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Earthquake Relief and Reconstruction of Tangshan

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Earthquake Relief and Reconstruction of Tangshan 747 CHAPTER 6: EARTHQUAKE RELIEF AND RECONSTRUCTION OF TANGSHAN DISASTER RELIEF AFTER THE TANGSHAN EARTHQUAKE Wang Zixing, Cui Xifu, and Liu Keren1 The city of Tangshan, with a population of one million, was struck by the M7.8 earthquake at 4:00 a.m. on July 28, 1976. It is said in China that 243,000 people lost their lives. Most of the houses and buildings were destroyed; there was no electric power, no running water, no functioning sewers, no gas, no telephone communication, no functioning city government, no highway traffic or railway traffic into the city. In effect, at four o’clock the city ceased to exist leaving over 500,000 homeless survivors. The central government organized a massive relief and reconstruction program, and since the disaster was too great for the Province to cope with, other Provinces were called upon to contribute men and materials. Teams were dispatched to deal with emergency disaster relief and emergency repair of public utilities and industries; and complete reconstruction of the city was undertaken. This account of the disaster was written shortly after the earthquake. A more detailed account of relief and reconstruction has not been published. More than 100,000 officers and soldiers of the PLA went to the disaster region from Beijing, Shenyang, Hebei and other areas. They played a central role during the emergency disaster relief (see Photo 1). Under the direct jurisdiction of the central government all the provinces and cities as well as the autonomous regions sent medical workers and specialized personnel from industry, communications, postal and telecommunication, construction, water and power supply, mining rescue, etc. to the disaster area. At the same time large quantities of medicine, grain, food, construction equipment and daily necessities were transported to the disaster area. The CPC Committee of Hebei Province together with the Beijing Military Area Command, the Shenyang Military Area Command, and the United Work Group of the State Council set up a lead group and established the Headquarters of the Tangshan Earthquake Relief to direct the project. The army units taking part in the earthquake relief all set up special headquarters. Hebei Province also set up the Rear-Service Headquarters of Earthquake Relief to form an earthquake relief command system of the Party Committee of Hebei Province. In this large-scale effort of earthquake relief, the Tangshan Earthquake Relief Headquarters managed many forces, organized rescues, provided temporary buildings, transported disaster relief material, provided living arrangements for survivors, launched protection against epidemic disease, handled public security and propaganda and education, restored industrial and agricultural production, etc. 1 Construction Commission of Hebei Province 748 I. Rescue, Repair and Transportation 1. Rescuing people in collapsed buildings was the most urgent task in beginning the earthquake relief The earthquake occurred at 4:00 a.m. and nearly all the houses and buildings in the city collapsed and approximately one million people were affected. Even those who worked the night shift did not escape death and injury. After the earthquake members of various cadres organized cadres and the people who had escaped to assist in the rescue of victims. The leading cadres of the Kailuan Coal Mine first thought of the safety of 10,000 workers in the pits regardless of the casualties of their dependents. They organized the workers and cadres who had escaped the danger into pit rescue teams and opened all the spare vents to rescue their fellow workers in the pit. The cadres of all levels of the Kailuan Coal Mine and all of the subordinate mines organized workers to proceed with the rescue operation. The temporary Party Branch of the Lujiatuo pit put forward the requirement that the non-Party people were to be rescued first, Party members second; workers first, cadres second. The 10,000 workers in the pits of all the mines subordinate to the Kailuan Coal Mine mostly returned to the ground surface within several hours after the earthquake. At the same time, an independent relief effort was undertaken in the city and countryside. Having few tools, people removed bricks and rubble with their hands and lifted heavy broken posts and beams to rescue victims. Under the leadership of the Party organizations and with the cooperation of a large number of Party members and cadres the rescue work proceeded quickly. In the high earthquake intensity area most of the buried people were rescued the same day the earthquake occurred. Urban workers and citizens of Tangshan City and officers and men of the army stationed in Tangshan overcame one difficulty after another and rescued most of the people rapidly. All the barracks of a unit of the No. 66 Army collapsed completely during the earthquake and there were 1,800 people in the collapsed barracks. The army rapidly organized a self-relief effort and in a half an hour all the people were rescued. Afterwards they went to nearby places to rescue people. On the same day this unit dug out 5,572 buried people and 4,509 of them survived. On the second day the unit dug out 1,638 people of which 552 were survivors. On the third day 743 people were dug out by the unit and 103 were survivors. After the 5th day there were very few survivors. This indicated that the first 2 days, especially the first day of the earthquake, were very important for the rescue of survivors. More than 110,000 officers and men from the Beijing Military Area Command, the Shenyang Military Area Command and construction engineer troops arrived at the disaster area. Putting forward the pledge "letting the people have hope for life and keeping danger of death for oneself," they climbed hazardous buildings and went through dangerous openings and rescued large numbers of people. In order to rescue those people still alive the officers and men of the PLA organized many detachments to search for victims and mobilized people to identify victims needing rescue. Army commanders organized army personnel, crane teams and also the medical teams from other parts of China. They rescued more than 16,400 people by working day and night. 749 With the lapse of time the rescue work became more and more difficult and people rescued alive became fewer with each passing day. However, the effort to rescue every possible live person was continued. "If there is 1% of hope, 100% of effort is made for the rescue". This was the slogan of the rescue workers of the PLA. On August 4, the 8th day after the earthquake, the officers and soldiers of the 9th Company heard a weak voice calling for help from the ruins of the Kailuan Hospital. They dug a trench 10 m long in the rubble and prized layers of collapsed floors and after 6 hours, along with the cooperation of the medical team; they finally rescued Wang Shubin who was a worker at the Tangshan Alumina Mine. When the officers and soldiers of the "All-Conquering Boshan Heroic Company" knew that there might be people in the west end of the first floor of the medical department in the collapsed Commercial Hospital they cooperated immediately with the engineer troops; they began to dig up the west end of the collapsed building. Finally, they dug a small hole 10 cm in diameter from which a woman's weak panting was heard. They were afraid of hurting the victim if they were to use power tools. Instead, they used their hands to remove the rubble and broken concrete. More than 10 soldiers carried away three pieces of concrete slabs each weighing more than one ton and they pulled down the shattered wall on the west side. On August 9 they finally rescued the woman, Lu Guilan; having been buried for 303 hours under the ruins. She was treated for 24 hours after she was pulled out with no serious injuries. Chen Shuhai and four other miners of the Zhaogezhuang Mine in Kailuan stayed in the pit for 15 days. When the earthquake occurred they were working in the No. 10 tunnel, which was 900 m from the ground surface. The coal wall collapsed and the vertical shafts were blocked and they were stranded in the No. 059 work area. They experienced several setbacks but fought bravely for 50 hours and dug through the 16 m blockage. They walked out of the work area. The electricity was out so they felt for the electric cable, and holding hands they climbed against the wind for nearly 800 steps and arrived at the No. 8 tunnel. These five workers wanted to climb to the No. 7 tunnel but a stream of water blocked the way, so they rested in two mine cars. When they were thirsty and hungry they drank dirty water and nibbled the coal. When they were cold they huddled close together. They firmly believed that the Party organization would send people to rescue them. The Party Committee of Zhaogezhuang Mine was anxiously searching for these five workers and they were finally discovered on August 11, fourteen days after the earthquake. These five miners successfully returned to the surface after being given emergency treatment in the pit. Forefront rescue, i.e. timely treatment and on the spot dressing of wounds for the large number of injured people and emergency treatment for the critically injured was the key link to reducing infection and death (see Photo 2). Since there were large numbers of injured people in Tangshan City it was an arduous task to treat them. The city medical workers and those in the industrial enterprises set up many temporary dressing and medical stations by the road or at the ruins.
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