J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc. 44(1)(2016): 63 – 72 Mirfat, A.H.S., Salma, I. and Razali, M. Natural antioxidant properties of selected wild species in

Mirfat, A.H.S.,1 Salma, I.2 and Razali, M.1

1Agrobiodiversity and Environmental Research Centre, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Gene Bank and Seed Centre, MARDI Headquarters, Persiaran MARDI-UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract Many wild species found in Malaysia are not well known and are underutilised. Information on their health benefits is critical in efforts to promote these . This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential of seven species of wild Mangifera () in Malaysia: M. caesia (binjai), M. foetida (bacang), M. pajang (bambangan), M. laurina (mempelam air), M. pentandra (mempelam bemban), M. odorata (kuini) and M. longipetiolata (sepam). The results were compared to those obtained from a popular mango, M. indica. Among the mangoes, M. caesia was found to be the most potential source of antioxidant as evidenced by its potent radical scavenging activity (92.09 ± 0.62%), ferric reducing ability (0.66 ± 0.11 mm) and total flavonoid content (550.67 ± 19.78 mg/100 g). Meanwhile, M. pajang showed the highest total phenolic (7055.65 ± 101.89 mg/100 g) and ascorbic acid content (403.21 ± 46.83 mg/100 g). In general, from the results obtained, some of the wild mango relatives were found to have strong antioxidant potential that is beneficial to health. This study provides a better understanding of the nutraceutical and functional potential of underutilised Mangifera species. The information is very useful for genetic enhancement of the Mangifera species in the future and justified the need of its conservation.

Keywords: wild Mangifera, antioxidant activity, total phenolic, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid

Introduction villages. On the other hand, wild fruits are Malaysia has a rich diversity of tropical naturally distributed in the forests, and they fruits grown naturally in the region of are the indigenous fruits of Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Mangifera belongs to the Currently, it has been estimated that 370 order in the family. Its tropical fruit species occur in Malaysia centre of origin and diversity is firmly (Rukayah 2002). Raziah and Salma (2006) established in Southeast Asia (Bompard and categorised these tropical fruits as major, Schnell 1997). The genus Mangifera was minor, rare and wild fruits. Major fruits mostly restricted to tropical Asia, with the are those that are commonly consumed, highest diversity occurs in Malaysia, Java commercially grown and of economic and (Kostermans and Bompard importance. Minor and rare fruits are usually 1993). Salma et al. (2006) have listed 30 grown in the orchards, home gardens and (cultivated and wild) Mangifera species

Article history Authors’ full names: Mirfat Ahmad Hasan Salahuddin, Salma Idris and Razali Mirad Received: 29.11.2013 Accepted: 8.5.2015 E-mail: [email protected] ©Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute 2016

63 Antioxidant properties of wild Mangifera occurring in Malaysia, with three species are M. laurina (mempelam air), M. pentandra endemic. Of these 30 species, only 16 bear (mempelam bemban), M. odorata (kuini) and edible fruits. Twelve species were reported M. longipetiolata (sepam) with the intention to be cultivated, of which eight species to promote the conservation and utilisation are found in the wild (Kostermans and on these fruits species in the future. Bompard 1993). L., the common Materials and methods mango originated from India and , Mangifera foetida, M. caesia, M. pajang, is widely cultivated throughout the world. M. laurina, M. pentandra, M. odorata Mango is a popular and economically (kuini) and M. longipetiolata (sepam) were important tropical fruit due to its excellent collected from MARDI field genebanks in eating quality and nutritional composition Serdang and also from various locations in (vitamins, minerals, fibre and other Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. phytochemical compounds). Mango was Only ripe Mangifera fruits were used in also reported to contain various classes of this study. polyphenols, carotenoids and ascorbic acid Fruit samples were washed with demonstrating different health-promoting running tap water before being weighed for properties, mainly from their antioxidant their whole and edible portion parts. Then, activities (Talcott et al. 2005). Polyphenols the edible portions were cut into small are one of the major antioxidants that pieces and freeze-dried using a bench-top scavenge free radicals and very useful in freeze dryer (Virtis, USA). Then, the freeze- reducing the harmful effects of oxidative dried samples were finely ground and kept damage which contribute to health in airtight containers prior to extraction. enhancement and disease prevention (Liu et The samples were extracted using methanol al. 2000). (1:10) and shaken for approximately 1 h Most studies on Mangifera were before centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000 rpm. extensively focused on the common mango. The residue was separated from the However, other species, which include wild supernatant and the procedure was repeated mango relatives, have not been explored and twice. The two resulting supernatants were received much attentions. Among the wild mixed together to obtain the crude extracts and underutilised Mangifera that produce which were stored at –80 °C prior to edible fruits are M. caesia Jack, M. foetida analysis. Lout., M. kemanga Bl., M. laurina Bl., For ascorbic acid analysis, the M. odorata Griff., M. pajang Kostermans, extraction was performed according to M. sylvatica Roxb, M. horsefieldia, Patric et al. (2006) and Yurena et al. (2006) M. lagenifera and M. torquenda (Tanaka with some modifications. The freeze- 1976; Bompard 1992). Wild mango relatives dried fruit samples were weighed and are currently being threatened to genetic loss mixed with extract buffer (100 µg/ml Tris due to their lack of popularity among local (2-carboxyethyl)-phosphine hydrochloride communities and also lack of information (TCEP-HCl), 3% MPA, 8% acetic acid on their health benefits. From ethnobotanical and 1 mm ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid reports, wild fruits could also play an disodium salt (EDTA). The mixture was important role in various health promoting homogenised in a Virtishear homogeniser benefits. The most commonly studied health (Virtis, USA) in ice for 1 min and then benefit of fruits is the antioxidant effect. centrifuged at 10,000 rpm (refrigerated This study was conducted to evaluate at 4 °C) for 10 min. The supernatant the antioxidant activity of selected wild was filtered through a 0.45 µm cellulose mango relatives: M. foetida (bacang), membrane and stored at –80 °C until M. caesia (binjai), M. pajang (bambangan), further use.

64 Mirfat, A.H.S., Salma, I. and Razali, M.

The antioxidant activity 2,2-diphenyl- total of 7 µl of sample and 20 µl of distilled 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was water were added to 200 µl of FRAP reagent determined through scavenging activity of and incubated at 37 °C for 4 min. Standards the fruit extracts on DPPH radicals which of known Fe2+ concentrations were run were was assayed according to Molyneux using several concentrations ranging from (2004) with some modifications. Various 100 – 1000 mm. All analyses were run in concentrations of the crude extracts in triplicate and the absorbance was measured methanol were prepared to get a final at 593 nm. A standard of known Fe2+ (100 – volume of 7 µl and were mixed with 280 µl 1000 mm) was used to produce a calibration of methanolic solution containing DPPH curve. The final results were expressed as (Sigma, USA) radicals resulting in a final the concentration of antioxidant having a concentration of 0.06 mm. The mixture ferric reducing ability in mm. was vigorously shaken and left to stand Total phenolic content (TPC) of the for 30 min in the dark. The absorbance extracts was estimated by a colorimetric was measured at 517 nm and ascorbic acid assay as described by Singleton and Rossi (Sigma, USA) was used as the positive (1965) with some modifications. Briefly, control. The assays were carried out in 50 µl of the crude extracts were mixed with triplicate and the results were expressed 100 µl of Folin Ciocalteau’s phenol reagent as mean values ± standard deviations. The (Merck, Germany). After 3 min, 100 µl of scavenging effect on DPPH free radicals 10% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) (Sigma- was calculated as follows: Aldrich, USA) was added to the reaction mixture and allowed to stand in the dark A − A t for 60 min. The absorbance was measured Inhibition (%) = –––––––––––––––––Control Extrac x 100% at 725 nm and TPC was obtained from a [ AControl ] calibration curve using gallic acid (0 – 10 µg/ml) as a standard reference. Estimation of AControl is the absorbance of the control TPC was carried out in triplicate. The results reaction (containing all reagents except were mean values ± standard deviations the test compound), and AExtract is the and expressed as mg gallic acid per 100 g absorbance of the test compound. The samples. All procedures were carefully results were expressed as IC50 value carried out with minimum exposure of light. (mg/ml), where IC50 is the inhibitory Determination of total flavonoid concentration at which DPPH radicals were content (TFC) was based on the method scavenged by 50% and was obtained by described by Kim et al. (2003) with some interpolation from linear regression analysis. modifications. An aliquot of 100 µl of All procedures were carefully carried out fruit extract was diluted with 400 µl of with minimum exposure of light. distilled water. Afterwards, 30 µl of 5% Ferric reducing antioxidant power sodium nitrite (NaNO2), (Sigma, USA) (FRAP) assay was determined based on the solution was added and allowed to react reduction of Fe3+-TPTZ to a blue coloured for 5 min. Following this, 20 µl of 10% 2+ Fe -TPTZ (Benzie and Strain 1996), aluminium chloride (AlCl3.6H20) (Sigma, with minor modifications. The working USA) was added and left to stand for FRAP reagent was prepared by mixing 5 min. Finally, 200 µl of sodium hydroxide 300 mm acetate buffer (pH 3.6), 10 mm (NaOH) (Sigma, USA) was added and the 2,4,6-tripyridyls-triazine (TPTZ) (Sigma, mixture was well-mixed with a vortex. All USA) solution and 20 mm FeCl3.6H2O samples were analysed in triplicate and (Sigma, USA) in a ratio of 10:1:1, prior to the absorbance was measured immediately use and warmed at 37 °C in water bath. A at 510 nm. Rutin (Sigma, USA) was used

65 Antioxidant properties of wild Mangifera to calculate the standard curve and the This also agrees favourably with Amin et results were expressed as mg rutin per al. (2007) that antioxidant activity of fruits 100 g samples. varies, depending on different antioxidant Ascorbic acid content (AAC) compounds and antioxidant assays. was determined using a Waters High For DPPH radical scavenging assay, Performance Liquid Chromatography it measures the ability of the corresponding (HPLC) system equipped with a Waters extracts and some pure compounds to E600 pump controller and Waters 2996 PDA quench DPPH free radicals by providing detector (Waters, USA) based on Yurena hydrogen atoms or by electron donation et al. (2006). Empowers software was conceivably via a free-radical attack on used for controlling the analytical system the DPPH molecules (Sahin et al. 2004). and data processing. The separation was The antioxidants react with the stable free carried out on a symmetry C18 column radical i.e., DPPH (deep violet colour) and (5 µm particle size, 250 x 4.6 mm I.D.) convert it to 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine as a stationary phase with a symmetry (DPPHn) with discoloration (Ferreira et al. C18 guard column. Detection wavelength 2007). The degree of discoloration indicates was set at 200 – 700 nm of which the the free radical scavenging potentials of the UV spectrum of ascorbic acid is 245 sample/antioxidant (Ferreira et al. 2007). nm. The standard solutions and extract The DPPH radicals have also been widely samples were filtered through a 0.45 µm used to evaluate the free radical scavenging nylon membrane before introduced onto ability of various natural products and have the column through a Waters 717 plus been accepted as a model compound for autosampler. The mobile phase employed free radicals originating in lipids (Porto et was a 25 mm phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) al. 2000). These free radicals which involve adjusted with orthophosphoric acid at 25 °C. in the process of lipid peroxidation are Flow rate of the mobile phase was 1 ml/min considered to play a major role in numerous and an injection volume of 10 µl was used chronic pathologies, such as cancer and for quantitative analysis. The commercial cardiovascular diseases among others external standard, ascorbic acid was used to (Dorman et al. 2003). identify and quantify the level of ascorbic Results of the DPPH free radical acid in the samples by comparing their scavenging activity of the wild Mangifera spectral characteristics and retention time. species are presented in Figure 1. Different Mangifera species were observed to Results and discussion have varying degrees of free radical The antioxidant activity of selected wild scavenging activities. Particularly, the Mangifera species was determined using wild mangoes scavenged DPPH radicals two different in vitro methods namely DPPH in the order of M. caesia (92.09 ± 0.62%) free radical scavenging assay and FRAP > M. longipetiolata (90.08 ± 0.88%) > assay. Different assays were employed M. pentandra (56.54 ± 1.87%) > M. laurina because different antioxidant compounds > (56.31 ± 1.54%) > M. odorata (37.19 in the fruit extracts may act through ± 0.76%) > M. pajang (19.77 ± 2.89%) > different mechanisms and multiple reaction M. foetida (17.35 ± 3.21) (Figure 1). Some characteristics. Previous studies reported of them demonstrated higher scavenging that several assays help to fully elucidate activities as compared to the popular mango, a full profile of antioxidant capacity of a M. indica (73.44 ± 1.91%). Mangifera single compound and/or complex mixtures caesia was the strongest potential source of (Benzie and Strain 1996; Ma et al. 2011) as antioxidant as evidenced by its most active different antioxidant assays give different free radical scavenging activity with IC50 antioxidant activity trends (Ou et al. 2002). value of 8.14 ± 0.17 mg/ml (Table 1).

66 Mirfat, A.H.S., Salma, I. and Razali, M.

Mangifera longipetiolata ranked second On the other hand, FRAP assay with IC50 value of 8.33 ± 0.08 mg/ml measures the ability of the antioxidants (Table 1). The antioxidant properties are contained in the extracts to reduce Fe3+- 2+ inversely proportional to the IC50 values and TPTZ complex to a blue coloured Fe - values lower than 10 mg/ml are indicative TPTZ at low pH. Fe3+ is an oxidising agent of the effective antioxidant activity (Lee that accepts electrons and causes another et al. 2007). These results, therefore, reactant to be oxidised. Fe2+ which is may suggest that M. caesia is the most produced from the reduction of Fe3+ in the active DPPH radical scavenger among the FRAP assay, is a well-known pro-oxidant Mangifera species tested. which is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can cause oxidative damage to lipids, 100 proteins and nucleic acids, resulting in 90 various pathologic events and/or diseases. 80 It can react with H2O2 to produce OH, the 70 most harmful free radical found in vivo 60 (Benzie and Strain 1996). Therefore, the 50 ability of the antioxidants in reducing 40 3+ 30 Fe may reflect their ability in reducing DPPH activity (%) 20 reactive species. 10 Results of the FRAP activity of the 0 wild Mangifera species are presented in Figure 2. Mangifera caesia extract ranked the first in exhibiting the most active ferric M. indica M. caesia M. foetidaM. laurinaM. odorataM. pajang reducing ability as compared to other M. pentandra wild Mangifera and M. indica (0.64 ± M. longipetiolata Mangifera species 0.12 mm). Accordingly, the order of ferric reducing activity obtained from this study is Figure 1. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of M. caesia (0.66 ± 0.11 mm) > M. pentandra wild Mangifera species as compared to a popular mango, M. indica; the activity was measured (0.65 ± 0.11 mm) > M. laurina (0.64 ± using DPPH radical scavenging assay; the higher 0.10 mm) > M. foetida > (0.62 ± 0.11 mm) the values indicates the stronger ability to act as > M. longipetiolata (0.61 ± 0.12 mm), DPPH scavengers; values are expressed as mean M. odorata (0.52 ± 0.14 mm) and M. pajang ± standard error mean (SEM) (n = 3) (0.49 ± 0.05 mm).

Table 1. Free radical scavenging activity of selected Mangifera species as expressed in percentage of inhibition and inhibitory concentration

Fruit species % of inhibition at 15 mg/ml IC50 (mg/ml) M. caesia 92.09 ± 0.22 8.14 ± 0.17 M. foetida 17.35 ± 0.10 43.22 ± 0.29 M. laurina 56.31 ± 0.03 13.32 ± 0.11 M. longipetiolata 90.08 ± 0.15 8.33 ± 0.08 M. odorata 37.19 ± 0.59 20.16 ± 1.31 M. pajang 19.77 ± 0.53 37.94 ± 1.29 M. pentandra 56.54 ± 1.36 13.27 ± 0.81 M. indica 73.44 ± 0.40 10.21 ± 0.32 Values are mean ± standard error mean (SEM) of mean of triplicate analyses; IC50 = inhibitory concentration at which 50% radicals are scavenged

67 Antioxidant properties of wild Mangifera

Phenolics have been the main 0.8 phytochemicals responsible for the 0.7 antioxidant capacity of fruits. This is 0.6 in accordance to a previous study that 0.5 suggested phenolics are the major naturally 0.4 occurring antioxidants found in fruits 0.3 (Cao et al. 1997; Shahidi 1997). They FRAP activity (mM) FRAP 0.2 are also viewed as powerful in vitro antioxidants and may contribute directly to 0.1 antioxidative action (Ötzürk et al. 2007). 0 They exhibit antioxidative action through a variety of mechanisms, including free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation M. indicaM. caesia M. pajang M. foetida M. laurinaM. odorata M. pentandra and chelating metal of ions (Yen and M. longipetiolata Chen 1995; Barros et al. 2007). Phenolics Mangifera species have also received considerable attention Figure 2. Ferric reducing ability (concentration because they importantly attribute to of Fe2+ in mm) of wild Mangifera species as many physiological functions, including compared to a popular mango, M. indica; the antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-carcinogenic, activity was measured using FRAP assay; the anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti- higher the value indicates the stronger ability to mutagenic and anti-tumor activities (Dae et act as ferric reductants; values are expressed as mean ± standard error mean (SEM) (n = 3) al. 2003; Othman et al. 2007). Previously, TPC of M. foetida, M. odorata and From the results of both DPPH free M. pajang ranged from 221 – 2665 mg radical scavenging and FRAP activities, GAE/100 g (Emmy Hainida et al. 2009). In it can be suggested that M. caesia is the this study, TPC for all the wild Mangifera strongest antioxidant as compared to the rest species tested ranged from 144.33 ± 23.88 of the Mangifera fruit species tested. The – 7055.65 ± 101.89 mg GAE/100 g with variations of the antioxidant activities may the highest being found in M. pajang and be expected from different location, ripening the lowest in M. laurina (Table 2). All these stage and season (Kubola et al. 2011). It was values were higher than M. indica (125.21 ± also reported that antioxidant properties of 19.11 mg GAE/100 g). This is in accordance Mangifera are strongly affected by the type to Emmy Hainida et al. (2009) who reported of fruit (species and variety within species) that M. pajang and M. foetida show higher and cultivation conditions of the TPC value than M. indica. Emmy Hainida (environmental and cultivation techniques) et al. (2009) reported that TPC of M. indica (Ma et al. 2011). Other factors that may is in the range of 47 – 209 mg GAE/100 g also contribute to these variations are the edible portion (Emmy Hainida et al. 2009). phytochemical antioxidants. Meanwhile, results presented in Table 2 There are a large number of different showed that TFC of the wild Mangifera types of phytochemical antioxidants that species ranged from 118.82 ± 24.83 to might contribute to the total antioxidant 550.67 ± 19.78 mg/100 g. Mangifera caesia capacity. To explore the influence of the was observed to have the highest TFC phytochemicals on antioxidant capacity (550.67 ± 19.78 mg/100g) as compared in the selected wild Mangifera, the main to other wild Mangifera species tested. antioxidant substances were determined However, the TFC was not comparable which include total phenolic, total flavonoid to M. indica (853.98 ± 24.53 mg/100 g). and ascorbic acid. The highest TFC of M. caesia among the wild mangoes tested could explain

68 Mirfat, A.H.S., Salma, I. and Razali, M.

Table 2. Total phenolic, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid contents of wild Mangifera species as compared to a popular mango, M. indica

Fruit species Total phenolic Total flavonoid Ascorbic acid (mg /100 g) (mg/100 g) (mg/100 g) M. indica 125.21 ± 19.11 853.98 ± 24.53 125.23 ± 81.26 M. caesia 2637.35 ± 178.92 550.67 ± 19.78 270.22 ± 12.79 M. foetida 2917.92 ± 155.35 282.88 ± 71.75 122.13 ± 32.84 M. laurina 144.33 ± 23.88 176.71 ± 25.78 135.74 ± 30.33 M. longipetiolata 263.31 ± 35.53 129.11 ± 56.39 322.75 ± 32.55 M. odorata 257.17 ± 27.72 202.33 ± 32.19 47.32 ± 9.73 M. pajang 7055.65 ± 101.89 256.42 ± 17.52 403.21 ± 46.83 M. pentandra 676.24 ± 40.13 118.82 ± 24.83 400.94 ± 71.74 Values are expressed as mean ± standard error mean (SEM) (n = 3) their strong free radical scavenging and indica (125.23 ± 81.26 mg/100 g). The AAC ferric reducing activities discussed earlier. in M. pajang reported in the current study Flavonoids are natural phenolic compounds is also higher than the AAC of oranges and well known antioxidants. Flavonoids (171.4 mg/100 g) (Mirfat et al. 2009) and are important for human health because guava (322.33 mg/100 g) (Mirfat et al. of their high pharmacological activities as 2010). Yahia et al. (2011) demonstrated radical scavengers (Hertog et al. 1993). that oranges and guava had 142 and Recent interest in these substances has been 270 mg/100 g AAC respectively. These stimulated by the potential health benefits results, may therefore suggest that some of arising from the antioxidative activity, free the wild and underutilised fruits are highly radical scavenging capacity, coronary heart nutritious as compared to the popular fruits. disease prevention, and anticancer activity, The variations in the level of whilst some flavonoids exhibit potential for antioxidant compounds could be due to anti-human immunodeficiency virus function varietal, seasonal, agronomical differences, (Yao et al. 2004). genomics, moisture content, method of Most of the wild Mangifera species extraction and standards used (Imeh and were also shown to have higher AAC Khokhar 2002). It is also possible to state than M. indica (Table 2). Ascorbic acid or that there are other antioxidant compounds commonly known as vitamin C is also one such as carotenoids and tocopherols that of the most important antioxidants found may contribute as antioxidative agents. in fruits and for human nutrition (Cardoso et al. 2011). This substance is a potent Conclusion scavenging antioxidant which is capable Results from this study showed that some of neutralising free radicals and reducing of the wild Mangifera species such as oxidative damage in the body (Benzie et al. M. caesia and M. pajang are healthy fruits 1999). In ascorbic acid analysis, the AAC to consume especially from the antioxidant of the wild Mangifera species ranged from viewpoint, and are better source than the 47.32 ± 9.73 to 403.21 ± 46.83 mg/100 g popular M. indica (mango). This study with the highest amount in M. pajang. Some provides some useful data and guidelines of these wild mangoes exhibited higher for prioritisation of further use of these AAC as compared to M. indica, with M. wild fruits, as part of the diet, in disease pajang (403.21 ± 46.83 mg/100 g) showed prevention and health promotion. The almost four times the amount of AAC of M. study also offers a better understanding of

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Abstrak Banyak spesies buah-buahan liar yang ditemui di Malaysia tidak dikenali dan tidak digunakan. Maklumat mengenai manfaat kesihatan adalah penting untuk mempromosikan buah-buahan ini. Untuk itu, kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji potensi antioksidan bagi tujuh spesies liar Mangifera (mangga) di Malaysia: M. caesia (binjai), M. foetida (bacang), M. pajang (bambangan), M. laurina (mempelam air), M. pentandra (mempelam bemban), M. odorata (kuini) dan M. longipetiolata (sepam). Keputusan kajian dibandingkan dengan spesies mangga popular; M. indica. Daripada kesemua mangga yang diuji, M. caesia telah dikenal pasti sebagai sumber antioksidan yang paling berpotensi yang dibuktikan dengan aktiviti pemusnahan radikal (92.09 ± 0.62%), aktiviti penurunan ferik (0.66 ± 0.11 mm) dan jumlah kandungan flavonoid (550.67 ± 19.78 mg/100 g) yang memberangsangkan. Mangifera pajang pula menunjukkan jumlah kandungan fenol (7055.65 ± 101.89 mg/100 g) dan asid askorbik (403.21 ± 46.83 mg/100 g) yang paling tinggi. Secara amnya, daripada keputusan kajian, sesetengah kerabat liar mangga telah didapati mempunyai potensi antioksidan yang tinggi dan mungkin berpotensi dalam memberikan pelbagai manfaat kesihatan. Kajian ini juga memberikan pemahaman yang lebih baik mengenai potensi nutraseutikal dan fungsional spesies liar Mangifera. Maklumat ini sangat berguna dalam penambahbaikan genetik bagi spesies Mangifera pada masa akan datang terutamanya bagi tujuan pemuliharaan.

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