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Field Guide for Oil Spill Response in Arctic Waters

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Field Guide for Oil Spill Response in Arctic Waters FIELD GUIDE FOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE IN ARCTIC WATERS Emergency Prevention, EPPR Preparedness and Response A Program of the Arctic Council Canada Denmark Greenland Finland Iceland Norway Russia Sweden USA Legend Bullets safety concerns with respect to human life and health operational considerations that might limit or enhance a strategy or technique strategies or techniques recommended for a given scenario, usually appropriate strategies or techniques not recommended for a given scenario, rarely appropriate Seasons Environments open water seas (water is free of any ice forms) freeze-up lakes (new ice is forming) breakup rivers (mature ice is melting) frozen shorelines (ice is solid, usually continuous) Oil Locations oil on the surface in open water oil beneath ice oil submerged under open water oil on ice oil on water surface mixed in ice oil submerged under solid ice oil submerged under broken ice Oil Viscosity Ranges light medium heavy (like (like (like water) molassas) tar) FIELD GUIDE for OIL SPILL RESPONSE in ARCTIC WATERS prepared by Edward H. Owens Owens Coastal Consultants and Laurence B. Solsberg Mark R. West Maureen McGrath Counterspil Research Inc. prepared for Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response Working Group September 1998 Disclaimer Nothing in the Guide shall be understood as prejudicing the legal position that any Arctic country may have regarding the determination of its maritime boundaries or the legal status of any waters. Front cover painting titled “Arctic” by Christopher Walker. Acrylic polymer emulsion on masonite panel (36” x 48”). An internationally recognized painter, Walker has developed a distinctive reputation as a perceptual realist in Canadian art. He entered the Canadian Archives as ship’s artist on an historic research expedition to the north pole, called the “U.S./Canada 1994 Arctic Ocean Section”. It was on this voyage that the concept for “Arctic” was conceived. Walker continues his artistic development in Qualicum Beach, British Columbia. For information about the artist, his limited edition prints or originals, contact Northland Images at: e-mail: nlimages@ nanaimo.ark.com website: http://nanaimo.ark.com/~nlimages toll free: 1-800-799-5241 tel/fax: +1-250-752-0242 Arctic Waters Field Guide i Disclaimer About EPPR The Emergency Prevention Preparedness and Response (EPPR) Working Group was established to provide a framework for future cooperation in responding to the threat of environmental emergencies in the Arctic. EPPR works within the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS), which was adopted by Canada, Denmark/Greenland, Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden and the United States through the Ministerial Declaration at Rovaniemi, Finland in 1991. The other working groups within AEPS are the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP), Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME), Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF), and Sustainable Development and Utilization (SDU). The EPPR Working Group provides a forum in which member governments and indigenous peoples work to better prevent, prepare for and respond to environmental threats from accidental discharges of pollution from activities which take place in the Arctic. EPPR operates through a system of National Contacts and meets at least annually to assess progress and to develop EPPR Work Plans. It has a chairperson, but neither vice-chair nor secretariat. EPPR does not receive funding or maintain accounts to support its operation or the development of projects, but works in accordance with the “lead country principle”. Representation by indigenous peoples in all of EPPR’s activities is an important aspect of its program. The Working Group has met in Lulea, Sweden (1992), Anchorage, Alaska (1994), Norilsk, Russia (1995), Yellowknife, Canada (1996), Ilulissat, Greenland (1997) and Rovaniemi, Finland (1998). The majority of EPPR’s work is directed at assessing threats to the Arctic environment which could result in the need for emergency response measures, and at facilitating the improved ability to prevent or mitigate these threats. Some examples of EPPR’s efforts include: risk analyses; holding response exercises for emergencies such as radiological accidents and major oil spills; assessing environmental agreements; evaluating warning systems and communication networks; and sharing experience and technical information, including research and development data. Arctic Waters Field Guide ii About EPPR Acknowledgements The Field Guide for Oil Spills in Arctic Waters was produced in accordance with a funding formula agreed to by the eight participating circumpolar countries. Additional financial support required to complete the project was generously provided by the following agencies: • Indian & Northern Affairs Canada, Contaminated Sites Office, Yellowknife, NT • Office of Emergency Management, US Department of Energy, Washington, DC • Oil Spill Recovery Institute, Prince William Sound Science Center, Cordova, AK The document was prepared under the direction of the Arctic Waters Field Guide Working Group whose members are: Dr.Yury Aleshin, EMERCOM of Russia Danielle Amat, Canadian Coast Guard Dr. Andrie Chen, Exxon Production Research Company, USA Ed Collins, Environment Canada Vladimir Davydov, EMERCOM of Russia Peter Devenis, Peter Devenis & Associates, Canada Larry Dietrick, Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation, USA David Egilson, Environment and Food Agency, Iceland Captain Thomas Fagö, Swedish Coast Guard Eugene Filatov, EMERCOM of Russia Boris Galushkin, Russian Scientific Inst. of Civil Defence & Emerg. John Goodman, Canadian Coast Guard Ann Heinrich, US Department of Energy Dr. Laura Johnson, Environment Canada Kjell Kolstad, SFT - Norwegian Pollution Control Authority Kari Lampela, Finnish Environment Institute Dmitriy Lobanov, EMERCOM of Russia Bruce McKenzie, BP Exploration, Alaska Joe Nazareth, Ministry of Environment and Energy, Denmark Walter Parker, US Arctic Research Commission Captain Buzz Rome, US Coast Guard Dr. Gennady Semanov, CNIIMF, Russia Gary Sergy, Environment Canada Yury Shishkin, EMERCOM of Russia Duane Smith, Inuvialuit Game Council, Canada Dr. Norm Snow, Inuvialuit Joint Secretariat, Canada Dr. Gary Thomas, Prince William Sound Science Center, USA David Tilden, Project Manager, Environment Canada Cdr. Ross Tuxhorn, US Coast Guard Arctic Waters Field Guide iii Acknowledgements Responsible Institution and Publisher: Environment Canada, Prairie and Northern Region Environmental Protection Branch, Northwest Territories Division Suite 301, 5204 50th Avenue, Yellowknife, NT Canada X1A 1E2 Telephone: + 1-867-669-4700 Facsimile: + 1-867-873-8185 Published by the authority of the Federal Minister of the Environment. Authors: The Guide was written by E.H. Owens (Owens Coastal Consultants) and L.B. Solsberg, M.R. West and M. McGrath (Counterspil Research Inc.). Citation: Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response (EPPR), 1998. Field Guide for Oil Spill Response in Arctic Waters 1998. Environment Canada, Yellowknife, NT Canada, 348 pages. Copyright: Copyright © Minister of Public Works and Government Services, 1998 Canadian Government Publishing Catalogue No.:En40-562/1998E ISBN: 0-660-17555-X Copies available from: Environment Canada, Suite 301, 5204 50th Avenue Yellowknife, NT Canada X1A 1E2 Facsimile: + 1-867-873-8185 and Through EPPR Working Group National Contacts @Internet: http://arctic-council.usgs.gov Printed by: CopyTime Communications 427 Granville Street Vancouver, BC Canada V6C 1T1 Tel: +1-604-682-8307 Arctic Waters Field Guide iv Responsible Institution Table of Contents About EPPR i Acknowledgements ii 1 Lexicon 1 - 1 2 Introduction 2 - 1 Part A - Operations 3 Initial Response Guide 3 - 1 4 Response Strategies 4 - 1 5 Response Methods 5 - 1 Part B - Technical Support 6 Spill Behaviour and Tracking 6 - 1 7 Notification and Spill Response Decision Process 7 - 1 8 Coastal Character of the Arctic Regions 8 - 1 9 References and Bibliography 9 - 1 Arctic Waters Field Guide v Table of Contents Arctic Waters Field Guide vi 1 Arctic Waters Field Guide 1 - 1 Lexicon Table of Contents 1 1 Lexicon 1 - 1 1.1 Bullets 1 - 3 1.2 Seasons 1 - 3 1.3 Environments 1 - 3 1.4 Response Methods 1 - 4 1.5 Response Feasibility 1 - 4 1.6 Oil Location 1 - 5 1.7 Shoreline Treatment Methods 1 - 6 1.8 Tidal Ranges 1 - 7 1.9 Oil Viscosity Ranges 1 - 7 Arctic Waters Field Guide 1 - 2 Lexicon Bullets, Seasons and Environments This section contains a list of terms and associated icons or bullets that are used throughout the Field Guide. 1 1.1 Bullets safety concerns with respect to human life and health operational considerations that might limit or enhance a strategy or technique strategies or techniques recommended for a given scenario that usually are appropriate and practical strategies or techniques not recommended for a given scenario; rarely appropriate or practical 1.2 Seasons open water (water is free of any ice forms) freeze-up (new ice is forming) breakup (mature ice is melting) frozen (solid, usually continuous ice is present) 1.3 Environments seas lakes rivers shorelines Arctic Waters Field Guide 1 - 3 Lexicon Response Methods and Feasibility 1.4 Response Methods 1 mobile floating barriers stationary barriers subsurface barriers berms trenches or slots diversion booming advancing skimmers stationary skimmers vacuum systems burning oil on water contained in booms burning oil on ice burning oil in broken ice vessel dispersant application aerial dispersant
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