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. Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991. 11 1991. Press, ofNevada Reno: University . Identification means means Identification or model: civic identity. civic model: or

Identity: A Reader A Identity: 5 on r fre truh ifrne; b differences; through formed are

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is hand in hand with the with hand in hand sses an act of social violence; it wishes to to wishes it violence; social of act an sses lo bu cetn a oe oua and popular more a creating about also " In " . London: Verso, 1990. 33. 1990. Verso, London: .

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68, no. 1 (1992): 58. (1992): 1 no. 68,

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Kaeding, Malte Philipp. "Identity Formation in Taiwan and Hong Kong Hong Kong and Taiwan in "Identity Formation Philipp. Kaeding,Malte Crisis Governance Article23, Tested: CountryBeing One under System Hong Kong Anthony."The Cheung, Kit Eric Matthews,Gordon, mained distinct and opposed to opposed and distinct mained ns with Western co Western with ns l lrls, re media free pluralism, al Today Hong Kong Hong Today identit and nationalism in surge a caused that changes relevant The -

ofdne n te eln o sproiy f og Kong Hong of superiority of feeling the and confidence

past with certain elements of a of elements certain with

enhances Taiwanese Identity in t in Identity Taiwanese

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flec, pnes o h wrd professio world, the to openness affluence,

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13 identity that identity Ma, and Tai and Ma,

oee, ut resilien quite However,

n fe speech. free and he 21st Century: Domestic, Regional and Global Global Perspectives and Domestic,Regional Century: 21st he Chinese identity Chinese Subsequently, i Subsequently,

global identity that come that identity global to make to - lok Lui. Hong Kong, China Kong, lokLui.Hong mostly derives its character its derives mostly T

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he July 1 Protest Rally: Interpreting a Event Historic Interpreting Rally: Protest July 1 he Kaeding 12

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CEU eTD Collection 15. withChina, Reintegration Kong's ofHong Challenge 14 fr enforcing an of lack the power’ of tasks lying infront ofit populati the force changes political and bureaucratic violent the where colonization of form a as understood be could broadly very China with reunification changes. political violent of impacts the down slow could that zones bureaucraticbuffer ex societies developed’ it to independence full out carve to chance region rul British of end that and ide its define and strengthen to opportunity b revolution the that a people the unify revoluti produci by up ended event the finally but goal, political its reaches it if China mainland of ruling authoritarian the breaks that exception an become challenge new the to itself adapt to tried 21th the risesca theand whether Hong ofa thelack civil society Kong stable identity alance power. of

Chan, Ming K. "The Politics of Hong Kong's Imperfect Transition: Dimensions of the China Factor." In The Factor." China ofthe Dimensions Transition: Imperfect ofHong Kong's Politics "The K. Ming Chan, ’ s politics to f to politics s In sum, the past and present status of the city’s identity shows that Hong Kong’s ‘act Kong’s Hong that shows identity city’s the of status present and past the sum, In Kong Hong in movement democracy organized biggest the was 2014 in Revolution Umbrella The on itself c itself on

could have formed social mechanism social formed have could century and after the 1989 Tian 1989 the after and century

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ntity along traumas, or deep historical historical deep or traumas, along ntity major questions concerning questions major self 13

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Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, HKU, 1997. HKU, Press, University Kong Hong HongKong: .

14 extent

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. Wong, Siu Wong, rch 25, 2008. 2. 2008. 25, rch Evolution of social moveme of social Evolution Social movements inthe colonial era Hong Kong has served in history as a major port for Chine for port major a as history in served has Kong Hong of observation the In The different civil society organizations can give the institutional framework for the the for framework institutional the give can organizations society civil different The - lun. "Hong Kong, China." Lecture, PECC China." Kong, "Hong lun.

reach common goals and foster a common understanding and common bond common and understanding common a foster and goals common reach

briefly . 15

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Hong Kong. Accessed May 26, 2015. http://www.unesco.org/most/apmrnwp7.htm. 2015. 26, May Accessed Kong. Hong

Ibid. Ibid. "APMRN 3. Ibid. ehouse

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CEU eTD Collection Democracy 22 9. 1997. Press, Run Short Exeter: Languages. Three Systems, Two Country, 21 20 Democratization, in Society 19 embracing united goals u reflect has one case this in but society, civil fragmented deb formation. changed protes of number stance. aware civil Kong’s Hong shifts. political of awareness strong and participation political enhanced of emergence the forewent economy market order; general the with contrast in happened has process this Kong Hong political economic, the of pillar a composes therefore society. wish expressed more t life social vivid more and open more a of facilitator a is economy Market cases. performance ec its by determined been always has profile international Kong’s Hong development.

Ma, Ngok. "Civil Society and Democratization in Hong Kong Paradox and Duality." Duality." and Paradox Kong Hong in Democratization and Ngok. Society "Civil Ma, Change Language to Background So. "The K.H. Lydia and Godfrey, Harrison, Ibid. White, Gordon ated and ated questionable.

ed T n cud osdr h qeto ta w that question the consider could One protests, several hosted has Kong Hong Although the of most in economy market with hand in hand goes society civil of formation The 19

he road of civil society for society civil of road he

og og citizens Kong Hong upon the frag the upon

t s scooia cutrat f h mre ad h dvlpet f democracy of development the and market the of counterpart sociological a is It 4, no. 2 (2008): 158. Accessed April 26, 2015. April 26, Accessed 158. (2008): 2 no. 4,

market economy and economy market , and has this , 22 ntil the societyntil itself “

Civil society, dem society, Civil Changes in the civil society’s structure, the work of NGOs, the increase in the in increase the NGOs, of work the structure, society’s civil the in Changes s n te nrae f oe oiial sniie oil moveme social sensitive politically more of increase the and ts oit nw seems now society me f the of ed. Peter Burnell and Peter Calvert (London: Frank Cass, 2004), 6. 2004), Cass, Frank Calvert (London: Peter Burnelland ed.Peter

characterized political participation. thepopulation’s ntation of the society itself. Civil society Civil itself. society the of ntation One couldOne

’ ocratization and development (I): Clearing the analytical ground," in ground," the Clearing analytical (I): development and ocratization ouain o eoe h pr o te raim f given a of organism the of part the become to population

ecpin o tesle ad h poes f hi identity their of process the and themselves of perceptions Western value Western does mation has been quite jolting in the last the in jolting quite been has mation

say that these are the consequences of a badlyconsequences of organized, say are the thatthese stand

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17 under the the goals.under flag same united of s .

S to ask whether civil society’s society’s civil whether ask to a cud entail could hat cholars e cholars

and sociological “trio”. sociological and xplain this by the underdeveloped underdeveloped the by this xplain the role of civil society stayed stayed society civil of role the

in Hong Kong." InOne Kong." inHong

conscious organizations organizations this situation in a a in situation this The Journal of of Journal The

fifty years fifty

20 and politically politically and

fragmentation

However, in However, hat ent hat can’t reach can’t t have nts

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nuins taiin that traditions onfucianist Chiu, Stephen, and Ta and Chiu,Stephen, Ma, ements may not be significant when significant be not may ements Ngok. "Civil Society and Democratization in Hong Kong Paradox and Duality." Duality." and Paradox Kong Hong in Democratization and Ngok. Society "Civil n maintaining on Even if very relevant shifts in civil society didn’t challenge the colonial government colonial the challenge didn’t society civil in shifts relevant very if Even argued be could It Before 1970 the active and efficient political participation political efficient and active the 1970 Before

4, no. 2 (2008): 158. Accessed April 26, 2015. 2015. April 26, Accessed 158. (2008): 2 no. 4, oee te ae motn i osrig h dvlpet f og Kong Hong of development the observing in important are they however mories. In times of times In mories. s

than consider than i Lok Lui. "Changing Political Opportunities and the Shaping of Collective Action: Collective of the Shaping and Opportunities Political Lui."Changing i Lok ts and campaigns emerged campaigns and ts

in creating an active and powerful civil society. Citizens concentrated Citizens society. civil powerful and active an creating in hi fml vle ad nurturing and values family their

erh for search ht tesn te motne f h family the of importance the stressing that

China emigrants continued to practice even after leaving the the leaving after even practice to continued emigrants China root

The Dynamics of Social Movements in Hong Kong Hong in Movements Social of Dynamics The process

ing s organizations or grass or organizations s traumas and crises, family ties are the most important, and important, most the are ties family crises, and traumas new society, relatives tend to think that theyonlytrus can that think to tend society,new relatives

political participation political participation the ide

Chinese of blending into a bigger group bigger a into blending of considering their leverage on leverage their considering ological freedom, people who experienced severe severe experienced who people freedom, ological - being o being 18 prevalent

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CEU eTD Collection http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/10.1/chan.html. Trend and Images Icons, Identitythrough 27 Kong Hong of University Perspectives Service Social and 26 221. pp. 2004. Sharpe, M.E. Y.: N. Armonk, 25 posedobstaclesdefining this infrontand forceofpolitical binding mobilization. most the remained population local the of mentality” “refugee the period this in However, resulted capabilities of pooling and sharing experience Mutual abroad. seating mainly agencies aid humanitarian organizations, remedy and to able be to enough not were institutions existing then The society. the raised and change a triggered city the to arriving the after Later, provision. welfare strikes inthe pursuitoftheirgoal. clients’ of victims othe while regulations, various of Guilds 1842. solving to orga ceded was city the Since bureaucracy. higher the and commu civil society organizations an at remained

"World History Connected | Vol. 10 No. 1 | Catherine S. Chan: Narrating the Hong Kong Story: Deciphering Story: Deciphering Kong the Hong Narrating Chan:|S. No.1 Catherine 10 |Vol. History Connected "World Lee,Jik Lam, Wai. nization chain nization ’ Until the 1950s the Until of channels create to need a felt always have citizens Kong Hong However, nication between each other who other each between nication

- Joen. "The Colonial Government of Hong Kong’s Development of Social Welfare: From Economic Economic From Welfare: Social of Development Kong’s Hong of Government Colonial "The Joen. rus rlgos organ religious groups,

Understanding the Politic Understanding illegal, irregular irregular illegal, h polm o rfge, hy edd ep rm te atr, ua rights human actors, other from help needed they refugees, of problems the

elementary level in ter in level elementary

vitalized, welfare organizations and g and organizations welfare vitalized, , March 1, 2009. March , 1,

rs tried to fight for the society the for fight to tried rs the main activities of civil society organizations were characterized by by characterized were organizations society civil of activities main the

wasn’ - trades were set up, some of them established proper business business proper established them of some up, set were trades

Worki cin. oeie tee organizations these Sometimes actions.

t carefully and meticulously formulated yet.t carefully and meticulously formulated al Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization and Activism of Paradox The Kong: Hong of Culture al izati ng Paper." Paper." ng s." January 1, 2013. Accessed May 3, 2015. 2015. May3, Accessed January s." 2013. 1,

establishment of the PRC, the large number of refugees refugees of number large the PRC, the of establishment n, efr providers welfare ons,

in ms of effic of ms

had 26 Social Welfare Practice and Research Centre Research and WelfarePractice Social

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prtn in operating reorganization of the civil the of reorganization -

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27 h city the - te future. the n

The Chinese Chinese The problem society l n of the of n from . - CEU eTD Collection 32 1995. University Press, Kong: Oxford 31 Challenges.pdf. Civil Society and CoalitionBuilding Governing https://www.ied.edu.hk/flass/fas_upload/userfiles/pdf/State Challeng Civil Society and 30 29 28 organizations society civil other with linkages horizontal time. long a through them to unfamiliar mobiliz oriented politically conscious, of kind This goal. certain a of flag the under mobilizing them to came it when role passive rather a took but considerations, time. same the at democracies yet status. to started socio wealth, grassroot that mean pressure relevant no was there sector civil the and state the between relationship benevolent the and city the of performance regarda state beneficial as the actor quite that offers to them helped it but number, in expanding from organizations society civil the prevented services. the offered organizations society providedgovernment the betweenthemselves, work the divided parties two The institutions. governmental with together work to organizations society civil the for provision. welfare social

Ibid. Ibid. Matth Turner, "State C..H. Fong, Brian Ibid. Ibid. hy int osdr oiia priiain s uh rgt s developed as right a much as participation political consider didn’t they

30 During the 1980s the During to need no There was th in expansion an about brought 1970s the in industrialization and Urbanization

think about think ew. "60s/90s Dissolving the People." In People." the Dissolving ew."60s/90s - cnmc eeomn ad tblt rpae te eue mnaiy citizens mentality, refugee the replaced stability and development economic s

organizations, or social activism was totally non totally was activism social or organizations, - es." es." Hong Kong as their homeland that they have to preserve in its unique its in preserve to have they that homeland their as Kong Hong Society Conflicts under Hong Kong’s Hybrid Regime Governing Coalition Building CoalitionBuilding Governing Regime Hybrid Kong’s underHong Conflicts Society , 28

Hong Kong citizens had quite adequate level of p of level adequate quite had citizens Kong Hong Asian Asian Survey

The government took up a central role and it provided opportunity provided it and role central a up took government The from stronger ties horizontally. D horizontally. tiesstronger from

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53, no. 5 5 860 no. (2013): 53, 32

Hong Kong civil society organizations showed poor showed organizations society civil Kong Hong categorical changes. As above stated, this does not does this stated, above As changes. categorical 20 29 Narrating Hong Kong Culture and Identity and Culture Kong Hong Narrating

Society Conflicts under Hong Kongs Hybrid Regime Regime Hybrid Kongs Hong under SocietyConflicts hs necnetdes n dependency and interconnectedness This broad margin

- 61. Accessed April 25, 2015. 2015. Accessed April 25, 61.

during the colonial era colonial the during ue to the outstanding economic economic outstanding the to ue

for selffor -

the funds and the civil the and funds the existent. existent. ation remained quite quite remained ation - realizing activities. olitical knowledge, olitical The growing The , so the civil the so , , 36. Hong 36. , Western e

CEU eTD Collection 35 http://www.tfd.org.tw/export/sites/tfd/files/publication/journal/dj0402/155 Democracy 34 america.pdf. pol_latin Settings/HJeni/Dokumentumok/Downloads/comp and file:///C:/Documents t and America 33 to role the had and cooperation coordinate the democracymovement bigger for platform a was It aims. different embraced colle a became JCPDG Joint The 1986. the in Government of Democratic of formation Promotion the the for in Committee resulting together, CSOs liberal the brought movements s autonomy plans internationallyrecognized the change definitely would PRC the with reunification that obvious was It officially. 1997 1, July from Kong Hong declared officially D Joint the was change relevant Social3.2. movements after reintegration toChina to beable toreach long accordin factors main the of one missed society c a te etn Pit r h Hn Kn Afis Society. Affairs Kong Hong the or Point Meeting the as uch

Ibid. Ibid. Dualit and Paradox Kong Hong in Democratization and Ngok. Society "Civil Ma, Latin Perspective: Comparative in Democratization and Society "Civil O'mora. Frank and Kamrava,Mehran, tv ognzto fr ninety for organization ctive

New organizations were formed for the defence of Hong Kong’s democratic image, image, democratic Kong’s Hong of defence the for formed were organizations New Kong Hong

. 4, no. 2 (2008): 161. Accessed April 26, 2015. 2015. April 26, Accessed 161. (2008): 2 no. 4,

he Middle East." East." heMiddle region’ became became pltcl adcp; h asne of absence the landscape; political s - term achievements. term

Third World Third Quarterly a very prosperous city in the 1980s. the in city prosperous very a

’s reintegration ’s

eclaration between the PR the between eclaration about the future would not be able to able be not futurethe would about - s ie rus hc cm fo dfeet etr and sectors different from came which groups five

from 1986to1990. from 33

19, no. 5 (1998): 896. Accessed April 12, 2015. 12, Accessed April 896. (1998): 5 no. 19,

to the mainland the to g to Kamrava and O’mora which is important is which O’mora and Kamrava to g

35 C and Great and C

- 176.pdf.

. The declaration was declaration The .

34 pre What brought about a very a about brought What

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CEU eTD Collection 38 2015. 25, Civil Organized Loosely but Vibrant A Region: Administrative Special 37 http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/reports/press/pr200999.html. 2015. 26, 36 and openness identity.city’s of Theformvery international and the memoriesdevelopment. ofcolonial to chance Hong Kong had citizens the C mainland have political accou population. the of interests the in for weak fighting and ineffective as it judged finally and capacities and capabilities its questioned service public of provision profit between competition exaggerated so crisis reduce to forced was government HKSAR very andKong Human theHong Rights Kong Human Monitor Commi law of rule the and poli mainland’s the into interference Square es

Ibid. Region. Administrative Special Hong Kong for The Report Index Civil Society Civicus Left Be Unprotected." Not Should ofLaw "Rule Protector tablishment of democratic political parties; Hong Kong also supported the 1989 Tiananmen 1989 the supported also Kong Hong parties; political democratic of tablishment Hongkongers

motn eet ht influenced that event important become increasingly s increasingly become

F 1997, T rtss T protests. http://www.civicus.org/new/media/CSI_HongKong_Country_Report.pdf ro e is drc eetos n h L the in elections direct first he lving te 199 the m hina mostly by emphas by mostly hina

the year of year the openi ntability, for fear thatfor arentability, pressured politicians by themainland. steps ,

and because of the city’s international economic role economic international city’s the of because and e ersin f h protest the of repression he g f cnm ad laissez and economy of ng

in Hong Kong Hong in 0s, didn’

Hong Kong Hong u t te ahr oaiig oiia ch political polarizing rather the to due poe o e h ms cluae ad pragmatic. and calculated most the be to prove t s. - ensitive about their about ensitive aig opne ad non and companies making 37

h scey oe icesn calne t te government, the to challenges increasing posed society The izing the different trajector different the izing tics, but also strengthened the need to protect basic rights basic protect to need the strengthened also but tics, through the establishment of two two of establishment the through ’s reint ’s

h rgo’ pltcl hne: h Ain rss The crisis. Asian the changes: political region’s the funding for various services, and the gove the and services, various for funding egration 22 Many CSOs asked for universal suffrage and and suffrage universal for asked CSOs Many gsaie oni i 19 pope the prompted 1991 in Council egislative

identity; by mainland China China mainland by Hong - ar reforms faire

to the PRC PRC the to

Kong Human Rights Monit Rights Human Kong

- they profit organizations in bidding for for bidding in organizations profit

Society. inter

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connectedness of political development and development political of was accompanied by accompanied was 2006. pp. 17 pp. 2006.

anges, Hong Kong citizens citizens Kong Hong anges, of the market launched launched market the of .

entailed a decrease of of decrease a entailed institutions: ssion. they also e also they The Hong Kong Hong The - 19. Accessed April Accessed 19.

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CEU eTD Collection 42 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa030685#t=article. 2015. April 29, Accessed 2003. May15, ofMedicine. 41 862. pp. Challenges.pdf. Civil Society and CoalitionBuilding Governing https://www.ied.edu.hk/flass/fas_upload/userfiles/pdf/State Challenges." Civil Society and 40 Interpr Rally: Protest 39 economic of again helplessness repercussions the experience to had Kong Hong belonging. that of response more even and envi into interfere also they now activities bigger. grown also involvement the and mobilization have action citizen of channels First, indicators. four streets protest the on marched million a half than More people. amongst anger public stimulated actions administration’s Tung the liberties, civil restrict to meant was and Law Basic the of w bill security national the introducing By society civil the of development the in milestones important most life, of way their city, their of colourfulness tourists of thousands Western attracted but Chinese Kong’s Hong countries, other with networks created

Ibid. Ibid. AcuteRespirat ofOutbreakSevere Major "A "State C.H. Fong, Brian In Kong." inRally Hong 1 of the July Implications Causes and The "Introduction: Yushuo. Zheng,

aae t si u emot up stir to managed

ing thea against According to Fong, the rise of civil societ civil of rise the Fong, to According fortress in the past the in fortress 41 the society to the to society the

rm March From miiu pltcl activities. political ambitious eting a a Event Historic eting st

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Asian Asian Survey 1 p o Jn, total a June, 6 to up 11 emic. This situation w situation This emic.

, outbreak of outbreak and businessmen. This businessmen. and n t people its and ions and also to be protective of what they achieved. they what of protective be to also and

expanded of religious groups. T groups. religious of

. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2005. pp. 1 pp. 2005. Press, Kong Hong of University City Kong: Hong . 39

n la te oit twrs n nrae feeling increased an towards society the lead and 53, no. 5 5 860 no. (2013): 53,

ory Syndrome in Hong Kong Kong in Hong Syndrome ory severe acute respiratory syndrome respiratory acute severe hich was formulated in accordance with Article 23 Article with accordance in formulated was hich

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NEJM." New England Journal New Journal England NEJM." is the July 1, 2003 protest 2003 1, July the is ng citizens to be proud be to citizens ng think s hard s’ be be

can be seen from from seen be can

identified

participation has has participation (SARS)

- they can avoid avoid can they proved by the the by proved tanks, internet internet tanks,

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in . 42 -

200 2. First

of of 3 e . CEU eTD Collection 45 2012. Edition Second Politics: Expanded and Government 44 61 pp. Commentaries, 7 http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CES 2015. May26, Accessed 61. (2005): 7 no. SERIES, ENVIRONMENT CHINA 43 dependentgovernment funding. on and division internal organizations government skills management and leadership soci civil by operated time. were that schools at special organizations the of most and schools secondary of workforce. full their and 2002 in GDP Kong’s fields 14 in organizations existence. to come p encouraged tocooperatewith NGOs business elites so. do to leverage the have rights their protecting for chose they politicians the whether question to started people collecti for campaign to started c the selecting planning an long articipants come fr come articipants

Liu, Eva. "Survey." In "Survey." Liu,Eva. Wai Health Post Environment and "Food, Tracy,Megan. to acti took d -

lasting problems or a feeling of instability. of feeling a or problems lasting - man, Lam, Percy Luen man,Percy Lam, n sum, In . It . The amount of service they offered was subs was offered they service of amount The simultaneously – n, hc etie te ed for need the entailed which ons,

now hief executive. hief showed that it didn’t become an independent political actor. actor. political independent an become didn’t it that showed og ogs ii socie civil Kong’s Hong are According to a survey published in 2003, there were 16,662 civil society civil 16,662 were there 2003, in published survey a to According om very different walks of of walks different very om Study on Third on Study

ite uf ate ta satr hi resources. their scatter that battles turf little

quite Civil society organizations organizations society Civil

- tim, and Wilson Wong. "Civil Society." In Society." "Civil Wong. Wilson and tim, , their total annual expenditure constituted about 1.8% of Hong Hong of 1.8% about constituted expenditure annual total their ,

tried to inf to tried 45 marginalized by the by marginalized

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life; oe raie, pre organized, more

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Kamrava, Mehran, and Frank O'mora. "Civil Society and Democratization in Comparative Perspective: Latin Perspective: Comparative in Democratization and Society "Civil O'mora. Frank and Kamrava,Mehran, and Dietrich, Rueschemeyer, What one can see through the timeline of the evolution of Hong Kong’s civil society, civil Kong’s Hong of evolution the of timeline the through see can one What be to order in organizations society Civil Kong Hong of development the through see can One tional chain of interconnect of chain tional

in working for the common interests of the society the of interests common the for working in

hn t is it then have served as both direct and indirect supporters indirect and direct both as served have tial, powerful political actors. Reuschemeyer and Huber argued Huber and Reuschemeyer actors. political powerful tial,

time the time

too difficult for the civil society to reach any serious serious any reach to society civil the for difficult too s

Third World Third Quarte Evelyne Huber. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of University Chicago: Democracy. and Capitalist Development EvelyneHuber. and

nurturing a community sense, a common a sense, community a nurturing the elite the territory became economically influential. economically became territory

ii itrss ht co that interests civil

to a higher level. higher a to Te as hv t fli rlvn pltcl gna t put to agendas political relevant fulfil to have also They .

des ih te ii society civil other with edness class of the society that would also result in the division the in result also would that society the of class has to cooperate to has rly

19, no. 5 (1998): 895. Accessed April 12, 2015. 12, Accessed April 895. (1998): 5 no. 19, 25

47 .

Civil society Civil These conditions would result in result would conditions These uld effective

epn t pltcl hne with changes political to respond with po with ’s civil society civil ’s

as have to create a horizontal horizontal a create to have of identity formation through formation identity of

tried to be as normativ as be to tried possible; till does not have enough enough have not does till litical society, to polarize to society, litical

organizations and actors and organizations identity.

People started to think think to started People

It does not enjoy the the enjoy not does It

to therefore it therefore that civil society civil that However, e However, op mentality that that mentality

en up. en or that if there if that

enduring enduring

a uni a

could e and e Civil ven ven ted

CEU eTD Collection reachgoal. their that proves development This increased. has activism society governmen the question to started they PRC, the the against for defence cooperation improve to important felt citizens Kong Hong China, to reintegrated starte they home, their as Kong Hong about has happened, there are other obstacles that prevent that obstacles other are there happened, has

d to have emotional ties to it. to ties emotional have to d 26

vn if even

pro significant t and the extent of civil civil of extent the and t - democracy advocat democracy

After the city was was city the After

organizational organizational es to to es CEU eTD Collection revolution http://www.theguardian.com/world/20 2015. Accessed May2, 2014. 49 2015 2, 48 University in fragmentation the revolution, the executive chief el changesBeijing its protests onlyif to gathered People executive elections open Kong Hong grant to agreement previous the rejected has Beijing business stopping thousand of Tens future, freedom such as the tha independence of sort Kong Hong over control Chinese of end an for demanding Kong, Hong in courtyard a in gathered process, formation identity city’s 4

. Kaiman, Jonathan. "Hong Kong's Umbrella Revolution Revolution Umbrella Kong's "Hong Jonathan. Kaiman, Accessed May 2014. 1, January News. Yahoo! Revolution'Explained." 'umbrella Kong's "Hong Katie. Brinn, Analysis ofthe Analysis

. http://news.yahoo.com/katie . politics. The one The politics. has Revolution Umbrella The Umbrella The - pro

’ y 2017 by s -

democracy Public Opinion Program. Opinion Public ,

s teps down. teps

n ha and and f og og eiet have residents Kong Hong of h sres to streets the - Revolution protests.

h Legisla the country Umbrella Revolution t

lting traffic. The major triggering cause of the protests was that that was protests the of cause triggering major The traffic. lting main of press ortheright 49

- The next subsections introduce the most important features of features important most the introduce subsections next The land p land couric - two systems two

or Umbrella protest, one of the most relevant events in the in events relevant most the of one protest, Umbrella or started ead nvra suf universal demand ie oni b 2020 by Council tive - ectoral guidelines and Leungguidelines and Chun ectoral now eople do eople

turned the city’s financial district into a conflict zone. zone. conflict a into district financial city’s the turned society supported by data from from data by supported society - i on Sept on - get -

27 it

politics allowed Hong Kong to maintain so maintain to Kong Hong allowed politics not have and are and have not

- to umbrella -

the Guardian Briefing." The Guardian. September 30, 30, September Guardian. The Briefing." Guardian the

ember 26, ember assemble.

cuid ao pit oeal h c the overall points major occupied

- revolution 14/sep/30/ frage

ged n the in agreed

48 2014

- not likely to have in the ne the in have to likely not Their final goal was to end end to was goal final Their 175949877.html. -

sp when hundreds of students students of hundreds when - hong -

Ying - ai Law Basic kong T , the pro , the e og Kong Hong he - umbrella

of the chief the of

n 1984 in - - Beijing Beijing ity, me ar ar .

CEU eTD Collection Hong wish t Kong’s on impact huge a had mainland the with ties strengthening the and affairs of state current that and c increasing, been has life Kong’s Beijing years past the Over Beijing. and city the between relationship elect was Love Central and the workinthe city. ofthe benefit for PRC be would candidates these obviously could candidates elected committee and agreed previously some only change o theterms attract did it and region Council. Legislative the and the respect W mainland. personal co nominating Basic4.1. features of the revolution

os Acrig o orsodns te vn i a ietn i te uue omto of formation future the in milestone a is event the correspondents, to According ions. assessed iveness The protesters mo protesters The Hong Basically,

t neet ad r lvn udr infcn etn of extent significant under living are and interests he city is already is city he agreed terms and provide universal suffrage in the election of the chief executive executive chief the of election the in suffrage universal provide and terms agreed e Hn Kn ws reun was Kong Hong hen

Biig et ht t cou it that felt Beijing , and Peace, which mostly recruited mostly which Peace, and in the international media as something more than just a protest for open open for protest a just than more something as media international the in mte, rm hc ms o te members the of most which from mmittee,

no f the agreement ownbenefit turnedf thetoits and it o other itselffrom t have to rely on the city to sustain its economic stability and stability economic its sustain to city the on rely to have t - Kong’ ved to the streets under the organization and mobilization of Occupy mobilizationof and organization the under streets the to ved

used for its economic role it has it role economic its for used

notntl, s h miln’ ifune grew influence mainland’s the as Unfortunately, tp polit top s itizens itizens

politicians who support the mainland’s efforts and plans, and efforts mainland’s the support who politicians China d ra is rms. n August In promise. its break ld td ih h miln aan Biig rmsd to promised Beijing again, mainland the with ited think cl ot te chief the post, ical

. 28

that they will they that

supporters supporters

amongst

r pro are become political become in the region. Displeasure over over Displeasure region. the in

- interconnectedne . According to these cha. According tothese executive is elected by a a by elected is executive - ejn eie die by driven elites Beijing students. This campaign This students.

’s influence on influence ’s u fr h ps, and post, the for run

04 i dcdd to decided it 2014, ly marginalised marginalised ly igr n the in bigger ss with the the with ss

economic

Hong nges nges

CEU eTD Collection kong/article/1612900/timeline http://www.scmp.com 2015. 4, Accessed May 4, 2014. October Post. China Morning South 50 government. eno have to order in step necessary a is disobedience civil that agreed idea the supported who lawmakers some also and Party th that officially declared it Party; of field governmentare notimplemented changes ofpressuringin if disobediencewith the aim the Kong Hong the in article movement law of associateprofessor work for own its which leverage economic previous its back two country ambition role leading economic Kong’s Hong threatens on dependency the years, ten last the in decreasing fiercer and workforce suffering been has city consequences the Since salary. higher and work better conditions, living better finding of hope the in city the to move to want citizens mainland overburdening of issue epidemic SARS the as overburdening an causes This well. as mainland the from and

Griffiths, James. "TIMELINE: How Occupy Central's Democracy Push Turned into an Umbrella Revolution." Revolution." Umbrella intoan Turned Push Democracy Central's HowOccupy "TIMELINE: James. Griffiths, The H universal suffrage proposals. suffrage universal

ong Kong is a famous t famous a is Kong ong o siiae og og no h cmo Ciee dniy and identity Chinese common the into Kong Hong assimilate to

can be traced back to 2013. On 16 January the same year, Benny Tai published an published Tai Benny year, same the January 16 On 2013. to back traced be can Occupy Central Occupy - system politics. politics. system According to t to According

f w big two of benefits

also optto. h aeae ee o te sta the of level average The competition. has become has

- while how -

at the at cl economic scale E he raised movement movement conomic Journal in which he p he which in Journal conomic -

og Kong Hong occupy

original enjoying

Hong Kong Hong o

uristic serious questions ab questions serious s ol s ot spotn. en Ti te Democratic the Tai, Benny supporting. worth is goal is - centrals a topic a 50

g lvrg t ps through push to leverage ugh

was plan, the movement wished movement the plan, Democratic the of support the got plan blockade The some place that attracts thousands of visitors visitors of thousands attracts that place

has become become has - rss s well as crises

democracy initiated by Benny Tai Yiu Tai Benny by initiated

University of self of could entitle could 29 . This instability This . privileges.

Chinese trad Chinese - expression of expression - push out environment out , and the first step first the and , ov

is iies o no do citizens its , -

turned rouae, t is it erpopulated, it to stand alone and isolated and alone stand to it roposed plans for an act of civil of act an for plans roposed

of Hong Kong Hong of could - e agreements and cooperation and agreements e umbrella.

Hong Kong people. Many Many people. Kong Hong

dr o lvn hs been has living of ndard to organize a non a organize to

facilitate t facilitate

- -

ting, who who ting,

ead aant the against demands protection, s for establishing the establishingthe for s fr om /news/hong struggling t welcome more more welcome t ’s to

h economic the he mainland’s mainland’s he resources and resources n te one the end from abroad from works as an as works

t oday - -

violent to get get to ,

this this and and the the - CEU eTD Collection kong 2 May4, Accessed 2014. 30, September Guardian. 52 kong/article/1153519/occupy 2015 Accessed2013. May4, 19, February Post. ChinaMorning 51 Students, identity. interviews, and statements organizations fight to determination every that believes who educatio patriotic PRC’s the against demonstrate ac pursue lesspractic to tend and inexperienced politically are they style, radical and idealistic more a embraced manner. becaus important all were they Kin some of support the sought Kong Hong the of portion significant a mobilize universal suffrage proposal. didn’t s would they that and violence into people 000 10, approximately of protest

Kaiman, Jonathan. "Who Guides Hong Kong’s ‘Umbrella Revolution’ Pro Revolution’ ‘Umbrella Guides Hong Kong’s "Who Jonathan. Kaiman, South Support." Party's Gets Democratic Plan Blockade Lee."'OccupyCentral' Colleen and Joshua, But, tivist - - Man and Chu Yiu Chu and Man pro

fe a clear a offer . J have didn’t protest the if Even -

democracy oshua Won oshua The most influential student leaders of the movement, Jo movement, the of leaders student influential most The Alex Chow is the leader of Scholarism’s closest ally, the H the ally, closest Scholarism’s of leader the is Chow Alex

I who thinks along thinks who 21, o te rain f a of creation the for 2011, n

that - protest al strategies. have - g is the leader of Scholarism, Scholarism, of leader the is g u slto o bto ln t hw o oc te oenet o al a table to government the force to how to line bottom or solution cut

Ming were leaders of the Occupy C Occupy the of leaders were Ming o cran aims certain for - taken pa taken - leaders

central ‘ battle

51 organizations to keep the revolutio the keep to organizations the campaigns he led he campaigns the more

- - occupy. blockade

’ rt in the protests. The personality of Joshua Wong, his public his Wong, Joshua of personality The protests. the in rt o ter po their of e

radical lines as we as lines radical a to has urrender to the police. T police. the to urrender

- plan .

52 a singular leader, since the movement managed to to managed movement the since leader, singular a who e considered be 015. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/30/hong 015.

- coaim s n o te ot motn student important most the of one is Scholarism gets oeet h mblzd 2, 0 pol to people 000 120, mobilized he movement, 30 would take would iia experience litical - democratic

n proposal. He is a young, ambitious person, ambitious young, a is He proposal. n

society, ye society, display significant consciousness of social social of consciousness significant display h ll. H ll. e has been a very active pro active very a been has e . http://www.scmp.com/news/hong . s h fnl n t hv te needed the have to one final the as - e believes that believes e partys an entral Love and Peace and Love entral he plan was a little obscure and it it and obscure little a was plan he

t it had some had it t oath that the event wouldn’t turn turn wouldn’t event the that oath nary spirit up. Benny Tai, Chan Tai, Benny up. spirit nary - support. -

democracy Movement?" The democracyMovement?" and shua Wong and Alex Chao, Alex and Wong shua ong Kong Federation of of Federation Kong ong self

the annual protests of protests annual the -

restrained leading figures and and figures leading - - movement; democracy democracy ,

realistic realistic -

CEU eTD Collection umbrellas 2015. May4, Accessed 2014. 29, September Quartz. 54 53 protests the of phase first the in Kong Hong and PRC the gas. tear pepper and sprays against hands raised and umbrellas forces: of inequality the emphasize to wanted them. to pose the face to ready are protesters that preparedness of sign has person Asian shie nylon t from themselves action the since quickly, escalated force police the of reactions exte the I incident. a Umbrella in the mission, part taking therefore them, to meaning Massacre, special a has Square movement democratisation Tiananmen 1989 the about memories or continue to decision jail to go and politics against managed to thePRC’s reactionsto stimulate gain and support. city the

Wener Ibid. deep and thorough and deep nt couldtheUmbrella Revolution

The leaders the people, These

- need to be upgraded and developed into a more extreme form of opposition to be able be to opposition of form extreme more a into developed and upgraded be to need Fligner, Zach. "What Is the Meaning of the Umbrellas in Hong Kong’s “Umbrella Revolution”?" Revolution”?" “Umbrella Kong’s inHong Umbrellas ofthe theIs Meaning "What Zach. Fligner, - in for defending their beliefs. However, this has not been the case when it came to the the to came it when case the been not has this However, beliefs. their defending for t is unclear to what to unclear is t lds or u or lds - hong rtss ok o ams three almost for took protests T - he protesters and the civil society organizations taking part in the protests the in part taking organizations society civil the and protesters he kongs mbrellas to do so. Th so. do to mbrellas become gas tear and spray pepper he 54 - umbrella

This could also be regarded as a metaphor metaphor a as regarded be also could This to stop the movement. the stop to heritage of the Tiananmen incident in fighting for aims and to what to and aims for fighting in incident Tiananmen the of heritage Revolution didn’t reach the same level of effort as the Tiananmen Tiananmen the as effort of level same the reach didn’t Revolution

the

- triggered responses from the society, support for the movem the for support society, the from responses triggered revolution/.

extent symbol s of the police kept it alive. it kept police the of s f h m the of

leaders of the Umbrella Revolution Umbrella the of leaders

become of the revolution the of 53

very very work incooperation work

http://qz.com/272854/what ots a te einn o te eouin th revolution the of beginning the at months, ovement, 31

Even if Even a part of a part simple and ever and simple

attacks of the police officials, and they used used they and officials, police the of attacks

the

formulation of a common identity.aformulation common of h epesd ut hrh opinions harsh quite expressed who

and ; while mainland while ;

leaders of Occupy Central still have still Central Occupy of leaders obstacles the official forces mi forces official the obstacles

patriotism and yday used object used yday were

The protesters had to protect protect to had protesters The

b to the relationship the to - is rings a common sense of of sense common a rings

- supposed to be willingsupposed tobe the . -

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also een ght ght ent e

CEU eTD Collection http://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/UmbrellaRevolution/Home.html. 56 http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/ 2015. May26, Accessed 55 C Occupy December, in Later activists. polic the with again clashes co of sign no gave government the and obscure were goal final the reach to how to tools the time, long around way other the but government, the ahead support didn’tincreaserelevantly time. over start leaders, student safety. own their for streets an professors university interference, military even whenextent anti bigger to ‘order’ Government’s members triad alleged of number a pro of consisted groups These barricades. and tents destroyed and protesters anti of groups when city, the over places several exa not is image this However, cause. same the for fight to wanted who majority absolute an with community Hong Kong ondemo keeps and changes for

"Umbrella Revolution." Radio Free Asia. Accessed May 4, 2015. 2015. May4, Accessed Asia. Free Radio Revolution." "Umbrella 2014. 14, Diplomat. October The Movement." InfiltratedOccupy Triads Police: Shannon. Kong "Hong Tiezzi, - d ay activities and work work and activities ay d o al pr pie apart fall to ed t a nt h suet edr o te ii scey raiain who organizations society civil the or leaders student the not was It Kong Hong of society the As determined and united a saw media international the began, protests the When ncessions. ncessions. ctly what perfectly describes the situation the describes perfectly what ctly the talks were talks the Beijing Beijing Beijing waited. Beijing , local business people and local elites who felt frustrated that their day their that frustrated felt who elites local and people business local , e y ic as piece by ce

ut agesvl rjcs h cags eurd y h protest the by required changes the rejects aggressively quite were nstrating abides and peacefully e - Occupy

ae, h gvrmn c government the Later, forces;

affected by the student movements student bythe affected hold

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Beijing protesters were released allegedly shortlyafterarrest. In November, as a si a as November, In were

entral leaders turned themselves in to the police the to in themselves turned leaders entral it h algdy e ivle t fli te Central the fulfil to involved get allegedly who nearly got

56 mainland’s the of fear of out and polarized quite

32 refused

exhausted d politicians urged the protesters to leave the the leave to protesters the urged politicians d hong

half a month later, month a half . The revolution was not pla not was revolution The . - kong -

cuy eta atvss sale the assaulted activists Central Occupy again neld is rud f talks of round first ancelled

- police n atn ad h lvl f outside of level the and waiting in

by thelaw. . In October, violence broke out in in out broke violence October, In .

g to hold talks with pro with talks hold to n

- o triads f helplessness, protesters had protesters helplessness, f . 55 - infiltrated

and soon the movement movement the soon and Tensions escalated to anescalatedto Tensions

- - occupy Beijing cit Beijing n ned for such a a such for ned ee n step one were - democra - movement/.

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CEU eTD Collection democracy http://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/10/06/the 2015. Accessed May4, 6, 2014. October WashingtonPost. It." for 58 57 region. the for hardship real than goals idealistic more have obviously which succeeds, movement of kind such if even and phenomenon, War Cold callyou might trend time that article Post’s Washington the quite controversial. m October pub were that self of form fable and unit themselves saw people whether 4 revolutionHong as fadedand situation before. left instable Kong inthe same t to change a of much give didn’t that February, 2015 in streets the to enthusiasm. the cut personages important most three the of leave the mov act

.2 X. Li, Eric. "The Umbrella Revolution Won’t Give Hong Kong GiveHong Won’t Umbrella Revolution "The Li, X. Eric. Ibid. . yblcly ne te protest. the ended symbolically ement, and even if by that time it was by and lar and by was it time that by if even and ement, Fragmentation in society

To be able to find the answer to what extent was the society’s social identity strong, identity social society’s the was extent what to answer the find to able be To - protesters n crepnet, pno pls n surveys and polls opinion correspondents, any lished at the time of th of time the at lished - should Articles ques Articles “ maidancracy”. In the article maidancracy is described as a common post post common a as described maidancracyis article Inthe maidancracy”. - expressio - stop

hl te ril cmae Hn Kn’ cs t Urie on Ukraine, to case Kong’s Hong compares article the While - calling

istic, that would entail long entail would that istic, tioned the whether protests had n, it is helpful to examine to helpful is it n, - for

ed and fighting for the same cause or it was just a weak a just was it or cause same the for fighting and ed 57 e event e - it/.

hs asd hg dsuto i te dniy f the of identity the in disruption huge a caused This

written by Eric Li Eric by written

After the initial excitement over the protests, by by protests, the over excitement initial the After 33

ge clear that the protesters c protesters the that clear ge

Democracy. Protesters Should Stop Calling Stop Should Protesters Democracy. - umbrella - , “the movement is pa is movement “the , t erm also blogs, forums, videos or debates or videos forums, blogs,

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CEU eTD Collection http://www.cnbc.com/id/102043499. 2015. May18, 61 http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/10/13/hong 2015. May26, Accessed 60 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2014 59 in (CEPA) Agreement Partnership Economic Closer the signed Kong Hong and percent. mainland 3 to down decreased has number this now mainland, the of size capital. foreign for look to need not does it and surplus capital a have to managed China since mainland, the to importance economic instabil economic of out climb to city the for important very currently is China with trade Kong’s interests. financial and economic of role penetrating the understand to want not does on lump apart people fromof wasunderdeveloped thenumber and aims. naïve quite inits about complained they The schools. to children demonstrators, the of th aims inconveniences the with themselves identify c that repressions violent no were there if and level developed very a at is identity social of consciousness Kong Hong govern people Kong autono full mean not does autonomy movement University’s Kong Hong identity formation. social of level region’s two the in differences relevant quite are there that emphasize should

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