Jumalan Kasvot Suomeksi. Metaforisaatio Ja Erään

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Jumalan Kasvot Suomeksi. Metaforisaatio Ja Erään JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 82 Maria Kela Jumalan kasvot suomeksi Metaforisaatio ja erään uskonnollisen ilmauksen synty JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 82 Maria Kela Jumalan kasvot suomeksi Metaforisaatio ja erään uskonnollisen ilmauksen synty Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston humanistisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston Villa Ranan Blomstedtin salissa joulukuun 15. päivänä 2007 kello 12. JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 2007 Jumalan kasvot suomeksi Metaforisaatio ja erään uskonnollisen ilmauksen synty JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 82 Maria Kela Jumalan kasvot suomeksi Metaforisaatio ja erään uskonnollisen ilmauksen synty JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 2007 Editors Aila Mielikäinen Department of Languages Irene Ylönen, Marja-Leena Tynkkynen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities Editorial Board Editor in Chief Heikki Hanka, Department of Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä Petri Karonen, Department of History and Ethnology, University of Jyväskylä Matti Rahkonen, Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä Petri Toiviainen, Department of Music, University of Jyväskylä Minna-Riitta Luukka, Centre for Applied Language Studies, University of Jyväskylä Raimo Salokangas, Department of Communication, University of Jyväskylä Cover picture by Jyrki Kela URN:ISBN:9789513930691 ISBN 978-951-39-3069-1 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-39-3008-0 (nid.) ISSN 1459-4331 Copyright ©2007 , by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2007 ABSTRACT Kela, Maria God’s face in Finnish. Metaphorisation and the emergence of a religious expression. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2007, 275 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities ISSN 1459-4331; 82) ISBN 978-951-39-3069-1 (PDF), 978-951-39-3008-0 (nid.) English summary Diss. The objective of this study is to reveal, how a religious expression is emerged through the process of metaphorisation in translated biblical language. The sec- ond objective is to compare the decisions made in translating metaphors in the Finnish Old Testament (OT) editions of 1551 (the Book of Psalms), 1642, 1771, 1933 and 1992 in relation to each other and to the Hebrew source text. The theoretical framework discusses two major schools of metaphor the- ory: the interaction view of metaphor and the cognitive metaphor theory. After elaboration these theories are proposed for combination into a third theoretical framework of metaphoric awareness. This third theoretical framework is extended by bringing in translation theories, a continuum of source text oriented (STO) and target language oriented (TLO) Bible translation principles. Clusters of metaphoric examples from the OT provide evidence that Bible translating approaches lack an incorporated and clearly articulated metaphoric awareness. This deficiency causes overtranslation in STO translations and under- translation in TLO translations. This study introduces an anthropomorphic model as a solution for the lack of metaphoric awareness: The more corporal an image is, the more universally understandable it is. The less corporal an image is, the more cul- tural and contextual information is required. pānîm > kasvot ‘face’. The פנים A focused corpus study is made on word corpus includes all occurrences of pānîm in Hebrew Psalms of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia as well as all occurrences of kasvot in the main Finnish translations of the Book of Psalms (1551, 1642, 1776, 1933 and 1992). Several reference trans- lations are consulted, e. g. Luther Bibel, King James Version, Jerusalem Bible, To- day’s English Version, Norwegian Bibelen and Swedish Bibel 2000. In Finnish STO translations the grammaticalised pānîm-rooted adpositions are often re-lexicalised and metaphorised if they refer to God. This tendency appears strongest in the OT 1933. A religious expression Jumalan kasvojen edessä ‘before God’s face’ is emerged in the Psalms 1551 through metaphorisation and it is expanded in the OT 1933. The Finnish OT 1992 follows the line of other TLO translations in de-metaphorisation, but not slavishly. Keywords: metaphorisation, metaphor theory, Bible translations, Book of Psalms, religious language Author Maria Kela [email protected] Supervisors Professor Aila Mielikäinen Department of Languages University of Jyväskylä Professor emerita Raija Sollamo Department of Biblical Studies University of Helsinki Professor emeritus Matti Leiwo Department of Languages University of Jyväskylä Reviewers Professor Tapani Harviainen Department of Asian and African Studies (Institute for Asian and African Studies, IAAS) University of Helsinki Docent Jaakko Leino Department of General Linguistics University of Helsinki Opponents Professor Tapani Harviainen Department of Asian and African Studies (Institute for Asian and African Studies, IAAS) University of Helsinki Docent Jaakko Leino Department of General Linguistics University of Helsinki TAULUKOT TAULUKKO 1 Kieliopillistuneiden kehonnimisubstantiivien kokonais- frekvenssi ja prepositioesiintymien määrä BHS:ssa..................101 TAULUKKO 2 Psalmien 1–15 pānîm ja kasvot BHS:ssä ja keskeisissä suomennoksissa jakeittain ............................................................146 TAULUKKO 3 Jakeet, joissa alkutekstin pānîm on käännetty vähintään kolmessa psalminsuomennoksessa kasvot-lekseemillä.............147 TAULUKKO 4 Jakeet, joissa alkutekstin pānîm on käännetty vain yhdessä tai kahdessa psalminsuomennoksessa kasvot-lekseemillä........149 TAULUKKO 5 Psalminsuomennoksissa esiintyvät kasvot-lekseemit, joilla ei ole alkutekstissä pānîm-kantaista lähtömuotoa......................151 TAULUKKO 6 Psalmien histîr panāyw 'peittää kasvonsa' -rakenteen käännösvastineiden frekvenssit eri suomennoksissa ...............185 TAULUKKO 7 Pānîm-kieliopillistumien metaforisten suomennos- vastineiden frekvenssit Psalmeissa..............................................202 TAULUKKO 8 BHS:n psalmien pānîm-kantaiset sanat, joita ei ole suomennettu kasvot-vastineilla missään psalmisuomennoksessa .................................................................203 TAULUKKO 9 Ei-metaforisoituneet [lipnê Y]-tyypin käännösvastineet..........208 TAULUKKO 10 [Lipnê a]-tyypin käännösvastineet ..............................................214 TAULUKKO 11 Vuoden 1933 suomennoksessa metaforisoituneet [lipnê Y]- tyypin käännösvastineet ...............................................................227 KUVIOT KUVIO 1 Tutkimuksen keskeiset käsitteet ....................................................26 KUVIO 2 Vuoden 1992 raamatunsuomennoksen organisaatiokaavio ......42 KUVIO 3 Daavidin tähti metaforan mallina..................................................63 KUVIO 4 Vertaus...............................................................................................64 KUVIO 5 Alluusion metonyymisyys..............................................................68 pānîm-lekseemin esiintymät Psalmeissa ja פנים KUVIO 6 Psalmien kasvot-lekseemin esiintymät suomennoksissa............................145 KUVIO 7 Metaforan tulkinta .........................................................................241 KUVIO 8 Lähtökielen ruumiinosannimen kehittyminen kohdekielen sakraaliksi formulaksi....................................................................243 LIITTEET pānîm Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensiassa (BHS) ja kasvot פנים LIITE 1 viidessä psalminsuomennoksessa ...............................................269 LIITE 2 Väitöskirjassa käytetty heprean translitterointi.........................274 SISÄLLYS ABSTRACT ESIPUHE TAULUKOT JA KUVIOT SISÄLLYS 1 JOHDANTO .......................................................................................................13 1.1 Taustaa......................................................................................................13 1.2 Tutkimustehtävä......................................................................................17 1.2.1 Tutkimusaineisto............................................................................17 1.2.2 Alkutekstin käsittely......................................................................21 1.2.3 Tutkimuksen kulku........................................................................23 1.3 Keskeiset käsitteet....................................................................................25 1.4 Vanhan testamentin suomennokset ja heprean osuus niiden lähtökielenä..................................................................................27 1.4.1 Käännöskerrostumat raamatunsuomennoksissa......................27 1.4.2 Mikael Agricolan Psalttari 1551....................................................29 1.4.3 Biblia 1642........................................................................................32 1.4.4 ”Sotaraamattu” 1685........................................................................34 1.4.5 Biblia 1758 ja Vanha kirkkoraamattu 1776 .....................................34 1.4.6 A. W. Ingmanin koetusraamattu 1859 ja Vanha testamentti 1886 .................................................................35 1.4.7 Vanha testamentti 1933 .................................................................38 1.4.8 Raamattu 1992.................................................................................41 1.4.9 Heprean vaikutus suomalaisiin käännöksiin.............................48 1.5 Käännösteoriat vuoden 1992 Raamatun taustalla...............................49 1.5.1 Dynaaminen ekvivalenssi .............................................................49
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