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Aerodynamic Characteristics of Sports Apparel / by Leonard W. Brownlie

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Aerodynamic Characteristics of Sports Apparel / by Leonard W. Brownlie BiblioihQu :;ationale du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Weliington Street 335,rue Wellington Ottawa. Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) KIA ON4 KlA QN4 NOTICE The quality of this microform is La qualite de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the depend grandement de la qualite quality of the original thesis de la these soumise au submitted for mic;ofilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour essurer une qualite ensure the highest quality of superieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec I'universite degree. qui a confer@le grade. Some pages may have indistinct La qualite d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser a pages were typed with a poor desirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont 6te university sent us an inferior dactylographiees a l'aide d'un photocopy. ruban use ou si I'universite nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualite inferieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, mhepartielle, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, a la Loi canadienne sur Ee droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subsequents. AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORTS APPAREL Leonard W. Brownlie B.Sc. (Honors) (Co-op), 1982 M.Sc., Simon Fraser University, 1986 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the School of Kinesiology O Leonard W. Bsownlie 1992 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY November 1992 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. 1+ 1 National Library Bibliotheque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellmgton Street 395,rue Wellington Ottawa. Ontarlo Ottawa (Ontario) KIA ON4 KIA ON4 Ywr hlr Vorre r&lt'rmce The author has granted an L'auteur a accord@ une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrevocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant h la Bibliotheque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prQer, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa these in any form or format, making de quelque rnaniere et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette these a la disposition des personnes interessees. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriete du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protege sa Neither the thesis nor substantial these. Ni la these ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent Btre imprimes ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-315-91152-2 Doctom1 D~r~ma!ons PUBLISH ABSTRACT ONLY AGREEMENT Abstract No. INDICATE YOUR APPROVAL OF MIS AGREEMENT BY SiGNlNG ITEM #I1 type PERSONAL DATA (Pksse or print) 58 NQT WRITE IN THIS SPACE Vol/lssue Schoql Code (first) (middle) ~dviscr 2. Year of birth f ' > Future mailing address .-- .+ Effective date^&-%* -Telephone number (&A)93 ! - 3 " 3'' DOCTORAL DEGREE DATA 5. Full name of university conferring degree Jj t%%w FA~,~~,~P,UN\J 38"7;)+4 Td,d q ,iff9 6, Abbreviation for degree awarded p k.9 7. Date degree awarded : 'ITTLUSUBJECT DATA 8. Attech a copy of your dissertation title page anel abstract to this Agreement Form. 3. Subject Category for your d~ssertation.Enter 4-d~gilcode from list on opposite side. lop13 17 1 ABSTRACT REPRINTS 10. Please send -reprints of my abstract. (Minimum order 100 copies) First set of 100 ................................................................................. $ 30.00 Additional sets of 100 @ $5.08 each set ........................................... $ Subtotal ............................................................................................. $- Sales tax for state of shipto ..............................................................$ 10% shipping mi handling ............................................................... $ Endosed please find my check for ........................................ TOTAL$ - ~~ ~ This is an agreement between the author and University Microfilms Inc.. Ann Arbor, Michigan, providing for the publication of an abstract (of not mwe than 350 words) of the disseflation in DkserPation lbsmMs lntemtionsl, which is distributed on a subscription basis. Mathematical formulas, diagrams, and other illustrative materials are not recommended for the printed abstract. 11. I agree to the pmvi~ionsof !his agrw$rngmt. I ','4; @,L!L \ 3 2 Signature , Bate APPROVAL i-4me: Leonard W. Brownlie Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of thesis: AERODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORTS APPAREL Examining Cornmi ttee: Chair Dr. Glen Ti bbits Dr. Eric Banlsrer Senior Supervisor Dr. Arthur Chapman Dr. Ian Gartshore Department of Mechanical Engineering University of British Columbia Morrison - Simon Fraser University DYChester Kyle External Examiner Faculty of Engineering Science California State University - Long Beach I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly pupses may be granted by me or the Eean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed ,without my written permission. Title of ?'hesis/Proj &/Extended Essay Author: (sigxha'ture) (name) Abstract This study measured the aerodynamic effect of clothing on elite athletic pexfonnancc. Dmg force (Fd) and air velocity measurements were made in a wind tunnel on a single cylindcr, it large cylinder set model (FSM), a rigid fiberglass mannequin (FM), and an articulated plastic mannequin (MH) either on the bare surface model or with it clad wholly or partially in various stretch fabrics. Non dimensional drag coefficient (C.)and Reynolds number (Re) indices wcrc derived from these data 'io allow characterization of the various assemblies and fabrics with rcspcct to their ability to generate flow transition (FT), a property which defines a critical air flow veI(xi ty over the moving body at which the Fd is suddenly and appreciably decreased and forward progress is less impeded by air resistance. An uncoated stretch fabric was able to trigger FI' on single cylinders which varied in diameter from 3.0 - 36.8 cm. A 'roughness quotient' derived from measurements of' thc surface roughness of a fabric provided a simple quantitative fabric measure significantly relazd 40 thc minimum Cd (R = 0.87, p = 0.0001) which could be expected from a fabric covered cylindcr in an air flow. FT was not observed in the intact, erect FSM model or in the surfacc FM model but did occur at a velocity of 14.5 m-sec-l in a FM model clad in a Cosmopion fabric suit once the 1 arms were removed from the model, suggesting that the presence of peripheral limbs prevents FT in the upright posture. In a downhill skiing simulation FT was not observed, however the Cd of a Cosmopion clad skier decreased from 1.0 to 0.79 with increasing velocity, suggesting tkat surf'= roughness of the suit beneficially altered air flow around the model. iii In the MH cycle trials a Cosmopion clad cyclist showed a decrease in Cd from 0.76 to 8.63 with increasing velocity which would provide a theoretical decrease in race time of 65 seconds for a 40 krn time trial completed at a cycling velocity of 36 krnshr-I. This advantage was confinned in an outdoor field investigation which compared the aerodynam~cchamcteristics of Cosmopion and Lycra cycling body suits. Each of 12 subjects (10 men and 2 women) paaicipated in 4 trials wearing one of the two apparels for a timed 4 km ride at a constant power output. Subjects cycled a significant 1.2 % faster (F = 4.04, p = 0.017) with the Cosmopion suit compared with a Lycra suit . It may be concluded that the surface roughness property of some stretch fabrics allows utilization of these fabrics to rduce Fd on the human form in a variety of athletic endeavors. Dedication Elaine, Jake and Eliza for their love, continual support, understanding, encouragement and assistance. Acknowledgments The author gratefully acknowledges the contribution of the following people: Drs. I. Gartshore, A. Chapman and E. Balister without whose expertise, dedication and guidance this project would not have been possible. Dr. C. Kyle for his willingness and enthusiasm in evaluating this dissertation and thesis defense. Dr. M.R. Shorten, Mr. J. Notar and Ms. J. Martin, NIKE, Inc. for project funding and assistance in the collection of fabrics and manufacture of garments. Dr. C. Dayson, Dr. H. Hawthorne and Mr. S. Yik, Tribology Laboratory, National Research Council of Canada for assistance in the measurement of fabric surface roughness characteristics. Mr. P. Kirwin, President, AutoCompass Technologies Inc., for assistance in the measurement of frontal area photographs. Mr. G. Morariu for the design of the human analogue mannequin. Dr. B. Farnsworth, Mustang Industries Ltd., for vapour permeability measurements of fabrics. Ms. K. Smith for assistance in the manufacture of garments. Messrs B. Goldsmid, R. Millenchuk and I. Chailun and Mrs. C. Blair for loans of ski equipment. Mr. S. Smith, Balboa Instruments Inc., for the loan of the Power Pacer bicycle power meter, Mr, G. Christie, Robert Chnstie Ltd., for the loan of a Descente competition ski suit.
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