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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88873-8 - Biodiversity in Dead Wood Jogeir N. Stokland, Juha Siitonen and Bengt Gunnar Jonsson Index More information

Index

Abdera flexuosa, 170 alluvial forests, 292 Abies, 130, 288, 289 Alnus, 96, 375, 386 Abies alba, 135 Alpha-taxonomy, 409–410 Abies sibirica, 283 ambrosia beetles, 32, 36, 39, 40, 45, 145, abiotic environment, 194–201 226, 246, 273 above-ground environments, 200–205 ambrosia fungi, 32, 145, 246 fungi, 203–205 Ampedus, 158 invertebrates, 201–203 Ampedus cardinalis, 163, 391 Acanthocinus, 138 Ampedus hjorti, 391 Acanthocinus henschi, 4 Ampedus quadrisignatus, 4 Acari, 2, 35, 173 amphibians, 70, 165 associated species, 141 Amphicrossus, 153 bark-beetle association, 138, 141 Amylocystis lapponica, 179 evolution, 229 Amylostereum, 41 species diversity, 254 Amylostereum areolatum, 344 substrates, 75, 157, 167, 173, 179 Amylostereum chailletii, 27 Acer, 375 anaerobic conditions, 200 Acer platanoides, 155 Anaspidae, 167 Achilidae, 181 Anastrophyllum hellerianum, 77, 343 Acmaeops, 114 ancient forest, 383–384, 388 adaptive management, 330, species, 356, 357, 360, 383 411, 412 ancient tree, 161, 388, 390, Aedes geniculatus, 165 393, 395 Aesculus hippocastaneum, 102, 158 Aneides ferreus, 70 agaric fungi, 2, 169 Anisopodidae, 235 associated species, 181 Anisotoma, 174, 182 species diversity, 85 Anitys rubens, 163 Agaricochara, 43 Anobiidae, 26, 71, 154, 165, 170, 175, Agathidium, 174, 182 244, 357 Agathidium pulchellum, 181 Anobium nitidum, 154 Agathomyia wankowiczii, 44, 181 Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, 66 Agnathosia mendicella, 174 Anomaluridae, 67 Agrilus, 167 Anoplodera sexguttata, 102 Agrilus angustulus, 202 Anthaxia zuzannae, 36 Agrilus obscuricollis, 202 Anthomyiidae, 73 Agrilus planipennis, 187, 197 Anthomyzidae, 76 Alaus, 42 Anthrenus scrophulariae, 76 Aleurodiscus amorphus, 130 Anthribidae, 167, 181, 182 Aleurodiscus disciformis, 130 antifreeze proteins, 195 Allecula, 158 Antrodia crassa, 119, 185, 379

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88873-8 - Biodiversity in Dead Wood Jogeir N. Stokland, Juha Siitonen and Bengt Gunnar Jonsson Index More information

496 • I n d e x Antrodia infirma, 119, 197 Basidiomycota, 2, 227 Antrodia primaeva, 54 evolution, 227–229 Antrodia serialis, 54, 347 species diversity, 84–85, 147, 251 Antrodia sinuosa, 170, 181 substrates, 185, 190, 191 Antrodia xantha, 170, 181 bats, 67 ants. See Formicidae beech. See Fagus Apidae, 70 beetles. See Coleoptera Apis mellifera, 73, 405 Betula, 104, 118, 132, 222, 375 Apomyelois bistriatella, 181 bioenergy, 304, 311, 364–365, 408 Aradidae, 181 biopulping, 404 Aradus erosus, 181 Biphyllidae, 182 Aranea, 158, 256 Bisporella citrina, 3 Archaeopteris, 219 Bjerkandera, 180 Arhopalus, 114 Bjerkandera adusta, 53, 180 Arhopalus rusticus, 203 Bjerkandera fumosa, 53 Arion, 344 Blepharostoma trichophyllum, 77 Armillaria, 32, 168, 180, 206, 207, Blera fallax, 377 209, 335 blue-stain fungi. See staining fungi Armillaria bulbosa, 103 Bolitophagus reticulatus, 44, 170, 174, 341 Armillaria mellea, 289 Bolitotherus cornutus, 174 Aromia moschata, 393 Bolopus furcatus, 181 Arthrobotrys, 48 boreal forest, 278 Arthrobotrys anchonia, 44, 48 Boros schneideri, 359 Arthrobotrys superba, 50 Bostrichidae, 26, 154 Ascomycota, 2, 225 Bothrideres contractus, 358 associated species, 181 Bothrideridae, 358 evolution, 224–226 Botryobasidium subcoronatum, 209 species diversity, 85, 252 Botryosphaeria, 116 substrates, 166, 190, 191 Brachyopa, 37, 153 ash. See Fraxinus branches Asiliidae, 47 associated species, 168 aspen. See Populus dead attached, 165, 166, 191, 205 Aspergillus, 140 on the ground, 167 Asterodon ferruginosus, 347 Brenthidae, 71 Asteroxylon, 223 broadleaved trees Athous mutilatus, 396 associated species, 84 Atomaria umbrina, 181 chemical and physical properties, 11, 12, Aulacigaster leucopeza, 37 60, 96, 121, 131, 150, 151 Auricularia auricula-judae, 181 evolution, 94, 222 avenue, 390 species diversity, 91, 95 brown rot, 19, 20–21, 215 bacteria, 23, 152, 200, 222, 243 evolution, 241 Actinobacteria, 23, 24 brown-rot fungi, 20, 28 as gut symbionts. See gut symbionts Bryophyta, 77–79, 144, 251, 253, freshwater decomposition, 24 344, 372 marine decomposition, 24, 26 Bucephala clangula, 66 nitrogen fixing, 125 Bucephala islandica, 66 tunnelling bacteria, 23, 24 Buceros bicornis, 66 bacterial wetwood, 23 Buprestidae, 38, 202 Baranowskiella ehnstromi, 170, 173 evolution, 233 bark beetles. See Scolytinae habitat preferences, 387

Index • 497

species diversity, 273 Cerambyx cerdo, 118, 381 substrates, 167, 187 Cerambyx scopolii, 202 Buprestis splendens, 346 Ceratocystiopsis, 139 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, 260, 409 Ceratocystis, 131, 139, 207, 226 Ceratocystis platani, 395 Calicium denigratum, 119 Ceratopogonidae, 164 Calitys scabra, 170, 359 Cerotelion, 45 Callicera, 164 Ceruchus chrysomelinus, 360 Callicera rufa, 378 Cetoniinae, 153, 158 Callidiellum rufipenne, 199 Chaenotheca, 79 Callidium coriaceum, 118 Chaenotheca ferruginea, 80 Calliphoridae, 76 Chaenothecopsis fennica, 119 Callixylon, 220, 223 Chaetoderma luna, 119 Calocera, 32, 133, 228 Chaetosphaeria myriocarpa, 34 cambium. See wood anatomy, cambium Chalara fraxinea, 395, 409 Camponotus, 71, 73, 74 Cheyletidae, 173 Camptodiplosis auriculariae, 181 Chilopoda, 158 cankers, 150 Chironomidae, 26, 28, 164, 210, 211, 244 canopy fungi, 166, 204 Chiroptera, 67 Carabidae, 76, 357 Cholevinae, 74, 76 Carphoborus, 118 Choristoneura fumiferana, 283, 289 Carpinus, 375, 386 Christiansenia pallida, 52 Carpophilus, 153 Chrysidae, 73, 74 Carya, 104, 118 Chrysura radians, 74 Castor canadensis, 263 Chyromyidae, 76 Castor fiber, 263 Cicadidae, 151 Castoroides ohioensis, 263 Ciidae, 43, 170, 174, 175–177 cavities Cis bidentatus, 175 associated species, 46, 58, 67, 73, 155, Cis bilamellatus, 176 158, 159, 162, 184, 256, 370, 389, Cis boleti, 176, 177 396, 405 Cis hispidus, 177 availability, 61–62 Cis jaquemarti, 170, 178 development, 60–61, 154–156 Cis nitidus, 176 hollow tree, 60, 121, 154, 155, 389, 390 Cis punctulatus, 170 microclimatic conditions, 157 Cis quadridens, 342 nesting and roosting in, 58–59 Cistella hymeniophila, 54 nests in, 165 Cixidia confinis, 181 water-filled, 162 Cladonia, 79 wood mould, 154, 157–158 Cleridae, 47 cavity use by mammals, 66–69 Climacocystis borealis, 185 cavity-nesting birds, 62–66, 314, 324, 325 climate Cecidomyiidae, 167, 173, 181, 235 change, 407–408 cellulose, 11 Clytus arietis, 202 Cephalozia, 77 Cochliodon, 264 Cerambycidae, 26, 71, 154, 167, 199, 202, cohort dynamics, 315 216, 410 Coleoptera evolution, 240, 245 evolution, 232 habitat preferences, 360, 387 species diversity, 86, 106, 105, 256 species diversity, 273 substrates, 157, 158, 169, 174, 179, 189, substrates, 105, 153, 167, 187 203 Cerambycomima, 245 Collembola, 157, 167, 179, 259

498 • I n d e x colonization, 155, 168, 178, 188, 298, 343 hedgerow, 387 rate, 352, 367 parks, 154, 388–390 Columnocystis abietina, 347 threats, 393–396 Colydiidae, 46, 182 types, 380–382 competition, 65, 78, 277, 291–292, 339, Cupedidae, 244 340 Curculionidae, 244 self-thinning, 291 Curtimorda maculosa, 170 coniferous trees Cycadophyta, 87 associated species, 84 Cylindrosella, 173 chemical and physical properties, 11, 12, Cylister, 142 60, 96, 117, 292 Cyllodes ater, 180, 181 evolution, 92, 93, 220 Cyphelium pinicola, 119 species diversity, 91, 92 Cytospora, 116 connectivity, 316 conservation, 161 Dacrymyces, 32, 133, 228 conservation management, 331, 352 Dacrymyces stillatus, 117 continuity, 353–355 Dactylopsila trivirgata, 263 continuous-cover dynamics, 280, 286–292 Daldinia, 33, 133 Convention on Biological Diversity, 331 Daldinia concentrica, 182 coppicing, 386 Daldinia loculata, 115, 181, 182 Coriolus, 132 Dasyhelea, 165 Cornuvesica, 139 Daubentonia madagascariensis, 263 Corticeus, 142 dead wood Corticeus suturalis, 359 continuity, 307, 353 corticioid fungi, 2 diversity, 281, 299–301 species diversity, 85 dynamics, 307, 327 substrates, 166 quality, 306–307 Corylus, 222, 375, 386 spatial distribution, 286, 298, 299 Cossidae, 151, 240 volume, 279, 293, 295–298, 302–306, Cossonus, 163 327 Cossus, 40 decay rate, 200, 215, 296, 297 Cossus cossus, 245 decay rate constant, 125, 296, 297 Crepidoderus mutilatus, 389 decay resistance, 214, 215 Crepidotus, 132 decay stages, 126–128 Criorhina berberina, 209 decay succession, 168 Crustacea, 165, 210, 213 deciduous trees. See broadleaved trees Cryphonectria [=Endothia] parasitica, 409 decomposition pathways, 121–122 Cryptarcha, 153 defoliators, 111, 283 Cryptocerus, 25, 238, 244 deforestation, 362 Cryptophagidae, 74, 170, 174, 181, 182 Dendrocopos leucotus, 360, 369 Cryptophagus corticinus, 181 Dendroctonus, 284 Cryptophagus micaceus, 74 Dendroctonus brevicomis, 117 Ctenophora ornata, 162 Dendroctonus frontalis, 100, 117, 138, 141, 284 Cucujidae, 182 Dendroctonus mexicanus, 284 Cucujus, 143 Dendroctonus micans, 136, 285 Cucujus cinnaberinus, 359, 360 Dendroctonus ponderosae, 100, 117, 140, 284 Culicidae, 164 Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, 112 cultural environments. See cultural Dendroctonus rufipennis, 112, 285 habitats Dendroides, 143 cultural habitats, 161 Dendrolimus sibiricus, 283 alley, 390 Dendrophagus, 143 avenue, 390 Dermestes palmi, 74

Index • 499 Dermestidae, 73, 74, 75 Dorcatoma, 163, 172, 174, 175, 177–178 desiccation, 166, 185, 205 Dorcatoma punctulata, 170 detritivores, 35–41, 75, 158, 162, 164, 167, Dorcatoma robusta, 170, 178 169, 180 Dreposcia umbrina, 76 evolution, 243 driftwood, 212 inner bark consumers, 38, 143 Drosophila, 38, 241 sap feeders, 37 Drosophilidae, 153, 181 wood and fungus feeders, 40 drought, 216 wood consumers, 39, 202, 211 Dryocopus martius, 64, 66 diameter preferences Dryocopus pileatus, 65, 66 of fungi, 185–186 Dutch elm disease, 395 of invertebrates, 186–188 diameter, effects on ecosystem species composition, 191 change, 407 species richness, 190, 193 function, 403 trunk properties, 184 services, 406 Diaperis boleti, 170 Ectemnius cavifrons, 72 Diaporthales, 166 Ectemnius cephalotes nest, 71 Dicerca alni, 359 edge effects, 321 Dichomitus squalens, 197 Elater, 158 Dicranum flagellare, 344 Elater ferrugineus, 158, 163, 358, 369, 396 Diplomitoporus lindbladi, 170 Elateridae, 46, 47, 48, 358 Dipoides, 263 evolution, 233 Diptera substrates, 158, 163 evolution, 234 Eledona agaricola, 170 species diversity, 257 elm. See Ulmus substrates, 75, 153, 157, 158, 162, 169, Endomychidae, 174 180, 189 Endophragmitella, 34 Dipteryx, 66 energy wood harvesting. See bioenergy Dipteryx micrantha, 66 Enterobacter, 152 dispersal, 176 Entomocorticium, 140 ability, 155, 159, 287, 341–343, 345, enzymes 350, 353 cellulose degradation, 14 distance, 342, 343, 351 function, 13 rate, 190 hemicellulose degradation, 15 spore number, 345 laccase, 16, 242 spore size, 342 lignin degradation, 15, 97 trade-off, 341 lignin peroxidase, 15, 228, 241, 243 vector, 344 wood-degrading, 197 disturbance Eocatops lapponicus, 74 beaver, 294 Epirrita autumnata, 283 drought, 290 Episphaeria fraxinicola, 205 fire. See fire epixylic. See also Bryophyta, lichens fungi, 289–290 epixylic species, 6, 76, 182 insect, 289 Erethizontidae, 67 large-scale, 278, 285 Ernobius explanatus, 118 natural, 278 Ernobius nigrinus, 203 regime, 315–316, 321, 353 Erotylidae, 43, 174, 180, 181 snow, 290 establishment, 343–345 stand-replacing, 286, 353 eucalypt forests, 281 wind, 281–282, 288 Eucalyptus, 61 Dolichopodidae, 47, 153 Eucalyptus marginata, 62

500 • I n d e x Eucalyptus obliqua, 156 forest certification, 332–333, 335 Eucinetidae, 182 forest fire. See fire Eucnemidae, 154, 357, 358 forest governance, 336 Eucnemis capucina, 389 forest health, 304, 335 Eumenidae, 70 forest management, 215, 363 Euperipatoides rowelli, 199 clear-cutting, 310–311, 315, 363 Euryusa coarctata, 74 continuous-cover forestry, 308, 310, 316 Eustalomyia, 73 economy, 309, 332, 333, 403 Eutriplax, 180 monocultures, 306 Eutypa maura, 205 plantations, 314, 406 Exidia, 132 regime, 308–314 Exidia pithya, 112 rotation times, 305 Exidia saccharina, 112 salvage logging, 313, 314 Exocentrus, 167 selective logging, 303, 310 extinction sustainable, 314, 321 debt, 352, 369–371 whole-tree harvesting, 311, 313 rate, 352, 406 forest reserves, 319, 405 risk, 351 Formica lemani, 74 threshold, 160, 352, 367–369 Formicidae, 70, 74, 153 fragmentation, 160, 352 Fagus, 159, 210, 222, 375, 396 sensitivity, 342 Fagus sylvatica, 135, 155, 189 Fraxinus, 68, 375, 386 Fannia, 164 Fraxinus excelsior, 155, 395 Fanniidae, 43, 76 freezing tolerance, 195–196 fibre saturation point, 198 freshwater fungi, 164, 211 fire, 216, 276, 278–281, 287–288, 311 freshwater invertebrates, 28, 164, 211–212 area burned, 280 fruiting bodies canopy, 279 as a microhabitat, 168 climatic conditions, 280 associated species, 170, 181, 182 ground, 279, 287 nitrogen content, 169 hazards, 336 of agarics, 180 regime, 278–281 of annual polypores, 180 resistance, 288 of ascomycetes, 182 severity, 279, 280, 287 of myxomycetes, 182 size, 279 of perennial polypores, 172–174, 179 wood consumption, 325 production, 190 fire-associated species,114 , 115, 197, 198, successional development, 172, 179 203, 285, 288, 324, 325, 341, 343, 357 surveys, 378 firewood, 336, 396, 407 Funalia trogii, 170 fishes.See saproxylic, fishes functional diversity, 409 Fistulina hepatica, 103, 130 fungicolous fungi, 54 fluvial processes,276 fungivores, 41, 75, 143, 167, 168–182, 259 Fomes fomentarius, 18, 19, 131, 143, 170, ambrosia feeders, 45 174, 176, 178, 341 fruiting-body feeders, 169, 174 Fomitopsis cajanderi, 133 mycelium feeders, 169 Fomitopsis officinalis, 404 spore feeders, 169, 173, 174 Fomitopsis pinicola, 3, 21, 41, 133, 140, 143, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176, 214, 215, 342, Galerina, 133 347 Ganoderma, 43, 155, 168 Fomitopsis rosea, 174, 185, 214, 215, 342, Ganoderma applanatum, 20, 181 345, 347 Ganoderma lipsiense, 44, 155 food web, 29 gap dynamics, 286, 288, 315, 353

Index • 501 gaseous regime, 200 Histeridae, 47, 76, 153 Ginkgo biloba, 92 Hohenbuhelia, 48 girdling, 322 hole-nesting birds. See cavity-nesting birds Globicornis marginata, 73 hollow tree. See cavity Gloeophyllum carbonarium, 115 Holopsis, 43 Gloeophyllum odoratum, 113, 181 Homoptera, 181 Gloeophyllum protractum, 119, 197 honey bee. See Apis mellifera Gloeophyllum sepiarium, 113, 170, 204, 347 Hoplocephalus bungaroides, 69 Gloeophyllum trabeum, 215 horse chestnut. See Aesculus hippocastanum Gnathoncus, 76 hoverflies. See Syrphidae Gnorimus, 158 humidity. See moisture goat willow. See Salix caprea Hylastes, 209 Gondwanamyces, 139 Hylecoetus dermestoides, 45 Grammopterus, 167 Hylobius, 209 Graphium, 139 Hylochares, 42 Green-tree retention, 324. See tree Hylotrupes bajulus, 216, 346 retention Hylurgopinus rufipes, 395 Grifola frondosa, 103, 404 Hymenochaetaceae, 166 Grosmannia, 139 Hymenochaete rubiginosa, 102 growth optima, 196 Hymenochaete ulmi, 130 gut symbionts Hymenoptera, 50, 70, 74 bacteria, 26, 125, 264 evolution, 235 evolution, 243 nesting in dead wood, 73 ingested fungal enzymes, 27, 40, 41 species diversity, 142, 258 protozoa, 25 substrates, 157 yeasts, 26 hyperparasitoids, 49, 52 Gyrophaena, 43, 173 Hyphoderma, 48 Gyrophaena boleti, 173 Hyphodontia, 133 Hypholoma, 54, 155 habitat dynamics, 349 Hypholoma fasciculare, 53, 207 habitat loss, 406 Hyphomycetes, 164 habitat suitability models, 329 Hypocenomyce, 343 Hammerschmidtia ferruginea, 37, 378 Hypocenomyce anthracophila, 115 Haploglossa, 76 Hypocenomyce castaneocinerea, 115 Harminius undulatus, 329 Hypoxylon, 33, 116, 117, 225 heart-rot fungi, 60, 103, 130, 155, 186, 289 indicator species, 160 heartwood. See wood anatomy, heartwood indoor fungi, 216 Heleomyzidae, 76 inner bark. See wood anatomy, inner bark hemicellulose, 11 inner bark consumers. See detritivores Hemiptera, 2, 45, 151, 181, 259 Inonotus, 32, 179 Hemitrichia calyculata, 255 Inonotus dryadeus, 103 hermit beetle. See Osmoderma eremita Inonotus radiatus, 170 Heterobasidion, 113, 168, 209, 290 insect attacks, 216 Heterobasidion annosum, 20, 130, 140, Ipidia binotata, 359 206, 335 Ips acuminatus, 39, 137, 285 Heterohyus nanus, 264 Ips cembrae, 285 hibernation in dead wood, 69, 76 Ips sexdentatus, 39, 285 high stumps, 318 Ips subelongatus, 285 Hippoboscidae, 75 Ips typographus, 35, 100, 112, 117, 132, 136, Hirtodrosophila lundstroemi, 181 138, 285, 314, 335, 346 Hirtodrosophila trivittata, 181 associated species, 52

502 • I n d e x Ischnoderma resinosum, 186 Leptographium, 131, 139, 207 Ischnodes, 158 Leptura revestita, 154 Ischnodes sanguinicollis, 163 Leptura thoracica, 359 Isopoda, 158 Lestremiinae, 173 Isoptera, 2, 25, 73, 217, 244, 261–262 Letharia, 81 associated species, 45 lichens, 79–81, 251, 253, 372 cavity production by, 64 life-boating, 316, 322 evolution, 238 life-history strategies, 104, 339, 340 habitat preferences, 60 age of first reproduction, 345–348 nesting in dead wood, 70 asexual diaspores, 146, 343 species diversity, 261 lifespan, 348 Isorhipis marmottani, 358 lignin, 21, 32, 96, 132, 213, 218, 242, 404, Isorhipis melasoides, 357 See enzymes, lignin degradation 12, 13 lime. See Tilia Jahnulales, 211 Limnoria, 213 jewel beetles. See Buprestidae Limoniidae, 211 Limoniscus, 158 kairomones, 343 Limoniscus violaceus, 163 kelo trees, 118 Liocola, 158 Keroplatidae, 43 liverworts. See Bryophyta Keroplatus, 45, 173 Lonchaea, 37, 47, 142 Klebsiella, 152 Lonchaea caucasica, 38 kleptoparasites, 73 Lonchaea corticis, 48 Kuehneromyces mutabilis, 181 Lonchaea fraxina, 38 longhorn beetles. See Cerambycidae Lachnellula subtilissima, 3 Lophozia, 77 Lacon conspersus, 359 Lordithon, 173 Laemophloeus, 143 Lordithon trimaculatus, 181 Laemophloeus muticus, 359 Loricariidae, 264 Laetiporus sulphureus, 21, 130, 155, 158, Lucanidae, 153, 244 170, 179, 180, 404 Lucanus cervus, 4, 209 Lamia textor, 209 lumen. See wood anatomy, cell lumen Lamiinae, 167 Lycogala epidendrum, 255 landscape scale, 276, 290, 299, 329, 330, Lyctidae, 154 350, 352, 353 Lymexylidae, 246 Languridae, 73 Larca lata, 256 Macrotermes natalensis, 27 Larix, 92, 283 Magdalis, 203 Lasius brunneus, 74 Magnolia, 222 Lasius fuliginosus, 74 Mallophaga, 75 latent fungal community, 167, 347 Mallota, 164 Lathridiidae, 174, 182 Malus, 375 Laurilia sulcata, 185 mangrove forests, 210, 212 Leiodidae, 174, 181, 182 man-made constructions, 216 Leiopus, 167 marine, 210 Leiopus nebulosus, 203 driftwood, 295 lemurs, 67, 263 fungi, 210, 212 Lentinula edodes, 404 invertebrates, 28, 212–213, 260 Lenzites betulinus, 53, 132 Marinosphaera mangrovei, 212 Lepidoptera, 2, 74, 151, 181, 245, 259 marsupials, cavity use of, 67 Lepidozia reptans, 77 Mauritia, 66 Leptodontium, 34 Medetera, 47, 142

Index • 503 Medetera apicalis, 342 Mycetobiidae, 153 medicine, 404 Mycetochara, 158 Megachilidae, 70, 72, 74 Mycetophagus fulvicollis, 359 Megacollybia, 180 Mycetophagus quadripustulatus, 359 Megatoma undata, 73 Mycetophila finlandica, 181 Melandrya dubia, 170 Mycetophilidae, 43, 173, 181, 182, 235, Melandryidae, 170 372 Melanophila acuminata, 114, 341 mycoparasites. See parasites, mycoparasites Melyridae, 167 mycorrhiza fungi, 53, 134 Mesopolobus typographi, 52 Myolepta, 164 metapopulation, 160 Myotis californicus, 68 capacity, 329 Myotis sodalis, 68 dynamics, 348–353 myxomycetes, 174, 181, 254 habitat-tracking, 160, 348, 349, 351 mainland-island, 160 Nanacridae, 173 model, 329–330 Nanosella, 173 patch-tracking, 348, 349, 351 Nanosellinae, 43, 173 Metriacnemus cavicola, 165 natural forests, 286, 297, 299, 320 microclimate, 166, 199 naturalness, 301 Micrococcus luteus, 141 nature conservation evaluation, 379 microhabitats, 150, 151 Neatus picipes, 158 Milichia ludens, 74 Nectria cinabarina, 205 Milichidae, 74 Nemadus colonoides, 76 mites. See Acari Nematoda, 4, 48, 259 moisture, 123, 184, 197–199 substrates, 158 molluscs, 76 Nemosoma, 142 Molorchus minor, 115 Neopachygaster, 46 monitoring, 330 Neossus nidicola, 76 Monochamus, 138, 260 nests of insects Monochamus urussovii, 360 associated species, 75 Mordellidae, 170 nests of vertebrates Morpholycus, 39 associated species, 76 mortality niches, 300 natural background rates, 278 Niditinea truncicolella, 74 pattern, 291, 292 Nitidulidae, 153, 174, 180, 181 rate, 276–278, 291, 292, 296 Nitschkia cupularis, 205 single tree, 286 Noctuidae, 153 mortality factors, 110–121, 276–278 Nosodendridae, 153 competition, 115 Nothofagus, 297, 298 cutting, 113 Notocupoides triassicus, 234 drought, 115 Nycteribiidae, 75 fire, 64, 113, 114 Nymphalidae, 153 other mortality factors, 119 wind, 112 oak. See Quercus morticulture, 326–327 oak dieback. See Phytophthora Morus alba, 99 Obrium brunneum, 115 mosses. See Bryophyta Octotemnus, 177 Muscidae, 47, 164 Octotemnus glabriculus, 175, 176 Myathropa florea, 164, 165 Odiniidae, 47 mycelial cords, 207, 216, 290 Odonata, 165 Mycena, 133 Odonticium romellii, 119 Mycena corticola, 130 old-growth forest, 66, 174, 276, 360

504 • I n d e x Oligoporus, 179 pest outbreaks, 335, 409 Omalus auratus, 74 Phaenops formanecki, 341 Omalus puncticollis, 74 Phallus impudicus, 207 Onychophora, 199, 262 Phanerochaete, 133 Oomycetes, 150 Phanerochaete chrysosporium, 15, 18, 96 Ophiostoma, 131, 139, 226 Phanerochaete cremea, 52 Ophiostoma canum, 137 Phanerochaete raduloides, 115 Ophiostoma minus, 141 Phanerochaete velutina, 132, 207, 208 Ophiostoma nova-ulmi, 131, 395 Phaonia, 164 Ophiostoma ulmi, 131, 395, 409 Phellinites digiustoi, 228 Opiliones, 158 Phellinus, 32 Oplocephala haemorrhoidalis, 341 Phellinus chrysoloma, 103, 130, 288, 289, opossums, 67 347 option value, 405 Phellinus conchatus, 170, 173 Orbilia, 48, 224 Phellinus contiguus, 205 Orchesia fasciata, 359 Phellinus ferrugineofuscus, 347 Orussidae, 237 Phellinus igniarius, 143 Oryctes nasicornis, 26 Phellinus nigrolimitatus, 185, 347, 354 Osmia leaiana, 74 Phellinus pini, 19, 20, 64, 103, 130 Osmoderma barnabita, 161 Phellinus pomaceus, 103 Osmoderma cristinae, 161 Phellinus tremulae, 65, 103 Osmoderma eremita, 158, 159–161, 163, 195, Phellinus viticola, 347 196, 341, 369, 381, 396 Phellinus weirii, 290 Osmoderma lassallei, 161 phenolic compounds, 98, 99, 107, 214 Ostracoda, 213 polyphenolic parenchyma cells, 99 pheromones, 159, 178, 284, 343 Pachnocybe ferruginea, 227 Phlebia, 133 Pachygaster, 46 Phlebia centrifuga, 185, 215, 342, 345, 347 Pachyta lamed, 209 Phlebia radiata, 132 Pallopteridae, 47 Phlebia rufa, 132 Panaque, 264 Phlebia tremellosa, 3 Pandivirilia melaleuca, 162 Phlebiella vaga, 133 Panellus, 132 Phlebiopsis gigantea, 113, 140 Pantophthalmidae, 235 Phloem. See wood anatomy, inner bark Paranopleta inhabilis, 181 Phloeonomus, 142 parasites, 49 Phloeophagus, 163 mycoparasites, 52 Phloeotribus spinulosus, 115 parasitoids, 49, 50, 56, 75, 142, Pholadidae, 26 153, 157 Pholiota, 32, 133, 155 parks. See cultural habitats Phoridae, 43 Parus, 62 Phryganophilus ruficollis, 170 Passalidae, 26, 244 Physarum polycephalum, 255 Passaloecus, 74 Physisporinus rivulosus, 404 pasture woodland, 385–386, 388 Phytophthora, 150, 395 Paxillus involutus, 53 Picea, 130, 283, 288 Peltis grossa, 41, 143, 170, 357 associated species, 78, 185, 375 Pemphredo, 74 Picea abies, 78, 100, 129, 134, 136, 148, Peniophora, 52, 132, 140 204, 214, 347 Peniophora quercina, 205 Picea glauca, 215 Pentaphyllus testaceus, 170 Picidae, 62, 64, 325, 369 Perilampus, 52 Picoides borealis, 64 Periplaneta americana, 26 Picoides tridactylus, 369

Index • 505 Piloderma fallax, 134 growth, 159, 346 Pinus, 53, 100, 103, 104, 132, 288 turnover, 350, 351 associated species, 187, 375 Populus, 37, 103, 104, 118, 132, 222, 375 life-history strategy, 118 Populus tremula, 64 Pinus contorta, 284 Populus tremuloides, 64, 99 Pinus echinata, 284 Porophila, 173 Pinus jeffreyi, 281 Porricondylinae, 173 Pinus radiata, 344 Postia, 179 Pinus sibirica, 283 Postia lateritia, 119 Pinus sylvestris, 118, 204 predators, 46, 71, 75, 142, 153, 158, 162, Pinus taeda, 284 163, 164 Piptoporus betulinus, 21, 54, 131, 170, facultative predators, 47 179, 180 predatory fungi, 48 Piptoporus quercinus, 103 primary cavity nesters, 58, 62 Pissodes, 138 primary parasitic fungi, 289 Pityogenes bidentatus, 203 primeval forest. See ancient forest Pityogenes chalcographus, 113 Prionocyphon serricorne, 165 Pityogenes quadridens, 113 Prionus coriarius, 209 Pityophthorus, 167 Prionychus, 158 Placusa, 142 Procraerus tibialis, 163, 396 Plagionotus arcuatus, 202 Prostomidae, 357 Plagionotus detritus, 360 Prostomis mandibularis, 357 Platanus orientalis, 395 Protocalliphora, 76 Platydema violacea, 181 Prunus, 103, 222 Platynus mannerheimii, 359 Psathyrella, 133 Platypezidae, 43, 181 Pselaphidae, 158 Platyrhinus resinosus, 181, 359 Pselaphys spadix, 213 Platysoma, 142 Pseudocistela, 158 Platysoma deplanatum, 359 Pseudoscorpionida, 2, 158, 256 Plegaderus, 142 Pseudotomentella, 134 Pleurotus, 16, 20, 32, 48, 180, Pseudotsuga, 289, 292, 297 181, 404 Pseudotsuga menziesii, 68, 200 Pleurotus ostreatus, 3, 404 Psocoptera, 179 Pluteus, 133, 180 Pteryngium crenatum, 170 Poecile, 62 Ptilidium pulcherrimum, 346 Poecilium, 167 Ptiliidae, 170, 173 Pogonochaerus, 167 Ptinidae, 76 pollarding, 385, 386, 387 public awareness, 335–336 Polygraphus poligraphus, 289 Pycnomerus terebrans, 357 Polygraphus subopacus, 115 Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, 204 polypores Pyrochroa, 39, 48, 143 annual, 169, 378 Pytho, 39, 143 associated species, 181 Pytho kolwensis, 354, 359, 361 definition,2 perennial, 169, 378 Quercus, 102, 103, 104, 118, 120, 151, 205, species diversity, 84, 273 222, 375, 395 substrates, 186 associated species, 130, 152, 155, Polyporus, 179 159, 375 Polyporus betulinus, 175 chemical and physical properties, 61, Polyporus squamosus, 155, 180, 181 154, 158 population Quercus acutissima, 152 dynamics, 348 Quercus robur, 61, 192

506 • I n d e x r- and K-selection strategies, 338 sap exudation, 37, 153 Ramichloridium, 34 associated species, 152, 153 Raphidioptera, 2, 47, 239, 259 causes, 151, 152 red-listed species. See threatened saproxy- sap feeders. See detritivores lic species321 sap run. See sap exudation reduced impact logging, 310 saprophages. See detritivores remnant dead wood, 303, 316, 318 saproxylic, 6 reptiles, use of dead wood, 69 definition, 6 residual wood decayers. See wood-decay- dinosaurs, 264 ing fungi facultative, 241, 249, 253 resilience, 403 fishes, 264 resin, 97, 99, 102, 103, 107, 131 global species diversity, 274 defence, 100, 284 obligate, 106, 241, 244 differences between coniferous trees, obligate, definition, 249 100 species diversity hypotheses, 107, 109, production, 216 269 restoration, 322–325 saproxylic food web, 29, 54, 56, 409 Resupinatus, 133 sapwood. See wood anatomy, sapwood Rhinocladiella, 34 Savoryella lignicola, 212 rhizomorphs, 206 Scapania, 77 Rhizophagidae, 47, 174 Scarabaeidae, 26, 158, 233 Rhizophagus, 142 scavengers, 45, 75, 164 Rhyncolus, 163 Schizotus, 143 Rhysodes sulcatus, 357, 358 Sciophila, 173 Rhysodidae, 357 Scirtidae, 164 Rhyssa persuasoria, 51, 237 Sciuridae, 67 Rigidoporus ulmarius, 103 Scolytinae, 38, 71, 138–141, 284, 314, 335 riparian forests, 294 aggressive bark beetles, 35, 100, 136 river morphology, 293 evolution, 240, 245 Rodentia, 67 non-aggressive bark beetles, 136 rodents, cavity use of, 67 species diversity, 273 roots substrates, 105, 167, 186 associated species, 168, 207, 209 Scolytus multistriatus, 395 Ropalopus, 167 Scolytus ratzeburgi, 36 rot position in tree Scolytus rugulosus, 137 butt rot, 18, 155 Scolytus scolytus, 395 heart rot, 18, 184, 207, 292 Scydmaenidae, 158 root rot, 18, 206–207 Scydmaenus perrisi, 74 top rot, 18, 155 secondary cavity nesters, 62, 65 rot types. See brown rot, white rot, secondary cavity users, 58 soft rot secondary substances, 213, 215, 216 rot holes, 156 Semanotus bifasciatus, 199 ruderal area, wooded, 393 senescence, 117 ruderal species, 339, 346 Sequoia, 104, 288 Sericoda bogemanni, 357 Sacium pusillum, 359 Serpula lacrymans, 198, 216 salamanders, 69, 260 Sesia melanocephala, 154 Salix, 222 Sesiidae, 154, 240, 245 Salix caprea, 173, 393 shipworms. See Teredinidae Salpingidae, 167, 182 Siphonaptera, 75 salvage logging, 363. See forest Sirex, 344 management Sirex cyaneus, 27

Index • 507 Siricidae, 27, 41, 51, 236, 237, structural wood decayers. See wood- 244, 258 decaying fungi Sistotrema brinkmanni, 132 stump harvest, 312 Sitta, 62 subfossil beetles, 357 Skeletocutis odora, 185 subterranean, 53, 135 slime flux. See sap exudation fungi, 206, 207 slime moulds. See myxomycetes invertebrates, 209, 217 small-scale disturbance, 289 succession, 279, 285 snags, 314, 318 pathways, 285 snakeflies.See Raphidioptera species, 339 soft rot, 19, 21–23 stages, 276, 278, 299, 303 soft-rot fungi, 21, 28, 200 sugar fermentation, 16, 153 soil resources, 207, 208 sugar fungi, 31 Solva, 143 Suillus variegatus, 53 Sorbus, 222, 375 Sulcacis affinis, 177 Sordariomycetes, 166 Sulcacis bidentulus, 170 evolution, 225–226 sun exposure, 159, 201–203 species diversity, 225 canopy, 202 Soronia, 153 fungi, 204 source–sink dynamics, 348, 349, 352 invertebrates, 201, 310 species diversity, 300 supercooled condition, 195, 196 species–area relationship, 188, 367 surveys of saproxylic species, 379, 398 Sphaeritidae, 153 sycamore. See Acer platanoides Sphaeropsis, 116 Sylvacoleus sharovi, 234 Sphecidae, 70, 71, 74 Sylvicola, 256 Sphindidae, 182 Synanthedon myopaeformis, 154 spiders. See Aranea Syrphidae, 71, 209, 244 stag beetles. See Lucanidae substrates, 153, 162, 164 Stagetus borealis, 357 Systenus, 162 staining fungi, 31, 39, 131, 145, 207 blue-stain fungi, 31, 139–140, 284 Trametes socotrana, 196 evolution, 226, 246 tannins, 102 stand development, 276 Tarsonemus, 141 stand development models, 327–329 Temnostoma, 144, 244 stand productivity, 296 temperature, 184, 195–197 Staphylinidae, 74, 76, 153, 173, 181 lethal, 195, 197 Steganosporium acerinum, 205 Tenebrio obscurus, 158 stem-exclusion stage, 276 Tenebrio opacus, 369, 391 Stemonitis, 255 Tenebrionidae, 158, 170, 174, 181 Stereaceae, 166 Tenomerga mucida, 234 Stereum, 41, 132 Teredinidae, 39, 212, 213, 260 Stereum gausapatum, 103 termites, 28. See Isoptera Stereum hirsutum, 44, 52 Termitomyces, 45 Stereum rameale, 205 Termopsitidae, 73 Stereum sanguinolentum, 52, 347 terpenes, 98 sterols, 214 Tetraphis pellucida, 344 Stictis, 79 Tetratoma fungorum, 170 storm. See windthrow Tetropium, 289 Stratiomyidae, 235 Thanasimus, 142 stress-tolerant species, 339 Thanasimus formicarius, 44 Stropharia caerulea, 208 Thereva nobilitata, 162 structural enrichment, 316 Therevidae, 162

508 • I n d e x Thiasophila inquilina, 74 tropical forests, 20, 28, 60, 61, 62, 67, 109, Thiasophila wockii, 74 165, 196, 217, 239, 261, 272, 278, threatened saproxylic species, 356 288, 290, 295, 297, 298, 304, 310, assessing threat status, 372 406, 410 ecological traits, 376 Tropideres dorsalis, 359 habitat requirements, 376 Trypodendron domesticum, 36 IUCN criteria, 372–374 Trypophloeus, 167 regionally extinct species, 362 Tsuga, 97, 289, 292, 297 Thysanoptera, 2, 45, 167, 259 Tubulicrinis, 133 Tilia, 155, 159, 375 Tylospora fibrillosa, 34 Tineidae, 43, 74, 76, 174, 240 Tipulidae, 26, 162, 244 Ulmus, 68, 103, 155, 222, 375, 395 Tomentella, 134 Uloma culinaris, 158 Tomentella crinalis, 134 umbrella species, 160 Tomentellopsis submollis, 134 Upis ceramboides, 359 Tomicobia seitneri, 52 urban forest, 392–393, 400 Tomicus minor, 137 Urocerus gigas, 4, 237 Tomicus piniperda, 137 Tortricidae, 181 Velleius dilatatus, 74 Tragosoma depsarium, 187 velvet worms. See Onychophora Trametes, 113, 132, 180 Vespa, 73 Trametes cervina, 196 Vespa crabro, 74 Trametes cingulata, 196 Vespidae, 70, 73, 74, 153 Trametes gibbosa, 53 veteran tree, 390–392, 395 Trametes ochracea, 53 management, 400 Trametes versicolor, 18, 53, 175, 177, 215 surveys, 397 transition stage, 276 volatile compounds, 343 Trechispora hymenocystis, 133 Volucella inflata, 4 tree Vuilleminia comedens, 205 development, 184 establishment stage, 276 water stress. See mortality factors, drought growth rate, 213–214 wetwood syndrome, 152 senescence, 292 white rot, 18–20, 215 tree defence, 97 evolution, 241 wound repair, 97 white-rot fungi, 18, 28 tree growth rate, 184 wind throw, 276, 278, 282, 288 tree retention, 310, 316–319 wood anatomy, 10 Tremella aurantia, 44, 52 cambium, 37, 38, 92, 93, 153, 206, 288 Tremella encephala, 52 cell lumen, 13 Tremella mesentrica, 52 cork cambium, 98 Tremellales, 181 heartwood, 37, 103, 168, 184 Trichaptum, 18, 20, 32, 112, 180 inner bark, 37, 99, 168, 243 Trichaptum abietinum, 170, 347 middle lamella, 13 Trichaptum fuscoviolaceum, 170 outer bark, 98, 168, 183 Trichoderma, 140 primary cell wall, 12 Trichoptera, 211 sapwood, 37, 101, 168 Triplax, 180 secondary cell wall, 12 Triplax aenea, 181 wood-boring species, 39. See detritivores Triplax rufipes, 181 wood density, 184, 213, 214–215 Triplax russica, 42 wood in soil, 206, 210 Trogossitidae, 170, 357 wood in water, 210–213, 292–293

Index • 509 wood mould. See cavities, wood mould xylobiont, 5 wood pasture, 383. See Xylobolus frustulatus, 20 pasture woodland Xylocopidae, 70 wood-decaying fungi Xylomya maculata, 162 residual wood decayers, 33–35, 133 xylomycetophagous, 40. See detrivores residual wood decayers (definition), 33 Xylomyidae, 162, 235 structural wood decayers, 32–33, 54, Xylophaga, 26, 213 133 Xylophagidae, 47, 235 structural wood decayers (definition), xylophagous, 39. See detritivores 32 Xylophagus, 143 wooded meadow, 387 Xylota sylvarum, 210 woodland key habitats, 321 woodpeckers. See Picidae yeasts, 2 woodwasps. See Siricidae as morphological group, 31 woody material as taxonomic group, 31 definition, 6 evolution, 224, 228 wounds, 121, 131, 150, 152, 153, 155 gut symbiont, 26 sap fermentation, 17 Xerocomus, 133 species diversity, 147 Xiphydria prolongata, 393 substrates, 152 Xiphydriidae, 236 xylan decomposition, 26 Xorides stigmapterus, 44 Xylaria, 33, 133, 225 Zabrachia, 46 Xylaria hypoxylon, 3 Zavaljus brunneus, 73 Xylariales, 166 Zilora ferruginea, 359 Xyleborus, 45 Zopheridae, 357 Xylechinus pilosus, 115 Zoraptera, 2, 239, 262 Xylita livida, 170 Zyras funestus, 74