 416 Lewis, C. S. 28 (Shakespeare) 385 Lewis, David 395 McKerrow, R. B. 155 A Lexicon of Alchemy (Ruland) 408, 410 McLeod, Randall 154, 155–6 Licia (Fletcher) 92, 95, 96, 97 Magnusson, Lynne 285 Licia (Griffi n) 215 Maier, Michael: books by 411–12, 412 lilies 415 Malone, Edmond 46, 54, 137, 140–1, 150–3, Ling, Sir Edmond 192 158, 160, 269 Lintott, Bernard 149–50 Man, Paul de 167 Lodge, Thomas The Man Who Shot Liberty Valence (fi lm) 121 MS circulation 214 Manningham, John 132 Phillis 4, 58, 92, 208, 212 manuscripts The Tragical Complaint of Estred 59 Shakespeare’s 147–8, 185–203, 294 Lok, H. 215 sonnet sequences 212–16, 219 Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo 322 Marianus Scholasticus 59 love Marlowe, Christopher effect on sight 230, 346–7 Hero and Leander 139 impossibility of characterizing the beloved publishing history 146 383–401 as “rival poet” 133 psychoanalytic types 384 and same-sex love 5 and Shakespeare 4–6, 228–41 Marotti, Arthur 8, 46, 206, 210, 211 taking pride in the beloved 391–5 marriage types in Shakespeare’s plays 384–5 alchemical 410–14 see also emotions; same-sex love early modern concept 280–1, 304–5, 307 Love’s Labour’s Lost (Shakespeare) 185 Martial 78 A Lover’s Complaint (Shakespeare) 426–40 masochism acceptance in canon 139 feminine 437 alchemical infl uence 421–4 and A Lover’s Complaint 434–7 archaism 59–60 masturbation 337 authorship 427 mathematics, divine 416, 418–19 contemporary popularity 426 Measure for Measure (Shakespeare) 101, 384

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Medcalf, Stephen 227 types of love 384, 385, 392 meddling: etymology and meaning 320 vicarious experience in 393–4 Medea (Ovid) 435 Mikrocosmographia (Crooke) 320, 328 medical theory 247, 250, 316, 319, 323–4 Mill, J. S. 28 melancholy 250 Milton, John 6, 18, 61 Melchiori, Giorgio 89, 269 Minerva Britanna (Peacham) 282 memory and memorialization mirrors 271–4 as beauty 334 miscegenation 314–15, 325 and distillation 349–51 Miscellany (Tottel) 185–6 early modern concept 343–6 mistress: early modern meaning 299 in “fair youth” sonnets 343–57 Mnemonica (Willis) 345–6, 352–3 metaphors for 333 morality mnemonic methods 344–6, 352–3 of constancy 256 and physical decay 334 early modern emotional regime 279–83, 284 poetry as 338–9, 345, 348–9, 350, 351–6 Elizabethan sexual 294 procreation as 331–42, 347–8 and A Lover’s Complaint 436–7 and sight 344–6, 352, 354 sexual 29–30 and smell 349–51 and Shakespeare 83, 284–8 memory theaters 345–6 sonnet conventions 284 menstruation, and fl owers 320 and sonnet-writing 230 (Shakespeare) 134, 385, More, Thomas 264–5 417 Morley, George 190, 197 Mercurius 424 (Shakespeare) Meres, Francis 3, 50, 139, 185 Claudio’s character 399 The Merry Wives of Windsor (Shakespeare) 372 on importance of Shakespeare’s sonnets to his Metamorphoses (Ovid) 106–7, 108, 116, 258, 320 œuvre 363–82 metaphor misprision 51 alchemical occurrence of “fashion” 367 alchemical emblems 410, 412 “Pardon, goddess of the night” 377 used by Shakespeare 111, 112, 413–14, “Sigh no more ladies, sigh no more” 371–4 415–16, 419, 423–4 time and patience 110 botanical 23–5, 318–21, 349–51 types of love 385 contract metaphors 305 Muir, Kenneth 426, 433 fl uidity of reference 41–2, 44 Murray, Sir David, of Gorthy 91, 209 importance of context 32 Musa, Mark 117 legal and fi nancial 287, 288, 337–8, 342 Musaeus 229 for memory 333 Muses Sacrifi ce (Davies) 209 for non-reproductive sex 337–8 music printing metaphors 374–6 musical instruments 370 Shakespeare’s warnings against falsity of 438 musical performance of the sonnets 193–4 sonnet 12 44 of the spheres 417 sonnet 15 23–5 Mylius, Johann Daniel: books by 413 287, 288 sonnet 34 38 Nagel, Thomas 395 theatrical 23–5, 370, 390 narcissism 384 water metaphors 309 narrative writing metaphors 61–2, 325, 357 love-triangle version 293–313 meter 261, 365 narrative order 38–9 A Midsummer Night’s Dream (Shakespeare) sonnets as see structure: order and sequences learned clerks’ silence 391 sonnets’ anti-narrativity 45–56 procreation as immortality 349 and surrogacy 96–7

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Nashe, Thomas 210, 388–9 painting Natural Magick (della Porta) 319–20, 321 color and the unconscious 323 nature Renaissance debates over 322 alchemical view 419–20 vs nature 321–2, 323 and color 318–19 Palladis Tamia (Meres) 3, 185 and “dark lady” 267, 420 Pamphilia to Amphilanthus (Wroth) 215 vs painting 321–2, 323 Paracelsus 319, 410 Negro, Lucy 225 Paradise Lost (Milton) 61 neoplatonism Parrot, Henry 195 forms 252–7 Parry, Robert 91 and Petrarch 73–80 Parthenophil and Parthenophe (Barnes) 211, 212, and Shakespeare 226–7, 238–9, 252–3, 416 217 New Arcadia (Sidney) 438–9 Partridge, John 111 niggard: Shakespeare’s meaning 113–14 (anthology) nigredo 414 1599 edition 3, 89, 146–7, 185 nonny: meaning 373–4 1612 edition 9, 146–7, 149, 185 Norris, Christopher 163 and Benson 9 North, Marcy 8, 189 and Folger MS V.a.339 196 Nosce teipsum (Davies) 315 sources 199 notebooks see table-books version of sonnet 138 300 Nothing Like the Sun (Burgess) 122–3 passions see emotions Nugent, Richard 215 Paster, Gail Kern 279 numerology 416 paternity: early modern attitude 325 NYPL MS Drexel 4257 193 patronage and “fair youth” sonnets 186–7 oaths 305–6 infl uence on Shakespeare’s work 115–16 O’Connor, Garry 130 Southampton as Shakespeare’s patron 115, Odyssey (Homer) 388–9 124, 125, 138 “On a made not marriageable” (anon.) 192–3 workings of 138 “On his Mistress Beauty” (Shakespeare and Peacham, Henry 282 Pembroke?) 197–8 Peele, George 138 O’Neill, Onora 157–8 Pembroke, Mary Herbert (née Sidney), Countess order of 133, 211–12, 406 in art 15–16, 25–6 Pembroke, William Herbert, third Earl of narrative order 38–9 and Samuel Daniel 406 in the sonnets see structure date of fi rst meeting Shakespeare 130 organization as dedicatee of sonnets 9, 122, 130, 131–3 poetic forms 16–18, 25–6 as “fair youth” 47, 122, 126, 131–3 in the sonnets see structure poems by 197–8 orgasm 4 Pequigney, Joseph 54–5, 226, 234, 265–6 Orgel, Stephen 8, 231 perception, and speaker’s authenticity 30 (Shakespeare) 259, 365, 385, 387 Percy, William 212, 215 Overbury, Sir Thomas 195, 201 Perry, R. 215 Ovid persona see speaker Medea 435 persuasiveness, Shakespeare’s art of 387, 389–95 Metamorphoses 106–7, 108, 116, 258, 320 Peters, Julie Stone 359 as poet-playwright 134 Petrarch, Francis and Shakespeare 77, 106–7, 108, 116, 245, Canzoniere 74–84, 105 258, 259 and Daniel 99 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography see infl uence 347 Dictionary of National Biography and Ovid 259

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Secretum 73–4, 77, 79 procreation sonnets and Shakespeare 73–89, 416 dating 215 and Spenser 94 printing as memory 231–2 and time 104–6 procreation as memory 231–2, 331–42, Phaedrus (Plato) 258, 355 347–8 Phillis (Lodge) 4, 58, 92, 208, 212 smell as memory 349–51 philosopher’s stone 414–15 pronouns 269 philosophical ideas, and speaker’s authenticity Proust, Marcel 385 29–30 proverbs, use of 35–6 The Phoenix and the Turtle (Shakespeare) 139, Psalms (Sidney) 215 227 psychoanalysis Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni 227 masochism and sexuality 437 Pinder, Sir Paul 195 psychoanalytic types of love 384 pity: Shakespeare’s meaning 298 see also Freud, Sigmund plants punctuation: modernizing 159–60 herbal medicine 319 puns see wordplay as metaphors 23–5, 318–21, 349–51 purifi cation: alchemical 414 Plato 258, 322, 355, 409, 416 Puritanism, and Shakespeare 170 Platonism see neoplatonism Puttenham, George 60, 64, 322, 408, 419 playfulness 38, 143 pyramids 62, 418–19 pocket: early modern defi nition 367 Poetical Rhapsody (Davison) 209 Quintilian 344, 345 poetry as memory 338–9, 345, 348–9, 350, 351–6 race issues 314–15, 325 as perpetuation 351–5, 356 Ralegh, Sir Walter 125, 185, 194 as Shakespeare’s love object 225–41 The Rape of Lucrece (Shakespeare) ways of memorizing 352 color in 317–18 see also writing, act of composition date 125, 127, 135 Pope, Alexander 157 contemporary popularity 137, 426 Porta, Giambattista della 319–20, 321 dedicatee 2 Praetiosum Donum Dei 422 gender relations and morality 436 praise overview and sexual politics 138–9 Petrarchan 29, 37, 324 personal and social identity 332, 336, Shakespeare’s methods of 383–7, 389–91, 337 396, 397–400 publishing history 53, 138 sonnet 130 30 Sinon’s depiction 401 Prescott, Anne Lake 48 Ravenshaw, J. 187 printing reading literature: Empson’s approach effect on texts’ accuracy 155–6, 159 163–82 material aspects of sonnet sequences reciprocity 256–7 206–14 Reddy, William 279–80, 283 as memory 231–2 redemption 378 metaphors 374–6 Redpath, Theodore 142 printing conventions and authorial intention Rees, Joan 427, 438 92–3 religion see Christianity; Islam procreation remembrance see memory and memorialization avoidance of as suicide 112 repetition as immortality 107 and desire 435–6 metaphorical use 61–2, 325–6 phonetic 65 metaphors for 320 as theme 57–70 Spenser on 108–9 reproduction, human see procreation

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reputation Samburne, Sheriff of Oxford 192 importance to Shakespeare’s characters 387, same-sex love 388, 389–91 in alchemical context 416 see also fame early modern attitude 279 resurrection 378, 414 “fair youth” as subject as well as Revelation 418, 423–4 object 265–6 rhetoric gender pronouns changed in and color 322 transcription 53–4, 140, 141–2, 149, 190 and memory 344–5 Malone’s attitude 151–2 Shakespeare’s persuasiveness 387, 389–95 and other writers 5 Rhetorica ad herennium 344, 345, 352 reproductive vs non-reproductive sex 337–8 rhyme and Shakespeare 122–34, 141–2, 225–41 functions 17–18 sonnets’ attitude to 5, 29, 101 Shakespeare’s use of feminine 323 see also “fair youth” sonnet 8 417 Sands, Sir William 193 Rich, Penelope 397 Schalkwyk, David 54–5, 299, 383, 384, 366 Richard II (Shakespeare) 137, 385 Schiffer, James 7, 299, 340, 346, 357 Richard III (Shakespeare) 137 Schoenbaum, Samuel 125–6, 299 Ricks, Christopher 83–4 Schoenfeldt, Michael 247, 260, 282, 283 Riding, Laura 153, 156, 168, 278 Scholes, Robert 50, 52 Ringler, William 210 Secretum (Petrarch) 73–4, 77, 79 Ripley, George 405 Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky 226, 233 “rival poet”: identity 133 seduction Roberts, Sasha 53, 92, 189–90, 199–200, 201, fundamentality to human psychic history 206 437 Robinson, Thomas 138–9 in A Lover’s Complaint 429–39 Roche, Thomas P., Jr. in the sonnets 387, 389–95 and the Delian tradition 58, 91 Senault, J. F. 282, 284 on A Lover’s Complaint 427, 433, 436 Sewell, George 149 on Petrarch’s Secretum 86 sexual activity: reproductive vs non-reproductive Roe, John 92, 99, 102, 147, 227, 426 337–8 Rogers, T. 215 sexual desire Rollins, Hyde E. 149, 150 color as indicator of 323 (Shakespeare) effect on identity 337, 339 contemporary popularity 137 in A Lover’s Complaint 429–39 contracts 110 repetitive nature 435–6 meaning of “churl” 114 in the sonnets 4–6, 435 redemption 378 sexual intercourse 4–6, 237 types of love 384 sexuality Rosenbach MSS darkness and female sexuality 324–6 1083/16 197–8 fl oral imagery 320 1083/17 147–8, 190 psychoanalytic view 437 roses 319–21, 349–51, 412, 422 sonnets’ attitude to 29–30 Rowe, Nicholas 140 shadow vs substance 252–7 Rowse, A. L. 123–5, 314 Shakespeare, Hamnet (son) 133–4 Royalist anthologies 193 Shakespeare, William: character and life Rudyerd, Sir Benjamin 198 Basse’s epitaph 200 Ruland, Martin 408, 410 circle of friends 295 grain hoarding 113 Sacks, Peter 356 and Latin 242–60 Sagaser, Elizabeth Harris 102 “lost” years 130

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nature of erotic life 385 dedication 2–3 reasons for writing 115–16 dramatic qualities 6, 30, 48–50 sexuality 122–34, 141–2, 225–41 exclusion from 138 sonnets as autobiography 45–56, 121–36, form and rhythm 6 228–41 identity of characters 50–1, 54, 100, 121–34, emotional identity with sonnets’ speaker 225 169–81, 267–71, 285 internal reading directions 295 relationship with “dark lady” and “fair length 68, 261 youth” 294–313, 339, 383–6, 420 material aspects and context 204–21 Shakespeare, William: collected works MS versions 147–8, 185–203 First Folio 137–8 musical performance 193–4 Shakespeare, William: plays objects and subjects 265–75 importance to Shakespeare the writer 363–82 order and sequences publishing history 6 126’s place 261–76 Shakespeare’s psychological acuity 384 alchemical view 418–19, 421–4 types of love portrayed 384–5 Booth on multiple levels 15–26, 31 see also individual plays by title coherence of tone, pace, and tempo Shakespeare, William: sonnets, editions 115 1609 quarto 2–3, 50, 139–40, 145–8, 186 compared to Delian tradition 90–103, authorization 126, 127, 128, 131, 134, 204–21 139–40, 146, 187, 205, 210, 219, 294 and composition date 33 material aspects and context 204–21 “dark lady” sequence 186, 215, 293, 1640 (Benson) 7, 53–4, 58, 140, 148–9, 188, 297–309, 324–6 189 “fair youth” sequence 186, 215, 343–57, 1711 (Lintott) 149–50 383–401 1780 (Malone) 46, 54, 137, 140–1, 150–3, A Lover’s Complaint’s place 3–4, 57–9, 158, 160, 269 90–103, 309–11, 408 later editions 142–4, 154–61 overview 3–4 Shakespeare, William: sonnets, general pairing 217–18 audience 50, 115 patterns emerging from 57–60 as autobiography 45–56, 121–36, 228–41 procreation sequence 215, 231–2, 331–42, relationship between characters 293–313, 347–8, 349–51 339, 383–6, 420 pyramidical 418–19 Shakespeare’s emotional identity with reasons for open-endedness 228–40 sonnets’ speaker 169–81, 267–71, 285 Shakespeare’s awareness of 215, 218–19 centrality to Shakespeare’s writing career signifi cance of numbering 109, 418–19 363–82 skeptical view 45–56 circulation means 58, 139, 143 thematic clusters 217–18 compared to other sonnet sequences 20–5, Vendler on multiple levels 31–4 90–103, 204–21 transcribers’ changes 53–4, 140, 141–2, 149, composition dates 2, 33, 125, 129, 135, 215 190 composition process 216–19 Shakespeare, William: sonnets, individual contemporary popularity 53, 137, 140 contrast in 52 alchemy’s infl uence 412 dedicatee infl uence of Shakespeare’s classicism Pembroke 9, 122, 130, 131–3 243–4 Shakespeare himself 130 as introduction to sequence 65, 212 Southampton 9, 122 Lintott’s version 150 Who He? 143 memory in 333–4, 347 William Hart 152 tenderness in 251–2 Willie Hughes 54, 121, 152 time in 113–14

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Shakespeare, William: sonnets, individual relationship to 126 266–7 (cont’d) same-sex love 5 sonnet convention in 22 memory in 334–5 textual cruces 157 MS versions 187, 190–4 sonnet 21 37 reasons for popularity 201 392–3 surrogacy 100 sonnet 23 390 versions compared 147–8 sonnet 25 33, 125, 151 sonnet 3 273–4, 347–8 sonnet 26 sonnet 4 109, 337 as dedicatory epistle 2, 218 sonnet 5 and patronage 186–7 alchemy’s infl uence 413–14 textual cruces 157 smell and memory in 349–51 time in 106–7, 108, 110 alchemy’s infl uence 414 darkness 325–6 smell and memory in 349–51 lovesickness 347 time in 107, 111–12, 113 shadow and substance 253 40, 107 sonnet 28 188, 414 sonnet 8 sonnet 29 alchemy’s infl uence 417–18 alchemy’s infl uence 414 MS versions 187, 193 expression of emotion 278, 285–7 threat to selfhood 335 MS versions 188–9 sonnet 9 348 textual cruces 160 335 sonnet 30 278, 285–7, 333 sonnet 11 348 100, 347, 414 sonnet 12 43–4, 119 sonnet 32 sonnet 13 188, 335 awareness of sonnets as sequence in 218 39 Malone on 151–2 sonnet 15 MS versions 187, 195–6 alliteration 26 sonnet 33 38, 187 form and organization 18–20, 22–5 sonnet 34 38 memory in 333, 338 sonnet 35 100, 178–81, 414 metaphor 23–5 sonnet 36 227, 240 and Prudence tradition 258 253, 394–5 sonnet convention in 22 sonnet 38 218, 245–6, 416 sonnet 16 sonnet 40 35–6, 235–7, 298 Empson on 168 sonnet 42 298 fl oral metaphors 350 sonnet 43 39, 253, 347 memory in 348, 350 sonnet 44 247–9 self-doubt 230 sonnet 45 249–51, 295 sonnet 17 sonnet 46 39 memory in 339, 348, 354–5, 392 sonnet 47 39 on poetry and distance 255 sonnet 52 149 use of “tomb” 172 sonnet 53 sonnet 18 4, 339, 348 alchemy’s infl uence 414 410 irony 399 sonnet 20 materiality in 252, 253, 254 alchemy’s infl uence 414 possible neoplatonism 227 androgyny 29 sonnet 54 color in 323 alchemy’s infl uence 414 MS versions 188 fl uidity of reference 40–1 place in the sequence 49 MS versions 188

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perceptive qualities 30 sonnet 84 37, 390–1 poetry as memory in 350 sonnet 85 37 348 sonnet 86 414 sonnet 57 38 84 sonnet 59 61–4, 399–400 sonnet 89 233, 365 sonnet 60 sonnet 92 230 alchemy’s infl uence 414–15 sonnet 93 415 fl uidity of reference 41–3 sonnet 94 models of existence 29 alchemy’s infl uence 415 poetry as memory in 351 Empson on 173–5, 175–6, 383 reciprocity 256 persuasiveness 386 time in 109 proverbial expression 35 sonnet 61 34, 253, 347 sonnet 95 37, 233, 320 sonnet 62 39, 188 sonnet 96 233 sonnet 63 112 sonnet 97 39, 189, 320 sonnet 98 320 allegory 30 sonnet 99 antithesis 37 fancifulness 39 counterpointing between number and subject horticultural imagery 319–20 418 length 68, 261 enumeration 39–40 narrative in 45 grammatical and syntactical signifi cance 33 sonnet 100 218 sonnet 101 218 Benson’s version 149 sonnet 102 188 color in 323 fl oral imagery 320–1 color in 318 nature vs artifi ce 321 imprecision of dating in 110 shadow and reality 253 perceptive qualities 30 sonnet 68 149, 187 Petrarchan notes 81 sonnet 69 149 phonetic repetition 65, 318 sonnet 105 Benson’s version 149 alchemy’s infl uence 409 commemoration and forgetting 355–6 attitude to love object 231–4 MS versions 187, 195 philosophical concepts 29 on repetition 64 conceptual models 43 subversion 37 Empson on historical and biographical context sonnet 106 169 MS versions 187, 197–8 structure 37 Petrarchan notes 80 textual cruces 156–7 philosophical concepts 29 vicarious experience 392 textual cruces 155–6 sonnet 74 356 sonnet 107 sonnet 76 30, 37, 217 external references 125, 128, 130 sonnet 77 333, 353 memorialization 233, 351–2 sonnet 78 MS versions 187 fancifulness 39 sonnet 108 81, 149, 234 infl uence of Shakespeare’s classicism 243 sonnet 110 129, 130, 230 phonetic repetition 65 sonnet 111 129, 130 satire 37 sonnet 112 129, 130 sonnet 79 37 sonnet 113 sonnet 81 352 on love’s disturbing effects 230, sonnet 83 170–2, 257 347

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Shakespeare, William: sonnets, individual sonnet convention in 22 sonnet 113 (cont’d) wittiness 386 Petrarchan notes 81 sonnet 131 297 textual cruces 88 sonnet 132 188, 298 sonnet 114 81–2, 84, 230 sonnet 133 267 sonnet 134 267, 420 dramatic qualities 30 sonnet 135 227, 298 love and sex in 29–30 sonnet 136 298, 418, 420 on love’s permanence 52–3 sonnet 137 130, 299 MS versions 187, 188, 193 sonnet 138 Petrarchan notes 82 fi r s t p u b l i c ation 3, 89, 146, 185 place in sequence 88 implication in 38 subversion 37 MS versions 187, 196–7 tenderness in 4 Petrarchan notes 83–4 on writing 237–8, 239 place in sequence 299–300 sonnet 117 30 reasons for variants 199 sonnet 119 230, 415 versions compared 146–7 sonnet 120 46–7 sonnet 140 300–1 sonnet 121 40, 83, 355 sonnet 141 82–3, 301, 420 sonnet 122 sonnet 142 188, 301, 420 Benson’s version 149 sonnet 143 37, 45, 302 memory in 333, 353–4 subversion 37 fi r s t p u b l i c a t ion 3, 185 sonnet 123 133 male/female binary 240 sonnet 124 188, 415 Passionate Pilgrim version 302 sonnet 125 133, 308, 416 place in sequence 49, 302 sonnet 126 reasons for variants 199 alchemy’s infl uence 419–20 same-sex love 5 length 68, 261 sonnet convention in 22 place in sequence 261–76, 419 subversion 37 subject and object 270 sonnet 145 66–7, 267, 324 and Anne Hathaway 127, 303 sonnet 128 187, 199 composition date 33, 133 meter 261 composition date 297 place in sequence 302–3 enumeration 39 rhyme pattern 275 grammatical and syntactical sonnet 146 signifi cance 33 Petrarchan notes 85 Graves and Riding on 168, 278 place in sequence 303 Malone’s version 140–1, 153 textual cruces 1–2, 158–9 nature of love and sexuality 4, 30, 277–8, 297 addressee 304 Petrarchan notes 84 nature of love 4, 85 place in sequence 49, 300 place in sequence 49, 303–4 subversion 37 sonnet 148 sonnet 130 addressee 304 color in 324 Petrarchan notes 83 parody 36 place in sequence 304 Petrarchan notes 80–1 proverbial expression 35–6 on praise of female beauty 30, sonnet 149 304, 339 324 sonnet 150 83

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sonnet 151 Signatura rerum (Boehme) 319 double meanings 142 signatures, doctrine of 319 dramatic qualities 30 Singh, Jyotsna 8 Petrarchan notes 85 sleeplessness 347 sonnet convention in 22 “A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal” (Wordsworth) sonnet 152 167 addressee 304–6 smell, and memory 349–51 on adultery 30 Smith, Bruce 50, 266, 269, 327, 340 place in sequence 304–6, 308 Smith, William 212, 213, 215, 217 repetition in 67 Snow, Edward 89 sexual congress 237 sodomy 338 sonnet 153 solitude, human attitude to 117 archaism 59, 60 Song of Solomon 421 nature of love 4 sonnets, Shakespeare’s see under Shakespeare place in sequence 57–9, 309 sonnets and sonnet sequences, non-Shakespearean sonnet 154 aims 406–7 allusion to Song of Solomon 421 collected editions 209 archaism 59, 60 and color 317 nature of love 4 composition process 214, 216–19 place in sequence 57–9, 309 conventions venereal disease 228 arrangement and layout 207, 209–11 Shapiro, Marianne 87 emotional 20–2, 284 Shelley, Mary 415 introductory matter 207–8, 209, show: Shakespeare’s use 369 211–14 Sidney, Mary see Pembroke, Countess of length 207 Sidney, Robert 215, 220 material 206–14 Sidney, Sir Philip title-pages 207, 209 Amoretti 212–13 fashionable period 186, 206 Apologie for Poetrie 406–7 form 18, 406 Arcadia 21, 112, 192, 209, 211–12 linking devices 217 and Bruno 421 MS circulation 212–16, 219 Certain Sonnets 210–11, 219 Petrarchan tradition satirized in Much contemporary popularity of sonnets Ado 367–9 140 published 1591–99 204 Defence of Poesie 345, 439 published 1603–12 209 infl uence of editions on 1609 quarto 210–12, second editions 209 219 sound patterns: sonnet 15 19, 23 linking devices 217 Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, Earl of on memory 345 Akrigg’s study 123 MS circulation 192, 197, 211, 215 as dedicatee of sonnets 9, 122 New Arcadia 438–9 as “fair youth” 2, 121–31 and persuasion 387 release from prison 125, 128, 130 Psalms 215 as Shakespeare’s patron 115, 124, 125, 138 and Smith 213 Wood on character 133 sonnets 21, 206–7 speaker see also Astrophel and Stella authenticity and characterization 28–30 Siena cathedral 409 development of arguments 33–6 sight and irony 34 love’s effect on 230, 346–7 as Shakespeare see biography and memory 344–6, 352, 354 spectrum: etymology 314 and Shakespeare 317, 318 spelling: modernizing 160–1

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Spenser, Edmund thrift 111–12, 113 1595 volume 91, 94, 95 time archaism 60 archaism in sonnets 59–60 Colin Clouts 209 artifi ce as means to halt 322 Complaints 204, 215 and change 106–8 Faerie Queene 108–9, 166, 344 and color 318–19 MS circulation 214, 215 cyclical pattern of life 57–70 and persuasion 387 distilled and mechanized 108–10 preferred medium of circulation 185 Elizabethan obsession with 108 Two Cantos of Mutabilitie 238–9 Empson on human time-scales 164–5 Spurgeon, Caroline 42 fi n a n c i a l 1 1 2 – 1 3 Stallybrass, Peter 265, 353, 354, 428 frequency of occurrence in sonnets 358 Steevens, George 141, 150, 151 and husbandry 110–12 Stesichorus 315 Petrarchan 104–6 Stock, Brian 117 saving 113–16 Stone, Benjamin 192, 194 sonnet 30 287 Stone, Lawrence 280–1 sonnet 126 and the hourglass 261–7, 271–5 Strier, Richard 7, 164, 281 and the sonnets 104–18 Strode, William 187, 190–1, 192, 193, 194 and speaker’s authenticity 29 structure: in the sonnets see under Shakespeare: see also change; memory and memorialization sonnets, general Tottel, Richard 185–6 subdue: Shakespeare’s meaning 319 Tractatus apologeticus (Fludd) 417 substitution see surrogacy The Tragical Complaint of Estred (Lodge) 59 subversion 37, 380 transformation see change Suckling, Sir John 196 Traub, Valerie 226, 337 Sullivan, Garrett 8 Trevor, Douglas 8 Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of 17 (Shakespeare) 146, 227, surrogacy 90, 96–9, 100–1 384 Sutphen, Joyce 358 trust 230 Swinburne, Henry 307 Tullia d’Aragona 416 syllepsis 243 turn: meaning 368 Sylvester, Joshua 197 Tusser, Thomas 110–11 Symposium (Plato) 409, 416 (Shakespeare) 357, 385 Two Cantos of Mutabilitie (Spenser) 238–9 table-books 353, 354 Le Tableau des riches inventions (Verville) 410, University of Nottingham, Portland MS Pw V 37 411 190 Tacitus 202 usury metaphors 337–8, 342 Tanselle, Thomas 155 Utopia (More) 264–5 Tasso, Torquato 379 Taylor, Gary 51, 148, 199, 201 Valbuena, Olga L. 340 Taylor, John 111 vanity: poet’s appeal to “fair youth’s” 383–7, Tears of Fancy 215 391, 396 (Shakespeare) 293 Vasari, Giorgio 322 The Temple (Herbert) 74 Vaughan, Thomas 408 tender and tenderness: Shakespeare’s meaning Vega, Lope de 379 251–2, 254–7 Vendler, Helen theatrical metaphors 23–5, 370, 390 commentary style 9, 175, 176 –8, 181 Thomson, Peter 128 on “dark lady” 297, 302 Thorpe, Thomas 2–3, 50, 139–40, 145–6, 185, overview of contribution 7 204–21 overview of edition by 143

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on sonnet 35 179–81 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 395 on sonnet 71 356 Wittkower, Rudolf 405 on sonnet 105 233, 240 women on sonnet 116 237–8 body 320, 323–6 on sonnet 151 142 Elizabethan sexual morality 294 on sonnet 152 67 homosocial relations between in A Lover’s on sonnets’ disconcerting effect 52 Complaint 429–39 venereal disease 4, 110, 228, 302 lack of voice in the sonnets 28 Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare) and masochism 437 Adonis’s refusal of Venus 113 in Petrarchan tradition 367–8 composition date 125, 135 and redemption 378 contemporary popularity 137, 426 role in the sonnets 5 overview and sexual politics 138–9 sexual organs publishing history 53, 138 and fl owers 320 Verveille, François Beroalde de: books by 410, words for 320, 323, 380 411 sexuality linked to darkness 324–6 Virgil 17–18, 80 Shakespeare’s view 371–6, 378 vision see sight sexual politics in Venus and Lucrece 139 Vitruvius 405 see also “dark lady”; gender relations voice see speaker Wood, Michael 133–4 Woolf, Daniel 359 W.H.: identity wordplay Pembroke 9, 122, 130, 131–3 infl uence of Shakespeare’s classicism 242–60 Shakespeare himself 130 Much Ado 367, 370–1, 375 Southampton 9, 122 reasons for 237 Who He? 143 sonnet 43 39 William Hart 152 sonnet 105 233 Willie Hughes 54, 121, 152 sonnet 121 40 Waddington, Raymond 258, 358 sonnet 135 227, 298 waiting sonnet 145 127, 303 and Petrarch 105 “will/Will” 298, 302, 420 and Shakespeare 116 Wordsworth, William 18, 25–6, 167 Waley, Arthur 164 Wotton, Henry 194 Wall, Wendy 97, 102, 206, 213–14, 220 Wright, Thomas 277, 281–2, 283, 285 water metaphors 309 writing, act of Watson, Amanda 8 and darkness 325–6 Wells, Stanley 158, 159, 266 as immortality 231–2, 238–9, 338–9, 345, Westminster Abbey MS 41 190 348–9, 350, 351–6 Wharton, Thomas 152 metaphors 61–2, 325, 357 “When that thine eye hath chose the dame” see also poetry (Shakespeare?) 192 writing tables see table-books Wilde, Oscar 54, 225 Wroth, Mary 215, 220 Wilkins, Ernest Hatch 87 Wyatt, Sir Thomas 89, 168, 172 “will” pun 298, 302, 420 Wyndham, George 152 Willis, John 345–6, 352–3 Wilson, John Dover 263, 270 Yale Osborn Collection MS b 205 190 Wilson, Thomas 352 Yates, Francis 344–5, 346, 358, 359 Wimsatt, William 177 Yeats, W. B. 387 The Winter’s Tale (Shakespeare) 357–8, 378 “young friend” see “fair youth” Wittes Pilgrimage (Davies of Hereford) 209, 215, 216 Zepheria 215

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