PU3LIC AFFAIR Governmental Research Bureau • The University of • Vermillion, SD 57069

No. 91 'Celebrating the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Year of Public Affairs" February, 1985 THE 1984 ELECTION IN SOUTH DAKOTA

by Alan L. Clem

About the Author: Dr. Clem is Professor of Political Science at the University of South constitutional amendment to combine the offices of state treasurer and Dakota. A long-time and often-quoted observer of South Dakota politics, Professor Clem commissioner of school and public lands; (2) narrowly approved an has written numerous books, including American Electoral Politics: Strategies for initiated law to force school districts to begin school after Labor Day Renewal, The Making of Congressmen: Seven Campaigns of 1974, Prairie State Politics: Popular Democracy in South Dakota, and Law Enforcement: The South rather than before; (3) overwhelmingly approved an initiated law to Dakota Experience. Dr. Clem formerly served as Chair of the Department of Political require a statewide election on questions of disposal of nuclear waste Science and as Associate Director of the Governmental Research Bureau. or participation in nuclear waste disposal compacts; and (4) defeated an initiated law which would have required the governor to inform Introduction the president that the state favors a verifiable freeze on nuclear South Dakotans in 1984 expressed considerable confidence in the weapons with the Soviet Union. incumbents in political office, whether Republican or Democratic. Voters gave substantial approval to continuance on the state's Congressman won big, receiving 57.4 percent of the vote Supreme Court for Justices Robert Morgan and Roger Wollman, under against Republican challenger Dale Bell. President the state's modified Missouri judicial election system. One other won bigger, gaining 63.3 percent of the vote against Democrat Walter notable consequence of the 1984 races across South Dakota was that Mondale. Senator won by the biggest margin of all, nine of thirteen state's attorneys running for re-election were defeated. taking 74.5 percent of the vote against Democrat George Cunningham One rueful state's attorney concluded that "we step on too many toes" (see Table 1 for the voting results in statewide contests, and Table 2 as the county officer responsible for legal affairs, and after so many for county-level returns). Altogether, South Dakota's 1984 election years in office "we have simply made too many enemies" (Baka, could be considered another general victory for the Republican party, November 17, 1984: 1). but Daschle's re-election to the House of Representatives gave the Democrats at least one victory in a major contest (Table 3 shows Some Noteworthy Numbers major contest victories since 1954, by party). According to figures released by Secretary of State Alice Kundert just before the general election in November, there were 211,177 In other races, Democrat Ken Stofferahn was re-elected to the registered Republicans, 192,274 registered Democrats, and 39,339 Public Utilities Commission in the only statewide officer contest on other registered voters in South Dakota. Registration figures are not the ballot. The Republican party retained firm control of both totally reliable in the state, however, because the names of people chambers of the state legislature. In 1985-86, the Republicans will who die or move away may not be cleared out of the county auditors' have a twenty-five to ten margin in the Senate and a fifty-seven to lists promptly. Therefore it is a safe assumption that the total count of thirteen margin in the lower chamber. These party numbers compare registered voters for the 1984 general election in South Dakota, with twenty-six to nine and fifty-four to sixteen from the 1982 election 442,790, is a somewhat inflated figure. returns. In addition, the voters of the state: (1) narrowly rejected a proposed Be that as it may, the number of persons voting in the 1984 presidential race among four tickets, 317,867, comes to 72 percent of The author wishes to acknowledge the help of several colleagues in reviewing and sug­ the number of registered persons. More votes were cast in the gesting improvements in and additions to early drafts of this analysis - Loren Carlson, presidential race than in any other 1984 contest; Table 4 compares Don Dahlin, William Farber, Russell Smith, and Fred Zuercher. They are not responsi­ turnout in the other statewide races against the presidential turnout. ble for any errors or interpretations. Secretary of State Alice Kundert and her staff, notably Jay D. Vogt and Darken Gage, were as always prompt and helpful in providing Turnout in the senatorial and congressional contests almost equaled the official data on which much of this analysis has been based. The author's debts to the number of votes cast for president, but there was considerable fall- national and state journalists and observers are indicated in the references. off farther down the ballot. Page Two Public Affairs February 1985

Voting turnout was down somewhat in 1984 compared to 1980 - nine of the fifteen delegates chosen directly in the primary; the 5,762 fewer South Dakotans voted in the presidential race in 1984 than remaining four delegates were chosen later at the Democratic state in 1980, though President Reagan received about two thousand more convention. All told, nine Democratic delegates were for Hart, eight votes and Walter Mondale improved on Jimmy Carter's performance were for Mondale, and two were uncommitted. by more than twelve thousand votes (in 1980, it should be State Representative Doug Cole coordinated Hart's campaign in the remembered, John Anderson had received 21,431 votes, whereas the state and later served as a Hart delegate to the national convention in two minor presidential tickets on the 1984 ballot received only 1,487 San Francisco. Another Hart delegate was former Senator George votes between them). In other words, for every one hundred South McGovern's one-time field director, Judy Harrington. Among the Dakotans who cast a vote for president in 1980, ninety-eight did so in Mondale delegates were Tom Katus, former director of the Rural 1984. The number of votes cast in the senatorial contest declined from Ethnic Institute in Rapid City, Democratic State Chairman Bob 319,612 in 1980, when defeated George McGovern, to Williams, and state AFL-CIO head Jack Dudley. Congressman 315,713 in 1984, a loss of 3,899 votes. The drop in votes in the Daschle and Democratic senatorial nominee George Cunningham congressional races was somewhat less, 3,081 (from 319,303 in 1980 were publicly uncommitted. when the state stil! had two congressional districts to 316,222 in 1984 Early in the primary season, a number of the state's more prominent with one congressional district). But there was a substantial gain of Democrates were on the list of potential delegates pledged to Senator 40,570 votes in 1984 compared to the 1982 congressional turnout. For John Glenn of Ohio. Glenn's weak performance in the early 1984 every one hundred South Dakotans who voted for U.S. representative primaries, however, caused him to withdraw as an active candidate in 1980, only eighty-six did so in 1982 and ninety-nine did so in 1984. long before the South Dakota primary. Sometimes a state with a late An idea of the relative voting power of each county in the state can presidential primary can play a crucial role in the party's choice of its be obtained from Table 5, which is based on voting turnout for presidential nominee, but more often than not the choice has become president in 1984. The state's most populous county, Minnehaha, cast obvious long before June. South Dakota's April filing deadline for the less than 20 percent of the statewide vote. primary sometimes results in a situation where several candidates are listed on the June ballot who are no longer viable candidates, while The Primary Election other candidates who have moved into contention late in the primary With the Republican presidential nomination a foregone conclusion, season are not on the state's ballot. what interest there was in South Dakota presidential politics centered On the Republican side, the state's nineteen-member national on the Democratic primary (Swenson, May 13, 1984: CI). Colorado convention delegation was headed by State Representative Walter Dale Senator Gary Hart earned 51 percent of the vote and was awarded Miller. Interestingly, none of the top GOP office-holders -Governor Janklow and Senators Abdnor and Pressler ~ sought seats at the Dallas convention. The last Republican national office-holder to lead the state's delegation and cut much of a swath at a national convention was Senator Karl Mundt at San Francisco in 1964. Senator Pressler was nominated for a second term without primary PU3LIC AFFAR3 opposition. His re-election campaign was enlivened by the candidacy r of George Cunningham, former administrative assistant to Senator McGovern, whose most notable line -- a reference to Pressler's SERIES LXXXV FEBRUARY 1985 BULLETIN 91 reputation as a media candidate par excellence -- was emblazoned on his campaign buttons and bumper stickers, "Not just another pretty Public Affairs, the bulletin of the Governmental face." Cunningham with little difficulty overcame the primary Research Bureau, is published four times a year, in opposition of Dean Sinclair, an unemployed former teacher who had February, April, August and November. The neither a telephone nor an automobile and argued that Congress is full Bureau staff edits the bulletin but does not accept of people just like Cunningham "and it isn't doing a very good job." responsibility on its behalf or that of the Like Pressler, Congressman Daschle encountered no primary University, for the facts presented or conclusions opposition. For the Republican nomination, Dale Bell of Spearfish drawn by the author. defeated Larry Mangels of Dempster, who charged late in the primary Each issue of Public Affairs attempts to bring re­ campaign that the executive director of the Republican party, Jeff sponsible and intelligent scholarship to bear on a Stingley, had not remained neutral in the contest. Speculation in 1983 current governmental problem, ordinarily one with as to who might be found to challenge Daschle had centered on three special significance for the citizens and officials of politically experienced Republicans - Attorney General Mark South Dakota. Public Affairs is indexed in PAIS Meierhenry, former Congressman Clint Roberts (whom Daschle had Bulletin. 2000 copies of this issue were printed defeated in a close race in 1982), and State Treasurer David Volk -but at 24cents each. none of them ventured to run (Swenson, 1983: CI). Mangels has already announced his intention to run for the state's single RUSSELL L. SMITH, DIRECTOR congressional seat in 1986. Long before the June primary, incumbents Pressler and Daschle Governmental Research Bureau were thought to be in strong positions. As Congressional Quarterly The University of South Dakota said of Pressler: Vermillion, South Dakota 57069 .. .there are no signs that Pressler's popularity has abated since his overwhelming victory in 1978. Despite occasional criticism that his legislative record lacks substance, Pressler impresses February 1985 Public Affairs Page Three

most South Dakotans as independent-minded and know why they like Pressler, but they seem to have a favorable unpretentious. And he does not seem to be taking his re­ opinion of him. election for granted. Pressler is a solid bet to win a second Clearly, Democratic observers are increasingly hopeful about term (February 25, 1984: 415). Cunningham's chances. 'There is a legitimate feeling that the race is moving into the "sleeper" category from the "forget it" And as for Daschle, Congressional Quarterly concluded: category,' said one Democrat. 'But there is also a great deal of ". . .if Pressler gets anywhere near the two-to-one margin he received Democratic wishful thinking,' he added. in 1978, Daschle will have to attract a large number of crossover . . .Pressler remains a very strong favorite for November. voters. But Daschle has had that ability in the past, and he will be (Institute for Government and Politics, 1984: 201). hard to dislodge" (February 25, 1984: 416). In state legislative primaries, two Republican representatives, In its pre-election assessment, Congressional Quarterly concluded: Sheldon Cotton of Volga and Joel Rickenbach of Oelrichs, lost their From the outset, Cunningham's bid has been a long-shot. The bids for re-nomination. Democrats had five contested Senate candidate himself admitted earlier this year that his polling primaries and eight House contests, for a total of thirteen, while numbers were 'in the toilet.' But national Democratic officials Republicans had three contested Senate primaries and eleven held out hope that the witty and intelligent Cunningham might contested House primaries, for a total of fourteen. Roughly three- be able to undermine Pressler, whose popularity in South fourths of South Dakota's legislative nominations were not contested Dakota has puzzled Democrats in Washington. in the primaries. Cunningham's attacks have not lacked for color. At one joint appearance, he called Pressler a 'flash-dancing, Fred Astaire- Events and Results of the Statewide Races type, blow-dried, cellophane-wrapped representation . . .who Little need be said of special efforts by the Democratic and deals more with public relations than public policy.' Republican presidential tickets in South Dakota. Vice-presidential Pressler ignores the criticism, and that exasperates candidate Geraldine Ferraro did have a brief stopover at the Rapid Cunningham. After Pressler failed to respond to the above City airport, but evidently preferred rest and relaxation in the aricraft remark, Cunningham said, T can't imagine a politician hearing on the runway to setting up a rally or meeting with local Democratic that and saying nothing. He's bloodless. . . .' leaders. The other three stars, Reagan, Bush, and Mondale, did not set Pressler has a huge financial advantage, and to underscore foot on South Dakota soil. his claim that he is an effective spokesman for South Dakota, he Nor did the senatorial or congressional campaigns of 1984 include is running television advertisements in which Senate Majority much in the way of confrontation or drama. The four candidates Leader Howard Baker praises Pressler's work. Safe worked the streets, highways, shopping centers, coffee parties, and Republican. (October 13, 1984: 2590-91). factory gates (of which South Dakota does not have an abundance) on The National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC), their own schedules. Much of the campaign management efforts were which had figured prominently in the defeat of Senator George routine and unexciting - scheduling the candidate's personal McGovern in 1980, attacked Pressler for what it termed his itinerary, placing ads in newspapers and on radio and television, "shockingly ignorant" suggestions about President Reagan's sending out news releases, and distributing campaign letters and opponents in Central America. There was also publicized materials. The impression one obtained was of separate, disagreement about the significance of a meeting at the White House, uncoordinated displays by the two sides to impress the public, rather with the senator saying the purpose was to inform the president of the than of a direct conflict in which one side attempted to out-perform or state's concern about its spring flood problems and the White House out-promise the other with the outcome at risk. saying the purpose was to promote Republican Senate candidates; it As is generally the case in American campaigns, the two incumbent was noted that thirty-four were invited (Foote, May 10, 1984: 2). members of Congress - Pressler and Daschle - considerably outspent The congressional contest was more ideological and negative (Sioux their respective challengers, according to official expenditure reports City Journal, October 28, 1984: 11). Bell's literature stressed his submitted to the Federal Election Commission for 1983-1984. business experience and that he had "held key positions for President Pressler's advantage was $938,707 to $166,426 over Cunningham. Reagan since 1976."1 Bell's most notable message was contained in a Daschle spent $700,458 compared to the $313,303 spent by Bell. simulated computer punchcard which carried the heading, "Which There is little direct evidence as to how much the televised debates candidate believes as YOU believe?" On the card, Daschle's positions between Pressler and Cunningham and between Daschle and Bell on eight issues were "verified" by references to congressional roll call may have affected South Dakota voters. Certainly far fewer South votes. For instance, on "federal funding of abortion," on which Dakotans watched their congressional debates than watched the Daschle was indicated as being "for," the verification line read "H.R. presidential debates which saturated the networks three times in 3512, Roll call 37, May 13, 1981; H.R. 5798, Roll call 247, June 27. October. 1984" (see Figure 1). Daschle claimed distortion of the record and Observers agreed from the beginning on two things about the Senate issued detailed explanations of each vote that had been brought into contest: that Pressler would be hard to beat, and that Cunningham question (Vanderwerf, August 23, 1984; Sioux Falls Argus Leader, would run an interesting race. While outspent by the incumbent, August 18, 1984: B2). Again, it is impossible at this point to determine Cunningham would impress many people with the nature of his whether the roll call punchcard had much impact on how people attacks, though one person characterized them as being "pinpricks, voted. The same might be said for the published results of a straw poll not stab wounds." The Political Report, April 17, 1984, concluded by the Watertown Public Opinion late in October, in which Bell was as follows: shown to have taken a sizeable lead over Daschle. The poll proved to Pressler's popularity may be shallow, as some journalists and be off the mark. Democrats insist, but it is also a mile wide. People may not Another straw poll - this one conducted by the Farmers Union at Page Four Public Affairs February 1985 the State Fair in Huron in early September ~ was not much more and three Democratic legislators from the Sioux Falls Districts, for no accurate. Mondale was shown to be favored over Reagan, 2412 to net party change. In Rapid City's three districts (#32, #33, and #34), 2083, Pressler had a 60 to 40 percent margin over Cunningham, and all the new legislators chosen were Republican, as had been the case Daschle had a 70 to 30 percent lead over Bell (Rapid City Journal in 1982. September 7, 1984: 9). Whereas the Watertown newspaper poll seems Table 6 shows, by chamber and party, the level of competition in to have had a Republican bias, the Farmers Union poll seems to have the 1984 legislative contests. All told, fifty House incumbents and had a Democratic bias. twenty-seven Senate incumbents were re-elected in 1984. Two years Another controversy arose with Bell's letter to clergymen asking before, only eight legislators were elected without opposition, them to "join hands with us in this very crucial campaign" and allow compared to the twenty unopposed legislators of 1984. There was Bell or his associates to speak with their congregations on family issues little change in the percentage of legislators winning their seats by (Antonen, September 12, 1984: 1A). Here is How Congressional narrow margins (less than 55 percent of the votes) - sixteen in 1984 Quarterly concluded its assessment of Daschle's reelection prospects: compared to seventeen in 1982. One of the more interesting legislative contests pitted incumbent . . .Republicans may have missed their best opportunity to Republican Senator Mary McClure of Redfield against Harvey defeat him. In 1982, they had a popular nominee in U.S. Wollman in the fifth district (Faulk, Hand, Hyde, and Spink Representative Clint Roberts, who had represented the western Counties). Wollman, the brother of Supreme Court Justice Roger part of the state in Congress before reapportionment pared Wollman, was the former lieutenant governor who had succeeded to South Dakota to one House seat. But Roberts had to run in a the governorship for a few months in 1978 after Richard Kneip bad year for Republicans, and Daschle survived. This time, resigned to accept President Carter's nomination to be U.S. Reagan and Pressler will exert a strong pull to the Republican Ambassador to Singapore. McClure's victory may have ended side, but Bell is not the candidate Roberts was. If Republicans Wollman's ambitions to return to the governor's office. He had been do not stop Daschle this year, they may next see him as a frustrated earlier in that ambition in the 1978 Democratic candidate for Abdnor's Senate seat in 1986. Leans Democratic. gubernatorial primary when he was defeated by Senator Roger (October 13, 1984: 2591). McKellips of Alcester. Of the four ballot propositions, the nuclear waste initiative seemed to generate the most campaign advertising and public discussion. The The Lands Commissioner Controversy state Chamber of Commerce helped Chem-Nuclear Systems, Inc., in A tangled legal question, not yet resolved by the state courts as of its efforts to convince the voters of the state that providing disposal this writing (January 5), involved the constitutional office of sites would be both safe and profitable. The Sierra Club joined the commissioner of school and public lands. Republican Julian Cheney fight against disposition in South Dakota. Opponents of nuclear waste had been elected to this position in the 1982 general election, but died disposal spent considerably more money than their proponents. One soon thereafter. Governor William Janklow appointed State Treasurer avenue of campaign spending by proponents was to make unsolicited David Volk to fill the vacancy, saying that one person could handle campaign contributions of $100 to state legislators. At least two both jobs and thus save the state some salary money. Pursuing this legislators, Democrat Bob Samuelson of Faith and Republican Scott logic, the legislature in 1984 amended the statute for filling vacancies Heidepriem of Miller, returned the checks.2 in elective offices for the remainder of the term (previously, vacancies were to be filled at the next general election). The legislature also Legislative Races placed a constitutional amendment on the 1984 ballot to make the One interesting aspect of the 1984 state legislative contests was the state treasurer-lands commissioner merger permanent. As noted effect of the state's new single-member district system mandated by earlier, this proposed amendment was narrowly defeated by the the voters in 1982. As a result of that constitutional amendment, the voters in the November, 1984, election. three multi-member senatorial districts in and around Sioux Falls (five At their state convention in the early summer of 1984, Republicans members), Rapid City (three members), and Aberdeen (two had declined to nominate a candidate for the lands commissioner members), were divided into ten single-member districts. As with position, but the Democratic convention nominated George Kane for existing districts, each new district was to elect two representatives for that position (Rapid City Journal, July 7, 1984: 4; Curt Seifert, July each senator. 17, 1984: IB, 3B). In July, the state Supreme Court ruled that Kane's The Aberdeen districts (#2 and #3) elected one Republican senator, name need not appear on the general election ballot, in keeping with Peg Lamont, and one Democratic senator, David Laustsen. On the a state law specifying that unopposed candidates do not have to be House side, three Republican representatives (Speaker Joe Barnett, listed. The court declined to rule on the legality of the statutory "Bud" Wood, and Steven Cutler) and one Democrat (Lars Herseth, merger or whether an election was required in 1984. Following the son of former Governor ) were elected. The election of November election, Secretary of State Alice Kundert, relying on 1982 had produced the same number of Republicans and Democrats advice from Attorney General Mark Meierhenry as well as the 1984 from that area. statute relating to filling of vacancies in elective offices, refused to The Sioux Falls districts (#11 through #15) chose four Republican certify Kane's election. Meierhenry said that a 1972 amendment to the senators and one Democrat, and returned eight Republican and two South Dakota Constitution specifies that vacancies in state elective Democratic representatives. All three winning Democrats came from offices can be filled only in general elections every four years when District 15. The Republican advantage came in spite of the fact that the regular election for the office is held. figures compiled by the Minnehaha County auditor's office in March Meanwhile, Volk had resigned as lands commissioner in July, 1984, indicated that there were more registered Democrats than after Democratic criticism that he should not hold two offices. Republicans in three of the five new districts (Sioux City Journal, Governor Janklow then named former Lands Commissioner Jack March 19, 1984). The 1982 election had produced twelve Republican Gerken to succeed him. After the election, Gerken resigned and the February 1985 Public Affairs Page Five

governor said he would appoint another person to fill the position candidates and ballot propositions, we can learn more about the (Sioux City Journal, December, 1984). degree to which the contests were affected by one another. Since we On December 18, 1984, Janklow announced the appointment of a have no survey information from individual voters across the state former state representative, Republican Sheldon Cotton of Volga, as -the surest base from which to measure association between contests lands commissioner. Hearings were scheduled by South Dakota -county-level voting data are the best empirical evidence available Circuit Judge James Anderson of Pierre for January 18, 1985, on the with which to test for relationships between the various campaigns. Democratic party's efforts to secure the certification of Kane as lands The presidential contest will be used as the basis of the commissioner. (Sioux City Journal, December 19,1984). comparisons. As expected, geographical support for Reagan is very closely related to support for Pressler (gamma = + .90). Even The Water Districts Issue stronger, but with the direction reversed, is the relationship between Another in a long series of controversial policy initiatives by Reagan support and support for Daschle (gamma = - .97). Only a Governor Janklow was his proposal to replace the water conservancy little less strong, but still inverse, is the Pressler-Daschle relationship subdistricts across the state with five "water development districts" (gamma = - .85). drawn to correspond more closely with specific water projects. A As might be expected, there was considerable negative association criticism of the former conservancy subdistricts was that they were between support for Reagan and support for the nuclear freeze too large and did not have a common water development interest.3 As resolution (gamma = -.70). In this cross-tabulation, Hutchinson Water and Natural Resources Secretary Bob Neufeld said, "People in county was the exceptional case, strongly supporting both the Corson County certainly don't want to obligate themselves to pay president and the nuclear freeze resolution. This may be explained in taxes for the next twenty years" for a project 150 miles to the south. part by the county's large Hutterite population, whose traditions are at The five new districts in the plan were to be: (1) the East Dakota once pacifist and socially conservative. district, covering sixteen counties on the eastern edge of the state; (2) There was only nominal association betwen Reagan support and the the James River district, along that river in the east central part of the office consolidation amendment or the school opening law (gamma state; (3) the Cendak district, including a large central irrigation scores of + .04 and - .05, respectively). Had there been a project; (4) the Southern Missouri district, in the area of the Lake gubernatorial race in 1984, it would have been interesting to see if Andes-Wagner irrigation project and the Gregory pumped storage either of these two ballot propositions would have correlated project in the south central area; and (5) the West River district in the positively with Janklow's vote geography. west central section. In passing, it may be noted that the nuclear waste proposition failed Republican State Representative Ed Glassgow of Rapid City, to carry a majority of the vote only in Fall River county, where the manager of the former Black Hills subdistrict, while admitting that site of a proposed dump would be located near Edgemont, and in four there were problems with the old subdistrict approach, complained counties in the north central part of the state (Corson, Dewey, that the subdistricts had been underfunded and that "once again, the McPherson, and Walworth). governor is proposing major legislation in the last two weeks of the There was only a little positive association between the school (legislative) session." The state chapter of the Sierra Club joined the opening and nuclear freeze proposition (Yule's Q = + .14). But there fight against the proposed change. was quite an impressive relationship between the school opening and The bill to carry out the governor's intentions failed in the regular office consolidation issues (Q = + .70). session of the legislature but was passed during a special session in Therefore, based on crude information, there is in the South Dakota May. In August, the state's Water and Natural Resources Board held ballot propositions evidence that between a national issue such as the an emergency meeting to implement the election process needed to nuclear freeze resolution and presidential popularity, a significant elect directors of the newly authorized water districts. The board degree of statistical association is present, and at the same time on two established the boundaries for the rural and municipal directorships state issues there is considerable geographical consistency. But bet­ in each water district. According to the law, each district was to have ween national candidates or national issues (nuclear freeze resolution) four rural members and three urban members. and state issues there is little voting correlation. The emergency election arrangements added considerably to the election-year burdens of the state's county auditors in those counties Political Prospects most directly affected. Particulary difficult were the administrative 1984 has come and gone. There will not be another presidential problems faced by Pennington County Auditor Helen Daughenbaugh election until 1988, and Ronald Reagan will not be on the ballot. It is in preparing ballots for the voters of the county's various precincts. unlikely that the Republican party will have so strong and positive a Rural and urban votes for water district directors had to be separated, personality at the head of the ticket, which could mean an opportunity and in the three-mile zone around municipalities, some residents for at least a degree of Democratic revival. would be voting on rural candidates and other voters would be voting Nor will the name of Larry Pressler be on the ballot in 1986 or 1988. on urban candidates. In some areas, there would be no candidates on Senator Abdnor will be up for re-election in 1986, and a few persons, the ballot, either because only one candidate had filed, making their noting the simultaneous end of Governor Janklow's second term, have appearance on the ballot unnecessary under South Dakota law, or speculated that Abdnor could face a serious challenge in the because no candidate had filed. Water district boundaries cut across Republican primary. Whatever the case as to the GOP senatorial legislative district lines and even across voting precinct lines. The nomination, there is the very interesting possibility that, after four solution in Pennington county was to use paper ballots for water terms in the House, Congressman Daschle may decide to attempt to district candidates and to draw up special maps to guide election move to the Senate. Daschle's decision in turn may be affected by officials in determining voter eligibility. whether or not Abdnor is to face a tough challenge in the primary. The Geography of Voting in 1984 If Daschle does run for the Senate, there would probably be wide- By comparing the county voting percentages received by various open nomination races for the state's congressional seat in both Page Six Public Affairs February 1985 parties. Shortage of space discourages listing the possibilities here. 2The news articles in this area are numerous. For a sampling, see the following The governor's job will be at stake in 1986, with Janklow articles: "Chamber supports nuclear disposal site," Sioux Falls Argus-Leader, January constitutionally barred from a third consecutive term. Lt. Governor 11, 1984, p. ID; "Chem-Nuclear fights bad image," Sioux Falls Argus-Leader, February 14, 1984, p. 1A; "Dump-site decision: two sides argue wealth vs. health," Lowell Hansen, Attorney General Mark Meierhenry, former Speaker Sioux Falls Argus-Leader, February 15, 1984, p. 1A; "Coalition created to oppose of the House of Representatives George Mickelson, Secretary of State waste initiative," Rapid City Journal, October 11, 1984, p. 7; "Sierra Club focusing on Alice Kundert, former Governor Richard Kneip, and State waste management record," Rapid City Journal, October 17, 1984, p. 3; "Candidates Representative Lars Herseth have been mentioned as likely or returned $100 checks from PAC promoting disposal site," Rapid City Journal, possible candidates. November 3, 1984, p. 11; and "Initiative opponents far outspend proponents," Rapid City Journal, November 1, 1984, pp. 1-2. For a governor who was not involved in a re-election contest in 1984, Janklow came in for considerable local, regional, and national 3This discussion of the water districts issue was drawn, in part, from the following press coverage. Among the reasons were: (1) the movement of major newspaper accounts: Randy Bradbury, "Janklow's proposal would abolish subdistricts," Rapid City Journal, February 10, 1984, p. 2; "Sierra Club chapter banking operations to the state; (2) his lawsuit against the publishers opposes water law change," Sioux Falls Argus-Leader, June 1, 1984, p. 1C; of In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, (3) the state's purchase of railroad Associated Press dispatch, "Water board sets election process in motion for new water rights-of-way as a means ensuring the availability of facilities to move districts," Rapid City Journal, August 3, 1984, p. 21; Janet Lively, "Water district farm products to market; (4) his plans for use of Missouri River water elections try auditor's souls," Rapid City Journal, September 2, 1984, p. 3; and Dick against the wishes of downstream states; (5) his decision to combine Rebbeck, "Water district elections may be confusing to some," Rapid City Journal, September 27, 1984, p. 3. the offices of state treasurer and lands commissioner, and (6) his ef­ forts to convert a state college at Springfield to a minimum security 4For some examples, see David Egner, "Libel Suit Increasing Book Sales," Sioux prison.4 Falls Argus-Leader, June 2, 1983, p. CI; staff report on South Dakota politics, "Legislature Follows the Lead of Feisty, Powerful Janklow," Congressional Quarterly Congressional Quarterly had this to say about Janklow: Weekly Report, September 3, 1983, pp. 1852-3; and Kurt Andersen with J. Madeleine Nash, "The Triumphs of a Prairie Populist: South Dakota Cashes in with an Aggressive, The current Legislature is largely subservient to one of the Pro-Business Program," Time, August 23, 1983, p. 19. nation's most combative and controversial governors, William J. Janklow. Because the Legislature meets for only two months References each year, and because the state capitol of Pierre is too isolated Anderson, Kurt and J. Madeleine Nash (1983) "The Triumphs of a Prairie Populist: to draw much media attention, any governor has a good deal of South Dakota Cashes in with an Aggressive, Pro-Business Program." Time. August independent authority. Janklow never hesitates to use it. . . . 23:19 South Dakota has had chances to strengthen the hand of its Antonen, Mel (1984) "Bell Appeal to Pastors Annoys Democrats." Sioux Falls Argus- Leader. September 12:1 A. Legislature against the executive, but has chosen not to do so. Baka, Ken (1984) "Voters Oust Most State's Attorneys." Rapid City Journal. In the most recent round of constitutional revisions, in the November 17:1. early 1970's, voters approved new provisions giving the Bradbury, Randy (1984) "Janklow's Proposal Would Abolish Subdistricts." Rapid City governor additional powers. But they rejected amendments Journal. February 10:2. designed to make the Legislature stronger and more efficient. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (1983) "Legislature Follows the Lead of Feisty, Powerful Janklow." Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. September Janklow is the current beneficiary of the constitutional 3:1852-53. situation. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (1984) "Outlook - South Dakota." Much of the publicity Janklow receives outside his state Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. February 25:415-416. stems from angry personal confrontations. He sparked a feud Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report (1984) "Outlook - South Dakota." with Minnesota's Governor Rudy Perpich, for example, by Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. October 13:2590-2591. Egner, David (1983) "Libel Suit Increasing Book Sales." Sioux Falls Argus-Leader. offering inducement to Minnesota businesses to locate in South June 2:C1. Dakota. When Perpich charged that South Dakota ranked last Foote, Cornelius, Jr. (1984) "NCPAC Urges GOP to Not Back Pressler." Rapid City in the nation in virtually every category, Janklow retorted that Journal. May 10:1. his state has had three waves of immigrants - Scandinavians, Foote, Cornelius, Jr. (1984) "Pressler, White House Give Press Different Versions of Germans, and Minnesota businesses fleeing high taxes. . . . Meeting." Rapid City Journal. June 29:11. Lively, Janet (1984) "Water District Elections Try Auditors' Souls."Rapid City Within his state . . Janklow is known as a tough and Journal. September 2:3. successful polit'cian .. Janklow is not always polite or graceful Rapid City Journal (1984) "Kane Calls for Keeping Lands Commissioner's Office." in lobbying for what he wants, but he usually gets it . . Rapid City Journal. July 7:4. .(September 3, 1983: 1852-3). Rapid City Journal (1984) "Water Board Sets Election Process in Motion for New Water Districts." Rapid City Journal. August 3:21. Among the policy questions, conditions on the farms and ranches of Rapid City Journal (1984) "Mondale Defeats Reagan in Fair Poll. "Rapid City the state and in the schools, as well as water development, economic Journal . September 7:9. diversification, and Indian conditions, will hold a lot of attention in Rapid City Journal (1984) "Coalition Created to Oppose Waste Initiative." Rapid City Journal. October 11:7. the Legislature and among political observers and citizens in 1985 and Rapid City Journal (1984) "Sierra Club focusing on Waste Management Record." 1986. As we look ahead, of greatest interest will be the emergence of Rapid City Journal. October 17:3. new leaders and new ideas to respond to the state's continuing Rapid City Journal (1984) "Initiative Opponents Far Outspend Proponents." Rapid political challenges. City Journal. November 1:1-2. Rapid City Journal (1984) "Candidates Returned $100 Checks from PAC Promoting Footnotes Disposal Site." Rapid City Journal. November 3:11. Rapid City Journal (1984) "Democrats to Ask High Court to Certify Kane." Rapid 'Flyer entitled "How to Increase Your Take Home Pay in One Easy Step," mailed to City Journal. November 27:2. independent-registered South Dakotans October 23, 1984, from "Bell for Congress Seifert, Curt (1984) "Kane, Volk Trade Charges About Lands Office."Sioux Falls Committee, Permit Holder National Republican Congressional Committee, Washington, Argus-Leader. July 17:1B, 3B. D.C." (References continued on page nine.) February 1985 Public Affairs Page Seven

Figure 1. "Punch Card" Used in Dale Bell's Campaign.

COMPLETE THIS SIDE FIRST COMPLETE OTHER SIDE FIRST

South Dakota Congressional QUIZ! Which candidate believes as YOU believe? How would YOU vote on these important issues? DASCHLE YOUR BELL'S PUNCH OUT YOUR VOTE VOTED VOTE POSITION HR 4242 Rollcall 166 July 29 1981 Inheritance tax relief for family farms Inheritance tax relief for family farms and small businesses and small businesses

DASCHLE YOU VOTED YOU VOTED BELL For Ag inst Against For Against For

HR 3109 (in commit eel May 12 1981 Food stamps for strikers F iod stamps for strikers

DASCHLE YOU VOTED YOU VOTED BELL For Against For For Against Against

HR 4242 Rollcall 166 July 29 1981 1981 Federal Income Tax cut 1981 Federal Income Tax cut

DASCHLE YOU VOTED YOU VOTED BELL For Against Against For Against For

HR 3512 Rollcall 37 May 13. 1981: HR 5798 Rollcall 247 June 27, 1984 Federal funding of abortion Federal funding of abortion

DASCHLE YOU VOTED YOU VOTED BELL For Against For For Against Against

HR5922 Rollcall 69 May 12, 1982 Balancing the federal budget Balancing the federal budget

DASCHLE YOU VOTED YOU VOTED BELL For Against Against For Against For

HR 2957 Rollcall 301 August 3, 1983 Low interest loans for foreign dictators Low interest loans for foreign dictators

DASCHLE YOU VOTED YOU VOTED BELL For Against For For Against Against

HR 11 Rollcall 287 July 26, 1984 Allow voluntary prayer (grace) In public schools Allow voluntary prayer (grace) in public schools (Allowing children to ilk Molting ovor food in school cihrttrias) (Allowing cMMron to itk Muting ovor food In tchool catotoriat)

DASCHLE YOU VOTED YOU VOTED BELL For Against Against For Against For

HR 3462 Rollcall 62 June 9 1981 Federal funding of forced busing of Federal funding of forced busing of school children school children

DASCHLE YOU VOTEO YOU VOTEO BELL For Against For For Against Against

TURN OVER FOR COMPARISON Paid lor Dy Sout h DaKota Vote Etucatto n Commit ee loi Dale Bell

Table 1 Results of Statewide General Election Contests in South Dakota, 1984

Contest Votes Percent Contest Votes Percent President Ronald Reagan, Republican 200,267 63.3 Initiated Law -1 (Nuclear Waste) Walter Mondale, Democrat 116,113 36.7 Yes 182,952 62.0 U.S. Senator No 112,161 38.0 Larry Pressler, Republican 235,176 74.5 Initiated Law -2 (School Opening) George Cunningham, Democrat 80,537 25.5 Yes 145,472 50.1 U.S. Representative No 144,908 49.9 Dale Bell, Republican 134,821 42.6 Initiated Law -3 (Nuclear Freeze) Tom Daschle, Democrat 181,401 57.4 Yes 135,307 47.6 Public Utilities Commissioner No 148,705 52.4 Jack Wenstrand, Republican 117,952 39.3 Retention of Justice Robert Morgan Ken Stofferahn, Democrat 182,196 60.7 Yes 190,716 77.2 Constitutional Amendment No 56,483 22.8 (Lands Commissioner) Retention of Justice Roger Wollman Yes 142,985 49.9 Yes 197,401 78.2 No 143,276 50.1 No 55,151 21.8 Sources: Final official statewide election returns con ipiled and issued by the office of Secretary of State Alice Kundert labelled ' ERGN DATA (Friday, Nov. 16, 1984, 3:36 pm)." Page Eight Public Affairs February 1985

Table 2 1984 SOUTH DAKOTA VOTING IN MAJOR RACES, BY COUNTY

PRESIDENT U.S. SENATOR U.S. REPRESENTATIVE Reagan Mondale Pressler Cunningham Bell Daschle (R) (D) (R) ID) (R) ID) County Votes % Votes % Votes % Votes Votes % Votes % Aurora 1,029 55.1 840 44.9 1,304 69.1 584 31.9 685 36.5 1,194 63.5 Beadle 5,876 62.5 3,523 37.5 6,523 70.4 2,745 29.6 4,049 44.4 5,079 55.6 Bennett 856 65.4 453 34.6 974 75.2 322 24.8 593 45.5 709 54.5 Bon Homme 2,478 63.8 1,408 36.2 3,045 77.6 879 23.4 1,507 38.7 2,386 61.3 Brookings 6,679 62.0 4,089 38.0 7,843 73.0 2,900 28.0 4,596 42.8 6,144 57.2 Brown 10,541 60.6 6,852 39.4 13.069 73.5 4,719 27.5 6,758 37.9 11,065 62.1 Brule 1,578 62.2 961 37.8 1,863 71.7 737 29.3 1,064 40.8 1,541 59.2 Buffalo 253 51.7 236 48.3 346 58.6 244 42.4 196 32.9 399 67.1 Butte 2,865 78.5 784 21.5 3,100 85.8 514 15.2 1,961 54.0 1,672 46.0 Campbell 1,035 82.9 214 17.1 1,094 88.7 140 11.3 792 35.0 426 65.0 Charles Mix 2,660 58.6 1,879 41.4 3,205 70.6 1,366 29.4 1,681 37.2 2,836 62.8 Clark 1,748 64.5 960 35.5 2,096 78.0 591 22.0 1,213 45.4 1,461 54.6 Cay 3,057 53.0 2,711 47.0 4,029 69.0 1,806 31.0 1,975 33.8 3,863 66.2 Codington 6,108 63.4 3,528 36.6 7,208 73.0 2,660 27.0 4,451 45.1 5,408 54.9 Corson 955 54.7 792 45.3 1,178 70.3 497 29.7 625 37.5 1,042 62.5 Custer 2,183 71.8 858 28.2 2,456 77.7 705 22.3 1,469 48.6 1,553 51.4 Davison 4,783 59.6 3,248 40.4 5,698 71.1 2,313 29.9 3,139 39.3 4,848 60.7 Day 2,150 52.7 1,932 47.3 2,740 67.4 1,324 32.6 1,471 35.9 2,622 64.1 Deuel 1,537 62.0 941 38.0 1,888 76.7 573 23.3 1,058 42.9 1,406 57.1 Dewey 941 54.9 772 45.1 1,293 73.6 463 26.4 659 37.5 1,097 62.5 Douglas 1,713 76.2 536 23.8 1,866 83.9 358 17.1 1,297 58.0 941 42.0 Edmunds 1,553 60.7 1,007 39.3 1,859 74.6 633 25.4 1,056 42.5 1,427 57.5 Fall River 2,748 70.8 1,135 29.2 3,114 79.9 785 21.1 1,943 49.8 1,959 50.2 Faulk 1,124 66.0 579 34.0 1,275 75.2 420 24.8 657 39.1 1,022 60.9 Grant 2,738 63.0 1,606 37.0 3,124 72.0 1,213 28.0 2,052 47.1 2,303 52.9 Gregory 1,777 69.5 780 30.5 2,044 78.3 567 21.7 1,166 44.5 1,454 55.5 Haakon 1,168 83.1 237 16.9 1,282 91.2 124 8.8 769 54.4 645 45.6 Hamlin 1,782 64.9 963 35.1 2,111 77.0 632 23.0 1,195 43.8 1,536 56.2 Hand 2,030 70.6 846 29.4 2,228 77.4 650 22.6 1,260 44.0 1,604 56.0 Hanson 898 59.0 625 41.0 1,102 72.8 411 27.2 613 41.2 875 58.8 Harding 723 79.5 186 20.5 793 88.2 106 11.8 476 52.7 428 47.3 Hughes 4,985 70.6 2,072 29.4 5,322 75.1 1,767 24.9 3,510 49.3 3,607 50.7 Hutchinson 3,372 73.2 1,237 26.8 3,732 81.6 843 18.4 2,334 51.3 2,216 58.7 Hyde 797 69.5 350 30.5 874 77.5 254 22.5 507 44.7 627 55.3 Jackson 903 71.2 365 28.8 1,002 79.1 265 21.9 632 50.0 633 50.0 Jerauld 1,012 65.1 542 34.9 1,172 75.5 380 24.5 647 41.8 899 58.2 Jones 689 77.0 206 23.0 765 85.4 131 14.6 444 49.6 452 50.4 Kingsbury 2,121 62.9 1,249 37.1 2,580 76.3 803 23.7 1,401 41.4 1,984 58.6 Lake 3,027 56.1 2,367 43'.9 4,072 74.4 1,399 25.6 1,912 35.0 3,554 65.0 Lawrence 5,949 69.9 2,565 30.1 6,933 80.2 1,707 19.8 4,131 47.8 4,515 52.2 Lincoln 3,988 60.3 2,626 39.7 4,895 73.8 1,741 26.2 2,732 41.2 3,892 58.8 Lyman 1,120 70.1 478 29.9 1,308 80.2 322 19.8 802 49.1 833 50.9 Marshall 1,529 57.9 1,111 42.1 1,808 67.7 863 32.3 1,032 38.7 1,635 61.3 McCook 1,902 56.8 1,448 43.2 2,477 73.6 886 26.3 1,338 39.8 2,022 60.2 McPherson 1,813 81.3 418 18.7 1,907 87.6 269 12.4 1,386 64.1 777 35.9 Meade 5,908 73.8 2,093 26.2 6,578 82.7 1,373 17.3 3,984 49.8 4,008 50.2 Mellette 616 67.0 303 33.0 706 76.2 220 23.8 423 45.2 513 54.8 Miner 1,004 51.1 960 48.9 1,428 70.6 596 29.4 669 32.9 1,363 67.1 Minnehaha 29,908 56.5 23,042 43.5 35.309 68.1 16,502 31.9 20,422 39.0 31,947 61.0 Moody 1,633 50.7 1,586 49.3 2,183 68.1 1,022 31.9 1,032 32.3 2,165 67.7 Pennington 21,947 72.7 8,224 27.3 24,485 82.6 5,160 17.4 14,134 47.4 15,660 52.6 Perkins 1,686 70.2 714 29.8 1,857 80.0 464 19.0 1,174 50.8 1,139 49.2 Potter 1,551 76.3 482 23.7 1,664 82.0 364 18.0 1,088 53.6 943 46.4 Roberts 2,767 57.3 2,063 42.7 3,133 66.4 1,583 33.6 1,847 39.1 2,881 60.9 Sanborn 1,080 63.8 611 36.2 1,324 76.0 419 24.0 696 40.3 1,033 59.7 Shannon 324 17.9 1,489 82.1 887 45.7 1,053 54.3 213 10.7 1,778 89.3 Spink 2,267 61.0 1,680 39.0 3,239 75.6 1,048 24.4 1,599 37.2 2,702 62.8 Stanley 942 72.9 351 27.1 1,003 76.3 331 23.7 623 47.7 684 52.3 Sully 836 75.9 266 24.1 901 81.4 206 18.6 582 52.6 524 47.4 Todd 679 39.9 1,022 60.1 1,067 60.9 686 39.1 496 28.1 1,270 71.9 Tripp 2,483 72.6 935 27.4 2,730 77.7 785 22.3 1,751 49.8 1,763 50.2 Turner 3,086 67.5 1,486 32.5 3,598 78.5 978 21.5 2,140 46.8 2,431 53.2 Union 2,431 52.3 2,221 47.7 3,302 71.1 1,340 28.9 1,609 34.3 3,082 65.7 Walworth 2,396 75.5 779 24.5 2,533 79.9 673 20.1 1,622 51.5 1,527 48.5 Yankton 5,161 63.8 2,932 36.2 6,077 75.6 1,962 24.4 3,182 39.5 4,883 60.5 Ziebach 429 54.4 359 45.6 575 70.7 238 29.3 301 36.9 514 63.1 TOTALS: 200,267 63.3 116,113 36.7 235,176 74.5 80,537 25.5 134,821 42.6 181,401 57.4 February 1985 Public Affairs Page Nine

Table 3 Table 5 Winners in South Dakota Major Campaigns, South Dakota Counties Ranked by Total 1954-1984, by Party. Number of Votes Cast, 1984 Presidential Election

(P = President, S= Senator, R = Representative, G = Governor) Number of Votes Cast Counties Year Republican Winners Democratic Winners Over 50,000 Minnehaha 1954 S Mundt, R Lovre, R Berry ~ 40,000-49,999 — G Foss 30,000-39,999 Pennington 20,000-29,999 — 1956 P Eisenhower, S Case, R R McGovern 15,000-19,999 Brown Berry, G Foss 10,000-14,999 Brookings 1958 R Berry R McGovern, G Herseth 9,000-9,999 Beadle, Codington 1960 P Nixon, S Mundt, R Reifel ~ 8,000-8,999 Davison, Lawrence, Meade, Yankton R Berry, G Gubbrud 7,000-7,999 Hughes 1962 R Reifel, R Berry, G Gubbrud S McGovern 6,000-6,999 Lincoln 5,000-5,999 Clay, Lake 1964 R Reifel, R Berry, G Boe P Johnson 4,000-4,999 Charles Mix, Day, Grant, Hutchinson, 1966 S Mundt, R Reifel, R Berry — Roberts, Spink, Turner, Union GBoe 3,000-3,999 Bon Homme, Butte, Custer, Fall River, 1968 P Nixon, R Reifel, R Berry S McGovern Kingsbury, McCook, Moody, Tripp, G Farrar Walworth 1970 ~ R Denholm, R Abourezk, 2,000-2,999 Brule, Clark, Deuel, Douglas, Edmunds, G Kneip Gregory, Hamlin, Hand, Marshall, 1972 P Nixon, R Abdnor S Abourezk, R Denholm, McPherson, Perkins, Potter G Kneip 1,000-1,999 Aurora, Bennett, Campbell, Corson, 1974 R Pressler, R Abdnor S McGovern, G Kneip Dewey, Faulk, Haakon, Hanson, Hyde, 1976 P Ford, R Pressler, R Abdnor -- Jackson, Jerauld, Lyman, Miner, Sanborn, Shannon, Stanley, Sully, Todd 1978 S Pressler, R Abdnor R Daschle G Janklow underl,000 Buffalo, Harding, Jones, Mellette, Ziebach 1980 P Reagan, S Abdnor, R Daschle Source: Calculated by author from official voting data. R Roberts 1982 G Janklow R Daschle 1984 P Reagan, S Pressler R Daschle Table 6 Level of Competition in 1984 Source: Compiled by author. South Dakota Legislative Contests

Table 4 Narrow Margin Wide Margin (winner had less (winner had Ran Percent of Vote Cast for Statewide Contests than 55% 55% or more without in South Dakota, 1984 General Election of vote) of vote) Opposition Total Votes Cast as Senate: Total Votes % of Votes in Republicans 3 16 6 25 Contest Cast Presidential Democrates 1 6 3 10 Race House: Republicans 8 41* 8 57 President (4 candidates) 317,867 100.0 Democrates 4 6 3 13 U.S. ilepresentative 316,222 99.5 U.S. Senator 315,713 99.3 Total 16 69 20 105 Public Utilities Commissioner 300,148 94.4 * Includes two candidates listed on the ballot as independents Initiated Law -1 (Nuclear Waste) 295,113 92.8 Initiated Law -2 (School Opening) 290,380 91.4 Constitutional Amendment 286,261 90.1 Sioux Falls Argus-Leader (1984) "Chamber Supports Nuclear Disposal Site." Sioux (Office Consolidation) Falls Argus-Leader January 11:10 Initiated Law -3(Nuclear Freeze) 284,012 89.3 Sioux Falls Argus-Leader (1984) "Chem-Nuclear Fights Bad Image." Sioux Falls. Judicial Retention (Wollman) 252,552 79.4 Argus-Leader. February 14:1 A. Judicial Retention (Morgan) 247,199 77.8 Sioux Falls Argus-Leader (1984) "Dump-Site Decision: Two Sides Argue Wealth vs. Health." Sioux Falls Argus-Leader. February 15:1A. Source: Compiled by author from official voting returns. Sioux Falls Argus-Leader (1984) "Sierra Club Chapter Opposes Water Law Change." Sioux Falls Argus-Leader. June 1:1C. Sioux Falls Argus-leader (1984) "Bell's Campaign Card is Deceptive Promotion." (References continued from page six.) Sioux Falls Argur-Leader. August 18:B2. Sioux City Journal (1984) "Democrats Gain in New Sioux Falls Districts." Sioux City Swenson, Rob (1983) "GOP Combs Ranks for Challenger to Daschle." Sioux Falls Journal. March 19:4. Argus-Leader. June 2:C1. Sioux City Journal (1984) "Bell-Daschle Contest Grows Harsher. "Sioux City Journal Swenson, Rob (1984) "Judging by Appearances, There's No Presidential Campaign October 28:A3. Here." Sioux Falls Argus-Leader. May 13:1C. Sioux City Journal (1984) "Democrats Hit Janklow Choice." Sioux City Journal. Vanderwerf, Linda (1984) "Accuracy of Bell Flier is Questioned."Rapid City Journal. December 19:5 August 23:1. Page Ten Public Affairs February 1985

The Presidential Vote in South Dakota, 1984

to

(Shaded areas gave President Reagan more than 70 percent of their votes.

This map attempts to give a better idea of the distribution of party preference in the vote for president in 1984. The number in each county is the percen­ tage of the major-party vote received by the Republican candidate, Ronald Reagan. Democrat Walter Mondale's percentage would of course be the com­ plement of that number (that is, if Reagan received 65 percent of the vote in Bennett county, Mondale received 35 percent). The lines, or isopleths, show patterns based on county voting returns. They do not follow county lines, but rather they connect points with similar distribution of the presidential vote. The position of the lines is determined by interpolation between percentages in adjacent counties. Thus a 50 percent isopleth would follow a border between two counties if one county had a Republican percentage of 55 and the other county had a Republican percentage of 45. The isopleths set off areas having the same degree or intensity of party strength in the vote; areas between the 50 and 60 isopleths had a Republican voting strength of bet­ ween 50 and 60 percent.

Governmental Research Bureau Non-Prof Org. The University of South Dakota U.S. Postage 414 East Clark Street PAID Vermillion, South Dakota 57069 Vermillion, S.D. Permit No. 14