Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: a Troubled National Union Stephen W

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02215-7 - Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union Stephen W. Day Index More information

Index

Abd al-Aziz Abd al-Ghani, 66, 84, 135, 145, partisans of, 120, 133–35, 137, 138, 141, 155, 168, 179, 287 142, 168, 174, 175, 177, 180, 191, 210, Abd al-Nasser, President Gamal, 38, 62, 114 227, 228, 288 Abd al-Rabo Mansour Hadi, 134, 169, 288, return to Aden, 175 290, 294, 298, 299, 306, 307 al-Alimi, Rashad, 259, 270 Abd al-Raqib Abd al-Wahhab, 91 AQAP(al-Qaeda on the Arab Peninsula), 3, Abu Luhum, Muhammad, 301 206, 244, 245, 251, 253, 257, 261–66, Abu Shawarib, Mujahid, 62, 126, 212, 218, 271, 274, 286, 289, 293, 294, 298, 302, 227, 252 303, 304 Abyan. See Yemen’s mid-southern region 2009 attacks in US, 3, 58, 256–61 ACC (Arab Cooperation Council), 115 2009 declaration of support for Adam Saif, 152 al-Hirak, 251 Aden. See Yemen’s southwest region formation in 2009, 244 Afghan mujahideen, 133, 196, 198, 208, 245 targeted by Obama administration, 4, Afghanistan, 4, 15, 101, 102, 113, 177, 196, 258, 262, 263, 294, 298 202–07, 216, 225, 243, 244, 246, 254, Arab uprisings in 2011, 1–2, 4–6, 273–76 256, 260, 262 assassinations. See political violence comparison with Yemen, 23, 196, ‘Asir, 29, 30 197, 200 al-Attas, Haider, 210, 234, 289, 299, 301, agriculture, 10, 25, 27, 47, 50, 53, 159 307 al-Ahmar, Abdallah bin Husayn (Shaykh), al-Aulaqi, Anwar, 58, 257, 258, 294, 298 94, 95, 99, 103, 110, 125–27, 132, 149, authoritarianism, 278 156–58, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 177, denial of, 144 184, 185, 200, 205, 210–12, 221, 222, 237, 260, 286, 299, 307 Ba Awm, Hasan (YSP member in al-Ahmar, Hamid, 221, 284, 287, 299 Hadramaut), 180, 229, 246 al-Ahmar, Sadeq, 149, 260, 284, 286–88, Ba Awm, Hasan Salih (GPC member in 292, 299, 307 Hadramaut), 172 Akhdam, 44, 272 Bakil tribe, 13, 21, 31, 34, 37, 44, 47, 61, Ali Muhsin al-Ahmar, General, 89, 102, 67, 68, 86, 88, 94, 95, 104, 138, 103, 113, 137, 177, 198, 218, 284, 288, 131–47, 191, 216–17, 241, 278, 299, 293, 299, 307, 308 304–05, 307 2011 defection by, 282 shaykhs of, 35, 42, 60, 62, 68, 70, 84, 86, president’s plot to assassinate, 218 91, 92–98, 113, 126, 149–51, 274, 282, Ali Nasir Muhammad, President, 51, 73, 74, 287, 305, 307–10 76, 77, 80, 133, 141, 175, 176, 234, al-Baneh, Susan 242, 265 246, 253, 289, 300–02, 307 Bashraheel, Hisham, 238, 248, 264

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© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02215-7 - Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union Stephen W. Day Index More information

328 Index

Ba Sindwa, Muhammad 135, 136, 299, 307 formation of the CYDA, 67–68 Ben Ali, President Zayn al-Abidin, 1, 275, transformed into local councils, 69, 99 276, 287, 291 corruption, 6, 15, 76, 153–55, 169, 193, Ben Ghanem, Fareg, 166, 168, 169, 179, 213, 230, 298, 303, 304 181, 182, 186, 209, 210 “kleptocracy” in Yemen, 213 Ben Omar, Jamal 291, 294, 298, 302 in courts, 153 al-Bid, Ali Salem, 46, 73, 75, 77, 84, 107, in real estate, 157–59 114, 116, 127, 132, 133, 143, 149, 158, 174, 175, 182, 207, 210, 246, 248, Dahbash, 152, 154, 158, 304, 307 253, 307 television series, 151, 152 Bin Laden, Osama, 3, 26, 102, 177, 196, al-Dal’. See Yemen’s southwest region 205–08, 221, 225, 244–46, 261–64 decentralization, 240, 299, 301, 306, 310 Bin Shamlan, Faisal, 43, 134, 135, 156, 169, Ben Ghanem’s proposal in (1997), 169 192, 220–25, 228, 233, 240, 307 demands of Shaﬁ’i under Zaydi imam, 35 “blowback” from Cold War, 196, 200, 201 demand of YSP (1993), 123 Brennan, John, 256, 257 experiment in PDRY, 80 Britain, 36, 39, 198, 204, 205 proposal in document of pledge and colonial rule in south Yemen, 38, 50, 111, accord, 146 197, 229, 246 Salih’s promise in (1994), 147 Burrowes, Robert, 7, 213 Salih’s proposal in (1998), 182 Bush, President George W., 18, 19, 193, 197, Salih’s proposal in (2008), 228 198, 202, 204, 224, 226, 262, 310 Demands of Our People, 35, 37 democracy, 1, 16, 70, 274 cabinet affairs. See government (cabinet) failure of, 223, 240–41 Canadian Occidental (Canoxy), 105, role in uniﬁcation, 114–15, 118–24 148, 181 “divide and rule” tactics, 97, 173, 176, 177, Carapico, Sheila, 16, 115, 135 191, 210, 237, 304, 307 Chaudhry, Kiren, 66, 70, 83, 84 document of pledge and accord, 126, 127, child soldiers, 292–94 146, 301, 306, 310 Christianity, 24, 48, 202 Dresch, Paul, 7, 13, 95, 96, 100, 150 civil society, 15, 16, 126–27, 191–94, 228–31 economic crisis, 155, 203, 223, 226, 293, shrinking of, 158 298–99 civil war (1962–1970 in YAR), 63, 66, in PDRY, 85 90–91 in YAR, 83 “Seventy Days” battle in Sanaa, 90, 91 economic elites civil war (1986 in Aden), 51, 73–75, 80, 104, general business interests, 116, 135, 156, 114, 135, 141, 232, 314 178–79 civil war (1994), 6, 7, 21, 59, 96, 128, Hadrami merchants, 90, 155, 156, 172, 219 131–34, 246, 250, 272, 303 Hayil Said Anam group, 84, 102, 156, 166 and southern secession, 127, 132 highland tribal businessmen, 84, 97, 145, cause of, 127–28, 130–34 148, 155–57, 159, 182 costs of, 129 merchants, 49, 66, 70, 91, 92, 94, 95, 102, divisions within the YSP, 128, 133 104, 145, 159, 166, 219 Clinton, Hillary, 4, 254, 274 Salih’s early ties to, 91 Cold War, 22, 23, 43, 101, 196, 197, 199 economic indicators consequences in Yemen, 200, 311, 312 currency exchange rate, 154 constitution, 173, 223, 274, 288, 310 income, 105, 154, 159, 276 amendments (1994), 134, 184 poverty, 6, 104, 166, 208, 255, 276, 279, amendments (2001), 187–88, 209 292–94, 298 amendments proposed in (1993), 123 unemployment, 155, 219, 269 amendments proposed in (2010), 273 Egypt, 11, 29, 30, 102, 111, 115, 145, 162, contradicted in (2000), 186 204, 208, 311, 312 pre-unity draft, 115 2011 uprisings, 1–2, 4–6, 278–80, 282, referendum in (1991), 108 287–76 cooperative movement in YAR, 65 Gamal Abd al-Nasser era, 38–39, 56–58, closure by Salih, 69–70, 80 62, 64, 89–91, 197

Index 329

ancient, 23–27 origin of, 69, 81 elections. See local elections, parliamentary unconvincing performance by (1993), 121 elections, presidential elections use of patronage by, 187, 296 Ethiopia, 23, 24, 47, 272, 307 Gulf Cup games, 273 executive affairs. See government (executive) al-Habilayn, 39 al-Fadli, Shaykh Tareq, 113, 177, 198, 246, funeral in, 231 250, 252, 260, 262, 263, 293 repeat of history in, 228–32 declaration of support for al-Hirak, start of 1963 southern revolution in, 39 245–48 Hadramaut. See Yemen’s eastern region “failed state” theory, 13, 15, 252, 253, 258, Halliday, Fred, 7, 58, 74–76, 91, 127 302, 303, 304, 311 al-Hamdi, President Ibrahim, 64, 67–69, federalism 38, 123, 289, 301, 309–11 91–95, 126, 277 Federation of South Arabian Emirates, 38 Hasan al-Amri, 91 FLOSY (Front for the Liberation of South Hasan, US Army Major Nidal Malik, Yemen), 56 3, 257 foreign aid, 4, 62, 76, 213, 254, 255 Hashid tribe, 13, 18, 21, 31, 34, 37, 44, 47, Free Yemeni movement, 63 61, 62, 67, 86–88, 92, 94, 104, 138, “Friends of Yemen” group, 4, 254, 311, 312 147–49, 151, 184, 191, 216, 261, 278, 299, 304–05, 307 GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council), 5, 115, shaykhs of, 35, 42, 60, 62, 68, 70, 84, 88, 219, 289 93, 94, 98–100, 113, 126, 131, 212, and Yemen’s future, 310–11 234, 282, 286, 307–11 diplomacy in 2011, 284–87, 290–92, 307 Himyar, 23, 24, 33, 34 ﬁnancial aid to Yemen, 254–55 al-Hirak, 3, 227, 234–33, 249, 253, 261–63, government (cabinet), 134, 191 267, 272, 276, 299, 301, 305, 306, assassination attempts in (2010), 270 308, 310 balance of representation, 108, 117 2010 warfare against, 264–66 balance of representation (1994), 135–37 casualties among, 266 balance of representation (1998), 179 origin of, 227–30 dissolution in 2011, 282 role played in 2011 uprising, 280, 283 north-south division in, 186 statistics about (2008), 238 PDRY balance of representation, 63, 64, suspected ties to al-Qaeda, 242–46, 251, 75, 77, 81 259, 271 YAR balance of representation, 62–65, al-Hudayda. See Yemen’s west coast region 82, 84 human rights, 18, 230, 276, 291 government (executive) abuse of, 103, 143, 213, 235, 240, 252, assassination attempts (1992), 112 264, 296 balance of representation (1990), 116–17 report by Yemen Observatory on Human balance of representation (1993), 122–23 Rights, 238 Salih’s cancellation of presidential torture cases, 103, 257, 265 council, 135 Hunt Oil Company, 52 government (parliament), 104, 118, 146, Husayn, President Saddam, 115, 116, 203 168, 170, 185, 186, 191, 209, 211, 220, al-Huthi, Husayn ibn Badr al-Din, 214–18, 259, 273, 274 304, 307 balance of representation, 118, 162, al-Huthi rebellion and wars, 2, 5, 227, 164, 211 241–42, 251–52, 291, 305 presidential deception of, 259 casualties among, 3, 241–42, 265 ruling party defections from (2011), 282 original “believing youth” group, 214–16, speaker of, 94, 100, 166 307 weakness of, 94, 223, 268 GPC (General People’s Congress) 69, 81–83, Imam Ahmad, 38, 39, 72, 89, 91 299–300 Imam al-Hadi ilal-Haqq, 31 alliance with Islah, 122, 135, 145 Imam Yahya, 34, 35, 37, 40, 60, 61, 98, electoral dominance, 162–64, 185, 188, 112, 147 189, 211, 222, 235, 241 imamate, 33, 34, 37–41, 60, 61, 65, 72, 96, motives in unity, 114–15 100, 217

330 Index

IMF (International Monetary Fund), 50, al-Kathiri rule, 37, 59 155, 156, 180 Khawlan tribe, 93 Iran, 31, 115, 216, 244 kidnapping, 11, 187, 224, 242, 281 Iraq, 2, 19, 24, 30, 31, 33, 37, 43, 162, 195, 196, 203, 204, 215, 243, 266, 273, 275, labor, 155, 178, 180, 222 307, 310 Adeni unions under British rule, 38, 54, 76 and 1990–91 war, 116, 203, 206 migrant workers, 83, 101, 110, 159, and 2003 war, 15, 18, 39, 116, 203–05, 206, 208 209, 210, 217, 220, 223, 224, 226, 258, protests, 151, 230 260, 262, 310 Lahij. See Yemen’s southwest region and Iran-Iraq war, 115 Lawdar, 271 alliance with YAR, 115, 116 case of fratricide in, 272 Yemenis fighting jihad in, 205, 224, 225 fighting in, 244, 271, 274 Islah, 162, 164, 166, 168, 185, 215, 228, local administration, 138–47 237, 260, 261, 264, 276, 280 1991 law of, 125 and 1993 election, 118, 121–22 in PDRY, 59–60, 72, 75–80, 111–12, 144 and boycott of unity constitution, 110 in YAR, 60–62, 65–71, 82–83, 97–99, 144 coalition with GPC, 125, 135, 145 ministry of, 17, 98, 125, 129, 239, coalition with YSP, 199, 209–11, 220–22 270, 286 origin of, 103–4 local authority law (2000), 186, 187, 189, Munqith scandal by, 158 301, 306, 310 opposition coalition with YSP, 199–200, local councils, 187, 188, 280, 301, 306, 310 210–11, 220–21 “no confidence” vote (2001), 189 role in 2011 uprising, 284 budgets of, 189 violent clashes with GPC (2001), 188 early proposal for, 186 Islam, 11, 24–30, 48, 205, 214, 224 trial proposal in Hadramaut, 172, 173 Islamic clerics 204–05 local elections, 146–47, 189 January 2010 statement of, 260–61 (2001), 186–88 Islamic front, 69, 102, 103, 113, 115, 122 (2006), 221 Islamists, 6, 7, 13, 69, 100–04, 110, 112, (2008), 235–37 113, 118, 133, 141, 145, 162, 163, 177, Longley, April, 221, 236, 238 188, 196, 199–202, 205–04, 215, 228, 245, 252, 261, 268, 276, 291, 309 al-Ma’ajala, 258, 259, 261–63 Ismail, General Muhammad Ahmad, 137, Mackintosh-Smith, Tim, 9, 11, 13, 21 148, 172, 174, 213 al-Maddhaj tribe, 91, 98, 289, 299, 307 Israel, 2, 24, 72, 90, 196, 197, 204, 205, 216, Makki, Hasan, 149, 150 217, 261, 280 Marib. See Yemen’s central interior region Marxism, 42, 43, 50, 51, 53, 60, 68, 75–77, Jarallah Omar, 199–201, 210, 227 81, 85, 100, 102, 111, 114, 122, 127, al-Jawf. See Yemen’s central interior region 149, 191, 196, 197, 201, 207, 246, 257 Jibla, 49 Mecca, 25, 29, 30, 38, 208 murder of American and Australian Military Economic Corporation, 155 doctors in, 200, 201 military forces jihad, 205, 207, 209, 224, 257, 260 first artillery brigade, 89, 218 in Afghanistan against Soviets, 102, 206 national defense council, 236 in south Yemen, 113, 129 post-unity exchange of troops, 130 JMP (Joint Meeting Parties), 252, 264, 273, republican guards, 212, 288, 293, 274, 277, 299–300 299, 307 boycott of 2009 election, 236–37, 240–41 southern retirees organization, 137, electoral campaign (2006), 220–25 228–30, 233, 247 origin of, 211 Mocha, 90 role in 2011 uprising, 278–80, 283–86, 288 Mubarak, Husni, 1, 2, 145, 253, 275, 276, Jordan, 115, 127, 204, 257, 275 278, 279, 287, 288, 291 journalists, 112, 156, 256, 276, 286 Muhammad, prophet of Islam, 25, 28–31, violations of press freedoms, 213, 232, 33, 34, 214, 278 234, 239, 240 Muhsin, nickname of Muhammad Said Judaism, 24 Abdallah, 125

Index 331

al-Mukalla, 105, 129, 133, 140, 148–50, (2003), 210–14 157, 172, 174, 175, 177–79, 181–83, cancelation of (2009), 240–41 219, 220, 228, 248–50, 288, 301, 306, PDRY. See also south Yemen 310 PDRY(People’s Democratic Republic of criminal case and protests (1996), 169–73 Yemen), 3, 41, 42, 44, 46, 55, 60, 72, Munqith corruption case, 158 104, 117, 283 al-Mutawakkel, Yahya, 138, 252 administration of, 51, 52, 56–60, 65, 72–80, 144, 153 nationalism and detribalization, 59, 60, 75, 144 and identity formation, 10, 13, 14, 37, and empowerment of state law, 59, 149 40, 156 army of, 3, 73–75, 77 and separate regional identities, 14, 30, decentralization policies of, 76, 80, 169 40, 45, 51, 59, 75, 97, 181, 305–08 ﬁnancial policies of, 72, 75, 80, 111 and unionist sentiment, 5, 21, 38, 41, 42, nationalization policies of, 60, 155 56, 143, 168, 219, 283 socialist policies of, 51, 60, 76, 257 NDF (National Democratic Front), 76, 100, Petraeus, General David, 257, 259 102, 131 poetry, 9, 41, 278 newspapers, 41, 131, 143, 148, 149, 157, tribal zamil, 147 163, 185, 187, 192, 193, 199, 221, 230, political parties. See GPC, Islah, JMP, YSP 234, 238, 239, 246, 248, 260, 264, 265, political protests, 4, 38, 169, 174, 179, 204, 268–72, 282, 288 245, 246, 248–50, 264, 270 Nigerian bomber, Umar Abd al-Mutallab, 4, by peaceful means, 1–2, 5–6, 15, 268, 254, 258 275–89 NLF (National Liberation Front), 56, 58, political violence, 5, 19, 39, 184, 223, 76, 81 241–45, 265–66, 270–73, 291–93, and successor National Front, 60, 81, 175 296, 306 north-south border, 7, 38, 41, 42, 49–51, 56, assassination (1991–92), 112–13, 117, 80, 85, 104, 113, 125, 130, 144, 184, 126, 131 227, 228, 250, 267 assassination of political candidates, 187 origin of, 7, 22, 31, 43 assassination by religious militants, 199, politics of, 23, 38–42, 44, 55, 66, 84–85, 207, 243–45, 253, 270 97–104, 110–17, 121, 151–49, 166–86, assassination by the state, 184, 211–13, 191–93, 209–11, 219, 221–22, 227–36, 252, 286 242–53, 271–73, 280–81, 283–84, assassination in British-ruled Aden, 39 308–11 assassination in YAR, 68, 92 al-Nuba, Nasir Ali, 229, 246 attempt to assassinate President Salih, 287 Numan, Yasin Said, 210, 264 intraregime assassination plots, 149–51, 218 Obama, President Barack, 19, 260, 262, 274 murders of foreigners, 200, 207, focus on al-Qaeda in Yemen, 4, 254–58 241–44 oil, 50–53, 58, 71, 72, 77, 81, 98, 101, 104, state repression, 169, 179–80, 184, 187, 113, 128, 148, 155, 159, 181–83, 208, 203, 220, 233–35, 238, 241, 245, 267, 296, 301, 306, 308, 310 250–53, 264–66, 278–81 discovery in Hadramaut, 105, 127, 148 street riots, 179–80, 220, 233, 234 discovery in Marib, 71, 104, 113 population, 13, 14, 31, 43, 46, 54, 73, 103, Limburg tanker attack, 224 105, 137, 298 minister, 129, 134, 135, 156, 169, 192 and census results, 53, 54 pipelines bombed, 3, 225, 243, 263 and illiteracy, 162 revenues, 71, 73, 83, 104, 105, 226 and southern minority, 115 Ottoman empire, 7, 22, 40, 112 and support for al-Qaeda, 261 and youth, 276 Palestine, 2, 204, 205, 261, 275 in Aden, 50, 129 and al-Aqsa intifada, 184, 196, 270 in Sanaa, 73 parliament. See government (parliament) rate of growth, 298 parliamentary elections presidential elections (1993), 117–25 (1999), 184–85 (1997), 162–66 (2006), 220–23

332 Index

provincial boundaries, 60–62, 125 regional groups, 16, 39, 44, 54, 62, 66, 75, creation of new provinces, 181 150, 304, 307, 309, 310 provincial staff, 17, 62, 69, 125, 149, 181, identification of seven main regional 228, 301, 306, 310, 312–15 groups, 45–53 changes in PDRY (1986), 80 religious sectarianism, 30–34, 37, 41, 52, 67, post-unity exchange of governors, 138 81, 101, 215, 307 post-war recruitment in Taiz (1994), 144 republican pact in YAR, 65–68, 84, 89, 94 regional background of, 77–78, 81, resources 97–98, 112, 138–39 competition over, 13, 14, 70–71, 83, 105, Public Forum for the Sons of the Southern 112, 116, 147, 148, 154, 157, 191–92, and Eastern Provinces, 191–93, 220, 267, 304, 307, 308 228, 232 location of, 34, 47, 65, 80, 143, 145, 182, 219, 306, 307, 308 al-Qaeda Also see AQAP 3–4, 102, 191, waste of, 16, 105, 156, 178, 283 193, 197, 221, 224, 254, 256, 258, 261, revolution (1960s), 18, 41, 42, 56, 61, 65, 263, 265, 266, 271, 302, 303, 304 71, 197, 230, 232 and Salih’s accusation of its ties to al- north Yemen, 39, 42, 61–63, 66, 88, 89, Hirak, 251–52 96, 211, 216 as a benefit to Salih’s regime, 252, 253–51, south Yemen, 39–42, 56–60, 63, 229 255, 264 revolution (2011), 1, 5, 273–89, 290–96, 299 attacks in US, (2009), 254–58 and president Salih’s initial response, attacks in Yemen, (2007–09), 242–45 278, 279 bombing of US embassy (2008), 243, 265 and president Salih’s violent crackdown, bombing of USS Cole (2000), 18, 195–96 279–81, 286–87, 296 early presence among Yemenis, 197–99, “Bloody Friday” in Sanaa, 281–84, 296 205–09 bombing of palace mosque, 287 jailbreak in Yemen (2006), 224 inspired by Egypt and Tunisia, 276, 278 leader in Yemen announced, 225 involvement of youth, 276 origin of, 205–09 precedents to, 220, 227–29, 233, 234, rise associated with “failed states,” 15, 238, 241, 248, 251, 265, 267, 268 301–03 Sanaa youth’s “Change Square,” Qahtan, 37 277–81 political myth of, 37, 38, 40–43, 81, 83, Taiz youth’s “Freedom Square,” 279, 281 93, 96, 177, 273, 307, 308 Qasimi dynasty, 28, 36, 40 Saba (Sheba), 23, 33 qat, 47, 65, 92, 189, 192, 198, 204, 260, sada, 31, 33, 37 278, 314 Sa’da. See Yemen’s highland region al-Qu’ayti rule, 37, 39, 51, 58, 59, 175, 176 “al-Sa’idi events,” 58, 78, 175 Queen of Sheba; Also see Saba, 24, 25, 51, Salih, Ahmad Ali Abdallah 243 son of the president, 212, 218, 226, 288, Rasulid dynasty, 35, 91 291, 299, 303, 304, 307 refugees, 286 Salih, President Ali Abdallah, 2–4, 68–71, fleeing al-Huthi war, 3 83–85, 87–90, 91–106, 290–96, fleeing south Yemen (1986), 74, 191 305–08 fleeing southern provinces (2011), 271 alliance with U.S., 15, 18, 193–94, in 1994, 137 197–99, 202–05, 216, 223–27, 254–64, regional discrimination, 3, 51, 80, 230, 269, 274, 302 272, 307, 308 and 1994 civil war, 7, 127, 133 and harassment, 269 and 2011 uprising, 5, 227, 273–89 and regional hatreds, 271, 306, 307 as ruler of YAR, 69–71, 81–84, 99–100 and prejudice, 272, 307 attitude toward decentralization, 99, 141, and racism, 269 143–47, 172, 173, 182, 185–91, presidential critique of, 246, 272 235–37, 248–49, 306–07, 306–09 regional political dynamics, 6, 8, 18, 55 background and rise to power, 68–69, political differences between YAR and 92–91, 95–100, 212, 216 PDRY, 59–85 challenged by highland tribes, 21, 94–97, regional geography, 10, 24–29 245, 304, 307

Index 333

comparison to Zaydi imams, 33, 97, secession 304, 307 crisis (1994), 3, 124, 128, 132, 133 corruption of, 105, 154, 156, 157, 178, linked to issue of decentralization, 143, 210, 213, 221–24, 270, 298 153, 170, 186 expanding power, 135, 162–85, 189, renewed calls for (2008–11), 5, 246, 265, 223, 273 271, 299 expanding power by coopting others, 99, security forces, 78, 82–83, 103, 139–43, 133, 298 152, 169–72, 193, 204–05, 217, expanding power by divide and rule, 238–39, 252, 265, 270, 277, 291–94, 130–31, 137, 174, 176, 177, 181, 191, 314 210–11, 237, 303, 307 central security, 89, 130, 212, 243, 274, expanding power by financial 286, 307 centralization, 73, 104, 111–12, failure to reintegrate southern police 123–24, 153–54 (1994), 138 family power in military, 95, 102, 130, role in 2006 escape of al-Qaeda prisoners, 137, 148–49, 212–13, 218, 282, 288 224–25 family wealth, 104–06 Shabwa. See Yemen’s mid-southern region lack of accountability in 1997 election, 166 Shafi‘i, 35, 39, 43, 58, 62, 63, 65–67, 70, medical evacuation in June 2011, 17, 101, 102, 113, 116, 117, 120, 307 287–89 al-Shafi‘i, Muhammad bin Idris, 30 motives in unification, 84–85, 103–05, Sheba. See Saba 114–16 slavery, 269 personality of, 86–87, 93, 99, 192–93, child trafficking, 269 226, 239, 286 Somalia, 2, 15, 30, 44, 203, 207, 208, 262, removal as president, 290–96 303, 304, 307 speaking habits of, 92, 99, 265, 272 Soqatra, 44, 52, 53 use of patronage by, 16, 18, 221 South Arabian League, 40 war crimes of, 241, 283, 296 led by Abd al-Rahman al-Jifri, 40 Salih, Yahya Muhammad Abdallah, 288, south Yemen, 7, 23, 38–42, 51, 56, 60, 63, 307, 308 65, 68, 75–78, 80, 82, 97, 102, 104, Sanaa. See also Yemen’s highland region 113–15, 133, 141, 144, 153, 159, 171, and 2011 protests, 276–88 179, 185, 186, 224, 227, 229, 246, capital city, 8–11, 53, 54, 65, 70, 72–73, 251, 264 86, 94–93, 103, 132, 147, 154, 178–79, ruled by former sultans, 36, 38, 40, 191, 199, 216, 220, 224, 239–41, 243, 175, 207 252, 260, 264, 298, 307–09 separatism of, 3, 5, 40, 127–28, 179–82 Sanhan tribe, 88–90, 93–95, 97, 105, 106, southern attacks on northerners (2009), 250 137, 157, 212, 282, 288, 307, 308, southern grievances 311, 312 (1993–1994), 111–13, 117–28, 130–59 al-Saqqaf, Abd al-Aziz, 133, 163 (2000s), 193–94, 227–36, 241–49 al-Saqqaf, Dr. Abu Bakr, 96 southern peace movement. See al-Hirak theory of “internal colonialism,” 138, 143 southern reconciliation and forgiveness Saudi Arabia, 1, 2, 5, 11, 23–27, 29, 38, 51, tasalah wa tasamuh, 228, 232 52, 58, 72, 101–03, 115, 128, 196, 197, Soviet Union, 62, 75, 101, 102, 113, 197 199, 203, 204–09, 214, 215, 251, 257, alliance with PDRY, 23, 75, 111, 115, 196 273, 275, 284, 287, 306, 311, 312 and “Friends of Yemen” funding, 254 Tawakul Karman, 276, 277, 291 and al-Huthi war, 218 taxation, 67, 69, 70, 98, 153, 179, 189 and Yemeni migrant workers, 83, 101, avoidance of, 159, 160, 217 110, 206, 208 during era of Zaydi imams, 34, 35, 61, 65, and Yemenis’ love-hate relation 97–99, 144 with, 208 per capita rate, 70, 159, 160 funding tribal forces in Yemen, 39, 62, protests against, 35, 66, 70 101, 113 Taiz. See Yemen’s western midland region SEC (Supreme Elections Commission) television and radio broadcasts, 1, 11, 93, renamed SCER, 211, 222, 236, 240, 151–53, 162, 175, 187, 196, 222, 223, 241, 242 232, 270, 275, 287

334 Index

tribal culture, 48, 96, 97, 148–51 diplomacy (2011), 273–74 condescending highland language, 98–99 financial aid, 39, 62, 101, 197, 280 story of “horizontal rifle,” 98–99 policies in Cold War, 196, 199, 200 tribal militias, 94, 131, 217, 282, 286 targeted by AQAP (2009), 254, 256–58, 266 army salaries of, 178 tribal shaykh’s power over nontribal elites, al-Wadei, Muqbil Hadi, 215 149, 299 al-Wahayshi, Nasir, 206, 225, 244, 251, tribalism, 34, 36, 96, 144, 150, 177, 197 252, 257 and dispute resolution, 150, 245 war on southern provinces and power of highland group, 150–51 (2008), 234–35, 242–45 as government policy, 53, 70, 71, 97, 98, (2010), 264–66, 269–72 149, 172–79 “war on terrorism,” 19, 202, 211, 224, 261 as source of disorder, 59, 149 Warburton, David, 131, 132 eliminated in PDRY, 60, 149 water, 11, 27, 48, 53, 66, 298 tribes. See Bakil, Hashid, al-Maddhaj, shortage of, 27, 47, 50, 65, 129, 274, 298, Zaraniq 299–300 Wedeen, Lisa, 14–16 UAE (United Arab Emirates), 72, 219, 273, Wikileaks, 106, 218, 259 286, 310, 311, 312 Wolfowitz, Paul, 198, 199, 211, 212 unification (1990), 5, 8, 17–19, 22, 28, 33, women, 68, 118, 170, 205, 241, 259, 40–44, 96, 103–07 291–98 administrative merger, 111–12, 124–26, and dress, 46 131, 138–40 and protests (2011), 276–78, 291, 296 breakdown of, 104, 122–28 and protests in al-Mukalla (1996), 169–71 first national election, 117 in politics, 188, 291, 296 flawed transition after, 113–17, World Bank, 155, 169, 213 123–26, 130 key agreement on plural democracy, Yafi‘, 38–40, 50, 59, 75, 116, 148, 242, 272 114–15, 123 YAR (Yemen Arab Republic), 41, 42, 62, key agreement on power sharing, 116–17, 135, 144 122–24 administration of, 62–71, 79, 81–85, motives behind, 84, 113–16 91–106, 126 negotiation of, 114–17 army of, 68, 71, 82, 84, 89, 90–94, 99, opposed by conservative shaykhs, 21 101, 102, 115, 191 referendum on, 110 financial policies of, 69–71, 73, 80, 97, stalemate in early years, 108–12 100, 111, 144 violence after, 112 import licensing policy, 83, 84 United Nations, 27, 253, 294, 298 Yemen Security Council resolutions (1994), 133, ancient civilization of, 23–25 145, 147, 248 Yemen Central Bank, 66, 69, 147, 153, 171 Security Council resolution (2011), banking policies, 60, 78, 111, 112, 154 294, 298 Yemeni border wars, 68, 100, 101, 113 UNDP Human Development Report, 298 Yemeni-Saudi border, 2, 29, 30, 47, 52, 58, UNICEF, 241, 298 101, 115, 208, 209, 218, 245, 253 United States of America, 195–97, 206, 255, Yemen’s central interior region, 10, 51, 61, 289, 294, 298, 303, 304, 310 98, 137, 139, 177, 188, 198, 237, 267, 1990–91 war against Iraq, 206–07 305–07, 309 2003 invasion of Iraq, 2, 15, 39, 203–04, al-Jawf, 61, 121, 217, 267, 274, 305 223–24, 310 al-Jawf’s people, 98, 293 2009 cruise missile strike on Abyan, 257–59 al-Jawf’s staffing, 139, 189, 237 alliance with Saudi Arabia, 208 Marib, 25, 44, 120–21, 198–99, 202–03, anti-American sentiment in Yemen, 19, 212, 243–44, 263, 266–67, 274 196, 199, 200, 204, 216, 257, 261, 280 Marib’s ancient history, 25 attack on embassy in Sanaa, 3, 242, 265 Marib’s economy, 70–71, 73, 183, 225, counterterrorism policy, 4, 19, 106, 191, 305–06, 307, 308 193, 198, 202–05, 211–12, 216, Marib’s people, 98, 293 260–61, 262, 263, 294, 298, 302–03 Marib’s staffing, 82–83, 139, 188–89, 237

Index 335

Yemen’s eastern region, 21, 29, 44–45, 52, Shabwa’s people, 46, 304, 307 54–55, 58, 64, 79, 84, 105, 127, 135, Shabwa’s staffing, 58, 77–80, 84, 137–42, 141, 142, 151, 157, 169, 174, 185, 175, 176 189–92, 205, 213, 219, 222, 227–28, Yemen’s southwest region, 21, 44, 49, 54, 233, 238, 244, 248, 270, 281–82, 289, 64, 73–76, 82, 84, 105, 107, 112, 114, 304–06, 313 116, 135–37, 141–42, 182, 184, Hadramaut, 8–10, 44, 51, 54–55, 59, 188–91, 227, 228, 253, 262, 265, 304, 169–80, 181–83, 213, 219, 227, 235, 307–10 242–45, 250, 253, 267–68, 274 Aden, 18, 42, 49–50, 73–74, 84, 113, 114, Hadramaut in 1994 civil war, 129–33 117, 120–21, 129–30, 151, 177, Hadramaut’s ancient history, 23, 26, 27 195–98, 207, 220, 226–29, 232–33, Hadramaut’s economy, 105, 127, 145–48, 242, 245–49, 261, 264–65, 270, 272–73 159, 219, 225, 306, 308, 309–10 Aden’s economy, 38, 54, 65, 71–73, Hadramaut’s history under British, 36–41 81–73, 104, 111–12, 145, 147–48, 153, Hadramaut’s people, 29–30, 43, 52, 155, 179, 234, 306–09 63–64, 90, 304, 307 Aden’s history, 58 Hadramaut’s staffing, 75, 77–78, 82, 84, Aden’s history under British, 36–42, 91 114, 116–17, 137–43, 166–69, 188–89, Aden’s people, 30, 36, 40–41, 43, 50, 209, 281, 282, 307 304, 307 Wadi Hadramaut, 27, 232 Aden’s protests (2011), 278, 280–81, Yemen’s highland region, 16, 21, 29–36, 43, 283–84, 286, 289, 299 45, 46, 47, 53–55, 62–65, 70, 79, 86, Aden’s staffing, 56–60, 64–75, 82, 112, 104–05, 133, 142, 153–54, 178, 234, 114, 117, 124, 135–43, 157, 174–77, 237, 241, 245, 266, 280, 291 188–89, 248, 281 Sa’da, 121, 213–18, 237, 239–42, al-Dali’, 114, 181–84, 188–89, 191, 251–53, 265, 283, 304–05 228–32, 242, 244, 245, 249, 252–53, Sa’da’s history, 2, 29, 31, 60, 91, 97 265–66, 268, 272, 281 Sa’da’s people, 308 al-Dali’s staffing, 73–77 Sa’da’s staffing, 83, 139, 144 Lahij, 59, 73, 76, 114, 120, 184, 188, 191, Sanaa, 3, 17, 42, 60–61, 121–23, 130–32, 234–38, 242, 245, 245–48, 262, 265, 164, 170, 204–05, 231, 263, 266, 268, 270–72, 283, 286 291–92, 296, 300–09 Lahij’s history under British, 39, 229 Sanaa’s ancient history, 23 Lahij’s staffing, 63–64, 75–80, 82, 84, Sanaa’s economy, 69–73, 83–84, 104–06, 116–17, 133, 135, 281 116–12, 155–57, 159–61, 178, 180, Yemen’s west coast region, 30–31, 35, 43, 182, 219–20, 267, 308–07, 308–09 47, 53–54, 60–61, 64–66, 70, 98, 120, Sanaa’s history, 29, 34, 37 122, 144, 154, 159, 182, 203, 252, Sanaa’s people, 43–46 269, 309 Sanaa’s staffing, 64–67, 79–83, 90–99, al-Hudayda, 47–48, 120–21, 220, 267 113, 137–39, 143–47, 235, 239–41, al-Hudayda’s economy, 65, 70, 83, 160, 305–07 305–06 Yemen’s mid-southern region, 46, 50, 58, al-Hudayda’s history, 34, 61–62, 91 73–75, 77–80, 134–37, 142, 176, 191, al-Hudayda’sprotests(2011), 278–79, 281 203, 227–28, 244, 253, 256–67, al-Hudayda’s staffing, 83, 98, 139–43, 270–73, 281, 288–89, 293, 304, 307 149, 281, 307 Abyan, 59, 117–21, 129–30, 148, 191, Yemen’s western midland region, 26, 34, 43, 196, 207, 235, 237, 242–51, 253, 48, 53–54, 58, 64–67, 70, 83–84, 89, 258–66, 270–72, 274, 281, 283, 286, 91–94, 98–99, 120–22, 125, 131, 289, 293, 302 135–39, 144, 159, 163, 182, 188, 189, Abyan’s people, 46, 49, 51, 304, 307 202, 227, 231, 234–37, 252, 305, 309 Abyan’s staffing, 58, 63–64, 73–80, 84, Taiz, 29–30, 49, 89–90, 100, 120–22, 133, 140–42, 176, 198, 259, 281 130, 151–52, 163, 184, 220, 233, 235, Shabwa, 59, 74–75, 117–21, 203, 225, 250, 267–69 235, 244, 250, 257, 263–58, 270, 274, Taiz’s economy, 70, 84, 92–93, 95, 156, 289, 294, 298 160, 166, 305 Shabwa’s economy, 183, 219, 267, 306, Taiz’s history, 34–35, 62, 72, 91, 147 307, 308 Taiz’s people, 43, 54, 145, 298

336 Index

Yemen’s western midland region (cont.) al-Zayani, Abd al-Latif, 284 Taiz’s protests (2011), 276–79, 281, 284, Zaydi, 29, 43, 46, 47, 54, 215, 216, 304, 305 289, 291, 299, 307 and fifth imam, 31 Taiz’s staffing, 61, 65–68, 83–84, 91–98, capital location in Sa‘da, 2, 29, 60, 214 116, 139, 141–45, 189, 307 clergy, 33, 61, 67, 92, 102, 107, 214–16, YSP (Yemeni Socialist Party), 7, 81, 103, 304, 305 104, 108, 110, 116, 117, 151 imams, 28, 31, 32–37, 39, 40, 48, 60, and al-Hirak, 262–63 65, 70, 82, 88, 97, 98, 144, 147, 193, and charge of secession (1993–94), 253, 304 124–28, 132–34, 143 minority, 31 boycott of 1997 elections, 163 region of, 33, 35, 39, 47, 54, 61, 102, 234 coalition with Islah, 210–11, 220–21 regional domination by, 39, 40, 61, 70, origin of, 76, 81 96, 117, 222 motives in unity, 85, 114–15, 117 ruling class, 37, 91, 97, 197, 211, 239, officials targeted for assassination, 261, 305, 307, 308 112–13 ruling system, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 36, 41, reconciliation with Ali Nasser, 181 154, 217, 252 support for NDF guerrillas in north tribesmen, 2, 34, 35, 38, 66, 91, 112, Yemen, 100 215, 234 violent clash on politburo (1986), 73, Zinjibar, 50, 76, 77, 242, 248, 263 82, 104 fighting in, 244, 250, 251, 265, 286, 293, 302 Zaraniq tribe, 34, 98 Shaykh al-Fadli’s speech in, 247