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Home , Ernst Mayr, Johannes Kepler, John Archibald Wheeler, Simple harmonic motion

Notes

CHAPTER 1

1. Herbert Westren Turnbull, The Great in The World of . James R. Newrnan, ed. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1956. 2. Will Durant, The Story of Philosophy. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1961, p. 41. 3. lbid., p. 44. 4. G. E. L. Owen, "," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Char1es Scribner's Sons, Vol. 1, 1970, p. 250. 5. Durant, op. cit., p. 44. 6. Owen, op. cit., p. 251. 7. Durant, op. cit., p. 53.

CHAPTER 2

1. Williarn H. Stahl, '' ,'' Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 1, 1970, p. 246. 2. Jbid., p. 247. 3. G. J. Toorner, "Ptolerny," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 11, 1975, p. 187.

CHAPTER 3

1. Stephen F. Mason, A History of the . New York: Abelard-Schurnan Ltd., 1962, p. 127. 2. Edward Rosen, "," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 3, 1971, pp. 401-402. 3. Mason, op. cit., p. 128. 4. Rosen, op. cit., p. 403.

391 392 NOTES

5. David Pingree, "," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 2, 1970, p. 401. 6. lbid.. p. 402. 7. Jbid., pp. 402-403. 8. lbid., p. 413. 9. , "Johannes ," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 7, 1970, p. 289. 10. lbid.• p. 290. 11. Mason, op. cit., p. 135. 12. Jbid .. p. 136. 13. Gingerich, op. cit., p. 305.

CHAPTER 4

1. W. L. Reese, "," Dictionary ofPhilosophy and Religion. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Hurnanities Press, Inc., 1980, p. 186. 2. Chet Rayrno, The Soul of the Night. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, lnc., 1985, p. 163. 3. G. Szczesny, The Case Against Bertold Brecht: With Arguments Drawnfrom His Life of Galileo. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Cornpany, 1969, p. 68. 4. Dietrich Schroeer, and lts Fifth Dimension: Society. Reading, Massachusetts: Ad• dison-Wesley Publishing Cornpany, p. 81. 5. Jbid., p. 84.

CHAPTER 5

1. "Sir Isaac ," Encyc/opaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., Vol. 13, 1974, p. 17. 2. Isaac Asirnov, Asimov's Biographical Encyc/opedia of and Technology. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Cornpany, Inc., 1982, p. 148. 3. "Sir ," op. cit., p. 17. 4. E. N. da Costa Andrade, "Isaac Newton," The World of Mathematics. Ed. Jarnes R. Newrnan. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1956, p. 256. 5. "Sir Isaac Newton," op. cit., p. 17. 6. John Maynard Keynes, "Newton, the Man," The World of Mathematics. Ed. Jarnes R. Newrnan. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1956, p. 278. 7. Asirnov, op. cit., p. 148. 8. Jbid .• p. 232. 9. "Sir Isaac Newton," op. cit., p. 18. 10. Asirnov, op. cit., p. 152. 11. Ibid., p. 153. 12. Andrade, op. cit., p. 270. 13. Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World ofthe Atom. New York: Basic Books, 1966, p. 89. NOTES 393

CHAPTER 6

l. Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World ofthe Atom. New York: Basic Books, 1966, p. 54. 2. lbid., p. 55. 3. lbid.• p. 38. 4. lbid.• p. 40. 5. lbid., p. 65. 6. Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. Garden City, New York: Doub1eday & Co., lnc., 1982, p. 155. 7. "James Brad1ey," Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., · Vol. 3, 1974, p. 10.1. 8. "Edmond Hal1ey," Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., Vol. 8, 1974, p. 556. 9. lbid., p. 557.

CHAPTER 8

l. "Sir William Rowan Hami1ton," Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Bri• tannica, Inc., Vol. 8, 1974, p. 588. 2. Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World ofthe Atom. New York: Basic Books, 1966, p. 1027. 3. "Sir William Rowan Hami1ton," op. cit., p. 588. 4. Boorse and Motz, op. cit., p. 1028. 5. "Sir ," op. cit., p. 589. 6. Boorse and Motz, op. cit., p. 1028. 7. "Sir William Rowan Hami1ton," op. cit., p. 589. 8. Herbert Westren Tumbull, The Great Mathematicians in The World of Mathematics. Ed. James R. Newman. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1956, p. 163. 9. Boorse and Motz, op. cit., p. 1029. 10. W. R. Hamilton, Dublin University Review, 1833, pp. 795-826. ll. Tumbull, op. c;it., p. 153. 12. "Joseph-Louis Comte de Lagrange," Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., Vol. 10, 1974, p. 598. 13. Tumbull, op. cit., p. 154. 14. "Joseph-Louis Comte de Lagrange," op. cit., p. 598. 15. Tumbull, op. cit., p. 155.

CHAPTER 10

l. Henry A. Boorse andLloydMotz, The WorldoftheAtom. New York: Basic Books,1966, p. 319. 2. lbid.• p. 320. 3. lbid.• p. 321. 394 NOTES

4. lbid., p. 263. 5. lbid., p. 264. 6. lbid.' p. 265. 7. Ibid., p. 266. 8. lbid., p. 267.

CHAPTER 11

I. R. Steven Turner, "Julius Robert Mayer," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 9, 1974, p. 237. 2. lbid., p. 238. 3. James F. Challey, "Nicolas Leonard Sadi Camot," Dictionary ofScientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 3, 1971, p. 81. 4. Edward E. Darb, "Rudolf Clausius," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 3, 1971, p. 303. 5. lbid., p. 306. 6. lbid., p. 307. 7. Ibid., p. 309. 8. Sir Isaac Newton, Optiks. New York: Dover, 1952, p. 400. 9. F. W. Magie, The Source Book in Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935, p. 247. 10. Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom. New York: Basic Books, 1966, pp. 213-214. 11. Stephen G. Brush, "Ludwig Boltzmann," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 2, 1970, p. 266. 12. Ibid., p. 262. 13. Ibid., p. 263. 14. lbid., p. 264. 15. Martin J. Klein, "," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 5, 1972, p. 388.

CHAPTER 12

I. James Murphy, "Introduction," in Max Planck, Where is Science Going? New York: W. W. Norton, 1932, p. 18. 2. lbid., pp. 19-20. 3. , "Prologue," in Planck, supra note 1, p. 12. 4. lbid., p. 20. 5. Max Planck, "Scientific Autobiography," Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers. New York: Philosophical Library, 1949, p. 14. 6. Ibid., p. 15. 7. lbid.' p. 16. 8. lbid., p. 20. 9. lbid., p. 21. NOTES 395

10. Max Planck, The in of . New York: W. W. Norton, 1931, p. 82. 11. lbid.' p. 30. 12. Ibid., p. 32. 13. Ibid., pp. 33-34. 14. Max von Laue, "Memorial Address," in Planck, supra note 5, p. 8. 15. James Murphy, "Introduction," in Planck, supra note I, p. 37.

CHAPTER 13

1. Nobel Lectures: Physics /901-1921. New York: Elsevier Publishing Co., 1967, p. 97. 2. '' John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh,'' Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., Vol. 15, 1978, p. 538. 3. Nobel Lectures, op. cit., p. 97. 4. lbid.' p. 98.

CHAPTER 14

1. Nobel Lectures: Physics 1901-1921. New York: Elsevier Publishing Co., 1967, p. 31. 2. lbid.' p. 32. 3. Alfred Romer, "Henri Becquerel," Dictionary ofScientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1970, Vol. 2, p. 558. 4. lbid., pp. 558-559. 5. Adrienne R. Weill, "Marie Curie," Dictionary ofScientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 3, 1971, p. 500. 6. lbid., p. 501. 7. Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World ofthe Atom. New York: Basic Books, 1966, p. 430. 7. lbid., p. 502. 8. Albert Einstein, Out of My Later Years. New York: Philosophical Library, 1950, pp. 227- 228. 9. Boorse and Motz, op. cit., p. 438. 10. lbid., p. 439. 11. lbid., p. 449. 12. lbid., p. 450. 13. Jbid., p. 451. 14. lbid.' p. 641. 15. lbid.' p. 701. 16. lbid., p. 702. 17. lbid., p. 703. 18. lbid., pp. 704-705. 19. lbid., p. 804. 20. lbid., p. 805. 21. lbid., p. 806. 396 NOTES

CHAPTER 15

1. Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and . New York: Avon Books, 1984, p. 25. 2. Ibid., p. 27. 3. Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World ofthe Atom. New York: Basic Books, 1966, p. 534. 4. Clark, op. cit., p. 66. 5. Ibid., p. 87. 6. Boorse and Motz, op. cit., pp. 535-536. 7. Clark, op. cit., p. 252. 8. Ibid., p. 313.

CHAPTER 16

1. Leon Rosenfeld, "Niels Henrik David Bohr," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 2, 1970, p. 240. 2. lbid.' p. 241. 3. Ibid., p. 244. 4. Ibid., p. 248. 5. lbid., p. 250. 6. Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World ofthe Atom. New York: Basic Books, 1966, p. 739.

CHAPTER 17

1. Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World ofthe Atom. New York: Basic Books, 1966, p. 1047. 2. lbid.' p. 1105. 3. Ibid., p. ll06. 4. lbid., p. ll07. 5. Ibid., p. 1065. 6. lbid., p. 1066. 7. lbid., p. 1529. 8. lbid., p. 1530. 9. "Richard Phillips Feynman," M cGraw-Hill Modern M en of Science; New York: McGraw• Hill, 1966, p. 170.

CHAPTER 18

1. Henry A. Boorse and and Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom. New York: Basic Books, 1966, p. 1319. 2. lbid., pp. 1319-1320. NOTES 397

3. Emilio Segre, "," Dictionary of Scienti.fic Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 4, 1971, p. 577. 4. Boorse and Motz, op. cit., p. 1320. 5. Segre, op. cit., p. 577. 6. lbid., p. 578. 7. Ibid., p. 579. 8. lbid.' p. 580. 9. "Enrico Fermi," Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. New York: Facts on File, lnc., 1981, p. 258.

CHAPTER 19

1. Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World ofthe Atom. New York: Basic Books, 1966, p. 1760. 2. Ibid., p. 1761. 3. "," McGraw-Hill Modern Men of Science. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966, p. 239. 4. Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 2nd ed. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1982, p. 854. 5. "Robert Hofstadter," op. cit., p. 239. 6. Asimov, op. cit., p. 854. 7. "Robert Hofstadter," op. cit., p. 239. 8. "Murray Gell-Mann," McGraw-Hill Modern Men of Science. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966, p. 188. 9. lbid.' p. 189. 10. Ibid., p. 190.

CHAPTER 20

1. A. Vibert Doug1as, "Arthur Stanley Eddington," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 4, 1971, p. 278. 2. James R. Newman, The World of Mathernatics. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1956, p. 1069. 3. Douglas, op. cit., p. 279. 4. lbid.' p. 280. 5. "," McGraw-Hill Modern Men of Science. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1968, p. 590. 6. lbid.' p. 591. 7. Ibid., p. 593. 8. G. J. Whitrow, "Edwin Powell Hubble," Dictionary of Scientific Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, Vol. 5, 1972, p. 528. 9. Ibid., p. 529. 10. Ibid., p. 530. 11. Ibid., p. 531. 12. Ibid., p. 532. Recommended Readings

Walter Baade, of Starsand Galaxies. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1963. W. W. Rouse Ball, A Short Account of the . New York: Dover, 1960. E. T. Bell, Men of Mathematics. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1937. J. D. Bemal, Science in History (4 vols.). Cambridge: MIT Press, 1971. Artbur Berry, A Short History of . New York: Dover, 1961. , Rival Theories ofCosmology. London: , 1960. Henry A. Boorse and Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom (2 vols.). New York: Basic Books, 1966. Daniel J. Boorstin, The Discoverers. New York: Vintage, 1983. Max Born, Physics in My Generation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1969. Max Born, The Restless Universe. New York: Dover, 1951. Percy W. Bridgrnan, The Logic of Modem Physics. New York: Macmillan, 1927. Norman R. Campbell, Physics: The Elements. London: Cambridge University Press, 1920. Fritjof Capra, The Tao of Physics. New York: Bantam, 1977. Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times. New York: Avon, 1984. I. Bemard Cohen, Revolution in Science. Cambridge: Press, 1985. Frederick Copleston, S. J., A History of Philosophy (3 vols.). Garden City, New York: Double- day & Co., Inc., 1985. Richard Courant and Herbert Robbins, What is Mathematics? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1941. A. D'Abro, The Evolution of Scientific Thaught. New York: Dover, 1950. A. D' Abro, The Rise of the New Physics (2 vols.). New York: Dover, 1951. Paul Davies, The Runaway Universe. New York: Harper & Row, 1978. Dictionary ofthe History ofldeas (4 vols.). Ed. Philip P. Wiener. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968. J. L. E. Dreyer, A from Thales to Kepler. New York: Dover, 1953. Will Durant, The Story of Philosophy. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1961. Artbur Eddington, The Expanding Universe. London: Cambridge University Press, 1933. Artbur Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928. Artbur Eddington, , and . London: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

399 400 RECOMMENDED READINGS

Albert Einstein, /deas and Opinions. New York: Crown, 1954. Albert Einstein, Relativity: The Special and the General Theory. Trans. R. W. Lawson. New York: Bonanza, 1961. Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld, The Evolution of Physics. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1938. Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist (2 vols.). Ed. P. A. Schilpp. Chicago: Open Court, 1951. , The Feynrnan Leerures on Physics (3 vols.). Reading, Massachusetts: Ad- dison-Wesley, 1963. Kenneth Ford, The World of Elementary . Waltham, Massachusetts: Blaisdell, 1963. Phitipp Frank, Modern Science and Its Philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949. George Gamow, The Creation ofthe Universe. New York: Viking, 1947. Edward R. Harrison, , The Science ofthe Universe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981. , Physics and Philosophy. New York: Harper, 1958. Gerald Holton, Foundations of Modern Physical Science. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison- Wesley, 1958. Fred Hoyle, Astronomy and Cosmology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1975. Aaron J. Ihde, The Development of Modern Chemistry. New York: Dover, 1964. James Jeans, The New Background of Science. New York: Macmillan, 1934. James Jeans, Physics and Philosophy. New York: Dover, 1981. James Jeans, The Universe Around Us. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1930. Horace Freeland Judson, The Eighth Day of Creation. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1979. Edward Kasner and James R. Newman, Mathematics and the Imagination. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1940. , Mathematics and the Physical World. New York: Dover, 1981. Morris Kline, Mathematics in Western Culture. New York: Oxford, 1953. , The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: Press, 1962. T. Z. Lavine, From Socrates to Sartre: The Philosophie Quest. New York: Bantam, 1984. Ernst Mach, The Science of . Chicago: Open Court, 1907. Stephen F. Mason, A History of the Sciences. New York: Macmillan, 1962. , The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982. Lloyd Motz, The Universe: Its Beginning and End. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. Lloyd Motz and Jefferson Hane Weaver, The Concepts of Science: From Newton to Einstein. New York: Plenum Press, 1988. Ernest Nagel, Freedom and . Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1951. Ernest Nagel, The Structure of Science. lndianapolis: Hacket!, 1979. James R. Newman, The World of Mathematics (4 vols.). New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1956. Isaac Newton, Mathematical Principles of . Berkeley: University of Califor- nia Press, 1960. J. Robert Oppenheimer, The Open . New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1955. Heinz R. Pagels, The Cosmic Code. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1982. R. E. Peierls, The Laws of Nature. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1956. Max Planck, Physics and World Philosophy. Trans. W. H. Johnston. London: Allen & Unwin, 1936. Max Planck, A Survey of Physical Theory. Trans. R. Jones and D. H. Williams. New York: Dover, 1960. RECOMMENDED READINGS 401

John Herman Randall, Jr., TheMakingof the Modern Mind. New York: Colurnbia University Press, 1976. Bertrand Russell, A History of Western Philosophy. New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1945. Bertrand Russen, Mysticism and Logic. New York: Norton, 1929. Bertrand Russen, Our Knowledge of the Externat World. London: Allen & Unwin, 1929. George Sarton, A (2 vols.). Carnbridge: Harvard University Press, 1970. Erwin Schrödinger, What is Life? New York: Macrnillan, 1945. Harlow Shapley, Beyond the Observatory. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1967. D. E. Srnith, History of Mathematics (2 vols.). New York: Dover, 1958. Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, The Unity of Nature. Trans. Francis J. Zucker. New York: Farrar, Straus and Girous, 1980. Jefferson Hane Weaver, The World of Physics (3 vols.). New York: Sirnon & Schuster, 1987. , The First Three Minutes. New York: Basic Books, 1977. , The Open World. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1932. Hermann Weyl, Space, Time, Matter. Trans. Henry L. Brose. New York: Dover, 1922. Hermann Weyl, Symmetry. Princeton, New Jersey: Press, 1952. Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World. New York: Macrnillan, 1925. , Cybernetics. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1948. Chen Ning Yang, Elementary Particles. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1962. Index

Aceeieration Argon, 208 and, 67 Aristarchus of Samos, 10-ll, 15, 20, 356- general , 263 357 , 70 Aristotle, 5-8, 10, 12, 13, 18, 34, 35, 36, Newtonian physics, 62-65 38, 45, 62 Accelerators, 337-338 Astronomy Acoustics, 206 Bradley, 84-85 Action Brahe, 22-25 defmed, 104-106, 201 Copernicus, 19-22 Hamilton-Jacobi equation, ll8 Galileo, 35-36, 42 quantum theory, 195, 217-218 gravity, 72 Adams, John Couch, 122 Greek, 9-16 Agassiz, Louis, 69 Halley, 87-88 Alexander the Great, 6, 7 Huygens, 80 Algebra Kepler, 25-33 black-box radiation, 2ll-212 Lagrange, 115 gravity, 70-72 Middle Ages, 18-19 Harnilton, 108-109 Newtonian physics, 122-123 invariance principle, 260 Roemer, 83-84 , 287 See also Cosmology radiation, 204 Atomic bomb: see Fission bomb, Hydrogen and, 60 bomb Ampere, Andre-Marie, 132 Atomic number, 310-3ll Anderson, Carl David, 233, 238 Atomic theory, 268-281 Angular , 100-103 Bohr, 221, 270-276, 282 Anode ray, 221 Boltzmann, 183-184 Anti-Semitism, 249-250; seealso World Boyle, 79 War II Copemicus, 22 Apollonius of Pera, ll, 12-13 Dalton, 218 Aquinas, Thomas, 17, 18 Einstein, 215 Archimedes, 4-5, ll spin, 276

403 404 INDEX

Atomic theory (Cant.) Caloric theory of heat, 161 Faraday, 219 Camot, Nicolas Uonard Sadi, 159-160, Greek physics, 3-4 172, 175-176 Lorentz, 197 Carroll, Lewis, 282 models, 268-269 Cathode ray, 219-220 periodic table, 219 Cavendish, Henry, 123, 149 Schrödinger, 294 Cavendish Laboratory, 207, 273 See also Radioactivity , 80-81 Atomic weight, 310 Chadwick, James, 237, 312-313 Avagadro, Amadeo, 170 Charles, Jacques Alexandre Cesar, 172, 218 Circular accelerator, 321 Baade, Walter, 377 Clausius, Rudolf, 159, 161, 169-170, 175, Bacon, Roger, 18, 77 177, 192 Balmer, Jakob, 271 Cockroft, John D., 237 Becquerel, Antoine-Henri, 224-229, 231 Colburn, Zorah, 107 Bagehot, Walter, 43 Collider (circular accelerator), 321 Barrow, Isaac, 45, 47, 75 , 87-88 Benzene, 141 Complementarity principle, 279-280 Bernard, Claude, 217 Connolly, Cyril, 17 Bernoulli, Daniel, 178-179 Conservation of , 100- Beta-decay process, 324-325 103 Bethe, Hans Albrecht, 317, 323, 366, 367 Conservation of , 98-100 BigBang theory, 380-382 cosmology, 379-380 , 6-7 illustration of, 191-192 Black-body radiation, 196 thermodynamics, 163-164 algebraic expression of, 2ll-212 Conservation of -energy, 341-345 experimentation, 199-200, 204-211 Conservation of momentum, 90-94 Planck, 201-203 Conservation principles, 89-103, 387 quantum theory, 195, 198 angular momentum, l 00-103 , 368-369, 371 energy, 94-l 00 Bohr, Niels, 190, 215, 219, 221, 249, 270- law of areas, 30 276, 277, 278-281, 282, 294, 330 momentum, 90-94 Boltzmann, Ludwig, 170, 182-184, 193, physics, 338-340 205, 209, 210 thermodynamics, 159 Born, Max, 248, 289-290, 316 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 10, 17, 19-22, 25, Bose, Sir Jagadis Chandra, 302 27-28, 36, 37, 42, 45, 357, 376, 385 Bose statistic, 330 , 332-333, 372-373 Boyle, Robert, 75, 77-80, 162 Cosmology, 356-383 Bradley, James, 84-86 antiquity, 356-357 Brahe, Tycho, 17, 22-25, 27, 28, 30, 32, conservation of energy, 379-380 42 cosmic radiation, 372-373 Brinkley, John, 107 Eddington, 363-367 Broglie: see De Broglie galactic classification, 375-376 Bruno, Giordano, 36-37, 385 galactic distribution, 376 Buoyancy principle, 4 galaxies, 359-361 generat theory of relativity, 358-359, Newton, 48 377-378 speed, 60 Hubble, 373-377 INDEX 405

Cosmology (Cant.) Electric current, 126-127, 132-137 nuclear physics, 367-368 Electric , 128-132 origins of universe, 380-383 Electricity quasars, 372 Lorentz, 224 radius of universe, 378 magnetism and, 127-128 rational, 357-358 Electromagnetic force, 70 star history, 361-363 Electromagnetic induction, 140-141, 144- Wheeler, 368, 369-371 146 See also Astronomy Electromagnetic rays, 224 Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de, 126 Electromagnetic theory Cowan, C., 324 atomic theory, 4 Creationists, 175 Bohr, 280 Curie, Marie, 228-233, 238, 310 Clausius, 170 Curie, Pierre, 228, 230-233, 310 light, 152-155, 195, 253-255 Maxwell, 146-155 D'Alembert, Jean Je Rond, 89 quantum theory, 298, 302-307 Dalton, lohn, 218 , 388 Darwin, Charles, 172, 251 Einstein, 390 Da Vinci, Leonardo, 19, 38 electric current, 132 Davisson, Clinton Jos., 283, 286 Euclidean , 3 Davy, Sir Humphrey, 139 gravity, 250 De Broglie, Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, light, 124 245, 279, 282, 283, 284-287, 291, 293 Electron Democritus, 3-4, 22 atomic theory, 268-269 Descartes, Rene, 45, 80, 82, 104 cathode ray experiments, 220-221 De Vries, Hugo, 172 discovery of, 213, 219 Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice, 279, 293, 296- Lorentz, 223-224 300, 367 spin of, 276, 299, 301-302 Dirac equation, 329, 330 theory of matter, 283-284 Distance, 53-57 Electrostatics, 125-126, 142 Doppler, Christian, 84 , 28-29 Doppler effect, 215-216, 373 Emission theory, 282-283 Doyle, Sir Artbur Conan, 204 Energy Du Fay, Charles Fran~is de Cistemoy, 126 atomic theory, 269, 271 Dynamic conservation principles: see conservation of, 94-100 Conservation principles Einstein, 246 thermodynamics, 157, 162-163 's age Thomson, 173 calculations of, 172 Entropy Rutherford, 236 Camot, 176 Eddington, Sir Artbur Stanley, 183, 248, Planck, 193 363-367 , 183-184, 186 Ehrenfest, Paul, 316 thermodynarnics, 170 Einstein, Albert, 3, 47, 50, 79, 114, 182, Equinox, 14 190, 194, 203, 217, 218, 223, 233, Equipartition of energy, 183 241-267, 277, 282-283, 299, 366, Eratosthenes of Alexandria, 13 370, 377-378, 380, 389-390 Euclid, 3, 7, 248 , 76-77 , 2-3, 53-54 406 INDEX

Eudoxus, 2 Gases (Cant.) Euler, Leonard, 89, 94, 114 statistical rnechanics, 186-187 , 52-53, 77 thermodynamics, 162, 167, 172, 176-177 Gas law, 77-79 Faraday, Michael, 124, 133, 138-146, 219- Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 3, 89 220 Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis, 218 Fermat, Pierre de, 104, 109 Geiger, Hans, 236 Fermi, Enrico, 302, 314-320, 323, 325, Gell-Mann, Murray, 306, 319, 348-350, 326, 348 382 Fermions, 336 General theory of relativity, 196, 246-247, Feynman, Richard, 303, 304-307, 370 262-267 First law of thermodynarnics, 159-160, cosrnology, 358-359, 370-371, 377-378 177-178 publication of, 248 Fission bornb, 251, 280, 315, 319, 326-327 ' s theorern and, 3 Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction hypothesis, quanturn theory and, 371 254 See also Relativity theory; Special theory Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis, 123 of relativity Flarnsteed, John, 87 Geornetry Fluorescence, 227-228 cosrnology, 379 Force general theory of relativity, 248, 265-266 elasticity, 76-77 Greek astronorny, 12-13 energy concept, 94-98 Greek physics, 2-3 gas laws, 78 Germer, Lester Halbert, 283, 286 Lagrange, 118 Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 109, 170, 182, 184- Newton, 65-68, 70 189, 192 Foucault, Jean Bemard Uon, 123 Goudsmit, Sarnuel, 276 Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 65 Gravitational field, 128-129 Frederick the Great, 115 Gravity, I, 2, 69-88, 386-387 Fresnel, Augustin-Jean, 123 Cavendish, 123 , 165 defmed, 70 Friedrnann, Alexander, 378 Einstein, 389-390 Frisch, Otto, 318 electrornagnetisrn and, 250 energy concept, 97-98 Galaxies, 359-361 Galileo, 39-40, 41 classification of, 375-376 general theory of relativity and, 246-247, distribution of, 376 266-267 See also Astronorny, Cosrnology Lagrange, 117-118, 120-121 Galileo Galilei, 34-42, 45, 46, 50, 62, 63, Newton, 46-47, 49 73, 104, 263, 357, 385 principle of least action, 105 Galvani, Luigi, 126-127 Greek astronorny, 9-16 Garnow, George, 322, 373 Greek physics, l-8 Gases Gutenberg, Johannes, 18 atomic theory, 218 Carnot, 161 Halm, Otto, 237, 326, 366 electrornagnetic theory of light, 154 Haie, George, 373, 374, 375 heat of, 196 Halley, Edrnond, 48-49, 84, 86-88, 113 kinetic theory of, 177-182, 196 Hamilton, Williarn Rowan, 89, 103, 105, Maxwell, 148 106-113, 114 INDEX 407

Hamilton-Jacobi equation, 118 Kinematical behavior: see Harding, Warren G., 233 , 38 Harmonie relations, 25, 27, 30-31 Kinetic theory, 177-182, 196 Harmony of the spheres, 3; see also Simple Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 134, 192, 197- harmonic motion 198 Heat Kirchhoff's laws, 136-137 Carnot, 161 thennodynamics, 159 Lagrange, Joseph-Louis Comte de, 89, 94, See also Thennodynamics 103, 110, 112, 113-121 Heisenberg, Wemer, 89, 190, 279, 286- Lamarck, Jean Baptiste de, 156 290, 299, 313, 369 Laplace, Pierre, 89, 94, 107, 116, 371 Helm, Georg, 184 Laser, 277-278 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 159, 192 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 116 Herakleides, 12 Ledennan, L., 353 Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf, 124, 154, 213, 388 Lee, Tsung-Dao, 319, 341 Hertzsprung-Russen sequences, 365 Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 48, 60, 94 Hess, Victor, 332 Lemaitre, Abbe Georges, 373 , 11, 12, 13-15, 16, 357 Leonardo da Vinci, 19, 38 Hitler, Adolf, 247, 249-250 Leptons, 336-337 Hofstadter, Robert, 344-347 Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, 122 Hooke, Robert, 48, 74-78, 79 Light Hubble, Edwin Powell, 373-377, 379 de Broglie, Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, Huxley, T. H., 138 285-286 Huygens, Christian, 47, 48, 80-82, 94, 123 Einstein, 249 Hydraulic engineering, 223 electromagnetic theory of, 152-155, 195 Hydrogen bomb, 370; seealso Fission bomb Hooke, 76 Hydrostatic balance, 35 Huygens, 81-82 minimal principles, 104-105 , 35, 41 Newton, 47, 49, 73, 74 Inquisition, 37 post-Newtonian , 123-125 Invariance principle relativity theory and, 253-255 described, 259-260 Roemer, 83-84 relativity theory, 258-259 , 86 Irreversibility, 167-168 Lightspeed Isoperimetrical problem, 113-114 constancy of, 255-256, 258 Jacobi, Kar! Gustav, 89, 118 Einstein, 246 Jeans, Jarnes, 209 relativity theory, 256 Johnson, Sarnuel, 329 Roemer, 83-84 Joliot-Curie, Frederic, 314, 317 Linear accelerator, 320-321 Joliot-Curie, Irene, 314, 317 Lines of force, 142, 145 Jordan, Pascual, 290 Liquid drop model, 326-327 , Jarnes P., 159, 173 Lobachevski, Nikolai, 3 Locke, John, 190 Kant, Immanuel, 127 Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, 197, 221-224, Kelvin, Lord, see Thomson, Williarn (Lord 254, 329 Kelvin) Lorentz force, 223 Kepler, Johannes, 3, 12, 17, 25-33, 34, 36, Lorenz-Lorentz fonnula, 222 46, 70, 73, 357 Louis XIV (k. of France), 80 408 INDEX

Louis XVI (k. of France), 115 Molecular theory Lucretius, 22, 89-90 Clausius, 170 kinetic theory, 180-181, 196 Mach, Ernst, 178, 184 Maxwell, 154-155 Maestlin, Michael, 27 Newton, 178 Magnetic field, 128-132 statistical rnechanics, 186--187 Magnetisrn, 127-128; see also Mornenturn Electromagnetic; Electrornagnetisrn action principle, 106 Magnetostatics, 125-126 conservation of angular rnornenturn, 100- Magnus, Albert, 18 103 Maine, Sir Henry Jarnes Surnner, 9 conservation of mornentum, 90-94 , 305, 306, 319; seealso Morley, Edward, 253-255 Fission bornb Motion Marcellus, 5 , 62 Mathernatics electrornagnetic induction, 144 astronorny, 72, 122-123 force, 65-68 electrornagnetic theory, 146--155 Galileo, 34-35, 39-40 Galileo, 39, 40-41 Greek physics, 7-8 Greek astronorny, 9, 11-12 Harnilton, l 09-113 Greek physics, 2, 4-5, 7 Lagrange, 117, 119-120 Lagrange, 113-121 Newton, 51, 69 Matrix rnechanics, 286--290, 367 Ockharn, 18 Matter optics, 111-112, 255 Faraday, 143-144 Motz, L., 215, 352, 382 wave theory of, 283 Müller, Hermann, 191 Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de, 89, Mu-meson, 333-334 105, 109, 112, 201, 202 Maxwell, Jarnes Clerk, 3, 114, 124, 133, Neddermeyer, S. H., 333 138, 146-155, 173, 179-180, 182, Ne'ernan, Yuval, 348 188-189, 195, 196, 197, 201, 207, Negative energy concept, 97 210, 212, 222, 253, 255, 270 Nernst, Walter, 247 Mayer, Julius Robert von, 157-159, 385, Neutrino, 330-331, 341 388 , 312-314, 331-332, 367 Mechanics, 38 Neutron star, 368 Meitner, Lise, 237, 318, 326, 366 Newton, Isaac, 28, 34, 38, 40, 43-68, 69- Mendeleev, Dirnitri, 219, 274, 310, 338 88, 91, 105, 116--117, 178, 246, 357- Mesons, 337 358, 385-388, 389 , 87 Newton's laws, I, 2 Michelson, Alfred, 253-255 Nishijirna, K., 348 Michelson-Morley experirnent, 196, 217, Nobel, Alfred, 249 252-255 Nuclear energy, 327-328 Microscope, 75 Nuclear force, 70 Middle ages Nuclear physics, 308-328 astronomy, 18-19 atornic number, 310-311 science in, 17-19 atornic weight, 310 Millikan, Robert, 245, 268, 332, 373 beta-decay process, 324-325 Minimal principles, 104 circular accelerator, 321 Mitchell, John, 371 cosrnology, 367-368 INDEX 409

Nuclear physics (C ont.) Pauli, Wolfgang, 280, 290, 299, 302, 317, development of, 309-310 324, 330 Fermi, 314-320 Peierls, Rudolf, 323 linear accelerator, 320--321 , 35, 41-42 measurement of , 321-322 conservation of energy, 99 models, 325-326 Huygens, 80, 81 neutron, 312-314 Lagrange, ll7-ll8 nucleus, 3ll thermodynarnics, 163-164 spin, 322 Penzias, Arno Allan, 372 technology, 326-328 Periodic table of elements, 219, 310, 338 Perrin, Jean, 245 Olbers, H. W., 358 Phidias, 4 Ockham, William of, 18, 38 Phillips, Wendell, 268 Oersted, Hans Christian, 127-128, 130, Phosphorescence, 227-228 131, 133, 140, 144 , 214-216, 330 Ohm, Georg Simon, 134 Pi, 4 Ohm's law, 134-135 Pions, 335-336 Oldenberg, Henry, 75, 80 Planck, Max, 190-197, 200-203, 2ll-212, Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 279 215, 217, 246, 247, 251, 276-277, Optics 283, 290, 330, 390 Harnilton, 107-108, 109-llO Planetary motion Hooke, 76 Brahe, 24 motion and, ll1-ll2, 255 gravity, 70 Newton, 47-48, 49, 73, 74 Kepler, 27-33 post-Newtonian, 123-125 Newton, 46, 48-49, 195 See also Astronomy; Cosmology electromagnetic theory, 151-152 , 5, 6, 7, 12 radiation, 202-203 Pliny, 7 Ostwald, Wilhelm, 178, 193, 244 Poisson, Sirneon Denis, 89 Ovid, 122 , 238, 331 Powell, Cecil Frank, 335 Pais, A., 348 Pressure, 78-79; see also Gases Partide physics, 329-355 Principle of least action, 105, 106-113, ll4, conservation of mass-energy, 341-345 ll8 conservation principles, 338-340 Printing press, 18 cosmic rays, 332-333 Project Matterhom, 370 fennions, 336 Proton, 268-269; seealso Atomic theory Hofstadter, 344-347 Prout, William, 218 intermediate bosons, 353-355 , ll, 12, 13, 14, 15-16, 19-20, 31, Ieptons, 336-337 42, 357 mesons, 337 Pythagoras, 2, 3, 10, 12, 21, 356 mu-meson, 333-334 neutrino, 330-331, 341 Quantum electrodynarnics, 302-307 neutron, 331-332 Quantum mechanics, 282-307 origin of, 329-3 30 de Broglie, 284-287 pions, 335-336 Dirac, 296-300 positron, 331 electrodynarnics, 302-307 quantum mechanics, 340-341 Harnilton, 108 410 INDEX

Quantum mechanics (Cont.) Relativity theory (Cont.) matrix mechanics, 286-290 revolutionary nature of, 251-262 nuclear physics, 312 See also General theory of relativity; Spe• particle theory, 340-341 cial theory of relativity wave mechanics, 291-296 Religion Quantum theory, 106 Boyle, 80 action, 217-218 conservation principles, 89-90 Bohr, 279 Faraday, 140 Einstein, 212-216, 249 Galileo, 36-37 electromagnetic theory, 298 rnathematics, 109 origin of, 190-203 science, 385 relativity theory and, 252, 366, 371 thermodynamics, 175 x rays, 227 , 18-19 Quarks, 143, 349-353, 382 Renormalization technique, 306 Quasars, 372 Riemann, Georg, 3, 248, 249 Quatemions, 108-109 Roemer, Oie, 83-84, 86 Roentgen, Wilhelm, 224, 225-227 Rabi, Isidor Isaac, 322 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 251, 280 Radiation Rotation, 100-103 algebraic expression, 204 Routh, Edward, 148 Einstein, 212-216, 277-278 Rowland, Henry, 133 emission theory, 282-283 Rubbia, Carlos, 354 experimentation, 199-200 Russen, Bertrand, 251 Kirchhoff, 197-198 Rutherford, Emest, 219, 233-240, 269-270, oscillation, 202-203 274, 310, 312 Planck, 194 Rutherford-Soddy transformation, 239-240 quantum theory, 196-197 reflection/ emission distinction, 198-19':) St. Augustine, 18 , 365-366 Schrödinger, Erwin, 119, 156, 279, 290- Radioactivity 296, 323 Becquerel, 225-229 Schuster, Arthur, 235-236, 364 Curie, 230-233 Schwarzschild, Kar!, 365 Roentgen, 224 Schwinger, Julian, 303, 304, 307 Rutherford, 233-240 Second law of thermodynamics, 161-170, Radio , 372-373 174-177, 192 Radius of the universe, 3 78, 381 Ramsay, William, 208 acceleration, 64-65 Rayleigh, Lord, 206-209 oscillation, 202 Rayleigh-Jeans formula, 209, 211-212 See also Harmonie relations Reimes, F., 324 Slater, John, 279 Relativity theory Slipher, V. M., 373 cosmology, 366 Snell, Willebrod, 31 explained, 256-258 Soddy, Frederick, 235-240, 311 general theory of relativity, 262-267 light speed, 83, 256 Greek astronomy, 9-16 Michelson-Morley experiment, 252-255 Lagrange, 119-120 quantum mechanics, 300 See also Astronomy; Cosmology quantum theory, 252, 366 Sommerfeld, Arthur, 289 INDEX 4ll

Sound, 206 Time, 57-58, 69 Space, 53-57, 69 Tomonaga, Shin'ichirö, 303, 304-307 Space-time continuum, 252, 260-262 , 101-102 Special theory of relativity, 196, 218 Trans-Atlantic cable, 173 general theory and, 265 Truman, HarryS., 280 impact of, 254-255 Turnbull, Herbert Westren, 5, 12-13 Lorentz, 223 Tyndall, John, 159, 207 , 335 See also General theory of relativity; Rela- Uhlenbeck, George, 276 tivity theory Uncertainty principle Spectroscope, 124 Heisenberg, 287, 288 Speed, 58-60 nuclear physics, 312 : see Light speed , 250 Stars Universe: see Astronomy; Cosmology evolution of, 372 Urban VIII (pope), 37 thermonuclear fusion, 367 Urey, Harold Clayton, 323 See also Astronomy; Cosmology Utopian philosophy, 77 Statistical mechanics, 182-189 Steam engine, 160-161, 185 Stefan, Josef, 183, 205 Van der Waals , 308, 327 Stefan-Boltzmann law, 183 Vector, 67, 109 Strassman, Fritz, 326 Vedel, Anders, 24 Strato, 10 Velocity Strutt, John William: see Rayleigh, Lord acceleration, 63, 64 (John William Strutt) light, 86 Newton, 61-62 Tait, Peter Guthrie, 170 Villard, Paul, 238 Technology Vitruvius, ll Lorentz, 223 Volta, Alessandro, 126-127, 134 Middle Ages, 17-19 Volume, 57 nuclear physics, 326-328 Von Guericke, Otto, 77 thermodynarnics, 165, 173 Telescope, 42, 73 Waterston, John James, 179 Galileo, 35-36 Watts, Isaac, 308 Huygens, 80 Wave mechanics, 291-296 Newton, 47-48, 73-74 Wave theory of light, 123-125, 249 radio telescope, 372-373 Wave theory of matter, 283 Teller, Edward, 317, 369 Weak interaction, 70, 323 Thermodynarnics, 157-177 Wheeler, John Archibald, 305, 368, 369- cosmology, 380-381 371 Planck, 201-202 White dwarf star, 368 statistical mechanics, 183 Whitehead, Alfred North, l, 5 Thermometer, 35, 41 Wien, Wilhelm, 205, 210, 212, 245 Thomson, Sir Joseph John, 213, 219, 220, Wilkins, John, 77 221, 235, 273, 310 William of Ockham, 18, 38 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 161, 171- Wilson, Robert Woodrow, 237, 372 174 Wolfer, Alfred, 244 , 72-73 World War I, 247 412 INDEX

World War II, 280, 293, 318-319, 326- Young, Thornas, 123 327, 345, 367 Yukawa, Hideki, 333 Wren, Christopher, 75 Zeernan, Pieter, 154 Zeernan effect, 275 X rays, 225-227, 234-235 Zeernan pattem, 224 Zero , 97 Yang, Chen Ning, 319, 341 Zionisrn, 250, 251