DOCSLIB.ORG

Cleveland-Spring Conference 2019

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cleveland-Spring Conference 2019 Cleveland-Spring Conference 2019 Position Papers for: General Assembly, 4 Delegation from: the Commonwealth of Australia Represented by: Elyria Catholic High School Position Paper for the SPECPOL The issues before the Special Political and Decolonization Committee are: Regulating Commercial Activities Beyond the Karman Line; and The Long Term Storage or Disposal of Hazardous Nuclear Waste. Australia is committed to the free and fair use of space for all nations and continuing international cooperation beyond the Karman Line and hopes for I. Regulating Commercial Activities Beyond the Karman Line The Commonwealth of Australia believes in the fair and free use of space for all nations and strongly supports international collaboration in space, such as the International Space Station. As the space-based economy continues to grow in importance globally, Australia advocates for the continuing cooperation of countries and private companies in the development of infrastructure beyond Earth’s atmosphere. Australia’s dedication to cooperation with the international community can be seen in recent legislation reaffirming support for past agreements. As a nation with a burgeoning space industry, regulated by the recently chartered Australian Space Agency, Australia recognizes the importance of cooperation in a fair international economy and will continue to support such agreements as the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies and the Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space. In accordance these agreements, Australia will continue to closely regulate its own public and private space operations so as to maintain the spirit of cooperation in space. It is especially important that all of space remains open to all nations. While the Commonwealth of Australia understands the domestic economic importance of space technologies, it remains necessary that all nations have the equal opportunity to establish these technologies. Furthermore, as stated in Outer Space Treaty, all space activities should be for the benefit of all countries. In particular, as the moon becomes more important to space commerce, it must remain free and unclaimed by any one nation. As such, the Australian delegation does not support any projects for a moon base that is owned by a single nation, such as NASA’s gateway. Instead, Australia would like to bring to the committee’s attention the Moon Village Association (MVA). The MVA seeks to foster international collaboration and discussion between the public and private sectors on lunar colonization and activity. The Moon Village would be a joint project between global governments and companies that would work together on projects to establish an infrastructure on the moon that could support the future of the global economy. The international community should condemn any projects that seek to exclude any nation from its use. Furthermore, the Commonwealth of Australia calls upon SPECPOL to adopt a plan in the model of the Moon Village that is based in cooperation between public and private sectors in order to make commerce beyond the Karman Line free, fair, and beneficial to all nations. ll. The Long Term Storage or Disposal of Hazardous Nuclear Waste As an environmentally aware country, Australia is in strong agreeance with creating a safe way of disposing hazardous nuclear waste in a way that will not harm civilians or the environment. As more countries are using more nuclear energy and creating radioactive materials from scientific research and industrial, agricultural and medical applications, there needs to be a set way of how to discard these materials. Australia requests that other countries see how protecting the environment is a necessity and important practice for a country. Australia already has many practices to dispose of nuclear waste safely and encourage others to join their practice or showing them more eco-friendly options. The procedure for disposing of waste starts at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation where radioactive waste is classified. There, the waste is sorted into three categories, low, intermediate and high; this is based on how much radiation it emits; Australia does not create high level waste. After classification, it is moved in secure vehicles and transported to the nuclear waste facility. This practice not only secures the safety of civilians but secures the environment. Australia's main source of radioactive materials come from its scientific research and industrial, agricultural and medical applications. They do not participate in the practice of nuclear energy so they do not create or have high levels of radioactivity. As of now, there is no national facility to manage the waste so the waste is stored by ANSTO at more than 100 locations. These locations are just temporary as the government is attempting to find a place that is in a geologically stable areas with low population density and not prone to flooding. Australia’s reluctance to use nuclear energy does not stop it from mining the uranium that lies beneath its vast territory. The uranium deposits located in Australia make it the third largest deposit in the whole world. There are three operating uranium mines in Australia: Ranger in Northern Territory, Olympic Dam in South Australia, and Beverley. Each of these mines contribute to 600 million dollars towards the economy. Most countries using uranium use if for their nuclear power plants; however, Australia uses it for their medical research. These mines are an amazing help to the people of Australia because it creates more jobs, stimulates the economy, and helps the medical practices. The commonwealth of Australia would look highly upon other countries if they were to perform the same precautions of environment that they do. Delegation from: Republic of Austria Represented by: North Royalton High School Position Paper for the Special Political and Decolonization Committee The matter placed in the hands of the Special Political and Decolonization Committee is that of the regulation of commercial activities beyond the Karman Line as well as either long term storage or complete disposal of hazardous nuclear waste. Austria supports reserving space exploration for the benefit of all mankind as well as holding individuals accountable for proper disposal of hazardous nuclear waste. I. The Regulation of Commercial Activities in ‘Outer Space’ The exploration of outer space has become increasingly prominent in international issues. With the advances in technology that allow for the travel and use of outer space for satellites and such devices to be more necessary, cost-efficient, and probable, countries have become more interested in the regulation of these activities. While many countries may have a supposed view on the definition of state sovereignty, there is no vertical state sovereignty established. This allows for free reign of satellites and other space equipment. The Republic of Austria has already taken steps for space activity inside of its borders. The Republic of Austria believes that some amount of regulation of outer space activities is necessary, especially in the case of malfunctioning equipment or improper operation. Objects and persons destroyed or injured due to the operation of outer space activities must have responsible operators associated to them and the operators must be prepared for financial reparations to injured parties. The Republic of Austria has played a large part in the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and still remains active in that area. The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs was moved to Vienna in 1993. The Republic of Austria has also started and maintained outer space projects with Norway, Sweden, France, Switzerland, and Germany. The Republic of Austria is greatly involved in many areas of space technology and scientific data analysis, with most of the focus in satellite-based applications. The government of Austria has passed laws on space devices that require responsibility and credibility of the operator and of the device that will be used in any space operation. The Republic of Austria believes that the edge of space would be the Karman Line, but like the FAI is open to lowering that line to 80 km. The Republic of Austria benefits greatly with unregulated space operations, as Austria is at the head of multiple space organizations and explorations of the solar system. Austria believes that regulation is necessary for the safety of its own people. Austria believes that there must be one held responsible for misfired, malfunctioned, or misused space equipment. The operator of said equipment must be checked and go through the proper process. This can easily be met by following Austria's process by validating the operator, accruing insurance for damage to others, and registering with the respective country who then communicates the information with the Secretary-General of the UN. Also due to the Outer Space Treaty Austria does not agree with the capitalism of space as the exploration of space must be done to benefit all countries and space shall be free for use and exploration by every country. This does not allow for the selling for profit of the materials obtained and acquired in space. The Republic of Austria also believes that the United Nations is performing well on the subject of space control and will support the UN as the organization to regulate space law. II. Long Term Solutions to Radioactive Waste The use of nuclear energy as a source of power over the past half a century has led to the formation of several issues concerning how to deal with the detrimental nuclear byproducts that are produced. While using nuclear energy may be cleaner and more efficient, once the fuel rods are consumed all that will remain is high-level radioactive waste. The Republic of Austria has already taken several steps towards a solution for the contaminants that follow using nuclear energy and believes that the use of nuclear power should be cut back upon, as the gains of it are not worth the struggles now put forth to the United Nations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Small Satellite Legal Issues Paul B
    Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 82 | Issue 2 Article 3 2017 Small Satellite Legal Issues Paul B. Larsen Georgetown University Law Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Part of the Air and Space Law Commons Recommended Citation Paul B. Larsen, Small Satellite Legal Issues, 82 J. Air L. & Com. 275 (2017) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol82/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. SMALL SATELLITE LEGAL ISSUES PAUL B. LARSEN* I. INTRODUCTION.................................. 276 II. USES OF SMALL SATELLITES .................... 280 III. LICENSING OF SMALL SATELLITE OPERATIONS ..................................... 281 IV. RADIOFREQUENCIES AND ORBITS MUST BE LICENSED BY THEIR NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS AND REGULATED BY THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION ............................................ 283 V. SMALL SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING .......... 287 VI. SMALL SATELLITES MUST BE REGISTERED IN THEIR NATIONAL REGISTRY AND IN THE U.N. REGISTRY ......................................... 289 VII. LIABILITY ISSUES OF SMALL SATELLITES ...... 291 VIII. SPACE DEBRIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ............................................. 294 IX. PUBLIC SAFETY EFFECTS OF SMALL SATELLITES ....................................... 299 X. SMALL SATELLITE NATIONAL SECURITY ISSUES ............................................. 302 XI. CONCLUSION..................................... 306 * The author taught air and space law for more than forty years respectively at Southern Methodist University and Georgetown University. He is co-author of FRANCIS LYALL & PAUL B. LARSEN, SPACE LAW: A TREATISE (2009) and of PAUL B. LARSEN ET AL., AVIATION LAW: CASES AND RELATED SOURCES (2d ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Security in Space the Next Generation UNITED NATIONS UNITED
    UNIDIR Security in Space: The Next Generation “Security in Space: The Next Generation” is the seventh annual conference held by the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research on the issues of space security, the peaceful uses of outer space and the prevention of an arms race in outer space. This conference looked at ways to build trust in space activities in the future as well as how THE SIMONS to move from confrontation to cooperation as a way to increase space security and improve FOUNDATION access to outer space for peaceful activities. Participants and presenters discussed the need for new international legal instruments, with specific reference to the Chinese–Russian SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION proposal for a Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects. Conference Report 2008 UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR DISARMAMENT UNIDIR UNIDIRRESEARCH Security in Space The Next Generation UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS Designed and printed by the Publishing Service, United Nations, Geneva GE.08-02341 — November 2008 — 3,000 — UNIDIR/2008/14 United Nations Publication Conference Report Sales No. GV.E.08.0.3 ISBN 978-92-9045-192-1 31 March –1 April 2008 UNIDIR/2008/14 Security in Space: The Next Generation Conference Report 31 March–1 April 2008 UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research Geneva, Switzerland New York and Geneva, 2008 About the cover Cover photograph courtesy of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • A Rapid and Scalable Approach to Planetary Defense Against Asteroid Impactors
    THE LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY MACHINES: A RAPID AND SCALABLE APPROACH TO PLANETARY DEFENSE AGAINST ASTEROID IMPACTORS Version 1.0 NASA INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED CONCEPTS (NIAC) PHASE I FINAL REPORT THE LEAGUE OF EXTRAORDINARY MACHINES: A RAPID AND SCALABLE APPROACH TO PLANETARY DEFENSE AGAINST ASTEROID IMPACTORS Prepared by J. OLDS, A. CHARANIA, M. GRAHAM, AND J. WALLACE SPACEWORKS ENGINEERING, INC. (SEI) 1200 Ashwood Parkway, Suite 506 Atlanta, GA 30338 (770) 379-8000, (770)379-8001 Fax www.sei.aero [email protected] 30 April 2004 Version 1.0 Prepared for ROBERT A. CASSANOVA NASA INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED CONCEPTS (NIAC) UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (USRA) 75 5th Street, N.W. Suite 318 Atlanta, GA 30308 (404) 347-9633, (404) 347-9638 Fax www.niac.usra.edu [email protected] NIAC CALL FOR PROPOSALS CP-NIAC 02-02 PUBLIC RELEASE IS AUTHORIZED The League of Extraordinary Machines: NIAC CP-NIAC 02-02 Phase I Final Report A Rapid and Scalable Approach to Planetary Defense Against Asteroid Impactors Table of Contents List of Acronyms ________________________________________________________________________________________ iv Foreword and Acknowledgements___________________________________________________________________________ v Executive Summary______________________________________________________________________________________ vi 1.0 Introduction _________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 2.0 Background _________________________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Aeronautics and Space Report of the President
    Aeronautics and Space Report of the President Fiscal Year 2009 Activities Aeronautics and Space Report of the President Fiscal Year 2009 Activities The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 directed the annual Aeronautics and Space Report to include a “comprehensive description of the programmed activities and the accomplishments of all agencies of the United States in the field of aeronautics and space activities during the preceding calendar year.” In recent years, the reports have been prepared on a fiscal-year basis, consistent with the budgetary period now used in programs of the Federal Government. This year’s report covers Aeronautics and SpaceAeronautics Report of the President activities that took place from October 1, 2008, through September 30, 2009. TABLE OF CONTENTS National Aeronautics and Space Administration . 1. Fiscal Year 2009 Activities Year Fiscal • Exploration Systems Mission Directorate 1 • Space Operations Mission Directorate 10 • Science Mission Directorate 18 • Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate 25 Department of Defense . 41 Federal Aviation Administration . 45 . Department of Commerce . 51. Department of the Interior . 81. Federal Communications Commission . 103 U.S. Department of Agriculture. 107 National Science Foundation . 115 . Department of State. 125 Department of Energy. 129 Smithsonian Institution . 137. Appendices . 149 . • A-1 U S Government Spacecraft Record 150 • A-2 World Record of Space Launches Successful in Attaining Earth Orbit or Beyond 151 • B Successful Launches to Orbit on U S Vehicles 152 • C Human Spaceflights 155 • D-1A Space Activities of the U S Government—Historical Table of Budget Authority in Millions of Real-Year Dollars 156 • D-1B Space Activities of the U S Government—Historical Table of Budget Authority in Millions of Inflation-Adjusted FY 09 Dollars 157 • D-2 Federal Space Activities Budget 158 • D-3 Federal Aeronautics Activities Budget 159 Acronyms .
    [Show full text]
  • Colorado-Advanced-Industries-Report
    L A U N C H ! TAKING COLORADO’S SPACE ECONOMY TO THE NEXT LEVEL BROOKINGS ADVANCED INDUSTRIES SERIES Mark Muro, Devashree Saha, Kenan Fikri, Jessica Lee, and Nick Marchio THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION | METROPOLITAN POLICY PROGRAM | 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary................................................................................. i I. Introduction............................................................................................ 1 II. Colorado Prepares for Launch......................................................... 4 III. Measuring Colorado’s Space Economy......................................... 8 IV. Opportunities and Threats: The Space Market and Key Forces at Work......................................................................................... 19 V. Strengths and Weaknesses: Colorado’s Competitive Position....................................................................................................... 30 VI. Colorado’s Space Economy Future: A Vision and Strategies for Getting There..................................................................................... 46 VII. The Private Sector: Driving Growth Through Improved Performance and Greater Collaboration............................................ 49 VIII. The Public Sector: Setting a Platform for Innovation and Growth......................................................................................................... 58 IX. Conclusion...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Forging Commercial Confidence
    SPACEPORT UK: AHEAD FORGING WITH COMMERCIAL CONFIDENCE Copyright © Satellite Applications Catapult Ltd 2014. SPACEPORT UK: FORGING AHEAD WITH COMMERCIAL CONFIDENCE TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 07 2 DEMAND FORECAST 11 • Commercial human spaceflight • Very high speed point to point travel • Satellite deployment • Microgravity research • Other commercial demand 3 SPACEPORT FACILITIES 47 • Core infrastructure required • Spaceflight preparation and training • Tours/visitor centre • Space campus • Key findings 4 WIDER ECONOMIC IMPACT 57 • Summary • Site development • Employment • Tourism • R&D/education • Key findings 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 5 REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT 67 • Unlocking commercial potential 6 RISKS 73 • Accidents • Single operator • Local opposition 7 FINANCING 77 • Existing scenario • Potential funding sources • Other sources of funds • Insurance • Key findings Appendices 85 • Appendix A • Appendix B Acknowledgements and contact information 89 5 Spaceport UK: A pillar of growth for the UK and European space industry, enabling lower cost access to space, and creating economic benefit far beyond its perimeter fence. A spaceport will unlock economic growth and jobs in existing UK industries and regions, while positioning the UK to take advantage of emerging demand for commercial human spaceflight, small satellite launch, microgravity research, parabolic flights, near-space balloon tourism, and eventually high-speed point-to-point travel. Without a specific site selected and looking at the economic impact of a spaceport generically, this report expects the spaceport to deliver approximately £2.5bn and 8,000 jobs to the broader UK economy over 10 years. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 Executive Summary Our plan is for Britain to have a fully functional, operating spaceport “by 2018. This would serve as a European focal point for the pioneers of commercial spaceflight using the potential of spaceflight experience companies like Virgin Galactic, XCOR and Swiss S3 to pave the way for satellite launch services to follow.
    [Show full text]
  • Springer Catalog
    AB2007/2008 ABCD springer.com Winter 2007/2008 Winter Springer 7 ABC Catalog Springer Bookstore Bookstore Catalog Winter 2007/2008 COPERNICUS Table of Contents springer.com/booksellers General Information To place Sales Director Matt Conmy an order: Sales Director, Books, Americas Springer Contents Write 233 Spring Street New York, NY 10013 New Trade Books Springer P.O. Box 2485 voicemail: (800) SPRINGER, ext. 578 Copernicus ...................................................................................................... 1 Secaucus, NJ 07096-2485 tel: (212) 460-1578 Astronomy and Space .................................................................................. 3 fax (212) 460-1594 General Science ............................................................................................. 6 e-mail: [email protected] Mathematics ................................................................................................... 6 Phone/Fax Please see the preceding page for a list of regional sales representatives. Recently Announced Trade Books toll-free: 1-800-SPRINGER fax: (201) 348-4505 Copernicus ...................................................................................................... 7 Astronomy and Space .................................................................................. 7 World Wide Web Pubnet® / Electronic New & Forthcoming Visit us on the web: Astronomy/Astrophysics............................................................................13 Code: S-V SAN: 2032228 Order pick-up time:
    [Show full text]
  • International Space Law”
    ST/SPACE/2 Office for Outer Space Affairs United Nations Office at Vienna Proceedings of the Workshop on Space Law in the Twenty-first Century Organized by the International Institute of Space Law with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs UNITED NATIONS New York, 2000 This document has not been formally edited. Introduction The Workshop on Space Law in the 21st Century, coordinated by the International Institute of Space Law (IISL), was held between 20 and 23 July 1999 in Vienna, Austria, as part o f the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III). More than 120 participants attended the Workshop, all contributing to an active discussion on the future of Space Law. The IISL Workshop comprised eight sessions, covering current concerns in the field of space law. Each session began with the presentation of a discussion paper by an invited speaker, followed by invited papers commenting on the discussion paper, as well as informal discussion and comments. At the end of each session, the Coordinator/Rapporteur of the session presented a summary report on significant issues raised in the session and, following a general discussion, the findings, conclusions and recommendations of the session were consolidated in a single document. At the conclusion of the eight substantive sessions, the “Workshop Executive Committee”, consisting of the chairperson of each session, the Workshop Coordinator, and the President of the International Institute of Space Law, who was the overall chairperson of the Workshop, met to discuss the reports of the sessions. The session reports were integrated into the Workshop’s Final Report to the UNISPACE III Conference.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of the Competitive Advantage of the United States of America in Commercial Human Orbital Spaceflight Markets
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Management Papers Wharton Faculty Research 2014 An Analysis of the Competitive Advantage of the United States of America in Commercial Human Orbital Spaceflight Markets Greg Autry Laura Hhuang Jeff Foust Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/mgmt_papers Part of the Management Sciences and Quantitative Methods Commons Recommended Citation Autry, G., Hhuang, L., & Foust, J. (2014). An Analysis of the Competitive Advantage of the United States of America in Commercial Human Orbital Spaceflight Markets. Futron Corporation, Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/mgmt_papers/222 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/mgmt_papers/222 For more information, please contact [email protected]. An Analysis of the Competitive Advantage of the United States of America in Commercial Human Orbital Spaceflight Markets Abstract The “Public/Private Human Access to Space” / Human Orbital Markets (HOM) study group of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) has established a framework for the identification and analysis of relevant factors and structures that support a global human orbital spaceflight market. The HOM study group has called for analysis at the national level to be incorporated in their global study. This report, commissioned by the FAA Office of Commercial Space Transport, provides a review of demonstrated and potential Human Orbital Markets and an analysis of the U.S. industrial supply chain supporting commercial human orbital spaceflight. eW utilize a multi‐method, holistic approach incorporating primarily qualitative methodologies that also incorporates relevant statistical data. Our methodology parallels the National Competitive Advantage diamond model pioneered by economist Michael Porter. The study reveals that while the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Space Economy at a Glance 2014 Contents Reader’S Guide 1
    The Space Economy at a Glance 2014 Contents Reader’s guide 1. The space sector in 2014 and beyond I. Readiness factors: Inputs to the space economy 2. Civilian space R&D programmes budgets The Space Economy 3. Institutional space budgets 4. Regulatory framework 5. Human capital at a Glance 2014 II. Intensity: Activities and outputs in the space economy 6. Space manufacturing activities 7. Space launch activities 8. Satellite telecommunications 9. Satellite earth observation 10. Satellite weather and climate monitoring 11. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) 12. Space exploration activities 13. Human spaceflight activities 14. International trade in selected space products 15. Space-related patents 16. Scientific production in the space sector 17. Insurance market for space activities III. Impacts: Bringing space down to earth 18. Evaluation of national space investments 19. Early warning of risks and hazards 20. Improved land and sea monitoring 21. The space industry’s R&D intensity 22. The spin-offs from space investments IV. The global aerospace sector in perspective 23. The civil aerospace markets 24. Business enterprise R&D (BERD) in aerospace 25. Aerospace trade V. Country profiles: Actors in the space economy The Space Economy at a Glance 2014 26. Guide to the profiles 27. Canada 28. France 29. Germany 30. India 31. Italy 32. Korea 33. Norway 34. Switzerland 35. United Kingdom 36. United States Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264217294-en. This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Session II-C - Legal Challenges in Realizing Interstellar Initiatives
    The Space Congress® Proceedings 1992 (29th) Space - Quest For New Fontiers Apr 22nd, 2:00 PM Paper Session II-C - Legal Challenges in Realizing Interstellar Initiatives Suzanne M. Hodge Rockwell International Space Systems Division Elizabeth B. Osmond Attorney at Law Asst. State Attorney Manuel C. Urrutia Rockwell International Space Systems Division Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings Scholarly Commons Citation Hodge, Suzanne M.; Osmond, Elizabeth B.; and Urrutia, Manuel C., "Paper Session II-C - Legal Challenges in Realizing Interstellar Initiatives" (1992). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 18. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1992-29th/april-22-1992/18 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LEGAL CHALLENGES IN REALIZING INTERSTELLAR INITIATIVES by Suzanne M. Hodge Elizabeth B. Osmond Manuel C.Urrutia Rockwell International Attorney at Law Rockwell International Space Systems Division Asst. State Attorney Space Systems Division ABSTRACT Exploration of our solar system and beyond During life, man must realize benefits has barely begun. The challenges of space are associated with working on another planet. limitless, and each addition to our ability to Monetarily speaking, should his income be taxed operate there opens new legal concerns between by this great land of ours or any other land or ourselves and our international partners. We are council? Should the institution of marriage as we in fact living at the very beginning of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Round Trip to Orbit: Human Spaceflight Alternatives
    Round Trip to Orbit: Human Spaceflight Alternatives August 1989 NTIS order #PB89-224661 Recommended Citation: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Round Trip to Orbit: Human Spaceflight Alternatives Special Report, OTA-ISC-419 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, August 1989). Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 89-600744 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325 (order form can be found in the back of this special report) Foreword In the 20 years since the first Apollo moon landing, the Nation has moved well beyond the Saturn 5 expendable launch vehicle that put men on the moon. First launched in 1981, the Space Shuttle, the world’s first partially reusable launch system, has made possible an array of space achievements, including the recovery and repair of ailing satellites, and shirtsleeve research in Spacelab. However, the tragic loss of the orbiter Challenger and its crew three and a half years ago reminded us that space travel also carries with it a high element of risk-both to spacecraft and to people. Continued human exploration and exploitation of space will depend on a fleet of versatile and reliable launch vehicles. As this special report points out, the United States can look forward to continued improvements in safety, reliability, and performance of the Shuttle system. Yet, early in the next century, the Nation will need a replacement for the Shuttle. To prepare for that eventuality, NASA and the Air Force have begun to explore the potential for advanced launch systems, such as the Advanced Manned Launch System and the National Aerospace Plane, which could revolutionize human access to space.
    [Show full text]