Henfield Farm Westerleigh South Gloucestershire

Home , Westerleigh

HENFIELD FARM WESTERLEIGH

SOUTH GLOUCESTERSHIRE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION

For

THE HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT CONSULTANCY

on behalf of

WINDMILL LEISURE LIMITED

CA PROJECT: 2675 CA REPORT: 09186

DECEMBER 2009

HENFIELD FARM WESTERLEIGH SOUTH GLOUCESTERSHIRE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION

CA PROJECT: 2675 CA REPORT: 09185

prepared by Tim Havard

date 7 December 2009

checked by Mark Collard, Head of Contracts

date 7 December 2009

approved by Simon Cox, Head of Fieldwork

signed

date 9 December 2009

issue 01

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

CONTENTS

SUMMARY...... 4

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 5

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-6) ...... 7

3. DISCUSSION...... 12

4. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 14

5. REFERENCES ...... 14

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 15

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ...... 21

APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM...... 23

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Area A Trench location plan showing archaeological features (1:2500) Fig. 3 Area B Trench location plan showing archaeological features (1:2500) Fig. 4 Trenches B7 and B27: archaeological features and 1845 Westerleigh Tithe Map Fig. 5 Trench B7: Plan and photograph Fig. 6 Trench B27: Plan, section and photograph

SUMMARY

Project Name: Henfield Farm Location: Westerleigh, South Gloucestershire NGR: ST 6800 7850 Type: Evaluation Date: 31 July-1 August 2008, 22-26 September 2008 and 14-20 October 2009 Planning Reference: PT/06/0326/F Location of Archive: To be deposited with Bristol Museum and Art Gallery Accession Number: BRSMG 2008/61 Site Code: HEN 08/HEN 09

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in July, August and Septmeber 2008 and October 2009 at the request of The Historic Environment Consultancy on behalf of Windmill Leisure Limited at Henfield Farm, Westerleigh, South Gloucestershire. A total of 31 trenches were excavated.

The evaluation identified structural remains and drainage features relating to a nearby building first depicted on 18th-century mapping, ditches relating to now-removed field boundaries and other undated ditches and two undated pits.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In July, August and September 2008 and October 2009 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation for The Historic Environment Consultancy on behalf of Windmill Leisure at Henfield Farm, Westerleigh, South Gloucestershire (centred on NGR: ST ; Fig. 1). The evaluation was undertaken after the granting of planning consent , and was carried out as a voluntary undertaking by the applicant.

1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with an Archaeological Specification for Archaeological Evaluation (HEC 2008) prepared by The Historic Environment Consultancy (HEC). This was guided by a Brief for a programme of archaeological work issued by David Haigh, Archaeology and Conservation Officer, South Gloucestershire Council. The fieldwork also followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation issued by the Institute of Field Archaeologists (2001), and the Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991). The work was monitored by South Gloucestershire Council.

The site

1.3 The site comprises several pasture and arable fields (Fig. 2). The site lies at approximately 55m AOD, and drops away gently from north to south.

1.5 The underlying solid geology of the area is mapped as Keuper Marl of the Triassic Period and Red Measures (BGS 1984)

Archaeological background

1.6 The archaeological background has been examined in detail in a previous archaeological assessment (The Archaeological Consultancy 2006) and is summarised below.

1.7 No evidence for any prehistoric activity is recorded within 1km of the centre of each area.

1.8 A Roman road, identified as running alongside the eastern extent of Area B was examined in an evaluation trench as part of the Pucklechurch to Seabank pipeline

project. This exposed two drainage ditches 14m apart flanking the line of the road, but no evidence for any road surface was identified (ibid, 11).

1.9 The boundaries of three parishes, Westerleigh, Puckelchurch and Winterbourne run through the site and all were identified as pre-dating the Domesday Book (ibid, 13).

1.10 A farmstead is shown on Hall’s 1772 map immediately outside the eastern extent of Area B (ibid, 13). A building towards the western edge of Area B is shown on the same map (ibid, Fig. 6) and also appears on the 1845 Westerleigh Tithe Map (ibid, Fig. 13) but has disappeared by the 1881 First Edition Ordnance Survey Map.

1.11 A sub-circular enclosure was identified in the western half of Area A. This was seven sided, marked by the presence of banks and a ditch and is shown on Hall’s 1772 map (ibid, 14).

1.12 A programme of geophysical survey, involving magnetic susceptibility and magnetometer survey was undertaken in 2005, although this did not indicate the presence of significant archaeological features in the survey area (ibid, 17).

Archaeological objectives

1.13 The objectives of the evaluation were to establish the character, quality, date and extent of any archaeological remains or deposits surviving within the site by means of trenches generally targeted on recorded geophysical anomalies.

Methodology

1.14 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 31 trenches in two separate Areas (see Appendix 1 for dimensions), in the locations shown on the attached plan (Fig. 2). Area A comprised fields in the western part of the site whilst Area B comprised fields in towards the eastern extent of the site. The location of trench B9 was altered slightly due to overhead services and trench B5 was not excavated due to the presence of several underground services. The majority of trenches were targeted on anomalies identified by geophysical survey. Trenches A2 and A3 were positioned to examine the sub-circular boundary in Area A. Trench B7 was extended as a contingency, whilst trenches B26 and B27 were also excavated as a contingency.

1.15 All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (2007).

1.16 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (2003) and two deposits were sampled but were not deemed worthy of further analysis. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of Finds Immediately After Excavation (1995).

1.17 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will be deposited with Bristol Museum and Art Gallery under accession number BRSMG 2008/61 along with the site archive. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix C, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-6)

2.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts and finds are to be found in Appendices A and B respectively.

2.2 All trenches in Area A are numbered A1, A2, A3 etc whilst all trenches in Area B are numbered B6, B7, B8 etc. For the purposes of clarity, ditches are described as narrow (<1m in width) or wide (>1m in width) and all cut features as very shallow (<0.1m depth), shallow (0.1m to 0.4m depth) or deep (>0.4m depth).

AREA A (Fig. 2)

2.3 The natural substrate within each of the trenches within Area A comprised a mid brown clay with frequent pockets of yellow clay. This was generally sealed by a

subsoil c 0.2m in depth and a topsoil c 0.3m in depth. All identified features cut the natural substrate.

2.4 No features or deposits of archaeological significance were recorded within trenches A1, A4-A8, A11-13, A15-16, A19, A23-25.

Trench A2 (Fig. 2) 2.5 The location of a wide deep ditch A2003, which lay in the south-eastern part of trench A2, corresponded to an existing field boundary ditch. It contained a single fill A2004 from which no finds were recovered. The overlying subsoil and topsoil had slumped into the top of the ditch which had then been re-cut by ditch A2005 which appeared to be machine cut.

Trench A3 (Fig. 2) 2.6 The location of a wide deep ditch A3005, which lay centrally within trench A3, corresponded to an existing field boundary ditch. It contained two silty clay fills from which no finds were recovered. The latter fill A3003 was sealed by the existing topsoil which had slumped into the top of the ditch.

Trench A14 (Fig. 2) 2.7 A wide shallow ditch A14002 lay towards the centre of trench and contained a single silty clay fill from which no finds were recovered. The position and alignment of the ditch corresponded to a linear geophysical anomaly.

Trench A17 (Fig. 2) 2.8 Two shallow sub-circular pits A17003 and A17006 were identified towards the centre of trench A17. Both pits displayed a similar stratigraphic sequence of a scorched clay primary fill being sealed by a charcoal rich clay secondary fill. No finds were recovered from either feature.

Trench A18 (Fig. 2) 2.9 A wide deep ditch A18003 lay towards the centre of trench 18. It contained a single fill from which no finds were recovered. The position and alignment of the ditch corresponded to a linear geophysical anomaly.

Trench 20 (Fig. 2) 2.10 A wide shallow ditch A20003 lay in the southern half of trench A20. It contained a single silty clay fill A20004 from which two pieces of ironworking slag were recovered. A wide shallow ditch A20005 lay centrally within the trench and contained a single silty clay fill A20006 from which a single piece of 18th to 19th-century bottle glass was recovered. The position and alignment of both ditches corresponded to linear geophysical anomalies.

Trench A21 (Fig. 2) 2.11 A narrow shallow ditch A21003 lay in the southern part of the trench and contained a single fill from which no finds were recovered. The position and alignment of this feature corresponded to a linear geophysical anomaly. No evidence was encountered for the other geophysical anomalies identified in this trench.

Trench A22 (Fig. 2) 2.12 A narrow shallow ditch A22003 lay centrally within the trench. It contained a single silty clay fill from which no finds were recovered. The position and alignment of this feature corresponded to a linear geophysical anomaly. No evidence was encountered for the other geophysical anomalies identified in this trench.

AREA B (Figs. 3-6)

2.13 The natural substrate within each of the trenches in Area B generally comprised a mid brown yellow clay with occasional pockets of brown clay. This was generally sealed by a subsoil c 0.15m in depth and a topsoil c 0.3m in depth.

2.14 No features or deposits of archaeological significance were identified in trenches B4, B6, B8, B10 or B26.

Trench B1 (Fig 3) 2.15 A sub-rectangular cut feature B102 was identified within the trench. This size, shape in plan and location of this corresponded to a geophysical anomaly. It had steeply cut sides, a flat base and contained a single fill B103 of compacted coal waste with from which three pieces of late 18th to 19th-century brick and pantile were recovered.

Trench B7 (Figs. 3-5) 2.16 A wide deep ditch B703 was located towards the south-eastern end of trench B7. It contained a primary silty clay fill B704 from which a small quantity of post-medieval artefacts were recovered. This was sealed by a secondary silty clay fill B705 from which no dating evidence was recovered. A wide deep ditch B706 lay approximately 3m to the north and contained a single silty clay fill B707 from which a single sherd of mid 13th to 15th-century medieval pottery was recovered. It is unclear if this sherd is residual. This was cut at its eastern extent by a later re-cut B708 which contained a single silty clay fill B709 from which fifteen sherds of post-medieval pottery was recovered. The location and alignment of both ditches corresponded to linear geophysical anomalies.

2.17 The base of a stone culvert B713 was identified at the north-western extent of the trench. This appeared to have been truncated as only one course of the side walls and several flat base stones survived. Five sherds of post-medieval pottery were recovered from the silting fill B715 contained within the surviving culvert.

2.18 A possible wall footing B711 lay approximately 2m to the east of B713. This comprised irregular tightly packed pieces of stone in a clay matrix. Three sherds of pottery of mid 16th to 18th-century pottery were recovered from within the feature.

Trench B9 (Fig. 3) 2.19 A wide shallow ditch B903 lay in the southern part of trench 9. It contained a single silty clay fill B904 from which six pieces of ironworking slag were recovered. The location and alignment of this ditch corresponded approximately with a geophysical anomaly.

Trench B27 (Figs. 3, 4 & 6) 2.20 A possible wall footing B2704 was located at the north-western extent of the trench. It comprised a single poorly laid course of irregular stone and appeared to be butted by a metalled surface B2705. This consisted of tightly packed small sub-angular stones in a clay silt matrix and measured approximately 0.2m in depth. Three sherds of post-medieval pottery were recovered from within this feature.

2.21 A single course of flat stone pieces B2706 was recorded to the east of B2704. It could not be established if this was a truncated wall footing or the base of a truncated culvert.

2.22 Wall footing B2711 lay towards the centre of the trench and comprised large irregular sandstone blocks which appeared to be bonded with clay. The base of this feature was not exposed but appeared to comprise at least two poorly coursed courses. It was sealed by a layer of stone rubble B2712 interpreted as wall collapse, and appeared to be abutted by a silty clay deposit B2713 from which a large quantity of post-medieval pottery and some animal bone was recovered. No relationship between B2712 and B2713 could be established.

2.23 Two side walls of a stone culvert B2708 were identified to the west of B2711. The alignment and survival of the culvert suggests that it had been truncated by B2711 although this was not established. Stone drain B2715 was located towards the south-eastern end of the trench.

2.24 All features in trench B27 described above were sealed by deposit B2701 which contained a high proportion of stone rubble.

The Finds and Palaeoenvironmental Evidence

2.25 Artefactual material comprising quantities of pottery, ceramic building material, vessel glass, clay tobacco pipe, iron objects, metallurgical residues and animal bone were recovered from 15 deposits (Appendix B). Pottery fabrics referred to below and in Appendix B are related to the Bristol pottery type series (Ponsford 1988 and 1991).

2.26 The small quantities of medieval pottery and ceramic tile represent the earliest dateable material to be recovered. At least a proportion (all!) of this material is re- deposited within later deposits (Appendix B). The majority consists of bodysherds in Minety ware (BPT 18/84), a type produced in north Wiltshire but well-known from the wider region in the 12th to 15th centuries. Fragments of Minety ridge tile of probable 14th-century date are also recorded. Bristol-made glazed jug fabric BPT118, a type dateable c. 1250–1500, occurs from deposit B801 and residually from B716.

2.27 A sherd of Raeren stoneware (BPT 287) from deposit A20004 is of some interest, as an imported type which relatively rarely seen from Bristol, and dateable c. 1475 to 1600. The form represented is a drinking jug or mug with characteristic frilled base

ring. The remaining pottery, together with small quantities of ceramic building material, clay tobacco pipe and vessel glass, dates to the later post-medieval (after c. 1650) or modern (after c. 1800) periods. The pottery is to a large extent reflective of assemblages from Bristol; dominated by Somerset (BPT 96; BPT 280; BPT 285) and Bristol/Staffordshire glazed earthenwares (BPT 100; BPT 264), with the few ‘finewares’ occurring as tin-glazed earthenwares (BPT 99), white salt-glazed stoneware (BPT 186) and creamware/pearlwares (BPT 326). The chronological focus for the two deposits producing the largest groups of pottery, deposits B716 and B2713, is within the 18th century and earlier 19th centuries respectively.

2.28 Quantities of metallurgical residues were recognised from seven deposits. Most material, including the larger samples from deposits A18004, B904, B2705 and B2712 exhibit the very dense, metallic appearance and ‘ropey’ texture associated with iron smelting slags. Smaller quantities of more open-textured, vesicular slags might relate either of iron smelting or smithing processes.

2.29 Animal bone was recovered from nine deposits and comprised 47 fragments weighing a total of 738 grams. The species identified were, cattle, sheep/goat and pig. More fragmented material was described by size with cow-sized and sheep- sized categories present. Butchery marks were noted on the animal bones from deposits B716, B2705 and B2713. Bones from B707, B716 and B2713 showed signs of gnawing by dogs. Weathering of bones was noted in deposit B707 and some root etching was observed in B2705.

3. DISCUSSION

3.1 The evaluation has revealed archaeological activity from the medieval, post- medieval and modern periods. A ditch of possible medieval date, post-medieval ditches, culverts and possible structural remains relating to a building shown on 18th-century mapping were identified. A cut feature of uncertain purpose, possibly associated with the removal fo a building, and backfilled with coal waste were also examined. Ditches likely to relate to previous field boundaries were identified in several trenches across the site. Two undated pits showing signs of burning were also identified.

Medieval 3.2 A single piece of medieval pottery was recovered from the fill B707 of ditch B706 in trench B7 suggesting a medieval date for this ditch although this is far from conclusive. Medieval pottery recovered elsewhere on site was either residual in later features or was recovered from subsoil deposits.

Post-medieval 3.3 Trenches B7 and B27 identified drainage and structural remains likely to be associated with a building which is first depicted on Hall’s map of 1772 (The Archaeological Consultancy 2006, Fig. 6). It could not be established if the wall footings identified related to a structure or boundary walls. The location of ditches B703 and B706 corresponds to boundaries which first appear on the same map. The building is depicted on the 1845 Westerleigh Tithe map but has disappeared by the 1881 First Edition Ordnance Survey map (ibid, Figs. 13 & 18). Demolition of the building was suggested by deposit B2701 in trench B27 which contained a high proportion of stone rubble.

Modern 3.4 The steep sides and flat base and shape in plan indicated by the corresponding geophysical anomaly of feature B102 in trench B1 are suggestive of a structure that has been razed to the ground with any surviving foundations being dug out by machine. The lack of brick or stone recovered from the corresponding backfill B103 indicates that any such building material has been re-used elsewhere.

Undated 3.5 Undated ditches were present in trenches A14, A18, A21, A22 and B9. Of these, ditches in trenches A18 and A21 correlate with field boundaries displayed on the 1845 Westerleigh Tithe Map (ibid, Fig. 12). Ditch B903 may relate to a field boundary displayed on the same map although it does not display the same alignment. Ditches in trenches A14 and A22 are interpreted as boundary ditches given their similarity to those in trenches A18 and A21.

3.6 The field boundary examined in trenches A2 and A3 remains undated and no further interpretation with regards to its unusual sub-circular shape can be offered.

3.7 The scorched natural clay observed in two pits in trench A7 suggests that the main fills were derived from burning in situ. However no artefactual evidence was recovered from either pit.

4. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Mark Brett, Tim Havard and Jon Webster, assisted by Andy Donald, Ellie Hunt, Andy McLeish and Charlie Jones. The report was written by Tim Havard. The illustrations were prepared by Pete Moore. The archive has been compiled by Tim Havard, and prepared for deposition by Victoria Taylor. The project was managed for CA by Mark Collard

5. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological Survey) 1984 Sheet 250 Bristol District: Solid and Drift Geology

HEC (The Historic Environment Consultancy) 2008 Archaeological Specification for Evaluation Trenching, Henfield Farm, Westerleigh

Ponsford, M.W. 1988 ‘Pottery’, in Williams 1988, 124–45

Ponsford, M.W. 1998, ‘Pottery’, in Price with Ponsford 1998, 136–56

Price, R. with Ponsford M.W. 1998 St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Bristol: The Excavation of a Medieval Hospital 1976–8 CBA Research Report 110, York, Council for British Archaeology Research

The Archaeological Consultancy 2006 The Archaeological Assessment of the development known as: Henfield Farm, Westerleigh Road, Henfield, Westerleigh

Williams, B. 1988, ‘The excavation of medieval and post-medieval tenements at 94–102 Temple Street, Bristol, 1975’, Trans. Bristol Gloucestershire Archaeol. Soc. 106, 107–68

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench A1 25m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A100 Layer Topsoil 0.24 A101 Layer Susboil 0.12 A102 Layer Natural substrate: mid grey orange clay A103 Structure Truncated stone field drain >2.4 0.26 0.1 A104 Cut Construction cut for A103 >2.4 0.4 0.1

Trench A2 23m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2000 Layer Topsoil 0.3 2001 Layer Subsoil >0.7 2002 Layer Natural substrate: mid orange grey clay >0.1 2003 Cut Ditch cut >1.6 4.2 1.06 2004 Fill Primary fill of A2003: mid grey brown clay 0.46 2005 Cut Re-cut of ditch A2003 >1.6 0.6 0.46 2006 Fill Single fill of A2005: dark brown clay silt 0.46 2007 Cut Construction cut for modern drain, unexcavated 2008 Fill Fill of A2007, unexcavated

Trench A3 21m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A3000 Layer Topsoil 0.2 A3001 Layer Subsoil 0.38 A3002 Layer Natural substrate: mid brown orange clay >0.1 A3003 Fill Secondary fill of A3005: dark brown silty clay >1.6 2 0.36 A3004 Fill Primary fill of A3005: mid orange brown clay >1.6 2.58 0.31 A3005 Cut Ditch cut >1.6 2.26 0.67 A3006 Deposit Topsoil slumping into A3005 >1.6 1.88 0.34

Trench A4 23m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A400 Layer Topsoil 0.24 A401 Layer Subsoil 0.06 A402 Layer Natural substrate: mid red brown clay >0.1 A403 Fill Single fill of A404: mid orange brown silty clay >1.8 0.5 n/a A404 Cut Construction cut for field drain, not excavated >1.8 0.5 n/a

Trench A5 25m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A500 Layer Topsoil 0.2 A501 Layer Subsoil 0.1 A502 Layer Natural substrate: mid yellow brown clay >0.8

Trench A6 ???

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date

Trench A7 ???

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date

Trench A11 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A11000 Layer Topsoil 0.35 LC17- C18 A11001 Layer Subsoil 0.25 A11002 Layer Natural substrate: brown red silty clay >0.1

Trench A12 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A12000 Layer Topsoil 0.35 A12001 Layer Subsoil 0.2 A12002 Layer Natural substrate: light brown silty clay >0.1

Trench A13 21m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A13000 Layer Topsoil 0.28 A13001 Layer Natural substrate: mid brown yellow clay >0.1

Trench A14 21m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A14000 Layer Topsoil 0.32 A14001 Layer Natural substrate >0.3 A14002 Cut Cut for ditch >1.6 2.58 0.28 A14003 Fill Single fill of A14002: mid brown silty clay 0.28

Trench A15 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A15000 Layer Topsoil 0.28 A15001 Layer Natural substrate: red orange clay >0.1 A15002 Layer Subsoil: mid orange brown clay 0.15

Trench A16 21m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date

A16000 Layer Topsoil 0.35 A16001 Layer Natural substrate: orange brown clay >0.1 A16002 Layer Subsoil 0.15

Trench A17 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A17000 Layer Topsoil 0.22 A17001 Layer Subsoil 0.17 A17002 Layer Natural: yellow clay >0.3 A17003 Cut Cut for shallow sub-circular pit 1 1 0.1 A17004 Fill Primary fill of A17003: scorched natural clay 1 1 0.02 A17005 Fill Secondary fill of A17003: charcoal mixed with 1 1 0.06 clay A17006 Cut Cut for shallow sub-circular pit 1 1 0.2 A17007 Fill Primary fill of A17006: scorched natural clay 1 1 0.02 A17008 Fill Secondary fill of A17006: ash and charcoal 1 1 0.07 mixed with some clay A17009 Fill Tertiary fill of A17006: topsoil slumping into top 1 1 0.11 of A17006

Trench A18 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A18000 Layer Topsoil 0.22 A18001 Layer Subsoil 0.15 A18002 Layer Natural substrate: mid red brown clay >0.1 A18003 Cut Ditch cut >1.5 2 0.7 A18004 Fill Single fill of A18003: mid brown silty clay >1.5 2 0.7 Post- med +

Trench A19 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A19000 Layer Topsoil 0.3 A19001 Layer Re-deposited natural clay 0.3 A19002 Layer Subsoil 0.15 A19003 Layer Natural clay: mid orange grey clay >0.1

Trench A20 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A20000 Layer Topsoil 0.25 A20001 Layer Subsoil 0.3 A20002 Layer Natural substrate: mid orange brown clay >0.1 A20003 Cut Ditch cut >1.6 1.22 0.29 A20004 Fill Single fill of A20003: orange brown silty clay 0.29 A20005 Cut Ditch cut >1.6 1.2 0.3 A20006 Fill Single fill of A20005: mid brown silty clay 0.3 C18- C19

Trench A21 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot-

(m) (m) (m) date A21000 Layer Topsoil 0.25 A21001 Layer Subsoil 0.25 A21002 Layer Natural substrate: mid yellow clay >0.1 A21003 Cut Ditch cut >1.6 0.9 0.15 A21004 Fill Single fill of A21003: mid r3ed brown silty clay >1.6 0.9 0.15

Trench A22 22m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A22000 Layer Topsoil 0.28 LC15- C16 A22001 Layer Subsoil 0.15 A22002 Layer Natural substrate: mid orange brown clay >0.1 A22003 Cut Ditch cut >1.7 0.58 0.28 A22004 Fill Single fill of A22003: mid brown silty clay

Trench A23 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A23000 Layer Topsoil 0.2 A23001 Layer Subsoil 0.25 A23002 Layer Natural substrate: mid orange brown clay >0.1

Trench A24 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A24000 Layer Topsoil 0.25 A24001 Layer Subsoil 0.2 A24002 Layer Natural substrate: red brown silty clay >0.1

Trench A25 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A25000 Layer Topsoil 0.2 A25001 Layer Subsoil 0.2 A25002 Layer Natural substrate: red brown clay >0.1

Trench A28 25m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A2800 Layer Topsoil 0.17 A2801 Layer Subsoil 0.09 A2802 Layer Natural substrate: mid orange yellow sandy silt >0.13 A2803 Cut Construction cut for stone field drain A2804 >1.6 0.27 0.05 A2804 Structure Stone built field drain >1.6 0.27 0.05

Trench A29 25m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date A2900 Layer Topsoil 0.2 A2901 Layer Subsoil 0.13

A2902 Layer Natural substrate: mid orange grey clay >0.1

Trench B1 10m length, 10m width

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date B100 Layer Topsoil 0.1 B101 Layer Natural substrate: light brown yellow clay >0.05 B102 Cut Irregular cut feature which contains B103 >9 >6 0.6 B103 Fill Single fill of B102: dark grey black coal waste with >9 >6 0.6 LC18-19 rare CBM inclusions

Trench B4 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date B200 Layer Topsoil 0.35 B201 Layer Subsoil 0.15 B202 Layer Natural substrate: light orange brown clay >0.1

Trench B6 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date B600 Layer Topsoil 0.3 B601 Layer Subsoil 0.15 B602 Layer Natural substrate: orange brown clay >0.1

Trench B7 40m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date B700 Layer Topsoil 0.33 B701 Layer Subsoil 0.08 B702 Layer Natural substrate: orange brown clay >0.3 B703 Cut Ditch cut >1.8 2 0.5 B704 Fill Primary fill of B703: mid brown clay 0.25 Post- med + B705 Fill Secondary fill of B703: red brown silty clay 0.25 B706 Cut Ditch cut >1.5 5 0.6 B707 Fill Single fill of B706 0.6 MC13- C15 B708 Cut Re-cut of B706 >1.5 1.5 0.45 B709 Fill Fill of B708: mid brown silty clay 0.45 LC17- C18 B710 Cut Construction cut for B711 >1.5 1 0.2 B711 Wall Probable wall footing >1.5 0.5 0.2 MC16- C18 B712 Fill Backfill of construction cut B710 0.2 Post- med B713 Cut Construction cut for culvert B714 >1.5 1 0.25 B714 Culvert Stone built culvert >1.5 1 0.25 B715 Fill Infilling of B714 >1.5 1 0.25 Post- med B716 Deposit Topsoil slump over B714 C18

Trench B8 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot-

(m) (m) (m) date B800 Layer Topsoil 0.35 B801 Layer Subsoil 0.05 B802 Layer Natural substrate: yellow brown clay >0.1

Trench B9 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date B900 Layer Topsoil 0.45 B901 Layer Subsoil 0.2 B902 Layer Natural substrate: light orange brown clay >0.25 B903 Cut Cut for ditch >1.5 2.3 0.33 B904 Fill Single fill of B903: grey brown silty clay

Trench B10 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date B1000 Layer Topsoil 0.3 B1001 Layer Natural substrate: mid brown yellow clay >0.1

Trench B26 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date B2600 Layer Topsoil 0.2 B2601 Layer Subsoil 0.1 B2602 Layer Natural substrate: yellow brown clay >0.1

Trench B27 20m length

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date B2700 Layer Topsoil 0.15 B2701 Layer Demolition deposit: containing stone rubble c15 >1.6 0.1 B2702 Layer Natural substrate: mid yellow brown silty clay >0.15 B2703 Cut Construction cut for B2704 and B2705 >1.6 >0.8 ? B2704 Wall Possible wall footing: irregular sub-square stone, >1.6 c0.55 c0.1 no bonding material B2705 Layer Probable metalled surface: small sub-angular >1.6 >0.6 c0.2 Post- pieces of grey sandstone med B2706 Structure Base of wall footing or culvert: flat pieces of grey >1.6 0.45 0.05 pennant sandstone B2707 Cut Construction cut for culvert B2708 >1.6 >0.35 >0.2 B2708 Structure Stone built culvert; heavily truncated >1 c0.7 0.2 B2709 Fill Infilling of culvert B2708: brown grey clay silt B2710 Cut Construction cut for wall footing B2711 >0.8 1.3 >0.2 B2711 Wall Wall footing: grey pennant sandstone blocks >0.8 0.45 >0.3 B2712 Layer Wall collapse overlying wall B2711 >1.6 c1 0.2 C14+ B2713 Deposit Clay silt deposit appearing to abut wall 2711 >1.6 1.3 0.28 C19+ B2714 Cut Construction cut for stone drain B2715 >1.8 0.4 0.1 B2715 Structure Stone drain: square pieces of grey sandstone >1.8 0.4 with a central channel 0.1m wide B2716 Fill Backfill of construction cut B2710 >1.6 >0.1 B2717 Fill Backfill of construction cut B2707 >0.1

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Finds Concordance Context Material Description* Count Weight(g) Spot date A11000 Post-medieval pottery: 340 1 33 LC17-C18 A18004 Ironworking slag: smelting 8 1281 Post-med+ Stone: Pennant roofing tile 1 55 Coal 2 8 Clay pipe: stem 1 2 A20004 Ironworking slag: smelting 2 760 - A20006 Glass: wine/spirits bottle 1 29 C18-C19 A22000 Post-medieval pottery: 287 1 70 L15-C16 B103 CBM: brick, pantile 3 8486 LC18-C19 B704 CBM: ?brick fragments 2 34 Post-med+ Ironworking slag: smelting 1 9 Coal 2 31 Clinker 1 7 Stone 9 371 B705 Stone Burnt sandstone 6 1277 - B707 Medieval pottery: 84 1 10 MC13-C15 stone 1 9 Animal bone Cattle, cow-sized 12 210 B709 Post-medieval pottery: 112; 100; 280 15 207 LC17-C18 CBM: tile 1 18 Clay pipe: stems 1 5 Fe obj nail 1 13 Glass: wine/spirits bottle 2 55 Coal 1 20 Stone 2 13 Ironworking slag: smelting 1 16 Animal bone: cattle 1 73 B711 Medieval pottery: 118; 18 3 14 MC16-C18 Post-medieval pottery: 285 1 15 coal 1 0.8 Animal bone sheep-sized 1 0.6 stone 1 15 B712 Medieval pottery: 18/84; 46 3 17 Post- Post-medieval pottery: 285 1 3 medieval Ironworking slag: indeterminate 5 47 Stone 4 24 Animal bone sheep-sized 1 0.4 B715 Post-medieval pottery 99; 100 5 37 Post- Glass: misc 2 14 medieval Clay pipe: stems 1 3 Animal bone sheep-sized 2 1 B716 Medieval pottery: 18/84; 118 4 51 C18 Post-medieval pottery: 96; 280; 285; 326; 93; 277; 347; 112; 49 584 100 Glass Wine/spirits bottle 4 12 Stone Pennant sandstone 1 7 Ironworking slag: indeterminate 3 33 Clay pipe stems, bowl fragment 9 24 CBM: pantile 2 395 Fe obj staple/joiners dog 1 37 Animal bone cow-sized 7 130 B801 Medieval pottery: 118?; 18/84 2 6 MC13-C14? B904 Ironworking slag: smelting; indeterminate 6 1335 - Stone 2 1932 B2705 Post-medieval pottery: 285; 96 3 67 Post- Ironworking slag: smelting 1 232 medieval Animal bone 2 115 B2712 CBM: Minety ridge tile 1 8 C14+ Ironworking slag: smelting slag 3 532 B2713 Post-medieval pottery: 326; 264; 223b 33 1416 C19+

Context Material Description* Count Weight(g) Spot date CBM: pantile 1 71 Fe objs: blade fragment; nail 2 75 Stone 1 162 Animal bone cattle 2 205 U/S near Post-medieval pottery 264; 280; 100; 277; 186 7 67 C18-C19 culvert CBM: pantile 3 80 cut B713 Medieval pottery: 18/84 2 17 Glass: wine/spirits bottle 1 5 stone 2 19 animal bone cattle 1 3 * numbers relate to the Bristol Pottery type series (BPT) codes, a key to which is provided below

Pottery fabrics summary Period BPT No. Description Date range medieval 18/84 Minety ware (18 denotes handmade; 84 is wheelthrown) C12–C15 46 Bath A type micaceous coarseware C12-C14 118 Bristol Redcliff jug jugs MC13-C14+ Post- 93 Hard, purple-red Cistercian type C16-C17 Medieval/ 96 East Somerset (Wanstrow) glazed earthenwares MC16-C18 modern 99 Tin glazed earthenware C17-C18 100 Bristol/Staffordshire yellow slipware LC17-C18 112 North Devon gravel-tempered ware MC17-C18 186 White salt-glazed stoneware C18 264 Local clear-glazed earthenware C18-C19 277 Bristol stoneware C18-C19 280 Nether Stowey type glazed earthenware MC16-C18 285 Unsourced Somerset glazed earthenware C18-C19 287 Raeren stoneware LC15-C16 326 Creamware/pearlware LC18-C19 223b Yellow ware C19+ 340 Staffordshire/Bristol mottled brown glazed ware LC17-C18 347 Agate ware C18

APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Henfield Farm, Westerleigh, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation Short description An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by (250 words maximum) Cotswold Archaeology in July, August and Septmeber 2008 and October 2009 at the request of The Historic Environment Consultancy on behalf of Windmill Leisure Limited at Henfield Farm, Westerleigh, South Gloucestershire. A total of 31 trenches were excavated. The evaluation identified structural remains and drainage features relating to a nearby building first depicted on 18th-century mapping, ditches relating to now-removed field boundaries and other undated ditches and two undated pits.

Project dates 31 July-1August 2008, 22-26 September 2008 and 14-20 October 2009 Project type Archaeological Evaluation

Previous work Geophysical Survey carried out by Archaeological Surveys 2005 (typescript report), Archaeological Assessment carried out by The Archaeological Consultancy 2006 (typescript report) Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Henfield Farm, Westerleigh, South Gloucestershire Study area (M2/ha) c18ha Site co-ordinates (8 Fig Grid Reference) ST 6800 78500 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator South Gloucestershire Council Project Design (WSI) originator The Historic Environment Consultancy

Project Manager Mark Collard Project Supervisor Mark Brett, Tim Havard, Jon Webster PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of Content archive Physical Bristol Museum and Art Ceramics, animal bone Gallery, accession number BRSMG 2008.61 Paper Bristol Museum and Art Pro forma recording Gallery, accession sheets number BRSMG 2008.61 Digital Bristol Museum and Art Digital photos Gallery, accession number BRSMG 2008.61 BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2009 Henfield Farm, Westerleigh, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation CA Typescript Report 09185

23 Reproduced from the 2005 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office N c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust 100002109

Area A Area B

0 2.5km

COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY

PROJECT TITLE Henfield Farm, Westerleigh South Gloucestershire FIGURE TITLE South Site location plan Gloucestershire

DRAWN BYSCALE PROJECT NO. FIGURE NO. PJM 1:25,000@A4 2675 1

3 4 Cloverlea

1 790 00m Cloverlea

ROAD Shelter

Reproduced from the 2009 Ordnance Survey digital map with the permission 675 676 677 678 679 680 WESTERLEIGH 59.7m 681 Park Gate of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office COOK'S LANE N Farm c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust 100002109

673 674 3 Golf 680 Henfield Farm Course Pond 00m Elmwood Farm and Nursery

6 789 Henfield Barn 8 7

4 5 Henfield 1 to 3 Bungalow Windmill 11 Bungalow THE HOLLOWS

Henfield Business Pond Park The Elms 21 site Pond 788 evaluation trench showing archaeological feature

20 RH Meadow Lodge Farm 22 Mast 1.22m 23 ditch 22003

19 787

1.22m RH

52.1m

WESTERLEIGH ROAD

1 1.22m R

24 H 18 1.22m RH 28 25 786 ditch 18003 pit 17007 pit 29 17003 16 17 15 4

3 2 5 ditch Track 3005 Def ditch 2003 11 785 7 Def CS CS 6 Def ditch 13 Def 14002 Lydegreen Bridge Folly Brook 14 12 8

CS 784 COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY

PROJECT TITLE Henfield Farm, Westerleigh South Gloucestershire FIGURE TITLE Ward Bdy Area A: trench location plan Def showing archeological features DRAWN BYSCALE PROJECT NO. FIGURE NO. ST 1.22m RH 0 250m PJM 1:2500@A3 2675 2 3

673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 00 m 3 00m 2675 790 791 1 789 788 787 786 785 ARCHAEOLOGY site trench showing evaluation archaeological feature Sinks Sinks 1:2500@A3 SCALE COTSWOLD Henfield Farm, Westerleigh South Gloucestershire Area B: trench location plan showing archeological features

3 690 00m PJM 60.0m PROJECT TITLE FIGURE TITLE DRAWN BYDRAWN PROJECT NO. FIGURE NO. 1 786 791 790 2 789 788 787 785 N 1 250m Issues Issues Green Oakleigh Cottages Ponds Ponds

1.22m RH N

(course of) (course ROMAN ROAD ROMAN B10 B9 ditch B903

Pond Pond

TERLEIGH ROAD TERLEIGH WES

Def

1.22m RH B26 Def N B8 (see Fig. 6) (see Fig. B27

684 685 686 687 688 689

ck B1 Tra B7 (see Fig. 5) (see Fig. B6 Pond Pond B403

deposit Path (um)

d Bdy d

ETL War Shaft

B4 1.22m RH 1.22m T Mast S 682 683 c Reproduced from the 2009 Ordnance Survey digital map with the permissionReproduced from the 2009 Ordnance Survey The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office on behalf of of Ordnance Survey 100002109 Trust Archaeological Cotswold copyright Crown Farm

Park Gate N Def N

B8 B27B27 B9 (see(see Fig.Fig. 6)6) B26

B7 (see Fig. 5)

COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY

PROJECT TITLE Henfield Farm, Westerleigh South Gloucestershire FIGURE TITLE Trenches B7 and B27: archaeological features and 1845 Westerleigh Tithe Map DRAWN BYSCALE PROJECT NO. FIGURE NO. PJM n/a 2675 4 N

stone backfill B712 culvert B714

construction cut B710

stone built feature B711

ditch re-cut B703

ditch B706

ditch B703

COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY

PROJECT TITLE Henfield Farm, Westerleigh South Gloucestershire FIGURE TITLE Trench B7: plan and photo

Culvert B714, looking north DRAWN BYSCALE PROJECT NO. FIGURE NO. 0 5m PJM 1:50@A3 2675 5 N probable wall stone built stone culvert construction B2708 construction wall footing cut B2710 footing B2704 feature B2706 cut B2710 B2711 A A

demolition deposit construction B2712 cut B2707

deposit demolition B2713 deposit B2712

surface B2705

stone drain B2715

0 5m

section AA

SW NE 53.7m AOD

topsoil B2700

demolition spread B2701 B2701 demolition deposit B2712 construction stone B2713 wall footing cut B2707 culvert construction B2711 B2708 construction cut backfil B2716 B2716 cut B2710

construction cut B2710

0 2m

wall footing B2711

demolition rubble B2712 COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY

PROJECT TITLE Henfield Farm, Westerleigh South Gloucestershire FIGURE TITLE Trench B27: plan, section and photo DRAWN BYSCALE PROJECT NO. FIGURE NO. wall footing B2711 and demolition rubble B2712, looking north west PJM 1:50@A3 2675 6