Crown Pastoral Land Tenure Review

Lease name : LOCH LINNHE

Lease number : PO 230

Conservation Resources Report - Part 1

As part of the process of Tenure Review, advice on significant inherent values within the pastoral lease is provided by Department of Conservation officials in the form of a Conservation Resources Report. This report is the result of outdoor survey and inspection. It is a key piece of information for the development of a preliminary consultation document.

Note: Plans which form part of the Conservation Resources Report are published separately.

These documents are all released under the Official information Act 1982.

August 07

RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

DOC CONSERVATION RESOURCES REPORT ON TENURE REVIEW OF

LOCH LINNHE PASTORAL LEASE (PAL 14-04-230)

UNDER PART 2 CROWN PASTORAL LAND ACT

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 1 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 1: INTRODUCTION...... 3 PART 2: INHERENT VALUES: DESCRIPTION OF CONSERVATION RESOURCES AND ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE...... 5

2.1 LANDSCAPE...... 5 2.2 LANDFORMS, GEOLOGY AND SOILS ...... 13 2.3 LAND ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW ZEALAND (LENZ)...... 14 2.4 CLIMATE ...... 17 2.5 VEGETATION ...... 17 2.5.1 Problem Plants...... 27 2.6 FAUNA ...... 27 2.6.1 Invertebrates...... 27 2.6.2 Herpetofauna and Amphibians ...... 37 2.6.3 Avifauna...... 40 2.6.4 Aquatic Fauna ...... 42 2.6.5 Problem Animals...... 47 2.7 HISTORIC...... 47 2.7.1 Maori Cultural Values...... 47 2.7.2 Pakeha Heritage Values...... 47 2.8 PUBLIC RECREATION...... 59 PART 3: OTHER RELEVANT MATTERS & PLANS...... 65

3.1 CONSULTATION...... 65 3.2 REGIONAL POLICY STATEMENTS & PLANS ...... 66 3.3 DISTRICT PLANS...... 66 3.4 CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES & PLANS ...... 67 3.5 NEW ZEALAND BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY ...... 69 PART 4: ATTACHMENTS ...... 70

4.1 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ...... 70 4.1.1 Conservation Resources of Adjoining Crown Land Reserved from Sale under Sec. 58 Land Act 1948 (Lake Edge) ...... 70 4.1.2 References...... 73 4.1.3 Appendices...... 77 4.1.3 Photographs...... 4.2 ILLUSTRATIVE MAPS......

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 2 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

PART 1: INTRODUCTION

The lessees of Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease (referred to in this report as “the Lease”) have applied to the Commissioner of Crown Lands for a review of the property’s pastoral lease tenure. Loch Linnhe Station is leased by Murray and Karen Scott, and Polson Higgs Nominees Ltd.

The 11057 ha property straddles the Hector Mountains, from Lake Wakatipu in the west to the Nevis River in the east. The original homestead (now located on freehold land) is located beside Whittens Creek in the Nevis Valley, and was in use until the 1950s. The modern homestead, located off SH6, is approximately 28 km from Frankton and 9 km north of Kingston in Otago.

The property comprises a long narrow strip (to 1100 m altitude) along the lake, extending from Wye Creek in the north to Staircase Creek. South of Staircase Creek, the property widens, extending eastwards right over the Hector Mountains to the Nevis Valley, encompassing a number of 2000 m peaks including James Peak (2072 m asl), and the catchments of Sproules Creek and Whittens Creek.

Kingston Road (SH6) provides formed legal road access to the front country along the shores of Lake Wakatipu at the western end of the property, while the backcountry Nevis Road provides formed legal road access to its eastern boundary in the remote Nevis Valley.

Altitude ranges between 311 m on the shores of Lake Wakatipu and 2072 m on the crest of the Harris Mountains. The Lease is made up of moderately steep glacially-worn lake faces which have been oversown and top-dressed (OSTD) up to about 1100 m; bluffs and rock outcrops at all altitudes, steep glaciated mountains and features, and includes part of the isolated backcountry Nevis Valley.

The Lease lies within the Lakes Ecological Region and the Remarkables Ecological District. No Protected Natural Areas Survey Programme (PNAP) of the ecological district has been carried out. No parts of the Lease are currently subject to protection for conservation purposes.

In 1974, the Land Settlement Board considered an application by the Mt Cook and Southern Lakes Tourist Co. Ltd for the development of a commercial skifield in the Rastus Burn, The Remarkables. As a consequence, a multi-disciplinary team investigated The Remarkables and Hector Mountains as far south as James Peak, and a comprehensive management report was published in 1977 by the Department of Lands & Survey.

Adjoining the property to the north and south is the Remarkables Conservation Area (see Map 4.2.1(c)), of which The Remarkables (Loch Linnhe) Conservation Area (Conservation Management Strategy Number F40032) was retired from the Loch Linnhe Lease in the 1980s under a Soil & Water Conservation Plan. A conservation covenant on Glen Nevis Station adjoins the property along its southwestern boundary. There are Part

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 3 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

IVA Conservation Act 1987 marginal strips present along Wye Creek, Staircase Creek, Sproules Creek, Whittens Creek and Nevis River (see Maps 4.2.1(a) and (b)).

There is some confusion as the land status of the strip of land between Lake Wakatipu and the western Lease boundary. The Status Report map (see Maps 4.1(a) and (b)) note it as “Crown Land reserved from sale under section 58 Land Act 1948”. This land is included in the tenure review of Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease.

The tenure review inspection of Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease was undertaken on 29th January – 2nd February 2007 by a range of specialists.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 4 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

PART 2: INHERENT VALUES: DESCRIPTION OF CONSERVATION RESOURCES AND ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

2.1 LANDSCAPE

Landscape Context

Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease is located between Lake Wakatipu and the Nevis Valley. It extends from the Kingston Arm of Lake Wakatipu onto the Hector Mountains and east to include the summit ridge, and two catchments on the western side of the Nevis Valley. The Nevis River forms the eastern boundary.

The Remarkables and Hector Mountains are major north-south trending mountains reaching 2234 m. The mountains separate Lake Wakatipu from the Nevis Valley.

The Lease forms a major part (approx. 16 km) of the eastern lake faces of the Kingston Arm of Lake Wakatipu. Lake Wakatipu is part of a major lake basin that extends from Glenorchy to Kingston and formed by the ancient, giant Wakatipu trough glacier.

The Remarkables and Hector Mountains display strong signs of glaciation at high altitude. Ice scraped and sculptured slopes and bluffs are also extensive on lower slopes. Rock outcrops and bluffs are a feature of the entire western face of the mountain range. The range as a whole is strongly identifiable with Queenstown and Lake Wakatipu. The Remarkables in particular are renowned for their sheer, buttressed dark faces, jagged rock outcrops and bluffs rising steeply from Lake Wakatipu.

The Remarkables-Nevis Mountains form the eastern extent of high steep glaciated mountains characteristic of the western mountains of Otago. Mountain Ranges further east are characterised by flat-topped block mountain ranges typical of Central Otago.

The Nevis Valley is an isolated backcountry valley with very high natural, and significant historic/cultural values resulting from early gold mining and pastoral use.

The basement rock is predominantly of high-grade schist and the dominant vegetation is tussock grassland though shrubland and beech is also significant on the Lake Wakatipu side.

Methods

The Lease has been divided into defined landscape units (LUs). These units reflect areas of similar landscape character. Landscape character is the quality that makes an area different from another and can be defined as follows:

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 5 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

‘Landscape character results from a particular combination of characteristics formed by the interaction of natural processes and cultural (human) activities.’ NZ Institute of Landscape Architects

For each unit a landscape character description is provided, along with a description of the key visual and scenic attributes present. An evaluation summary is presented, using a range of criteria to assess each unit and assist with determining each unit’s high inherent values. The criteria include: 1. Intactness: Refers to the condition of the natural vegetation, patterns and processes and the degree of modification present. 2. Legibility: Refers to its expressiveness - how obviously the landscape demonstrates the formative processes leading to it. 3. Aesthetic Factors: Include criteria such as distinctiveness - the quality that makes a particular landscape visually striking. Frequently this occurs when contrasting natural elements combine to form a distinctive and memorable visual pattern. A further criterion assessed under aesthetic factors is coherence. This is based on characteristics including intactness, unity, continuity, and compatibility. Intrusions, alterations, disruptions tend to detract from coherence. 4. Historic Factors: Refers to historically valued attributes in the context of a high country landscape. 5. Visibility: Refers to the visibility from public places such as highways, waterways or local vantage points. 6. Significance: Refers to the significance of the characteristics and features, or combination of characteristics and features within individual units, whether they are locally, regionally or nationally significant, and whether they are representative of landscapes that characterise New Zealand. 7. Vulnerability: This is a measure of each landscape unit’s susceptibility to further ecological deterioration, which would impact on landscape values.

Landscape Description

For this assessment, the Lease is divided into three landscape units (refer Map 4.2.2 and Appendix 1 for photos). These include:

• Lake Wakatipu Faces: North of Staircase Creek – Landscape Unit 1 (LU1) • Lake Wakatipu Faces: South of Staircase Creek – Landscape Unit 2 (LU2) • Nevis Faces – Landscape Unit 3 (LU3)

Lake Wakatipu Faces: North of Staircase Creek – Landscape Unit 1 (LU1)

Character Description

LU1 includes the lake faces from Wye Creek in the north, to the prominent rocky ridge north of Staircase Creek (above Devils Staircase). It comprises mountain slopes extending from near lakeshore at just over 300 m asl to the upper boundary at

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 6 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

approximately 1100 m. The SH6 corridor divides the Lease above the lakeshore. The landscape character over this large unit is reasonably consistent.

Steep mountain slopes of schist bedrock predominate, with the exception of a small pocket of old lake terrace south of Wye Creek between the lake and the state highway.

Ice worn rock occurs at all altitudes with prominent bluffs above the highway. These are especially notable on the Wye Creek faces and at Devils Staircase.

Prominent incised streams cut into the mountain slope. Many watercourses form shallow rills. Shrubland is retained within some of the larger watercourses. Distinctive undulating lumpy topography is present between watercourses. Many slopes are mantled with slope debris. Boulderfields and large erratic boulders are common.

Vegetation cover on lower slopes (to c. 700 m) is generally a grassland/pasture mix of exotic pasture species, scattered short tussock, bracken and grey shrubland (matagouri, coprosma dominant). Barley grass occurs on dry knobs where stock camp. Small blocks of semi mature pine plantation are found above the highway. These are visually quite dominant within the predominant pasture/shrubland vegetation.

Below the road, the lake shore strip has extensive bracken, pasture, briar and scattered native shrubland, with cabbage tree common.

A broad snow tussock belt is present above 700 m, which continues above the boundary fence into the Remarkables Conservation Area. The major part of this zone has been oversown and topdressed. Tussock cover is generally clean, and is reasonably continuous and intact over large areas. Tussock grasslands appear more modified at the southern end of the unit (north of Staircase Creek). A native inter-tussock component is present within higher areas. Scattered wilding pines are located on open tussock slopes.

Views out from the unit to Lake Wakatipu and surrounding mountains are spectacular.

The southern end of the unit includes part of the area known as Devils Staircase. It is very steep, with massive bands of rock and huge near-vertical rock slabs, and extensive ice sculptured landform. Bluffs drop off precipitously to the lake. Tussock and other indigenous plants that have escaped grazing and burning are associated with the steep bluffs.

South of Wye Creek, the north and west facing slopes are very steep and dry, with patchy short bracken, pasture, and briar on lower colluvial slopes. Bracken and scattered remnant shrubland are present on the steeper bluffs above.

Visual & Scenic Values

The unit has high inherent visual and scenic values as a whole. The unit represents a large area of the lake faces on this side of the lake and part of the iconic The Remarkables and Hector Mountains. The lake faces are a highly identifiable part of the spectacular setting for Lake Wakatipu, Queenstown and Kingston.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 7 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Though the entire unit (and all of the lake faces) contains high visual and scenic values, three areas stand out as visually significant: Devils Staircase, lakeshore margins and road corridor, and Wye Creek bluffs.

These areas contain impressive and distinctive landforms and are often associated with native shrubland.

Table 1: Evaluation Summary for Lake Wakatipu Faces: North of Staircase Creek – Landscape Unit 1 (LU1) Criteria Value Comment Intactness Medium Variable. Modified on low and mid slopes with pockets of shrubland along the lakeshore, associated with bluffs and within stream courses. Legibility High Formative processes very legible including ice sculptured landform and other effects of glaciation. Aesthetic Factors Medium Steep mountain slopes. The effects of burning and grazing on vegetation patterns have impacted on natural landscape values when viewed at close range. Viewed at a distance the unit appears as a coherent landscape and part of The Remarkables/ Hector Mountains.

Devils Staircase is a visually striking and distinctive feature. Historic Factors Medium Historic Devils Staircase pack track is a significant aspect of European human history. Visibility High Highly visible from Queenstown and SH6 Queenstown to Kingston. Significance High Combination of characteristics and features is significant. At least of regional significance. Vulnerability High Vulnerable to ecological degradation.

Lake Wakatipu Faces: South of Staircase Creek – Landscape Unit 2 (LU2)

Character Description

This unit is a continuation of the lake faces. It is divided into three zones:

• Staircase Creek • Lower and mid lake faces • High altitude mountain tops

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 8 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Staircase Creek Staircase Creek is a complex area with varied landform and vegetation patterns. The creek is deeply incised into the schist bedrock. It has two branches, the main branch being to the south. The north face above Staircase Creek forms a prominent spur with very rugged, steeply dipping bands of exposed schist rock and extensive areas of shrubland and tussock. On the lower slopes, between Staircase Creek and Devils Staircase, the terrain is more subdued. Vegetation is also more modified, with a shrubland/pasture mix and quite large areas of developed pasture. The shrubland and pasture mix continues across onto the slopes south of Staircase Creek.

Beech forest and mixed shrubland is contained within the Creek up to the upper bushline. Snow tussock comes in about 700 m. Areas of slope instability occur on the true right above Staircase Creek.

Lower and mid lake faces (below snowline) This zone includes the lake faces from Staircase Creek south to the property boundary, and up to approximately 1100 m.

An old lake terrace face is present above the highway with shrubland/bracken and scrub. Indigenous vegetation, though scattered, contributes to natural character along the SH6 Corridor.

The flatter terrace surfaces above SH6 have been developed into pasture with hay paddocks and hay barns. The hay paddocks are surrounded by mixed shrubland and scrub on the terrace faces and gullies, which together form a contrasting mosaic. On steeper foot slopes, between the hay paddocks, is a continuation of the shrubland/pasture/scrub mix. Briar and broom are included in the mix. Shelterbelts and exotic trees occur on the terraces and shelter the station buildings.

Above the lake terraces, lumpy ice shaped mountain slopes with prominent ridges and gullies are a feature. Slope debris and slumping is typical, and continues into the snow tussock belt. Vegetation is a pasture/short tussock mix with dense, browsed, shrubland and bracken. Shrubland is prominent within watercourses.

Beech forest and mixed shrubland are located within the main unnamed gully (referred to in this report as “Beech Remnant” Creek) to the south of the farm buildings. The beech forest widens out to form a broad area at its upper end. Scattered pockets of beech forest occur within the lower gully.

Oversown and top-dressed snow tussock is present above the shrubland/pasture mix, up to the snowline fence.

The remains of a stone hut related to early pastoral use is located at the base of the beech forest within the unnamed watercourse.

Scattered wilding conifers occur on the upper tussock slopes, and detract from the landscape values.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 9 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

High Altitude Mountain tops This zone comprises the upper mountain slopes, including tributaries on the true left of Staircase Creek and upper range including James Peak, the highest point on the range. Vegetation is dense snow tussock above the snowline fence, grading into snow and alpine tussock grassland, herbfield, sub-alpine and alpine scrub and fellfield vegetation. Alpine wetlands are also present. The summit and upper basins are high alpine zones displaying extensive signs of cirque glaciation, including several small tarns, and extensive rock and scree. There is little or no sign of human induced changes in this high zone.

Visual & Scenic Values

This unit as a whole is a continuation of the lake faces for the Kingston Arm of Lake Wakatipu and also has a high visual profile. The steep mountain slopes form part of the setting for the lake. The area is prominent from SH6 and from Kingston. Staircase Creek itself is an impressive area, with dramatic landforms and distinctive vegetation patterns. The beech forest and extensive shrubland associated with Staircase Creek contribute to indigenous natural character. In a landscape sense, Staircase Creek can be seen as contiguous with the Devils Staircase. The area of beech forest in “Beech Remnant” Creek is also a significant visual feature seen over a wide area at the Kingston end of the lake.

The upper mountain slopes and summit area is an impressive and highly memorable alpine area with very high visual and scenic values. Large areas of bare rock, with distinctive glaciated features including cirque basins, small tarns, sharp peaks and ice shaped features on the ridge area are present. Sub-alpine and alpine vegetation patterns predominate.

Table 2: Evaluation Summary for Lake Wakatipu Faces: South of Staircase Creek – Landscape Unit 2 (LU2)

Criteria Value Comment Intactness Variable Very high on upper slopes. Low to medium on lower and mid slopes. Beech forest remnants and shrubland significant in Staircase Creek and elsewhere. Legibility High Old lake terraces and glaciated landforms very legible. Aesthetic Factors High Upper slopes very distinctive and memorable. Historic Factors Low Associated with pre-European and early pastoral activity. Visibility High High visual profile. Visible from Kingston and SH6. Significance High Whole of the unit is significant forming part of the high ground and setting for Lake Wakatipu. Vulnerability Medium Riparian vegetation and high altitude lands vulnerable to ecological degradation. Mid slopes less so.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 10 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Nevis Faces – Landscape Unit 3 (LU3)

Character Description

The Nevis Faces encompass the whole of the Nevis side of the property from the summit of the Hector Mountains down to the Nevis River. The unit includes the two large tributaries of Whittens Creek and Sproules Creek.

The basins and summit ridge display strong signs of glaciation. Key attributes of this high and mountainous zone include rugged rocky peaks and ridges, cirque basins, tarns, extensive scree, rock and fellfield vegetation, and nivation features. The scree and rock soon grades into tussock-covered high basins. The scale of the basins is huge and the tributaries long and steep and very expressive of their ice carved origins. Between the tributaries is typically rounded ice-shaped lumpy landform. Mountain slopes also display extensive ripply colluvial slopes. The Nevis Faces as a whole are dominated by tussock from high altitude to the valley floor, although tussock and shrubland is modified on lower slopes where pastoral use has had a greater impact. On high exposed slopes tussock cover is short and sparse. Cushionfield and Dracophyllum shrubland occur across open slopes. From the valley floor these appear as brown/red and whitish coloured patches that contrast with gold coloured tussock mountain slopes. Alluvial terraces and surfaces occur within the lower tributaries and along the Nevis Valley. The lower slopes of the Nevis block steepen to form the western side of the upper Nevis Gorge. The historic Nevis Road passes through the Lease.

Large slips and unstable zones are visible on steep slopes above the Upper Nevis gorge.

An additional feature of the Nevis Valley is the extensive and historic gold workings in the lower tributaries and slopes. A network of water races, tailings, gold diggings and sluicing together form part of an important historic mining landscape that goes beyond the Lease, and includes dredge tailings, old sluicing, ponds and relic equipment.

The old Loch Linnhe stone homestead and plantings (outside the lease) are also significant historic features.

The Nevis Valley has remote back country character. The early mining and pastoral use in this remote location evoke a special character and atmosphere.

Visual & Scenic Values

The entire unit has high visual and scenic values (as does the whole of the Nevis Valley.) The natural landscape is highly impressive visually, with distinctive and spectacular mountains exhibiting extensive glacial features on the upper mountains, together with largely intact tussock-covered mountain slopes.

The cultural mining overlay within the Nevis Valley is also visually distinctive and impressive.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 11 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Table 3: Evaluation Summary for Nevis Faces – Landscape Unit 3 (LU3)

Criteria Value Comment Intactness High Very high on upper slopes. All natural patterns and processes intact. Lower slopes more modified. Legibility High Highly expressive of formative processes. Aesthetic Factors High Very distinctive and memorable. Historic Factors High Early mining tailings etc significant on lower slopes and tributaries. Visibility Medium Visible from Nevis Road. Significance High Combination of characteristics and features is significant and at least of regional significance. Vulnerability High Vulnerable to ecological degradation.

Significance of Landscape Values

Approximately 90% of the property is assessed as having significant inherent landscape values (refer Map 4.2.2).

The upper Hector Mountains, south of Staircase Creek, and the Nevis Faces (above approximately 1100 m), are one of the best remaining representative examples of landscapes that characterised New Zealand before humans arrived. This area forms part of the greater Remarkables and Hector Mountains. These ranges are recognised for their outstanding natural landscape values. The upper mountain slopes and summit ridge have all their natural characteristics and features intact. The area represents a spectacular alpine area displaying effects of glaciation at all levels. The west side forms the high ground and setting to Lake Wakatipu, Queenstown and surrounding area. The eastern side the upper Nevis Faces forms part of the setting for the spectacular and highly significant Nevis Valley. The area contains fine examples of intact tussock basins and upper slopes that remain little changed from New Zealand before humans arrived.

The lower slopes of the Nevis Faces form part of the setting of the Nevis Gorge and River, and are an example of landscapes that characterised New Zealand before humans arrived. The area has high landscape values derived both from the steep mountain slopes and alluvial surfaces combined with the extensive evidence of mining activity set in a remote location. Visually the lower and upper slopes read as a continuous entity. Vegetation is more modified on lower slopes but sufficient shrubland and tussock remains to impart a natural character.

The Nevis River is recognized for its outstanding water quality and intact natural values. The Nevis Gorge area contributes to the setting of the river. The setting includes the lower slopes of the Nevis Faces within the Lease.

The Nevis Valley as a whole has outstanding landscape values both from spectacular and distinctive physical characteristics and features, but also from the historic/cultural features (both mining and early pastoralism). Together, the Nevis Valley forms an important heritage landscape of national significance.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 12 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Devils Staircase represents a striking and highly impressive natural landscape feature with massive bluffs, boulderfields, and sheer rock faces plunging to the lake below. It is associated with shrubland (with potential for expansion and enhancement), and retains a high level of natural character. The combination of dramatic landform and native shrubland on the shores of Lake Wakatipu is highly memorable. Its significance is increased by its high profile location on SH6 between Queenstown and Kingston.

Lower Staircase Creek is visually linked to Devils Staircase, being tucked below and separated by very steep tussock- and shrub-covered slopes. The creek is deeply incised and contains significant beech forest and shrubland and sub-alpine scrub. The beech forest is a prominent landscape feature. Upper Staircase Creek is highly natural and adjoins the Remarkables Conservation Area.

The lakeshore margins form an important part of the setting for Lake Wakatipu and the SH6 corridor. Fragmented shrublands occur along the lakeshore both within the Pastoral Lease and the Crown Land (lake edge). There is an opportunity to consolidate these remnants and establish a continuous corridor of shrubland below and above the highway. SH6 is an important tourist road corridor forming the southern entrance to Queenstown. There is tremendous opportunity to increase the natural character of the lakeshore by enhancement of the lakeshore vegetation.

The Wye Creek bluffs and steep north and west faces are part of Wye Creek, and visually linked to the iconic Remarkables Face. Remnant shrubland and bracken occurs above Wye Creek on the north faces, and also on the steep faces and bluffs extending around on to western faces above the lake. There is an opportunity to restore the natural character of this area following the release from grazing and burning.

The Wakatipu Lake Faces between approximately 900 – 1100 m asl are an example of a landscape that characterised New Zealand before humans arrived. The area’s distinctive undulating topography and generally continuous cover of good snow tussock make it significant. The snow tussock contributes significantly to the natural and landscape character of the lake faces on the Kingston Arm of Lake Wakatipu. It is important in terms of the setting and context for the lake, Kingston and Queenstown.

2.2 LANDFORMS, GEOLOGY AND SOILS

(a) Landforms The westernmost Central Otago fault system of the Waipounamu Erosion Surface and block-faulted ranges are not preserved west of the Nevis Valley (Turnbull 2000). Here, greater uplift and Quaternary glacial erosion have formed steep mountain ridges and deep valleys containing narrow alluvial flats. The attitude of foliation in the underlying schist strongly influences the landscape, resulting in extensive dip slopes and steep scarps. Moraine deposits and isolated cirque moraines with recent glacial lake formations are a feature at high altitude.

Major glaciations have shaped the landscape, notably the formation of Lake Wakatipu which is dammed by the Kingston Moraines. The Wakatipu Glacier was a major feature of the Pleistocene glacial advance, and it was up to 914 m thick at its eastern end.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 13 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

(b) Geology The property is characterized by having the Caples-Rakaia terrane boundary located on the property, in an approximately N-S direction. The east-facing slopes of the Hector Mountains, extending down to the Nevis Valley floor, have metamorphosed basement rock comprised of strongly deformed quartofeldspathic schists and chlorite schists (Rakaia Terrane). The western mountain slopes, extending from ridge crest to Lake Wakatipu, are comprised of Caples Terrane with undifferentiated volcaniclastic sandstone, siltstone, marble, and mudstone. Isolated deposits of undifferentiated, variably weathered till deposits occur in cirque basins and along creek beds, while tabular cross- bedded gravel and sand deposits occur in river deltas. Undifferentiated glacial till occurs at the mouth of Staircase Creek and south along the Wakatipu lakeshore.

Deposits of lacustrine clay, silt, and oil shale with minor lignite seams (Bannockburn and Dunstan Formations) occur at the property’s eastern boundary along the Nevis River valley. These appear as rounded hummocks concentrated on the true left of the Nevis River, and have suffered truncation from 19th century gold mining.

c) Soils The dominant soil types on the Lease are Alpine Steepland Soils, located on the Hector Mountains above 1500 m asl, consisting of bare rock, scree and rock waste, and Upland and High Country Hygrous Yellow Brown Earths which are weakly weathered and strongly leached, especially at higher altitudes (Soil Bureau 1968). The most common soil series present is the Dunstan Steepland Soils that occur on the midslopes and tops of the Hector Mountains, and are formed on colluvium and schist loess on steep to moderately steep slopes. A small area of Nevis Soils is present at the southern Nevis boundary, near to Whittens Creek. These soils are sandy loams, fine sandy loams, and stony loams, formed on fine texture alluvium from schist and over coarse schist gravels.

Yellow Grey Earths occur at relatively low altitude. Matakanui Soils occur on rolling land and hills in the Nevis Valley almost as far south as Whittens Creek. These soils are stony loams formed over schist alluvium with a very thin cover of loess, and occupy smooth gently sloping high-terraces and fans. The Arrow Steepland Soils (loams to sandy loams) are located on the Wakatipu Lake Face foothills between Wye Creek and 3 km north of Staircase Creek. These soils are formed on colluvium covered steep to moderately steep slopes, and some rolling low ridges. A localized deposit of Wanaka Soils is present on a low undulating terrace formed at the mouth of Wye Creek. These sandy loams, form over greywacke, schist, quartz, glacial till, with loess in places.

Significance of Geology, Landforms and Soils

The Nevis Valley, a major valley largely unmodified by human impacts, is a significant feature.

2.3 LAND ENVIRONMENTS OF NEW ZEALAND (LENZ)

There are two databases that have been used to assess biodiversity protection (Walker et al. 2005).

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 14 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

1. Environmental distinctiveness has been assessed through the Land Environments of New Zealand (LENZ).This is a classification of New Zealand landscapes using a comprehensive set of climate, landform and soil variables chosen for their roles in driving geographic variation in biological patterns (Leathwick et al. 2002 & 2003). It is presented at four levels of detail containing 20, 100, 200 or 500 environments nationally. The most detailed is called LENZ Level IV.

2. The area of unprotected indigenous cover in threatened land environments has been identified in the national land cover database (LCDB).

From the above databases, spatial data depicting indigenous cover and legal protection were overlaid on LENZ Level IV environments to identify biodiversity that is most vulnerable (most likely to be lost). This provides a measure for: a. percentages legally protected and; b. percentages of remaining indigenous cover

Based on these two criteria, five categories of threatened environments have been used to identify environments containing indigenous biodiversity at most risk of loss. They are classified as follows:

1. Acutely threatened: <10% indigenous cover remaining 2. Chronically threatened: 10-20% indigenous cover remaining 3. At risk: 20-30% indigenous cover remaining 4. Critically underprotected: >30% indigenous cover remaining and <10% protected 5. Underprotected: >30% indigenous cover remaining and 10- 20% protected 6. No Threat: >30% indigenous cover remaining and >20% protected

The LENZ units for Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease are shown in Table 4 below: See Appendix 2 for descriptions of these LENZ units and Appendix 3 for their distribution on the property.

Significance of Land Environments of New Zealand

Attributing significance to LENZ units, while a useful exercise, must be treated with caution. Work is currently underway to improve the accuracy of underlying spatial data. For example, soils is being upgraded, as median patch size for polygons sourced from the Land Resource Inventory is currently between 10,000 and 100,000 hectares, while at Level IV resolution, LENZ units cover areas as small as 10 hectares. Also underway, albeit as lesser priority, is ongoing work relating to continuous improvements of the underlying classification process which generates LENZ units.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 15 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Table 4: Land Environments of New Zealand Units on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease.

Threat Level IV % Protected % of Indigenous Area on Category LENZ nationally Indigenous Vegetation Lease (ha) Unit for vegetation Cover conservation cover Change purposes remaining 1997 - 2002

Acutely N5.1c 2.23 2.72 No Change 12 Threatened Chronically N3.1d 0.53 13.50 Decrease 5 Threatened N4.1d 3.04 18.59 No Change 220 At Risk K3.2a 5.76 25.02 No Change 35 Critically Under- Q1.1b 8.43 77.10 Decrease 29 protected Q2.2a 3.91 39.92 Decrease 2639 Q2.2b 6.45 44.68 No Change 189 Q3.3b 0.94 80.51 Decrease 0.5 Under-protected Q1.1c 17.86 91.23 No Change 2788 Q3.3c 17.21 90.03 Decrease 11 No Threat Q1.1a 24.81 98.37 No Change 12 Q1.2a 37.20 98.99 No Change 4641 Q3.1a 35.80 66.59 No Change 111 Q3.3a 25.62 96.91 No Change 91 R1.1b 59.57 99.98 No Change 295 Total 11058 ha

Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease has the following land environments that are nationally significant because the indigenous vegetation has largely been removed, and/or little of the environment is represented in lands protected primarily for conservation purposes. • ~0.11% of the property has a Level IV LENZ unit that has less than 10% of their land area still in indigenous vegetation cover (whether protected or unprotected). This includes one ‘Acutely Threatened’ Unit (N5.1c). • ~2.03% of the property has Level IV LENZ units that have 10-20% of indigenous vegetation cover (whether protected or unprotected). These include two ‘Chronically Threatened’ Units (N3.1d and N4.1d). • ~0.31% of the property has Level IV LENZ units that have 20-30% of its land area still in indigenous cover. This includes one ‘At Risk’ Unit (K3.2a). • ~25.66% of the property has Level IV LENZ units that have 30% of their land area still in indigenous cover and <10% is protected. These include four ‘Critically Underprotected’ Units (Q1.1b, Q2.2a, Q2.2b and Q3.3b). • ~25.31% of the property has Level IV LENZ units that have >30% of their land area still indigenous cover and 10-20% protected. These include two ‘Underprotected’ Units (Q1.1c and Q3.3c).

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 16 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

2.4 CLIMATE

The property is subject to a semi-continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. Average annual precipitation at the homestead is estimated at 850 mm/year. Climatic conditions in the uplands are wetter and colder. Winters usually bring intermittent snow to lower parts of the property. Permanent snow lies in some shady locations at high altitude, while winter snow can lie for five months above about 1200m. The Nevis valley is drier than the Wakatipu faces. Frosts are frequent and the winters are relatively long. Summers can be hot and dry, e.g. in the Nevis which experiences a Central Otago weather pattern. Southerly and northerly winds are channeled down the Nevis Valley. Lake Wakatipu exerts a moderating influence on the western faces.

2.5 VEGETATION

Introduction

Much of the previous botanical interest in the Hector Mountains has been as a result of investigations of this mountain range for a commercial ski field. In 1974, the Land Settlement Board considered an application by the Mt Cook and Southern Lakes Tourist Co Ltd for the development of a commercial ski field in the Rastus Burn Basin, The Remarkables. A study team, combining their skills in botany, agriculture, reserves, recreation and planning, investigated the range as far south as James Peak in 1975/76 and produced a comprehensive management report a year later (Department of Lands & Survey 1977).

Other field botanists have also surveyed the range and compiled lists of vascular plants e.g. Druce et al. (1993). Their emphasis is likely to have been on the northern parts of the range, especially the relatively easily accessible Rastus Burn and Wye Valleys. Researchers, particularly from Otago University, have also utilised the range for study sites e.g. Mark & Bliss (1970).

The present vegetation on the Pastoral Lease is thought to be very different from that in the past. Prior to widespread Polynesian fires, it is likely that beech forest covered the lake faces to the limit of the natural tree line. Small forest remnants in fire refuges are the only evidence of these more widespread forests. Areas of shrubland are likely to have been similarly affected, particularly in the Nevis Valley tributaries that may not have supported tall forest. The low alpine and high alpine communities are probably those least affected by human activity and most representative of a pre-human state.

Survey Method

The botanical survey was undertaken 29 January - 2 February 2007 by two botanists. Each botanist spent approximately 40 hours on the property. Survey of the higher parts of the property was carried out on foot following helicopter placements near the range crest. Survey of the lower parts of the property was carried out by vehicle and on foot. Descriptions were made of the composition of major plant communities and notes taken on the impact of pastoral farming on those communities. Threatened plants were

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 17 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

searched for in potentially suitable habitats, and their locations determined by GPS. Digital photographs were taken of particular species, communities and landscapes to aid in interpretation. Specimens were collected of uncertain taxa for later determination.

Vegetation Description

The Lease has been divided into units and sub-units to assist the description of the vegetation:

• Western Hector Mountains - Staircase Creek Catchment - Lake Wakatipu Faces - Lake Wakatipu Margins • Eastern Hector Mountains - Whittens Creek - Drummond Creek Headwaters - Sproules Creek - Middle faces between Whittens and Sproules Creek - Nevis Valley mine tailings and associated wetlands

Western Hector Mountains

Staircase Creek Catchment

Staircase Creek has the largest catchment area within the Lease, and its headwaters encompass a large proportion of the alpine zone present on the western side of the Lease. Its uppermost reaches are fed by alpine tarns and snowbanks located in cirques beneath the crest of the Hector Mountains.

Above 1800 m, rock outcrops and fellfield communities dominate the alpine vegetation with community composition influenced by aspect, exposure and drainage. These entirely indigenous communities comprise prostrate shrubs, forbs, sedges and grasses. In well- drained sites the vegetation is dominated by Aciphylla kirkii, A. simplex, Dracophyllum muscoides, Hectorella caespitosa, Phyllachne rubra, Leptinella goyenii, Chionohebe thomsonii, Raoulia hectorii, Celmisia haastii and C. hectorii. Less common species include Celmisia laricifolia, Hebe epacridea, H. petriei, Raoulia youngii and Myosotis pygmaea var. drucei.

Numerous seeps, rivulets and wet gravely terraces provide a wealth of wetland habitats for a suite of species tolerant of poor drainage. These include Parahebe trifida, Ranunculus pachyrrhizus, R. maculatus, Marsippospermum gracile, Plantago lanigera, Epilobium komarovianum, Carex gaudichaudiana, Poa novae-zelandiae, Ourisia caespitosa and O. glandulosa. With decreasing altitude, vegetation cover increases and, while many of the high alpine species are still present, they are supplemented by many other species. Areas of bouldery colluvium support large drifts of Celmisia hectorii along with Hebe buchananii, Brachyglottis bellidioides, Pimelea oreophila, Huperzia australiana, Viola cunninghamii, and Brachyglottis revoluta.

Seeps have especially high diversity but conspicuous are bryophytes, Aciphylla pinnatifida, Psycrophila obtusa, Dolichoglottis lyallii, Ranunculus gracilipes, Euchiton traversii and Epilobium

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 18 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

macropus. Nearby snowbank herbfields have Coprosma niphophila, Gaultheria nubicola, Carex wakatipu, C. hectorii, Celmisia haastii and Plantago lanigera.

Below about 1700 m, slim snow tussock (Chionochloa macra) forms a narrow and irregular belt which soon merges into extensive tussocklands dominated by narrow-leaved snow tussock. Steeper parts of the valley have numerous rock outcrops and bluffs supporting species rarely encountered in the tussocklands. These include Schizeilema haastii, Anisotome haastii, Ranunculus buchananii, Celmisia verbascifolia, Pachycladon novae-zelandiae, P. wallii and Epilobium purpuratum.

The valley is predominantly steep-sided down to the creek bed, but where the stream gradient allows, alluvial terraces have formed. These often have impeded drainage and are dominated by sphagnum moss and other bryophytes. Higher altitude examples have the uncommon Plantago obconica, but lower in the valley they have more widespread bog rush, Carex gaudichaudiana and Oreomyrrhis “bog”. Such sites have also been invaded by introduced grasses, especially browntop (Agrostis capillaris) which forms dense swards over small patches.

Below about 1500 m, pockets of sub-alpine shubland become increasingly common amongst the tussockland, especially in the riparian zone and on steep slopes. Common species include Hebe propinqua, H. odora, Ozothamnus leptophyllus, Dracophyllum rosmarifolium, D. longifolium and Gaultheria crassa. Associated species include Aciphylla aff. horrida and narrow-leaved tussock. Spur-crests on south-facing slopes are often dominated by Dracophyllum spp. Uncommon shrubs observed at just one or two localities include Hebe annulata, Olearia cymbifolia and Carmichaelia crassicaulis subsp. racemosum.

Extensive montane tussocklands extend down to about 800 m where montane shrublands begin to dominate. These tussocklands are moderately dense and tall, and are associated with a range of lower stature plants including golden speargrass, Pimelea oreophila, Gaultheria depressa, Pentachondra pumila, Raoulia subsericea, Leucopogon fraseri, blue tussock (Poa colensoi), hard tussock (Festuca novae-zealandiae) and catsear. (Hypochoeris radicata).

Montane shrublands dominated by Olearia odorata are abundant in the lower reaches of Staircase Creek where they occupy sites previously supporting beech forest. Mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides) is still present along the riparian zone of the lower gorge and in patches near the confluence of the left-hand branch, with a few trees of red beech (Nothofagus fusca) present immediately above the highway bridge. The beech forests have a very sparse understorey. Broadleaved forest/shrubland of kohuhu (Pittosporum colensoi), kowhai (Sophora microphylla), cabbage tree (Cordyline australis), Coprosma crassifolia, Olearia avicenniaefolia, Corokia cotoneaster, Helichrysum lanceolatum and koromiko (Hebe salicifolia) occupy areas along the creek where beech trees are absent. The understorey of this community contains a range of herbs and ferns rare elsewhere on the property including Scandia geniculata, Acaena juvenca, necklace fern (Asplenium flabellifolium) and hounds tongue fern (Microsorum pustulatum). The hemi-parasitic mistletoe Ileostylus micranthus occurs here on a range of exotic and native shrub hosts.

Near SH6, the vegetation is increasingly weedy with broom (Cytisus scoparius), briar (Rosa rubiginosa), lupin (Lupinus arboreus) and agricultural weeds such as St John’s wort (Hypericum japonicum) and yarrow (Achillea millefolium). Areas of predominantly pasture

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 19 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

occur on terraces on both sides of the lower gorge. Some shrubland on the true right above the lower gorge is dead or dying apparently from herbicide spraying.

A shrubland of particular note occurs on hillslopes on the true left of Staircase Creek at 440 m. At least 45 shrubs/small trees of the threatened tree daisy Olearia fimbriata are present in association with matagouri (Discaria toumatou), sweet briar (Rosa rubiginosa), mingimingi (Coprosma propinqua), climbing fuchsia (Fuchsia perscandens), pohuehue (Muehlenbeckia australis), bush lawyer (Rubus schmelidioides), Olearia bullata, O. odorata and a range of pasture grasses and agricultural weeds.

Lake Wakatipu Faces

This block comprises those parts of the Lease facing Lake Wakatipu excluding the catchment of Staircase Creek and the narrow strip between the lake and the highway.

Above c. 900 m the vegetation is predominantly indigenous, dominated by tall snow tussockland, similar to that previously described for Staircase Creek. Between 900 – 1000 m asl. however, there are also some large areas of short tussockland, dominated by hard tussock (Festuca novae-zelandiae) and with scattered narrow-leaved tussock (Chionochloa rigida). These areas are rich in native herbs and sub-shrubs and include an unusually large population of the uncommon daisy Kirkianella novae-zelandiae. Other species include Raoulia subsericea, Pimelea oreophila, Geranium sessiliflorum, Microtis unifolia, M. oligantha, Helichrysum filicaule, Wahlenbergia albomarginata, Scleranthus brockiei and Prasophyllum colensoi.

Seeps at this altitude have Gaultheria parvula, Pratia angulata, Lagenifera barkerii, Acrothamnus colensoi, bog rush (Schoenus pauciflorus), Carex coriacea, Galium propinquum, alpine hard fern (Blechnum penna-marina) and Anisotome “bog”.

Rock outcrops, where they occur in this altitudinal zone support additional species including Brachyglottis bellidioides, Myosotis pygmaea var. drucei, thousand-leaved fern (Hypolepis millefolium), Lycopodium fastigiatum, L. scariosum, Stellaria parviflora, Celmisia lyallii, Coprosma dumosa and Carmichaelia crassicaulis subsp. racemosum.

Below c. 900 m the steeper hillslopes are mostly covered in a mixed exotic/native shrubland dominated by matagouri, sweet briar and mingimingi. Other less common shrubby components include desert broom (Carmichaelia petriei), Olearia odorata, O. bullata, Coprosma tayloriae, porcupine shrub (Melicytus alpinus), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), and mountain wineberry (Aristotelia fruitcosa). The understorey includes pasture grasses, silver tussock (Poa cita), prickly shield fern (Polystichum vestitum) and various agricultural weeds especially foxglove (Digitalis purpurea). The fragmentation and composition of the shrubland suggests a history of clearance attempts and there is evidence of recent herbicide spraying.

Hillslopes at the northern extent of the Lease (immediately south of Wye Creek) are particularly steep, rocky, and unstable. The predominance of bracken (Pteridium esculentum) with emergent native shrubs, and relict trees in gullies, suggests the area has been disturbed by fire more recently than the majority of the face. It contains relicts of a former forest cover which includes kohuhu, fuchsia, climbing fuchsia, kowhai and wineberry (Aristotelia serrata). Small beech forest remnants are present beside Wye Creek.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 20 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

The area around the prominent Devil’s Staircase contains a diverse assemblage of shrubs and low trees including mountain wineberry, mingimingi, matagouri, wineberry, lancewood (Pseudopanax crassifolium), Olearia odorata, fuchsia (Fuchsia excorticata), kohuhu, Olearia arborescens and Gaultheria antipoda. Weedy shrubs include Himalayan honeysuckle (Leycesteria formosa) and briar. Understorey herbs and grasses include blue tussock, Aciphylla spp., Anisotome cauticola, plume grass (Dichelachne crinita), Senecio quadridentatus, and native mint (Mentha cunnighamii).

A patch of beech forest occupies “Beech Remnant” Creek south of the Loch Linnhe homestead. While predominantly mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides), other tree species are present, including red beech (Nothofagus fusca), marble leaf (Carpodetus serratus), tree fuchsia, Halls’s totara (Podocarpus hallii), broadleaf (Griselinia littoralis), mountain ribbonwood (Hoheria lyallii) and lancewood (Pseudopanax crassifolium). These species are uncommon on the Lease. These are especially prevalent in the riparian zone, which is also rich in herbs and ferns. The threatened hemi-parasitic yellow mistletoe (Alepis flavida) is present at several sites on its preferred mountain beech host. Ferns present in the forest understorey include Blechnum novae-zelandiae, B. montanum, B. vulcanicum, B. chambersii, B. fluviatile, Asplenium appendiculatum subsp. appendiculatum, hen and chickens fern (A. bulbiferum) and Ctenopteris heterophylla. The accessible beech forest margins show evidence of heavy utilisation by stock and consequently there is no beech regeneration occurring.

Gentle slopes and terraces at various localities along the lake faces comprise developed pasture.

Lake Wakatipu Margins

The narrow strip of land between the Lake Wakatipu and the state highway is densely vegetated in a mixture of regenerating broad-leaved indigenous trees, broad-leaved exotic trees, exotic conifers, indigenous shrubland and exotic shrubland. Common indigenous trees and shrubs include kohuhu, southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata), broadleaf, kowhai, lancewood, koromiko, mapou (Myrsine australis), tutu (Coriaria arborea) and Coprosma crassifolia. Bracken and pohuehue are common in disturbed sites.

Eastern Hector Mountains

Whittens Creek

Whitten Creek flows south-east from the main ridge of the Hector Mountains, to join the Nevis River at the eastern edge of the property. In its headwaters, steep rock walls flank the crest of the Hector Mountains at over 1800 m. Vegetation at this altitude is sparse and confined to a small number of hardy species as described for the upper reaches of Staircase Creek.

A small string mire patterned wetland is present in an upper basin at c. 1600 m. Elongated ridges of peat act as dams on slight slopes, creating a sequence of pools in terrace fashion. The distinctive short herbaceous turfs occupying these terraces are areas of high plant diversity with many recognisable communities separated by subtle changes in micro-topography, hydrology and fertility. Common species include Psychrophila obtusa,

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 21 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Plantago lanigera, Carex gaudichaudiana, Abrotanella caespitosa, Kelleria paludosa, Euchiton traversii, Phyllachne colensoi, Gentianella sp., Epilobium komarovianum and a range of bryophytes. This is also habitat for two wetland species of restricted distribution; Plantago obconica and Myosotis aff. tenericaulis.

The main valley exhibits distinct aspect differences with the north side (south-facing) having a steeper, more erosion-prone profile and a patchy tall tussock cover with considerable Dracophyllum pronum shrubland. In contrast the south side has a dense narrow-leaved tussock cover with abundant litter. Common intertussock species include Raoulia subsericea, Carex wakatipu, Acaena caesiiglauca and Craspedia spp.

A large talus slope stretches from the ridge crest to the valley floor on the true right of the upper valley. This rocky jumble provides habitat for a range of shrub and herbaceous species including Brachyglottis revoluta, Myrsine nummularia, Melicytus alpinus, Aciphylla aff. horrida, Polystichum vestitum, thousand-leaved fern and Acaena saccaticupula.

Small river flats at c. 1350 m in the valley floor are a mixture of recent well-drained outwash gravels and older terraces with impeded drainage. Sparsely vegetated outwash gravels support Raoulia tenuicaulis, Colobanthus strictus, Neopaxia sessiliflorum, Coprosma atropurpurea, Acaena saccaticupula, Epilobium spp. and occasional orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum). A small comb sedge/sphagnum moss bog is located near the downstream end of these flats. Several species rare elsewhere on the property are present and include sundew (Drosera arcturi), Celmisia glandulosa and Dracophyllum prostratum.

Below c. 1200 m, taller shrubs become more common and these occasionally form small shrubland pockets in sheltered sites. The dominant species are Hebe odora, Hebe propinqua and Ozothamnus leptophyllus. A more extensive riparian shrubland occurs 1000 – 900 m where the valley narrows and turns towards the south. It has high diversity and, as well as the shrubs mentioned above, includes mountain ribbonwood (Hoheria lyallii), Carmichaelia petriei, Dracophyllum uniflorum, Hebe rakaiensis, Olearia odorata, O. cymbifolia, Gaultheria crassa, Coprosma dumosa, C. propinqua, C. fowerakeri and C. cheesemanii. Of note throughout the shrubland and on rocky outcrops above, are at least 100 shrubs of the uncommon broom Carmichaelia crassicaulis subsp. racemosum.

Dry ledges protected by overhanging rock have the occasional small population of Pachycladon cheesemanii. These very dry sites have been heavily invaded by tussock hawkweed.

Below c. 900 m, stream margins and riparian terraces show much evidence of past gold mining disturbance in the form of water races, tailings and hut ruins. Patches of black currant (Ribes nigrum) also suggest human occupation sites. Mixed tussock/introduced grasses cover the valley sides; this becomes more fragmented towards the Nevis Valley with increasing tussock hawkweed, particularly on north-facing slopes. The swampy valley floor has small relictual pockets of copper tussock (Chionochloa rubra ssp. cuprea).

Drummond Creek headwaters

Drummond Creek lies parallel with, and south of, Whittens Creek. The uppermost c. 2 km of the valley lies within the Pastoral Lease, and is restricted to land above 1400 m

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 22 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

elevation. Sparsely vegetated alpine communities prevail as described for other headwater basins on the property.

Sproules Creek

Sproules Creek flows south-east from the main ridge of the Hector Mountains. It is parallel with, and north of, Whittens Creek. Its headwater basins have alpine tarns and terminate in impressive headwall bluffs beneath James Peak (2072 m). Vegetation communities are similar to that described for the equivalent altitude in Staircase Creek but with a few additional species. These include Gaultheria nubicola, Ranunculus buchananii, extensive mats of Carex pyrenaica and Festuca novae-zelandiae (unusual smaller orange anthered form), Celmisia sessiliflorum, Epilobium tasmanicum and E. porphyrium.

The middle reaches of Sproules Creek are covered in extensive Chionochloa rigida tussockland with a variety of inter-tussock herb communities. Woody species are common but tend not to form shrublands except at stream confluences. At these sites shrublands include Carmichaelia petriei, Brachyglottis cassinioides, Hebe odora, Dracophyllum longifolium, Coprosma propinqua, Hebe rakaiensis, Hoheria lyallii, Olearia bullata and O. odorata.

Extensive outwash gravel flats formed from adjacent scree slopes are occupied by an unusual mix of Epilobium spp. (including the uncommon E. purpuratum), Carex edgarae, C. berggrenii, C. lachenalii and Raoulia tenuicaulis. This is the only location where the grass Lachnagrostis elata was recorded. Foot slope seepages are common and dominated by Carex gaudichaudiana, bog rush, and bryophytes. The uncommon sedge Carex berggrenii is occasionally present. South-facing slopes in both branches of the Creek near their confluence comprise an extensive lichenfield with Dracophyllum pronum, Rytidosperma pumilum and the occasional narrow-leaved tussock. Hill slope rocky bluffs support a range of species not present in the surrounding tussockland, including Pachycladon cheesemanii, and Olearia cymbifolia.

Below a water race (c. 1000 m), the vegetation becomes increasingly dominated by exotic species such as Chewings fescue (Festuca rubra), white clover (Trifolium repens), oval sedge (Carex ovalis), Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus) and extensive patches of Carex coriacea. Pockets of indigenous biodiversity remain such as a grove of toetoe (Cortaderia richardii) riparian shrublands and a patch of Aciphylla glaucescens. There are extensive patches of gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa) associated with mining disturbance.

Middle faces between Whittens and Sproules Creeks

Broad slopes and rounded spurs support extensive Chionochloa rigida tussockland with interspersed herb communities comprising typical species of the district. Scattered throughout are patches of Dracophyllum pronum and emergent Hebe odora, Ozothamnus leptophyllus, and Aciphylla aurea. There are numerous small flushes and seepages with wetland herbs and sedges including comb sedge (Oreobolus pectinatus), Coprosma perpusilla, bryophytes, Carex berggrenii and Dracophyllum muscoides. Weed species are generally scarce with occasional tussock hawkweed (Hieracium lepidulum) becoming more common towards streams and lower elevations.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 23 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Nevis Valley mine tailings and associated wetlands

Stony mining tailings are a distinctive micro-landform feature that supports a range of drought-tolerant native and exotic plants. Dominant species are mouse-ear hawkweed, scabweed (Raoulia australis) and Muehlenbeckia axillaris. Other common species include Luzula ulophylla, Epilobium microphyllum, E. melanocaulon, Stellaria gracilenta, Leucopogon fraseri, Wahlenbergia albomarginata, Coprosma petriei and Gaultheria novae-zelandiae. Several species present, such as Dracophyllum pronum, Gaultheria parvula and Acaena saccaticupula are more often found at considerably higher altitudes.

Ponds associated with past mining also harbour a distinct suite of native and exotic species including Crassula sinclairii, Limosella lineata, Elatine gratioloides, Myriophyllum propinquum, Potamogeton cheesemanii, Ranunculus trichophyllus, water forget-me-not (Myosotis laxa subsp. caespitosa) and Carex echinata.

Significance of Vegetation Values

Approximately 80% of Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease has been identified as having significant botanical values (refer Map 4.2.3).

Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease falls within the Remarkables Ecological District (ED). It contains representation of the plants and plant communities in the montane, sub-alpine, low alpine and high alpine bioclimatic zones. The Remarkables ED has not been surveyed as part of the Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNAP).

At least 439 native vascular species (see Appendix 4) are present, representing approximately 87% of the vascular plant diversity recorded for the much larger (37562 ha) and ecologically diverse Hector Mountains (Druce et al. 1993). This is one of several mountain regions just east of the main divide in western Canterbury, Otago and Southland that are unusually species-rich (Rogers & Overton 2000).

Of the native vascular plant species present, at least 20 species are listed as threatened and a further four as Data Deficient in the most recent threat classification system (Hitchmough et al. 2007). A list of these species with their threat of extinction status and distribution within the Pastoral Lease is provided below in Table 5 and Appendix 5.

Of high significance is the occurrence of a population of a tree daisy Olearia fimbriata (ranking of Serious Decline) on the lake faces near Staircase Creek. This is the first record for the Hector Mountains and adds to the list of about 12 modern Otago populations. This species, along with several other threatened tree daisies, is the subject of a national recovery plan (Rance, in prep.). This plan proposes the physical and legal protection of sites.

Species listed in the category Gradual Decline fall within the division ‘Chronically Threatened’. Species in this division face extinction but are buffered slightly by either a large total population size, or a slow decline rate. Species listed as Sparse and Range Restricted fall under the division “At Risk”. Although they are not currently in decline, their population characteristics mean a new threat could rapidly deplete their populations. Sparse taxa have very small, widely scattered populations. Species listed as Data Deficient

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 24 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

have insufficient information on which to make an assessment as to their appropriate category.

Table 5: Threatened and data deficient plant species found on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease Threat Threat Species Location on lease Division Category Chronically Serious Decline Olearia fimbriata Lake faces near Staircase Creek Threatened Gradual Decline Alepis flavida Beech forest remnants Epilobium chionoathum Montane wetlands Pachycladon cheesemanii Low alpine dry rock bluffs At Risk Sparse Anemone tenuicaulis Low alpine snow tussocklands Epilobium purpuratum Wet talus slopes in Staircase Creek Hebe annulata Sub-alpine shrubland in Staircase Creek Hebe dilatata Low alpine shrubland Whittens Creek Kirkianella novae- Short tussockland in upper lake zelandiae faces Myosotis aff. australis Rocky colluvium Whittens Creek (AK 231051 “small white” Plantago obconica Alpine bog Whittens Creek and staircase Creek Ranunculus maculatus Alpine seeps throughout Carex berggrenii Alpine seeps in Sproules Creek Carex edgarae Damp outwash gravel flats in Sproules Creek Carex lachenalii subsp. Damp outwash gravel flats in parkeri Sproules Creek Range Acaena microphylla var. Nevis Valley Restricted pauciglochidiata Acaena tesca Tor bases in Whittens Creek Aciphylla lecomtei High alpine zone in whitens Creek Elymus apricus Tussockland Pachycladon wallii Shady bluffs in staircase Creek Data Carmichaelia crassicaulis Rocky outcrop in upper lake faces, Deficient subsp. racemosum mid Staircase Creek and mid Whittens Creek Lachnagrostis uda Upper Staircase Creek Myosotis aff. tenericaulis Alpine bog in Whittens Creek (AK 7570; Garvie) Myosotis glabrescens Alpine rocks in Staircase Creek Vittadinia australis Track side in lower Staircase Creek

In addition, four species that are uncommon in Otago (Regionally Significant) or uncommon in this area but reasonably common in the rest of Otago (Locally Notable) were found; these are listed in Table 6 below.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 25 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Table 6: Regionally Significant and Locally Notable plant species found on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease Status Species Location Regionally Significant Myosotis pygmaea var. drucei Several sites around low and high alpine rock outcrops Locally Notable Centrolepis pallida Alpine wetlands Fuchsia perscandens Lake face shrublands Sophora microphylla Lake shore margins and broadleaved forest remnants

High alpine and low alpine communities (cushionfield, alpine tors, tussocklands, snow banks and herb seepages and mires) are significant as distinctive communities, and for their contribution to contiguous larger areas of these communities. In comparison with the rest of the property these communities have been least affected by recent pastoral farming activities

Numerous small seepages and bogs occur within an alpine setting of high natural character. As areas of high species richness, they make a disproportionately high contribution to the biodiversity of the property. Wetlands nationally have undergone a 90% reduction and remaining examples are a priority for protection. Six threatened and Data-deficient species in Table 5 and one locally notable species (Centrolepis pallida) are found predominantly in wetland habitats

Highly significant original woody remnants are present across the property, ranging from dwarf dracophyllum dominated shrublands at high altitude, through sub-alpine hebe dominated shrublands, to montane olearia dominated shrublands. Those around the lower reaches of Staircase Creek are also notable due to their size, intactness and distinctive associations. Similarly the red and mountain beech forest remnants in Wye Creek, Staircase Creek and behind the homestead are highly significant relicts of the former forest cover that would have clothed the lower slopes of the range in pre-human times. So too are the mixed broadleaved forest remnants around the lake margins and lower reaches of creeks draining the Wakatipu lake faces. The importance of woody vegetation in Central Otago has been given prominence by Walker et al. (2003). Although the western portion of the property falls outside their study area, the extent of denudation is almost as severe as that in drier parts of Central Otago. The indigenous woody communities remaining on this Lease form a core from which recovery towards their former extent could occur. The recovery of woody vegetation in the absence of grazing and fire has been demonstrated at several sites in Central Otago (Walker et al. 2003).

The Hector Mountains have been the focus of some botanical and ecological research by the University of Otago. Mark and Bliss (1970) in their major work on the high-alpine vegetation of Central Otago sampled vegetation on the Hector Mountains on or near Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease.

The presence of a species with very limited geographical distribution has given rise to a type locality for Myosotis glabrescens in and around Loch Linnhe on the Hector Mountains.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 26 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

2.5.1 Problem Plants

At least 86 exotic species of plants are present on the Lease but relatively few are of conservation concern. Many are plants of agricultural importance or are common pastoral weeds. The vast majority are present only at the lower elevations of the Lease.

At least three hawkweeds (Hieracium pilosella, H. lepidulum and H. auranticum) are widespread but seldom common except in small, localised low altitude communities. The occurrence of mouse-ear hawkweed in the Nevis Valley is associated with the loss of taller indigenous cover through grazing and mining. Maintenance and/or restoration of a dense tall tussock cover may reduce the impact and further spread of mouse-ear hawkweed, however the impact and continued spread of tussock hawkweed may be more intractable. Tussock hawkweed presents particular risks to rare species on rock bluff sites (Wardle 1999) which may necessitate site-specific control measures. Orange hawkweed (H. aurantiacum) was only observed in Whittens Creek.

Wilding pines were noted on the northern lake faces near the boundary with conservation lands and the risk of further invasion is always present. Ongoing control will be required to ensure wildings do not seed, nor new seedlings establish.

Other shrubs/small trees of possible conservation concern at low altitude include hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), elder (Sambucus nigra), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa), and black currant (Ribes nigrum). These are currently mostly restricted to exotic shrublands of low inherent values but their further spread could threaten native shrublands of significant inherent value.

2.6 FAUNA

2.6.1 Invertebrates

Introduction

The Lease straddles part of the southern extent of the Hector Mountains with a north- south orientation. To the west, the property is bounded by Lake Wakatipu from where it rises to 2000 m at the highest point (James Peak), dropping back to 800 m in the eastern Nevis valley. This combination of geographical orientation and altitudinal range (1700 m), produces several ecologically important habitat divisions within the 11,000 ha of Lease.

Local climate and altitude range are perhaps the most significant natural contributors to habitat differentiation on the property. During southerly storms, for example, the western flank of the Hector Mountains receives cold and wet conditions. Similarly, north-westerly storms can also bring rain to the western slopes. By contrast, the Nevis side of the Hector Mountains is noticeably drier (and probably cooler) - a resultant rain shadow effect.

The Lease is part of the Remarkables Ecological District, for which there has been no Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNAP) surveys conducted. However, the property is known to support at least one threatened species, the range restricted Furry Chafer

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 27 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

beetle (Prodontria pinguis). This beetle record is from the Nevis side of Loch Linnhe, at about 1300 m (Foord 1987).

Previous tenure review surveys have also been conducted on neighbouring Ben Nevis and Glen Nevis pastoral leases, and other properties in this locality. Several threatened or locally endemic species were recorded including the giant ground beetle Mecodema chiltoni (Sparse).

Other records of noteworthy invertebrates from The Remarkables and Hector Mountains include a range restricted spider (Neoramia alta), several giant weevil species, a moth (Asaphodes oraria) and the alpine grasshopper Sigaus obelisci. These Otago species are all rare, a function of mountaintop isolation, a high degree of endemism, restricted distributions and sparse collecting records.

Ecological Context

Much of Otago is recognised as a centre of endemism for invertebrate and plant species (Gibbs 2006; Peat & Patrick 1999). This is particularly true for the mountain ranges from which several outstanding species holotypes have been found, including, weevils, ground beetles, moths and grasshoppers. Otago, like the remainder of the South Island, has undergone rapid mountain-building, a process that tends to promote speciation and biological diversity. The difference, however, is that the Otago biota is much older than that either to the north or east and this is reflected by the number of invertebrates endemic to Otago. The Hector Mountains are a good example of this, as they seem to be the only mountain range in Otago known to support the flightless chafer beetle Prodontria pinguis.

Methods

Invertebrates were collected by hand searching, either beneath rocks and stones or within vegetation and by using an aspirator and sweep netting. A light trap was also employed over several evenings. Collecting effort was targeted toward endemic taxa of the following groups; Arachnids (spiders, harvestmen and Pseudoscorpions), Coleoptera (beetles), Orthopteroids (grasshoppers, weta and cockroaches) and Myriapoda (millipedes and centipedes). These groups represent many flightless invertebrates that often display local endemism. Invertebrates were collected from spot sites. Habitats were targeted by degree of modification (the least modified being priority) and their diversity (including aspect and altitude).

Descriptions of Habitats and Invertebrate Fauna

The Lease has been divided into units and sub-units to assist the description of habitats and invertebrate fauns present:

• Western Hector Mountains - Staircase Creek Catchment - Hector Mountains ridgeline including James Peak

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 28 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

- Lake Wakatipu Faces • Eastern Hector Mountains - Whittens Creek - Sproules Creek and catchments

Western Hector Mountains

Staircase Creek Catchment

Habitat description This area includes the headwaters of the true left branch of Staircase Creek and follows the catchment to the lake edge.

The headwaters of the left branch of Staircase Creek originate from a small tarn in a cirque basin at 1800 m. This landform is typical of the alpine geomorphology found throughout The Remarkables and Hector Mountains, whose habitats include cushionfields, herbfields, talus slopes and snowgrass (Chionochloa sp.) below about 1700 m.

Extensive Dracophyllum and Hebe shrublands flank the shadier slopes of the left branch of Staircase Creek. Further downstream (at the confluence of the left branch and Staircase Creek) woody vegetation dominates, including matagouri, Hebe and Coprosma propinqua along with giant speargrasses (Aciphylla scott-thomsonii). The lower reaches of Staircase Creek are dominated by a substantial tongue of beech forest which reaches the 900 m contour.

Invertebrate species and their distributions The headwaters of Staircase Creek produced several insect species of national importance. The range restricted grasshopper Sigaus obelisci was found on talus slopes and cushion fields at the valley head (approximately 1650 m). The holotype of these large hairy grasshoppers was collected from the Old Man Range and they appear to be confined to a cluster of ranges between Lake Wakatipu and the Maniototo.

Endemic alpine weevils were represented by three species. The large Lyperobius montanus weevil was present in short vegetation. These highly distinctive beetles (sub-family Molytini) are restricted to mountain environments from Fiordland to Otago. A specimen of the attractive metallic green weevil Zenagraphus metallescens was also found, in this case on Raoulia cushions. Little is known about these small weevils which are placed in the sub-family Entimini. Another distinctive weevil collected here was the broad-nosed Catoptes murinus, an endemic taxon similarly restricted to upland habitats throughout Otago.

Alpine bugs (Hemiptera) collected include the Otago black mountain cicada (Maoricicada nigra frigida), which was common throughout the true left branch of Staircase Creek. Alpine cicada display extraordinary life history traits, a response to the harsh ecological niche they occupy. For example, all mountain cicada are freeze resistant (and possibly freeze tolerant) and this includes the subterranean larval stage. The alpine seed bug Rhypodes longiceps was abundant on cushion plants and low-growing vegetation. Rhypodes

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 29 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

longiceps has a southern distribution and is characteristic of prostrate vegetation associated with wet flushes, seepages and stream banks.

At 1260 m the data deficient spider Matua valida was collected from beneath stones and dry vegetation (predominantly snowberry and Dracophyllum). Matua valida is currently placed in the Gnaphosidae family, a group commonly known as ‘stealthy spiders’ on account of their nocturnal hunting behaviour.

Speargrasses (Aciphylla aurea and A. scott-thomsonii) are widespread. The flower spikes of female speargrass usually support a diverse cluster of invertebrates that are either directly or indirectly associated with the flower structures. For example, several beetle taxa feed exclusively on pollen (a rich source of protein), while stem-boring weevils bore into the easily accessible sugars and the caterpillars of the giant speargrass moth (Graphania nullifera) may eventually destroy the flower by mining it from the inside out. Many predatory insects also visit speargrass flowers as a source of pollen-feeding flies, beetles and aphids.

The Lax beetle (Selenopalpus aciphyllae, family Oedemeridae) was abundant on speargrass flowers. Selenopalpus aciphyllae is an obligate feeder on Aciphylla and is endemic to the eastern South Island high country. Similarly, flower beetles (Dasytes sp., Melyridae) were abundant on the speargrasses. Dasytes are small, elongated metallic blue/black beetles also endemic to the South Island sub-alpine zone where they feed on the pollen of most alpine flowering plants, particularly mountain daisies (Celmisia).

Darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) were common throughout this part of the Lease. Artystona obscura beetles were abundant amongst the slots and crevices formed by the flat schist stones. Several specimens of the larger darkling beetle (Mimopeus opaculus) were also collected. Darkling beetles are nocturnally active and feed on lichen, fungus and vegetation detritus.

The endemic Otago ground beetle Mecodema lucidum was collected in beech forest habitat. This is a medium-sized beetle which may be part of a species complex (Johns 2005). The beech forest habitat also supports a population of Stiletto flies Anabarhynchus sp. (probably A. femoralis). Several species of Anabarhynchus are listed as threatened (usually Data Deficient) although A. femoralis is common from Nelson south.

The beech forest habitats of lower Staircase Creek produced several invertebrates that are either associated with, or obligate on, Nothofagus trees. Prominent among these groups was the large ground beetle Megadromus bullatus, a distinctive species known from Mt Cook through Otago to northern Fiordland. Several individuals were noted amongst the forest litter and one was found in beech forest at Wye Creek. Similarly, giant pill millipedes were also found in this habitat. The beech forest at the mouth of Staircase Creek supports a population of the endemic giant scale insect Coelostoma sp. (Margarodidae). These large, soft-bodied insects acquire nutrients from the vascular tissues of beech trees. This obligate relationship has recently attracted the attention of geneticists as a classic model of ecological partitioning. For reasons poorly understood, a single tree may host two species of scale insect, each vertically separated from the other and each feeding on different parts of the tree.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 30 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Ecological condition of invertebrate populations The habitats and condition of invertebrate populations throughout this part of the Lease are highly natural and show little evidence of modification and ecological disturbance. The area immediately below James Peak downstream to the beech forest, in Staircase Creek, demonstrates a range of intact ecological functions and species diversity to the extent that the area is best described as being regionally, if not nationally, outstanding.

Lake Wakatipu Faces

Habitat description This area includes the lake foreshore and slopes ascending up to the Lease boundary at about the 1000 m contour. The lower slopes have been extensively grazed (by cattle), although substantial native shrublands remain, particularly in gullies and creek channels. Below the main highway, there is significant regeneration of native woody species and several pockets of mountain beech forest (Nothofagus sp.) occur in gullies and lower reaches of the major creeks. The lower altitude woody vegetation is diverse and occurs throughout most of the lake foreshore and lower boundary of the Lease. Higher up, speargrasses, snow grasses and turpentine scrub (Dracophyllum) are common, the condition and extent improving with altitude.

Invertebrate species and their distributions A very rich and diverse assemblage of moths and butterflies was collected throughout the shrublands and grasses of the lake faces. A total of 165 Lepidoptera species was collected, and well over 90% of the taxa collected are endemic to Otago or at least native to the South Island. Of these, three species are undescribed, including; a litter moth (Stathmopoda n. sp.), a ‘jet-winged’ moth (Asterivora n.sp., family Choreutidae) and a copper butterfly (Lycaena n. sp., family Lycaenidae). The rare litter moth (Tingena homodoxa, family Choreutidae) was also collected and this provides a new location record for the species (it was previously known from only two localities in the Wakatipu region).

Other taxa of interest include the threatened (Data Deficient) spider Matua valida (family Gnaphosidae), which was collected from a schist outcrop on the ridge above an unnamed tributary of Staircase Stream, and is known only from Otago; and a scuttling spider, Cycloctenus sp. collected at the northern end of the property. These spiders are also Otago endemics and are not commonly seen (in part because of their tendency to run very fast when disturbed).

Dragon flies were common throughout this area, particularly the yellow spotted ranger dragon fly (Procordulia grayi) and the giant dragon fly Uropetala chiltoni, both of which are native to New Zealand and characteristic of habitats with associated freshwater systems. The presence of these dragonflies suggests that the trophic guilds on which these top predators rely, is intact and functional.

Ecological condition of invertebrate populations The ecological condition of invertebrate populations throughout this area is intact and functional. The absence of major landscape disturbance and the high degree of habitat diversity is reflected by the range of invertebrate groups and species number. Moth taxa were particularly diverse and species rich (a function of host plant presence and the

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 31 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

species/area relationship). Spiders were also well represented in the area, as were many flightless forest dwelling invertebrates. Although a substantial proportion of the lake faces have been modified for grazing, no other part of Loch Linnhe supports the spectrum of micro habitats found in this region of the property.

Hector Mountains ridge line and James Peak

Habitat description This area includes James Peak, the highest point on the property, and comprises some of the least modified natural habitats present. At 1500 m asl numerous small schist outcrops and talus slopes are present amongst a typical sub-alpine flora of snowgrasses, prostrate Dracophyllum, Gaultheria, Anisotome and Aciphylla sp.. To the north, immediately below James Peak, several small cirques, tarns and bare scree form the landscape. Vegetation is reduced to cushion plants, herbs and a limited distribution of snowgrass. For the most part the area is an alpine environment.

Invertebrate species and their distributions The most outstanding species found at the south end of the Lease at 1500 m was the velvet worm Peripatoides novaezealandiae. These limbed, predatory worms typify the ancient fauna of New Zealand and are analogous to the moa, Haast’s eagle and kakapo in terms of taxonomic distinction. Recently, all species of New Zealand Onychophora (velvet worms) have been recommended for inclusion to the Hitchmough decline list. Several individuals were present at the site, beneath stone and associated snowberry litter.

The site also produced an alpine moth (Metracrias sp.), an abundance of alpine cockroaches (Celatoblatta quinquemacultata) and spiders, including a jumping spider (probably Holoplatys; Salticidae) and a scuttling spider (Cycloctenus sp.: Cycloctenidae). Beetles were represented by elytral parts of the endemic Otago chafer Scythrodes squalidus, which feeds on mountain daisies and herbs. A moss weevil (Byocatus sp.) was also collected, however knowledge is very limited for this group.

Within the alpine habitat near James Peak, seven invertebrate taxa of significant conservation value were found, including several individuals of the locally endemic spider Neoramia alta (Agelenidae). The holotype specimen of N. alta was collected near Lake Alta, in the nearby The Remarkables, and this find may be a new location record. Neoramia alta is a large, attractively patterned spider (Data Deficient).

Significant beetle taxa were represented by two species of giant weevil, Lyperobius cupiendus and the con-generic L. hudsoni. Lyperobius cupiendus, which can be up to 20 mm in length, is a dark beetle with distinct elytral ridges, it is restricted to the mountains of Fiordland and Otago. By contrast, Lyperobius hudsoni (‘Hudson’s weevil’) is visually distinctive with its pale patches and stripes on the elytra and has a wider distribution throughout the Southern Alps. Both weevil species are of high conservation value given their taxonomic distinctiveness, physical size, endemic status, altitudinal restriction and host plant associations.

Two species of alpine burrowing weta (Hemiandrus focalis and Zealandosandrus maculifrons) were common. Hemiandrus focalis is an Otago endemic while Z. maculifrons is common

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 32 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

throughout the Southern Alps and both are hardy alpine specialists with an omnivorous, opportunistic diet.

An undescribed species of Percnodaimon (black mountain ringlet butterfly) was collected from the north-western slopes below the summit of James Peak. All Percnodaimon butterflies are restricted to above 900 m of the Southern Alps and often within the alpine zone. The most widespread species is P. merula whose caterpillars feed on Poa spp. During flight, these butterflies flit lazily above screes and rocky terrain, riding on the warm air currents generated by the sun-heated rock. Black mountain ringlet butterflies are a unique part of New Zealand’s alpine fauna.

An undescribed species of the day-flying ‘Dandy’ moth Notoreas was collected from a small cirque below James Peak. These attractive moths are similarly confined to alpine habitats above 900 m. Alpine grasshoppers (Sigaus obelisci) were also present here, and at the summit of James Peak.

Ecological condition of invertebrate populations This area is in excellent ecological condition and is one of the least modified areas on the property. The habitat around James Peak displays the original pre-human environment. The invertebrate species collected from the various sites were all alpine specialists, most are local endemics and all appear free of introduced predators. The number of invertebrates per species suggests that population density is viable and healthy.

Eastern Hector Mountains

Whittens Creek

Habitat description The headwaters of Whittens Creek are similar in character to the left branch of Staircase Creek, below James Peak. The mid-section of Whittens Creek is characterised by shaded slopes of Dracophyllum pronum shrubland and snow grass on the true left, with dense tussock cover on the sunny slopes on the true right. Woody shrublands dominate the lower stretches of Whittens Creek with species of Hebe, Olearia, Coprosma and Carmichaelia present.

Invertebrate species and their distributions A brief visit to a small wetland at the head of Whittens Creek produced seven moth species from three families including Geometridae, Pyralidae and Crambidae. All species of moth were Otago endemics whose larvae feed on a range of native herbs and grasses. Midway down Whittens Creek, 56 species of Lepidoptera were collected (including moths and butterflies). Many of these were snout moths (Pyralidae and Crambidae), however an undescribed species of copper butterfly (Lycaena n. sp.) was also collected along with several other taxa characteristic of the habitat. Examples include the very large speargrass moth Graphania nullifera, several attractive Wainscot moths (Tmetolophota spp.), and specimens of the striking western tiger moth Metacrias? erichrysa (Arctiidae). The diversity and number of Lepidopteran species identified from Whittens Creek provides a crude but convincing indication of the plant diversity within this area.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 33 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

A single specimen of the giant ground beetle Mecodema chiltoni was collected from near Whittens Creek Hut in the Nevis Valley. Mecodema chiltoni is listed Sparse and the beetles are probably one of New Zealand’s largest. The find is also a new distribution record.

Ecological condition of invertebrate populations The ecological condition of upper Whittens Creek is intact and functional. Lower Whittens Creek shows some modification through grazing and mining activity however a wide range of moth species was recovered suggesting that ecosystem function is intact. The presence of a Mecodema chiltoni population at the confluence of Whittens Creek and the Nevis is both a surprise and suggestive of low predator pressure in the area.

Sproules Creek and catchments

Habitat description Four ecological habitats can be recognised within this sampling area. The middle faces between Whittens and Sproules Creeks comprise snowgrass, Dracophyllum pronum and short herb fields. In several patches above 1300 m, the bedrock is exposed as blocky, frost-shattered surfaces that have also undergone solifluction movement. The second type of habitat and terrain includes the alpine cirques and tarns at the head of Sproules Creek, below the east face of James Peak. Below these features, on the floor of the hanging valley, tussock and cushion plants occur. The lower reaches of Sproules Creek support typical riparian shrublands of native species.

Invertebrate species and their distributions The middle faces between Whittens and Sproules Creeks support the darkling beetle Zeadelium nigritulum (a species distributed between Fiordland and Otago) and two species of grasshopper (Sigaus campestris and Sigaus australis). Sigaus campestris is one of New Zealand’s largest short-horned grasshoppers and is known from Hamner to Southland. Sigaus australis is more common and widespread, being found throughout the central South Island high country. A large tussock cicada (Kikihi sp.) was abundant at the collecting site as was the ubiquitous Otago cockroach Celatoblatta quinquaemaculata.

Several outstanding insect species were collected in the upper Sproules Creek, above 1300 m asl. The very large speargrass weevil Lyperobius spedenii was under rocks near the small cirque basin tarn. As far as is known, this beetle feeds on a narrow range of speargrasses including; Aciphylla lecomtei, A. pinnatifida, A. spedenii and A. simplex. Lyperobius spedenii is a large weevil (up to 24 mm in length) and the species is widespread, from mid- Canterbury to Southland.

A second species of speargrass weevil (Lyperobius hudsoni) was collected on slopes between the tarn and the floor of the hanging valley below. Lyperobius hudsoni beetles feed on at least six species of Aciphylla and they often show wide morphological variation (Craw 1999). The alpine grasshopper Sigaus obelisci (Range Restricted) was common. Two species of black alpine cicada were collected (Maoricicada nigra frigida and Maoricicada otagoensis), both of which are locally endemic. Additional taxa collected from the area include the ground weta (Zealandosandrus maculifrons), which was found beneath rocks and within tunnels at 1486 m asl and an abundance of seed bugs (Rhypodes longiceps), common on cushion plants present in this habitat.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 34 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Within the lower Sproules Creek (900 m) shrublands support a rich assemblage of insects. Coleoptera were represented by the ground beetle Megadromus bullatus (beneath stones) and an abundance of manuka beetles Pyronota festiva, which were associated with Olearia and Ozothamnus plants. Flies were numerous, particularly a soldier fly Beris sp. (Stratiomyidae) and crane flies Austrotipula sp. (Tipulidae).

Several native stinkbugs (Rhopalimorpha lineolaris), cicada (Kikihia sp.) and damsel bugs (Nabis maoricus: Nabidae) were collected from riparian vegetation. Given the presence of Sproules Creek, a suite of species requiring water for all or part of their life cycle was present. The damselfly Xanthocnemis zealandica, for example, was common and widespread throughout the lower reaches of the creek. Parasitic Ichneumonid wasps were also collected, but owing to the paucity of information on this group, no further identification could be provided. Each of these taxa are native and quite possibly many are local endemics, yet to be described.

Ecological condition of invertebrate populations The majority of habitats throughout this sampling area are in excellent ecological condition. Most, if not all habitats were contiguous with those on the western flank of the Hector mountains. A suite of endemic taxa characteristic of the Otago mountains was supported throughout. Invertebrate population sizes appeared to be substantial (many weta holes were seen around a tarn and throughout the lower stretches of Sproules Creek the riparian shrublands were dense with a wide range of native invertebrates.

Significant Inherent Invertebrate Values

Approximately 82% of Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease has been identified as having significant invertebrate values (refer Map 4.2.4).

Of the 266 invertebrate species identified from this survey (see Appendix 6), five are introduced and the remainder are either endemic (to the South Island or the Otago region) or native to New Zealand. These taxa belong to five classes, 15 orders and 81 families. Lepidoptera represented 65% of the total species identified including four new species yet to be described.

At least two species are listed as threatened and a further two as Data Deficient in the most recent threat classification system (Hitchmough et al. 2007). An additional species is recommended for placement on the threatened species updated list. Species listed as Sparse and Range Restricted fall under the division “At Risk”. Although they are not currently in decline, their population characteristics mean a new threat could rapidly deplete their populations. Sparse taxa have very small, widely scattered populations. Species listed as Data Deficient have insufficient information on which to make an assessment as to their appropriate category.

A list of these species with their threat of extinction status and distribution within the Pastoral Lease is provided below in Table 7 and Appendix 7.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 35 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Table 7. Threatened and data deficient invertebrate species found on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease

Threat Threat Species Comments/ Location on Lease Division Category At Risk Sparse Mecodema chiltoni Lower Whittens Creek Broun. Giant ground beetle Range Sigaus obelisci Bigelow. Upper Staircase Creek catchment; James Restricted Alpine grasshopper Peak; headwaters of Sproules Creek. Data Deficient Neoramia alta Forster Endemic to The Remarkables and Hector & Wilton. Agelenid Mountains; James Peak. spider Matua valida Forster & Tributaries of Staircase Creek. Blest. Stealthy spiders Recommended Peripatoides All New Zealand Peripatus are endemic and for placement novaezealandiae Hutton. of high scientific value. Some species are on threatened Velvet worm range restricted. 1500 m asl on western faces. species updated list

In addition, three species are restricted to alpine zones; five species are new species, and one species in endemic to the greater Wakatipu region. These are listed in Table 8 below.

The invertebrates of highest conservation interest were found in nearly every habitat including; tussock, alpine herbfields, native shrublands and beech forest pockets. Five species of large flightless beetles (four weevils and a ground beetle) were recovered from the property, an exceptional outcome for a tenure review survey. The combination of beetles, rare moths, grasshoppers, spiders and velvet worms demonstrates that Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease supports an outstanding invertebrate fauna of national significance.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 36 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Table 8: Invertebrate species of conservation interest in Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease. Status Species Comments / Location Restricted distribution – alpine Lyperobius cupiendus Broun. Near James Peak. zones of Otago/Fiordland Giant weevil Lyperobius montanus Craw. Headwaters of Staircase Creek Giant speargrass weevil tributary near James Peak. Restricted distribution – alpine Lyperobius hudsoni Broun. Giant Near James Peak and zones of eastern Southern speargrass weevil headwaters of Sproules Creek. Alps Lyperobius spedenii Broun. Giant Headwaters of Sproules speargrass weevil Creek. New Species Asterivora n.sp. ‘Jet’ moth Only two other known localities, rare Otago species (E. Edwards & B. Patrick pers comm.). Lake faces near Wye Creek. Lycaena n.sp. Copper butterfly Lake faces; Whittens Creek; beech forest in Staircase Creek. Notoreas n.sp. Day-flying Near James Peak. Dandy moth Percnodiamon n. sp. Black The con-generic P. merula is mountain ringlet butterfly restricted to alpine areas above 900 m and not often seen. This undescribed form may be a sub-species and is an important record. Near James Peak and at E 2183564 5543743. Stathmopoda n.sp. Small litter Beech forest in lower Staircase moth Creek. Regionally endemic Tingena homodoxa Litter moth Beech forest in lower Staircase Creek.

2.6.2 Herpetofauna and Amphibians

“Site locations of rare and endangered herpetofauna are recorded in the original report. Herpetofauna of this nature is at risk of illegal activities including damage and removal through unlawful interference and disturbance. Accordingly, information regarding the locations of any such herpetofauna has been deleted from this version of the report. The Department of Conservation has put in place mechanisms to ensure that such information can be released for genuine scientific and research purposes. Please contact the Department of Conservation directly to determine whether the information can be released.”

Introduction

An extensive range of habitats along altitudinal, aspect and moisture gradients is present on the property. The higher area is in the cool southern hill country Q1 LENZ with the

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 37 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

lower slopes being in the slightly warmer Q2 LENZ, with a greater rainfall deficit, particularly in the Nevis.

The western faces, generally below 1000 m, support considerable shrubland. The eastern slopes in the Nevis Valley are predominantly tussock grasslands.

Prior to inspection, a search of the herpetofauna database found records of McCann’s skink (Oligosoma maccanni), common geckos (Hoplodactylus aff. maculatus sp.) and cryptic skink Oligosoma inconspicuum from the property (Appendix 8).

Methods

Lizard fauna were surveyed for along four walked transects; on the sunny faces of Whittens and Sproules Creeks in the Nevis catchment; and down from James Peak and Staircase Creek in the Wakatipu catchment. Spot searches were conducted from vehicles on the lake face (Staircase north to Wye Creek), in the vicinity of Clippings Bush in the “Beech Remnant” Creek, and on the tailings area in Whittens Creek. Searching was by scanning with binoculars, looking in crevices and lifting rocks.

Habitats

Lake Faces below 1100 m

While the herpetofauna database records common geckos at five sites between Staircase and Wye Creek, the only observation during the inspection was sloughed skins at 1030 m (Appendix 8). Five sightings of McCann’s skink and three common skink (O. n. polychroma) suggest a sparse and therefore vulnerable population of lizards in this area.

High altitude

On the western side of the Hector Mountains, only one common skink was found at 1400 m. The most abundant herpetofauna on the property were common skinks Oligosoma n. polychroma from 1400 m to 900 m in Whittens Creek, where they were observed every 100 m. A common skink and a McCann’s skink were found in mid reaches of Sproules Creek.

On north facing slopes of Whittens Creek, three alpine geckos were caught or sighted in a large block fellfield at 1400 m. One appeared to be gravid. There is some doubt (Rod Hitchmough, Tony Jewell pers comm.) as to whether it is a Roys Peak gecko (Hoplodactylus aff. granulatus), or a Takatimu gecko (Hoplodactylus cryptozoicus). This specimen awaits positive identification.

Nevis catchment 700 - 900 m

The abundance of common skinks observed above 900 m in Whittens Creek was not apparent at the bottom of the valley. However, common skinks were found in the tailings

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 38 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

area, where McCann’s and cryptic skinks have previously been recorded (Herpetofauna database records). Lizards appear to be sparse in this habitat.

The block fellfields along the Nevis Road were extensively searched with a notable lack of success. It is expected that this is excellent gecko habitat.

Description of Fauna

Table 9 summarises the lizard and frog species recorded. A distribution map is shown in Appendix 9.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 39 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Table 9: Lizard species recorded on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease

Common Name Scientific Distribution on property Name Roys Peak gecko, or Hoplodactylus True right of Whittens Creek, Takatimu gecko aff. granulatus 1350-1400 m fell field or Hoplodactylus cryptozoicus Cryptic skink Oligosoma Not found on inspection but was inconspicuum present in Whitten tailings in 1986 McCann’s skink Oligosoma Sparse below 1000 m maccanni Common skink Oligosoma Sparse throughout, common true nigriplantare right of Whittens Creek, 900- polychroma 1400 m Whistling frog (exotic) (Litoria ewingii) Two frogs under rocks in the Nevis Valley.

Significance of Herpetofauna and Amphibians

One threatened lizard was recorded on the property. The alpine gecko found in the upper Whittens, is either Roys Peak or Takatimu gecko, both of which are ranked Nationally Critical (Hitchmough et al. 2007). The Roys Peak gecko was first discovered in 1998 (Tocher & Marshall 2001) and has recently been found in Central Otago. Roys Peak geckos are currently known from Mt Alpha and Roys Peak near Wanaka, Moke Valley in the Richardson Mountains, the South Dunstan Mountains and at Cluden Pass. The behaviour and habitat of high altitude geckos is not well understood.

Takatimu gecko is recorded from the Takatimu Mountains and 25 Mile Spur in the Rees Valley.

Either of these species would be at the limit of their known range at this location.

No native frog species were recorded.

2.6.3 Avifauna

Introduction

An extensive variety of habitats is present on the property.

Extensive shrubland on the western faces, generally below 1000 m, support a good population of introduced passerines. Passerine density is sparse on the Nevis eastern slopes, and at lower altitudes, where shrubland habitat is poor.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 40 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Species

Nine native bird species were observed on the property (Table 10):

Table 10: Native bird species observed on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease Bird Species Common name Distribution and Comments Anthus novaeseelandia NZ pipit Above 800 m asl, throughout property. novaeseelandia Anthornis melanura Bellbird Of forest remnants and nearby shrublands. Falco novaeseelandia Eastern falcon Nevis catchment: Territorial pairs in Sproules Creek, lower Whittens Creek. Lake Faces: lessee reported “pairs every km”. High passerine numbers on shrublands and falcon observations on the southern boundary (Glen Nevis Station, B. Lawrence pers. obs.) support high falcon abundance on western faces. Defended territory round a nest is 0.5km (Lawrence 2002) and Mathieu et al. (2006) suggest mean nest spacing of 1.8 km is close to, or at, carrying capacity, which is situation on lake faces. Gerygone igata Grey warbler Of forest remnants and nearby shrublands. Kea nobilis Kea Upper basins of Nevis catchment including head of Whittens Creek. Good alpine and subalpine shrublands of upper altitude parts of Lease provide excellent habitat. Larus dominicanus Black-backed Breeding pairs in upper basins on property gull Perioca macrocephela Tomtit Of forest remnants and nearby shrublands. Prosthemadera Tui Of forest remnants and nearby shrublands. novaeseelandiae Rhipidura fuliginosa Fantail Lake face forest remnants; lone bird observed at 1240 m in Whittens Creek around boulders in tussock grassland, a long way from shrubland.

Exotic bird species were very abundant in lake face shrublands. Chukor (Alectoris chukar) were seen in the top basin of Sproules Creek.

Significance of Avifauna

Two species of threatened bird are present on the property – kea (ranked Nationally Endangered by Hitchmough et al. 2007) and eastern falcon (Gradual Decline).

This property is part of the kea stronghold and breeding habitat on The Remarkables mountains. Upland parts of the property (>900 m asl) contain breeding kea and habitat with subalpine shrubs and herbs that will provide good food supplies for kea (Marriner

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 41 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

1908). Kemp (1999) suggests it is availability of food rather than predation (human excluded) that limits kea numbers.

Falcon are a feature in the Wakatipu region. Breeding density appears to be related to the amount of shrubbery in the landscape, as that produces abundant small bird prey. For falcon, Fox (1978) states “……the ultimate density controlling factor would be food supply”. Therefore all shrubland, particularly on the lake faces and forest edge is considered to represent highly significant falcon habitat. This includes the developing shrublands near the valley floors to the east in the Nevis. The most productive of this shrubland in the context of falcon prey is the riparian margins where invertebrate abundance support higher densities of small birds.

Mathieu et al. (2006) and Barea et al. (1997) describe a common characteristic of falcon nest sites as having open character allowing good visual surveillance of the surrounding area. This may well be a key to understanding the high falcon population on the lake faces, where a matrix of open areas and/or prominent rock out crops on steep slopes (providing nest sites) occurs amongst/adjacent extensive areas of shrubland (providing food).

2.6.4 Aquatic Fauna

Introduction

Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease covers approximately 11,000 ha spanning the Hector Mountains. The western boundary adjoins the shores of Lake Wakatipu and the eastern boundary boarders the upper catchment of the Nevis River. These water bodies are tributaries of the Kawarau River which in turn contributes to the Clutha River system. The Clutha River system has been highly modified by the installation of several hydro electric dams in the main stem. Dams have been shown to impede fish migration to and from the sea, and therefore may have significant influence on the occurrence of diadromus (migratory) native freshwater fish species (McDowall 1993) and freshwater diversity in these catchments.

When queried in January 2007, the New Zealand Freshwater Fish Database (NZFFD) held eight records from streams and creeks within the Lease boundaries.

Indigenous fish species recorded include: koaro (Galaxias brevipinnis), Gollum galaxias (G. gollumoides) and common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidanus). Brown trout (Salmo trutta) is the only introduced fish recorded.

Koaro and common bully have been recorded from tributaries of Lake Wakatipu and Gollum galaxias has been observed from tributaries of the Nevis River. Brown trout are widespread throughout both catchments. Koaro and common bully are common throughout New Zealand. Both species have flexible life strategies with the capacity to switch between diadromy and landlocked populations within lakes. It is highly probable that common bully was translocated into Lake Wakatipu as trout food (McDowall 2000). Lake Wakatipu and the Nevis River support a regionally significant recreational sports fishery.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 42 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Gollum galaxias is widespread throughout Southland, Stewart Island and the Catlins areas with 29 known populations (Hitchmough et al. 2007) however few of these populations are under conservation protection. Gollum galaxias is chronically threatened on a national scale and classified as Gradual Decline. McDowall (2006) postulates that brown trout may be implicated in the cause of range reduction and disappearance of Gollum galaxias from many places. Complex competitive interactions, dietary overlaps and the predatory behaviour of salmoniids have been suggested as possible causes of the decline of many galaxiid species (Allibone and McIntosh 1999). Serious impacts from water abstraction, agricultural development and forestry have also been identified as affecting native fish communities (McDowall 2000).

Methods

Freshwater fauna surveys were conducted from 29th January to 1st February 2007. A total of 36 sites were surveyed during this period. Each site was surveyed pursuant to the guidelines specified in “Non-migratory galaxiid survey methods” (Department of Conservation n.d.). A Kainga 300 electric fishing machine was employed at all survey sites. Survey sites were selected from the topographical map (NZMS 260 F42), and chosen specifically for 4WD and helicopter accessibility. Sites were selected to sample a variety of instream habitat types. All sites had to have between 10 m² and 50 m² of fishable stream to be sampled, depending on the accessibility of the area. In-stream freshwater fauna habitat descriptions (width/depth/substrate composition) and site characteristics (riparian/catchment vegetation and water flow velocity types) were recorded to the NZFFD form format. Survey site locations were recorded using a Global Positioning System (GPS). Multiple sample sites within larger tributaries were attempted to ascertain any disparity in altitudinal fish species assemblages and to locate change in fish species composition possibly due to natural migration barriers. Potential barriers to fish movement were also recorded. Access to unnamed tributaries of Lake Wakatipu was gained from SH 6. Sites were surveyed above road culverts except at Wye and Staircase Creeks.

All fish species captured were identified, measured to the nearest millimetre (mm) and then released. Freshwater fish species were identified using “The Reed Field Guide to New Zealand Freshwater Fishes” (McDowall 2000). Visual observations of instream aquatic insect species were made by turning over rocks and one-off kick net sampling was also undertaken at selected sites. Insect species were identified to genera and families using “Guide to the Aquatic Insects of New Zealand” (Winterbourn et al. 2006). A list of aquatic fauna records is provided (Appendix 10).

Habitats and Species Description

To ease description, the property has been divided into four geographical units, defined by water catchment area and physical characteristics:

• Lake Wakatipu Tributaries - Wye Creek - Northern unnamed Wakatipu tributaries - Staircase Creek - Southern unnamed tributaries

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 43 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

• Nevis River Tributaries - Sproules Creek and Whittens Creek

Lake Wakatipu Tributaries

Wye Creek

Wye Creek defines the northern boundary of the Lease. This creek has a marginal strip that protects remnant beech forest (Nothofagus fusca and N. solandri var. cliffortioides) and broadleaf forest (Griselinia littoralis and Hoheria lyallii) in both branches. The lake side section of this creek below the state highway is densely choked with willow (Salix fragilis) and other invasive plant species e.g. broom (Cytisus scoparius) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus). The stream bed is heavily armoured, providing little cover for fish species. Above the state highway road bridge the creek begins to climb steeply and continues in this manner until the end of the Lease boundary at the confluence of the south branch of the Wye Creek. This section of Wye Creek is characterised by large boulder piles with intermittent stretches of bedrock, cascade and waterfall habitat. The majority of this catchment drains tussock and subalpine herbfields.

Koaro were present at three sites surveyed in Wye Creek. Brown trout were only observed at the lake shore site and were absent from the two upstream survey sites. A fish passage barrier to trout was observed directly above the state highway road bridge. Koaro were rare at both sites above velocity barrier. As so few koaro were observed above the trout passage barrier, conditions for up stream migration may be rare, with either an unseasonably low or high flow required for fish movement.

Northern unnamed Lake Wakatipu tributaries

A series of small steep cascading creeks are dispersed along the hill face between Wye and Staircase Creeks. These creeks are predominantly of high water velocity and choked with exotic and native scrub species, of particular note are the dense patches of Muehlenbeckia australis. The surrounding hillsides are a mixture of pig fern (Pteridium esculentum) and rough pasture. The largest of these creeks, referred to as “Two Mile Creek” by the lease holder, contains a small and partially intact riparian strip of native broadleaf forest.

Koaro occurred in six of the 11 creeks surveyed, and fish species appeared to be absent from five sites. One site may be ephemeral, as no aquatic insects or fish species were observed. There was a notable absence of trout from these creeks, implying the presence of trout passage barriers below the road and surveyed sites. Road culverts may also be potentially creating barriers to trout and in creeks where no species were observed, the incorrect placement of culverts may also be creating a passage barrier to koaro migration as well.

Staircase Creek

Staircase Creek is the largest catchment within the Lease. This creek rises steeply after leaving the lake shore and enters an incised bedrock gorge. The creek opens out into a short river flat above the gorged section before rising steeply through more beech forest

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 44 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

into tussock and herbfields of the upper catchments. The extensive beech and broadleaf forest present in the riparian zone also has a marginal strip. In-stream habitat comprises tumbling fast flowing runs and riffles, turning into high velocity cascades and rapids as the creek begins to climb.

Fish species koaro, brown trout and rainbow trout were found only at the river’s mouth. The gorge in the lower Staircase Creek has effectively excluded all fish species from the upper catchment.

Southern unnamed tributaries

A small number of unnamed tributaries flow into Lake Wakatipu south of Staircase Creek. The topography is generally less steep, however the majority of these creeks are deeply incised as they cut though glacial gravel deposits present in this area. The smaller creeks are choked with a mixture of native and exotic vegetation. These are medium velocity, gravely creeks comprising predominantly riffle and rapid habitat.

The largest of these catchments (“Beech Remnant” Creek) has a channel diversion watertake for agricultural purposes at GPS E2178413 / N5539573. This creek also contains a large remnant beech forest throughout the mid to upper catchment.

Koaro was recorded in six of the seven creeks surveyed in this area.

Native fish including koaro were absent from sites visited in the “Beech Remnant’ Creek. Brown trout were common in this creek at the lake shore, and may be responsible for the absence of koaro there. The absence of fish species in the upper catchment implies the presence of a natural fish passage barrier in the steeply incised section of the creek.

Nevis River Tributaries

Sproules Creek and Whittens Creek

The Nevis River and tributaries in this area have extensive historic catchment modifications by water races for gold extraction. Sproules Creek and Whittens Creek have many water races throughout their lower and mid sections. This suggests intensive water translocation between Sproules Creek and Whittens Creek, and with neighbouring catchments. The construction of these water races may have facilitated the dispersal of galaxiid species to unoccupied habitats and/or gene flow between previously isolated sub-populations as has been documented as occurring in historical water races elsewhere in the Otago region (Esa et al. 2000). Tailings are abundant throughout Whittens Creek. Both these creeks drain large alpine basins covered with extensive tussock and herbfields. In-stream habitat comprises of mainly run, riffle and rapid sequences, however, short sections of gorge provided a variety of medium to high velocity cascades, particularly in Sproules Creek.

Gollum galaxias were recorded in Sproules and Whittens Creeks. There was a notable absence of Gollum galaxias from survey sites in the lower catchments where brown trout were common.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 45 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

In Sproules Creek, a series of cascades at GPS E2189468 / N5540940 appeared to create a barrier to trout passage. Gollum galaxias adults were present above this point, but no trout were observed. Juvenile galaxiids (20 - 30 mm) were also observed in backwaters.

In lower Whittens Creek, low numbers of brown trout and Gollum galaxias occur together. Brown trout were not recorded further up the Whittens Creek catchment, suggesting the presence of another trout passage barrier as Gollum galaxias was the only fish species recorded. No species were recorded from three sites surveyed in the upper basins of both Sproules and Whittens Creeks. The topography of these catchments begins to rise rapidly at the altitude of approximately 1100 m creating inaccessible habitat unfavourable to Gollum galaxias.

Aquatic insects

Deleatidium is wildly distributed in stony streams throughout New Zealand and observed in almost all creeks within the Lease (Appendix 10). An absence of any freshwater fauna in an unnamed creek south of Wye Creek may indicate that it is ephemeral. Of note was an almost total absence of cased caddisfly genera throughout the sites sampled, except for the presence of Hudsonema in an unnamed tributary south of staircase creek, and Olinga in Sproules Creek. The steep and incised nature of the catchments creates habitat with a greater amount of cascade habitat that maybe unsuitable for cased caddisfly genera. Another explanation is that they occur in very low numbers and were missed by the sampling.

The low taxonomic richness of the aquatic insect genera present in streams and creeks throughout the Lease appeared to reflect the elevated water velocity and frequency of high flow events of these catchments. Water quality at sampled locations appeared to be high due to the presence of clean water invertebrates, Zelandoperla, Nesameletus and Deleatidium (Winterbourn et al. 2006). These three aquatic insects were the most commonly occurring genera at all sites sampled.

Significance of Aquatic Fauna

Populations of a chronically threatened native fish Gollum galaxias (Galaxias gollumoides – ranked Gradual Decline), are present in Whittens and Sproules Creeks. Populations of Gollum galaxias under conservation protection occur nearby in the side tributaries of Remarkables Conservation Area (Glen Nevis); on Stewart Island; and the Catlins Conservation Park and adjacent scenic reserves. Protection of Whittens and Sproules Creek sites would be an opportunity to implement Objective 9.1 of the New Zealand non-migratory galaxiid fishes recovery plan (Department of Conservation 2004) “of identifying, protecting and managing a minimum of 30 habitats with key non-migratory populations of threatened non-migratory galaxiid species.” The population in Sproules Creek would be the priority for protection as it appears to be self-sustaining with 30 – 99 mm size classes present.

There is a notable absence of brown trout within upper reaches of Sproules Creek containing Gollum galaxias, as well as Wye Creek and several unnamed Lake Wakatipu tributaries that contain koaro. The lower sections of these creeks are steep and incised; presumably, these characteristics act as fish passage barriers to brown trout.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 46 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

2.6.5 Problem Animals

Rabbits are common, especially at the low to mid altitude parts of the property, including the Nevis Valley, where they may impact on short tussocklands by browsing and scuffing.

Hares are present to high altitude, causing localized damage to tussocklands, herfields and cushionfields.

Hedgehogs are as serious threat to invertebrates. Scats were observed on some of the low altitude four wheel drive tracks.

Possums can damage shrublands and beech forest communities. They also impact on invertebrates indirectly e.g. by browsing moth-host plants, and directly e.g. they may prey directly on invertebrates (particularly land snails and beetles (K. Walker pers. comm.).

Stoats, ferrets and cats are widespread, and predate on lizards and invertebrates present.

Goats browse shrublands to high altitude. Goats are likely to be controlled as the population is isolated, and if managed, could significantly reduce migration into areas that the Department of Conservation currently conducts goat control.

Deer and chamois are present at low levels, and occur to high altitude along the Hector Mountains.

2.7 HISTORIC

2.7.1 Maori Cultural Values

The Nevis Valley is a known locality for moa hunting and travel by Maori. Two pre- contact Maori site records (a moa hunter site with umu, and a possible moa butchery site) are known from the valley, both located to the north at Lower Nevis and not within the bounds of the Lease. However, a total of eight pits were recorded on the Lease during the tenure review inspection (sites F42/264, F42/258-F42/260; see Appendix 11). One pit is located on a slope of a tributary on the Wakatipu lake faces, and the remaining seven are up Whittens Creek. The function of the pits is unknown, although two of the pits resemble umu, with one small, raised rim circular pit resembling a Maori oven.

2.7.2 Pakeha Heritage Values

The property has a rich history associated with its exploration, pastoral use and gold mining.

Exploration Early explorers to Wakatipu, Donald Cameron and Angus Macdonald, along with a Maori guide called ‘Sandfly’, travelled the eastern side of Lake Wakatipu in 1859. It was they who named various rivers and landmarks including Devil’s Staircase (Staircase

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 47 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Creek) and the Nevis River. In July 1859, Donald Hay accompanied D. Cameron on a trip over the Hector Mountains as they tried to find a way into the Nevis Valley. Hay continued exploring the lake in a moki (raft), after a trip to Riverton for more provisions. The moki may have been the same as that used by McKellar in 1857. Hay camped in a cave on the east side of the lake, possibly just north of Staircase Creek. Here he noted three small sticks tied together with flax that indicated a previous occupation (Beattie 1947:51-52).

Pastoral Farming Cameron and Macdonald applied for Run 331 Staircase on Lake Wakatipu in 1859). They attempted to bring stock from Australia but many were lost on the trip and Run 331 was not taken up. Cameron applied for Run 354 Nokomai, which he named Glenfalloch (Gaelic for hidden valley) (Beattie 1947:51, Hamel 1989:2-3). Cameron also took up Run 398, Glen Nevis, that was added to Run 354, which had been renewed from 1866 (Sinclair 2003:17).

The well known explorers W.G. Rees and von Tunzelmann explored Lake Wakatipu in February 1860. The east side of Lake Wakatipu, Run 331 Staircase, was taken up by Rees in 1860 (Beattie 1947:54 and 70, Sinclair 2003). It was Rees who had named Wye Creek to the north of Staircase Creek (Beattie 1947:50-51, 153).

W.W. Masters and Enoch Harrison had an early run in the Nevis Valley, the Kingston Station, as did W. O’Connell and the McIntosh Brothers. The old stone hut located close to the ruins of the Loch Linnhe homestead, dated to the 1880’s, had housed the early run holder’s family, the O’Connell’s (Hall-Jones 2005:81, Hamel 1989:10, 1996:15, McLean 96-007:17 page 3, Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust 2000). John Bailey had also lived in the stone hut for many years and had been a tutor for the O’Connell’s children (McLean 96-007:17 page 3). The homestead and the stone hut are not within the bounds of the Lease, but are situated on a freehold section (Section 5 Block VII Lorn SD).

The railway to Kingston (previously known as St. John’s) was completed by the end of 1878 and the Upper Nevis Road through to Garston was opened in 1891 (Beattie 1947:149, Hamel 1989:9, Parcell 1976:160).

In 1906, the O’Connell’s sold the Kingston Run to Alex McCaughan, who divided the run into two blocks, Loch Linnhe and Kingston, for his sons. The McCaughan’s were popular with the mining families as they allowed the miners working in Whittens to stay at the Loch Linnhe homestead. The houses were kept in good repair by the miners (McLean 96-007:17 page 1).

After World War II, Bill Lott acquired Loch Linnhe. He removed the roofing iron from the old Loch Linnhe homestead and the stables, and had a miner clean out all the accumulated items in the stone hut. The miner re-lined the stone hut ceiling with tongue and groove re-used from the de-roofed homestead, and was able to recover the timber from the homestead in exchange for his work. In recent years a corrugated iron lean-to was added to the stone hut by Murray Wilson. The homestead and stables rapidly became ruins. Lott had the sheep mustered out of the valley in the winter months to reduce the number of deaths attributable to the snow and cold (McLean 96-007:17 pages 1-5).

The run was transferred to Alan Edwin Lucas in 1957, and then passed onto John Chapman Jack and Irene Jack in August 1960 (LINZ Due Diligence Report - Part 1).

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 48 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Allen Nathaniel Murray acquired Loch Linnhe in 1963 but was not successful at sheep farming and on sold the run (Part Run 331, Block V) to Dickson Glendinning Jardine in 1967. The run was given a new description to Run 765 (SO 16016).

William Murray Scott of Kyeburn acquired the Lease in 1973 in trust for his son Murray. Murray Wilson was appointed manager (McLean 96-007:17 page 8). The run was transferred to Murray William Scott in 1980. In 1999, a ½ share of the run was transferred to Karen Jan Scott. The Scott’s have a 33 year renewable lease from 1 July 1992 for Section 3 and Part Sections 1 & 4 (SO 23882), and Part Run 354A, South Wakatipu, Lorn and Nevis Survey Districts, Otago Land District (LINZ Due Diligence Report - Part 1:page 3).

Gold Mining A search of historic records regarding the gold mining history of the Lease were primarily noted in the Goldfields Warden’s reports in the Appendix to the Journal of the House of Representatives, and in a collection of papers deposited by McLean into the Hocken Collections Archives and Manuscripts (96-007:4, 11, 17). LINZ Due Diligence Reports, and the above records, provided valuable information that attached names to places and the activities associated with the historic features. Gold mining occurred primarily on the western tributaries of the Nevis River with no records of gold mining on the Lake Wakatipu side of the Lease.

The historic mining can be divided into three eras: early alluvial sluicing methods, with the larger rock being removed by hand; the 1890s, when big water races were brought in for hydraulic sluicing and elevating; and the introduction of dredges. The last historic period was during the depression of the 1930’s when several parties of subsidised miners, mainly unemployed, were encouraged to work the ground in the Nevis Valley (Hamel 1994:11-13). A considerable amount of gold was obtained by hand working the rich ground of the Nevis River flats during the first era. The same ground was reworked by dredges from 1896 (McIntosh 1906:261).

One of the limitations of gold mining in the Nevis was the winter months when the water in the races and the dredge ponds would freeze forcing a stop to any gold working. The Nevis River itself would also sometimes freeze, particularly in the higher, cooler climate of the Upper Nevis (Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust 2000). Work could only occur for eight months of the year (AJHR 1907:C-3 page 43).

The miners had complained that there was no Goldfields Warden visiting the Nevis and they had to go to the Cromwell Court for their business to be heard. On some occasions the Warden failed to turn up (Parcell 1976:272).

There was a rush to the Nevis in March 1863 although mining did occur from 1862 (Parcell 1976:23), and continued on the Lease well into the late 20th century. All the various methods of working the drifts were attempted in the Nevis Valley, although tunnelling was the only method not recorded within the Lease boundaries. Ground sluicing on shallow ground was the early method used in all nooks and grannies of the tributaries, followed by hydraulic elevating of the flats and terraces, and dredging of the flats.

Chinese and European miners were reported as working all through the Nevis Gorge (Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust 2000). By 1869, Parcell noted 250 Chinese people at

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 49 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Nevis, while the white population numbered 100 (Parcell 1976:148-149). There are records of the names of some of the European miners living and working up Whittens Creek, but no records of individual Chinese, or other ethnicities, recorded. Chinese miners started appearing in numbers in the Nevis Valley from 1866 (AJHR 1866:G-4 page 32). McLean (96-007:4 page 2-6) noted that no Chinese bottles were ever found at Whittens as the Chinese miners were not permitted to cross Whittens Creek and settle there. Whittens Creek was the scene of a battle between the Chinese miners and the Upper Nevis European miners following the Chinese being pushed off their claims at Lower Nevis by the dredging companies. Chinese miners were reported to have left the district after the confrontation at Whittens Creek (Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust 2000).

The only hut site recorded at Sproules Creek is the large chimney site with the duck pen recorded by Hamel (1989:22-23; site F42/257 in this survey), close by the confluence with the Nevis River. John Hall-Jones (2005:81) had noted that the lower water races to the north at Commissioners Creek provided low pressure for ground sluicing, while the higher water races delivered water under high pressure for elevating. Hamel (1989:22) noted that the large water race brought water south through the Nevis Gorge from Sproules Creek, reaching Whittens Creek at a high level of 700 feet (c. 860-880 m) above the flats, was probably used by the Undaunted Company for hydraulic elevating after their giant diversion flume failed.

Hamel (1989:24) had noted four water races on the true left bank of Sproules Creek diverting water north to workings further down the valley to lower Nevis. Robertson and party had cut a five mile water race from Deep Creek (Sproules Creek) to deliver water to the Commissioner’s Creek race further north along the Nevis River (AJHR 1903:C-3 page 125). The elevating claim of Our Mutual Friend (owned and operated by W.W. Masters, C. Masters, and J. And D. Adu), located at Galvin’s Terrace to the north of Commissioner’s Creek, obtained flushing water from a 2 ½ mile long water race sourced from Deep Creek (Sproules Creek) (AJHR 1899:C-3 page 131, AJHR 1900:C-3 page 37, 103).

McLean (96-007:11 page 2) noted a few miners working ground up Whittens Creek (although it has not been verified which particular hut site was occupied by which miner). Samuel and Andrew Graham were working alluvial claims in Anthony’s Gully, a tributary of Whittens Creek, in 1893, and on a terrace in 1896, both located on the south side of Whittens Creek (AJHR 1903:C-3 pages 52 and 54). William O’Connell was noted in the AJHR (1903:C-3 page 50) as working an alluvial claim up Whittens Creek in 1902.

The Stewart brothers worked the ground in the early 20th century for good returns well up Whittens Creek on the true right bank, upstream from Antonio’s Creek where there were many spectacular tailings.

McLean (96-007:11 page 2) noted that Billy Brandon worked downstream from the Stewart’s claim, in extremely heavy ground. He lived high on Whittens plateau, presumably the true right bank, in sight of where Jimmy Galbraith, an early 20th century boundary rider on the Nokomai Run, lived on the opposite bank during winter time. Jimmy discovered Billy Brandon dead in his hut, kneeling beside his bed with his head in his hands.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 50 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

O’Connell and Graham were working an hydraulic elevator on the ground about 20 feet deep and getting good returns on the same land as that previously abandoned by a dredging company as unpayable (AJHR 1903:C-3 page 125). Eleven heads of water was in use and they were using electric light at night (AJHR 1904: C-3 page 80). In 1906, it was reported that the gold bearing wash had cut out and they were trying to recover the lead in the vicinity of Whittens Creek (AJHR 1906:C-3 page 76). In 1907, the Warden reported the O’Connell Brothers as purchasing the sluicing claim and plant of O’Connell and Graham, in order to continue working in the locality of Whittens Creek. They also purchased the plant of the failed Undaunted Sluicing Claim’s hydraulic elevator from the Upper Nevis gorge (AJHR 1907:C-3 page 43). McLean (96-007:4) noted that Jerry and Bill O’Connell had elevated the ground below the Larkin’s slopes, to the bottom around 54 ft.

The Larkin Brothers were working a sloping reef that faced east, north of Whittens Creek on the true left bank of the Nevis River, close to where the gorge road bursts out into the upper valley. There was no problem with waste water or disposal of tailings, as the depth of wash was seldom over a metre deep and fine. As they worked upward, the water pressure decreased, and they were forced to abandon their rich claim (McLean 96-007:11 page 4).

The sluicings and elevator ponds at the confluence of Whittens Creek and the Nevis River are thought to be those of the Jones claim, from 1906 to 1939 (Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust 2000). The members of the Jones family were miners who lived at Whittens Creek from 1906 when Frank Jones brought Graham and O’Connell’s claim. Frank’s son continued the hydraulic claim until about 1948. In later years, the claim was floated as the Jones-Nevis Sluicing Company but it did not do well (Hamel 1989:12-13, Parcell 1976:276). McLean (1996) had noted they had elevated a very rich paddock in 1921 to a bottom depth of 24 m.

In 1926, Lennie Graham was living in the old Loch Linnhe homestead with his parents and sister, and began re-cleaning the Larkin’s reef (McLean 96-007:11 page 4). The Partnership’s claim in Whittens Creek was located above Frank Jones Jr. and Harry Sutherland’s elevating claim. McLean noted that old bottles were discovered in a rubbish heap on the top of the Partnership’s claim (McLean 96-007:4 page 6).

Thomas McNulty, D.A. Jolly, W.T. Talboys, Thomas McCracken, and S.N. Brown formed the Upper Nevis Dredging Company in 1926, with a capital of £15,000 to work a property on Whittens Creek (Parcell 1976:223-224). They purchased and dismantled the former electric powered Earnscleugh No.3 dredge and transported it over the Carrick Range into the Upper Nevis. The dredge was not very successful and was converted to diesel in 1934, but the returns did not improve. The dredge sank in its pond in severe winter conditions in 1937, were it was later broken up and on sold to various buyers (Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust 2000).

Hamel (1996:17) noted that the dredge ponds related to the Earnscleugh No.3 dredge in the Upper Nevis were a large size with low amorphous tailings, in contrast to the massive rows of tailings remaining at the Earnscleugh Tailings Historic Reserve, where the dredge had been more successful.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 51 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

The dredge tailings still evident on the flats at the confluence of Whittens Creek and the Nevis River were probably deposited by the Crewe No.2 dredge, formerly the Carrick dredge that also worked in the area (Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust 2000).

John McLean worked as dredgemaster on the Crewe No. 1 Dredge that worked very rich ground at the mouth of Whittens Creek near the southern foothills. The area was Crown land that was used by the O’Connell farmers as a home paddock. The O’Connell’s claimed that the Crewe Company had trespassed. The claim was upheld and the ten acres was declared freehold land and the dredge stopped operating (McLean 96-007:8(4)).

The McLean family used the Loch Linnhe homestead (on present day freehold land) in the late 1940’s when they worked a sluicing claim on the southern slopes of the terrace of Whittens Creek (Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust 2000). Ian McLean bought the remaining pipes and other equipment of the Jones’s claim in 1948. The Crewe No.1 ladder was included. The sluice face and tailings located to the southwest of the old homestead, which had been worked by McLean from the 1940’s through to the 1950’s, is not within the bounds of the Lease.

In 1980, the Bannockburn Water Board was granted authority in 1980, by the then Commissioner of Crown Lands, to remove abandoned mining pipes from Sproules Valley on the Lease for repairs to the Carrick water race. Alpine Helicopters were responsible for the pipes removal (LINZ 2006: Due diligence Report – Part 4).

McLean noted that Bronze Boulders Ltd was working on the true left bank of Nevis River in the area of the juncture of Scotchmans Creek and Sproules Creek, although a time period was not noted for that activity.

Modern mining has been carried out on the Lease. A prospecting licence had been taken out in favour of Carpentaria Exploration Company Proprietary Limited in March 1975 for three years but it was not known where that venture was based.

Two modern strip-mining operations of L & M Mining and Terry Holland, worked on the flats of Whittens Creek in the early to mid 1990’s. They operated floating recovery plants on pontoons and strip-mined the flats with the use of an excavator. The paddocks were then restored by returning to pasture, destroying previous evidence of mining. Either one, or both, of these operators would have been responsible for the dredged paddock recorded on the flats to the west of the old Loch Linnhe homestead, on the true right bank of Whittens Creek. A survey plan (SO 23232) of the mining application (32/3008) dated to January 1990, depicted the claim in the lower part of Whittens Creek as the same as the restored dredged paddock located to the east of the homestead. There was no name attached with the mining application.

Dunstan Mining Limited had an exploration permit for three years from 1996, and possibly another permit for five years from 1999 (LINZ 2006:Due Diligence Report - Part 1). Mining is not currently an activity on the Lease.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 52 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Previous Archaeological Surveys

There are no New Zealand Archaeological Association (NZAA) sites recorded within the bounds of the Lease, although some of the historic features present on the Lease have been noted by Jill Hamel for the Dept of Conservation (Hamel, 1989 and 1996). She provided house plan sketches of the old Loch Linnhe homestead and the hut site at Sproules Creek; and a field sketch of some of the feaures in Lower Whittens Creek.

There are no NZAA archaeological sites recorded within the bounds of the Lease, although two pre-contact Maori sites (F42/5 and F42/7), and one Chinese camp site (F42/3), were recorded in the Nevis Valley (Hamel 1989: Figure 14). The Chinese camp site comprised eleven mud brick hut sites and historic artefacts located to the south of the Lease, south of Wright’s Creek (Appendix 12).

The well known Pactolus huts, of the Pactolus Syndicate formed in 1892 (AJHR 1892: C- 3A page 39), are located to the south of the Lease in the Upper Nevis. The sluiced faces of Bailey’s Hill are located south over the true right bank of Whittens Creek (Hamel 1996). Historic resources to the north on the Ben Nevis pastoral lease at Lower Nevis had been reported by Hamel (1994), and Middleton (2005) had completed an assessment for Pioneer Generation Ltd.

Methods used for the Tenure Review Survey

Historic records from previous archaeological surveys provided information on the identification of areas of archaeological/historic interest likely to contain evidence of past gold mining or pastoral activity. The gold mining systems and associated features were surveyed by two field archaeologists between the 29th January and 2nd February 2007.

The field survey provided an opportunity to record any historic features that connected with previously recorded sites on either side of the Lease, to provide a more complete view of the historic landscape and historic systems present in the wider area of the Remarkables Conservation Area upstream. Detailed site record forms of newly recorded archaeological sites are held by the New Zealand Archaeological Association.

Limited time available was available to record sites in detail. Areas not surveyed may also contain archaeological sites or historic gold mining artefacts. These can be surveyed in the future.

Newly Recorded Archaeological Sites Recorded

Thirty three archaeological sites of European or Chinese origin were recorded during the field survey. A location map of sites is provided in Appendix 12. This includes extensive areas of gold mining, four reservoirs and associated sluice faces (F42/233 - F42/236), a dam (F42/237), nine water races (F42/238 - F42/243, and F42/261 - F42/263), four dredge or elevating ponds with areas of tailings (F42/244), and eighteen hut sites (F42/245 - F42/257).

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 53 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Gold mining (F42/233 - F42/256, and F42/261 – F42/263)

The survey concentrated on areas of known historic features particularly in the area of Whittens Creek and the confluence with the Nevis River, where water races, sluice faces, tailings, dredge or elevator ponds, and hut sites are evident. The gold workings are in good condition although disturbance was noted, both by later sluicing and dredging activity, and by erosion on the steep slopes. The vast amount of tailing material recorded indicates an intense investment of labour, with the gold working having created two terraces of mining activity, on the flats and on the terraces and hills above.

The impressive sluice faces on the true left bank of the Nevis River occur up to a height of c.860-880 m; below the water race (F42/238) that was diverted from Whittens Creek. Both the profile of the water races and their line on the landscape are still evident, although the water races from Sproules Creek were not recorded during the survey.

The tailings are predominantly large rock piles with some impressive stacked channels. Tailings and sluicing scars occur in pockets for most of the surveyed length of Whittens Creek. Semi-circular stacked tailings high up Whittens Creek were noted together with a section of a flat laid pathway that was formed in a stacked rock channel across the top of tailing piles (F42/250). This section of tailing piles is rapidly being lost down slope into the base of the gully, presumably due to erosion.

Wood pylons are present running above the sluice faces and hut sites at the confluence of Whittens Creek and the Nevis River. It is not known how far the pylons extend up Whittens Creek, and it was not verified whether they were electricity pylons. Electricity had been supplied to the claim of O’Connell and Graham, which was reported to be using electric light in 1906 (AJHR:C-3 page 76).

Some of the water race fluming pipes had been removed from Sproules Creek to repair the modern-day Carrick water race. The area was not surveyed on foot, although Sproules Creek was flown-over to check for obvious gold workings. There is quite a contrast between the busy Whittens Creek with its pockets of stacked tailings and hut sites, and the lack of evidence of gold mining up Sproules Creek where no tailings were seen. Sproules Creek is tight and confined within steep slopes, whereas Whittens Creek contains more flat, open spaces on the terraces and creek banks in the lower part of the valley.

Sixteen hut sites were recorded during the survey of Whittens Creek. One hut site (F42/253) may have been that of Stewart brothers, who worked the ground on the true right bank of Whittens Creek, upstream of ‘Antonio’s Creek’.

The hut sites and associated features (F42/255) in the lower Whittens Creek may have been occupied by those working the Jones’ claim (1906-1939) or they could be those associated with the earlier claim of the Larkin Brother’s.

Dam and Reservoirs (F42/233 - F42/237)

One stacked rock dam (F42/237) is present in a tributary of the true left bank of Whittens Creek, and three reservoirs (F42/233, F42/236 and F42/237) are located on the high terraces of the true right bank. One reservoir is located on the true left bank of

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 54 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Nevis River close to the junction with Whittens Creek. The reservoirs are constructed of earthen walls that allowed water to accumulate on the terraces overnight to provide a good head of water for the next day’s activities. The reservoirs were fed by the major water races, with smaller races transporting water to the sluice faces below.

The dam (F42/237) is of stacked rock construction to 1.9 m high, with a small water race leading from the dam to an area of stacked tailings below in the bed of Whittens Creek.

Water races (F42/238 – F42/243 and F42/261 – F42/262)

A total of nine water races were recorded on the Lease, with seven recorded on the slopes of Whittens Creek. Other water races not recorded during the fieldwork were recorded from their location on the current topographic map and from existing historic records. The water races from Sproules Creek and from Whittens Creek operate within a larger system of water capture feeding to gold workings on neighbouring properties.

The highest of the four paired water races (F42/238) recorded on the true left bank of Whittens Creek was diverted c. 250 m below the stacked rock dam (F42/237). The water race is depicted on the c. 860-880 m contour on the Kingston Topographic map (NZMZ260-F42) as finishing at a point above the hut site complex (F42/254), and the dredge and/or elevator ponds, located on the true left bank of the Nevis River (Figure 1). The topographical map indicates that the race ran for at least 4 kms in length. The higher paired races would have fed water to the major sluicing areas of the true left banks at the confluence of Whittens Creek and Nevis River (Hamel 1989:22).

A waterfall had been built to create a spillway into the race which retains wooden fragments of a valve gate. Both 19th century hand-made nails and 20th century nails were used in the timbers for the housing of the valve gate. The profile of the water race is large, measuring 2 m wide and 0.5 m deep at the top end of the water race. Three sets of riveted and flanged metal fluming are presently bridging a gap in the water race at GR. E2187150 N5537411. The pipes are 34 cm diameter, with c. 8 m in length visible.

The higher of four races (F42/239) recorded on the true right bank of Whittens Creek, running around the c. 860 m contour, had been diverted c. 180 m northwest of hut site (F42/249). The method of capture is not clear due to the race being mostly filled in at the diversion point. Two stacked rock aqueducts are present at the start of the water race that functioned as the lower wall of the race. The race measures 1.4 m wide and 0.4 m high. Sections of stacked rock revetment occur on the lower wall of the water race, with one section pacing out at 120 m in length. The stacked revetment is 1.9 m in height. Sections of the water race had been destroyed by slumping and erosion on the steep slope.

The largest water race (F42/240) is the lower of three races recorded on the true right bank of Whittens Creek, and the middle race on the true left bank, running around the c. 830 m contour. The topographical map shows the water race diverting water from Whittens Creek and running down the true right bank to Bailey’s Hill. The race continues around Whittens Creek on the true left bank, where a metal fluming section that would have carried water across Whittens Creek, has fallen, laying vertically down slope at GR. E2187232 N5537147. It is not known where the water had been diverted from, as the fluming was too high above the river to be fed from Whittens Creek. The race was not

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 55 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

followed to its source or to its conclusion, and therefore it was not verified which direction the race actually ran. The race measures 2 m wide and 0.6 m deep. The fluming is riveted and flanged with six sections visible, and has rock stacked underneath it for support.

The lowest race recorded on the true right bank of Whittens Creek is small in comparison to the other races recorded. The source of the water race seems to be in the gully above hut site (F42/253) as the race is not seen further across the tributary to the west. Other small water races lead off the major water races to the terrace edge of Whittens Creek to supply the gold workings.

A live race (F42/240) still retains water on the true right bank of Whittens Creek. Some sections had been breached and plastic piping was rerouting the water into a lower race (F42/263) c.15 m to the east of reservoir (F42/234).

The two lowest races recorded on the true left bank would have supplied the early workings recorded along that stretch of Whittens Creek and the Nevis River. The second lowest of the water races (F42/242) measures 0.8 m wide and 0.2 m deep, and the lowest race (F42/243) 1.6 m wide and 0.3 m deep. The diversion points of those races at Whittens Creek were not determined.

Dredge and elevator ponds and tailings (F42/244)

Five dredge or elevator ponds with associated tailings (F42/244) are present along the flats of the confluence of the true left banks of Whittens Creek and the Nevis River. These are associated with dredge mining that commenced in 1926 by the Upper Nevis Dredge Co., and strip-mining that ceased in the mid 1990s (L & M Mining and Terry Holland).

Hut sites (F42/245 – F42/257)

Of the eighteen hut sites recorded during the survey, a total of sixteen hut sites are within the bounds of the Lease. The old Loch Linnhe homestead and stable, and another stacked stone hut in good repair (F42/256), however, are not located on the property.

All of the recorded huts (F42/245–253, F42/255 and F42/257) are constructed of stacked schist, excluding hut site (F42/254), which was recorded as the remnants of a sod-walled hut.

Eleven huts (F42/247 – F42/254) are located in the Whittens Creek valley, with two of those huts (F42/255) on the true left bank of the Nevis River, close by the confluence with Whittens Creek. Another hut (F42/257) is located at the mouth of Sproules Creek.

Four huts are present on the west face of Lake Wakatipu: two huts (F42/246) to the south of the present-day Loch Linnhe Station; one hut (F42/245) within the beech forest remnant; and one hut (F42/247) recorded to the north at Staircase Creek. Various metal artefacts, a kettle, pots, a small oven, and a frypan, were recorded by a fieldworker on a previous survey in March 2004 (John Barkla pers. comm.).

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 56 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

A hut site complex (F42/246) is located on the Wakatipu lake faces. It consists of two hut sites, one with a standing stacked rock fireplace, and a small structure that resembled a dog kennel that may have been a small bakery; although there was no evidence of black staining on its rock walls so its function is not clear. The structure is located 15 m to the south of the stacked fireplace beside a stream. Three bottle bases were found on the surface between the structure and the stream. Two were green champagne bottles and the third a spirits hip flask, possibly whisky, all considered to date from the 1880s to the 1920s (Ritchie and Bedford 1983).

A low stacked rock wall in a dog-leg shape was located 8 m to the southwest of the stacked rock fireplace, along with part of an old stove and a metal riveted chimney flue. Corrugated iron sections were noted in the area. A trackway c. 4.5 m wide is present running uphill c. 15-20˚ from the hut site complex to the ridge top above where a third stacked chimney (F42/245) was recorded within the beech forest. The lease holder (Murray Scott pers. comm.) mentioned that there was a pile of pre-cut beech logs higher up in the beech forest block, although that area was not inspected.

It is not known who had occupied the hut site on the Wakatipu face, or whether it was related to gold working, pastoral use, or forestry activity.

An unverified tent site is located on a slope on the true right bank of a small gully to the north of the hut site complex (F42/246). The site consists of rocks laid out in a rectangular pattern on the ground surface. Two fence posts, 20 x 12 cm, indicating an old gateway, are located upslope of the possible camping site. The base of one post has a large bolt or nail, with the number ‘7” embossed on the head.

Of the nine huts located in Whittens Creek, the highest hut site (F42/248) was recorded c.1200 m. No gold workings were noted in the vicinity. Further downstream solidly stacked stone base remains of a hut site with a possible latrine (F42/249) are present. Artefacts located around the ruin include the head of a shovel and a billy.

A well built, one-roomed hut site (F42/250) with an adjoining separate room is located on the true right bank of Whittens Creek, upstream of an area with a semi-circular enclosure situated amongst well stacked tailings. Some of the tailings along this stretch of the creek are semi-circular stacked piles up against the steep slopes. Patches of mint and a red berry shrub (possibly red currant) are growing around the hut site and enclosure. Revetment is present on the following: lower side of two water races (F42/239-240) that had diverted water from Whittens Creek; one small race (F42/240) just west of the hut site on the true left bank; and a large water race (F42/239) c.150 m upstream on the true right bank. The method of diversion of the two races from the creek was not clear.

There are two hut sites within enclosures (F42/251-252) located high on a plateau of the true right bank of Whittens Creek, and another hut site (F42/253) located in a tributary to the south of the previous two huts. Damage had occurred to the enclosure of hut site (F42/252) by later sluicing of the terrace.

The hut site and tailings (F42/253) recorded in a tributary of the true right bank of Whittens Creek is located close to the Lease boundary, and may not actually be within the Lease (see Appendix 12).

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 57 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

A hut site complex (F42/254) consisting of three huts was recorded in lower Whittens Creek; two on a low terrace on the true left bank, and one hut on the true right bank. On the true left, the remnants of a sod-walled hut measuring 5.8 x 4.2 m is present. The second hut site, measuring 7 x 3.5 m, is located within a stacked rock and soil enclosure measuring 16 x 7 m. On the flat paddock on the true right bank, the remains of two small structures consisting of low raised rock and soil walls (to 0.23 m high) are present. The structures measure 2.8 x 2 m and 1.3 x 1 m respectively. The function of these structures is unknown.

Hamel noted the association of a stone or mud-walled yard, either attached to a house or separate, as a notable feature of smaller houses in both the Nevis and Nokomai Valleys. The dry stone walling located close to the standing chimney (F42/257) at Sproules Creek in the Nevis Gorge was interpreted as a duck pen (Hamel 1989: 23-25, Figure 24, Plates 40-42). The enclosures noted with some of the hut sites were probably for domestic stock or gardens.

The hut site complex (F42/255) on the true left bank of the Nevis River consists of two hut sites, a stacked rock enclosure, a dray track, and an unknown stacked rock feature.

Hut sites and gold workings would be located along the western slope of the Nevis Gorge between Whittens Creek and Sproules Creek, although those areas were not surveyed in the time permitted. An old Kingston Topo plot map (Department of Survey and Land Information 1990) shows a stone hut site c.0.8 kms south of Sproules Creek, indicating a probable gold working area.

Significance of Historic Values

Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease has a rich history. Significant historic values are shown on Map 4.2.5.

Of most historic significance on the Lease is the evidence of late 19th and early 20th century gold mining activity, with its related water races, sluice faces, reservoirs, dredge and elevator workings, and hut sites (sites F42/233-255, F42/257, and F42/261-263). A wide range of technologies and eras are represented from 1860s alluvial sluicings through 1890s hydraulic sluicing to 1930s dredging. This is unusual, since dredging and hydraulic lifting often destroys all earlier workings e.g. Gabriels Gully. Clearly identified 1930s workings are known further down the Nevis Valley. The recording of sixteen hut sites within the Lease attests to the early activity present on the run. The Lease retains direct evidence of gold mining activity in the form of artefacts distributed amongst the hut sites, tailings, and the dredge and elevator ponds. These sites have attributes of intactness, rarity and a strong association with the Otago Gold Rush. All these sites and their good survival give the area as a whole regional significance.

The property is significant in terms of regional history, as both early explorers Donald Hay and W.G. Rees have a connection with the eastern faces of Lake Wakatipu.

The workings are set in a landscape that has been little modified since nineteenth century.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 58 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

The wide open landscape and lack of forest and shrubland makes the sites highly visible and particularly easy for visitors to appreciate. Though an area such as Skippers has similar mining values, the vegetation and steep terrain makes the latter more difficult for visitor interpretation. The Nevis Valley alluvial gold field, of which sites on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease are part, is the only one known of in New Zealand that has both such high heritage values and such ease of interpretation. This gives the field national importance.

2.8 PUBLIC RECREATION

2.8.1 Physical Characteristics

Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease comprises the Lake Wakatipu faces from Wye Creek in the north, extending some 16 km south. Between Staircase Creek and the southern property boundary, the Lease extends over the mountainous Hector Mountains to the upper Nevis Valley to the east. The property is relatively close to Queenstown and Kingston, and is an important visual corridor for tourists traveling between Queenstown and the attractions of Te Anau and Milford Sound. Visitor numbers to the Hector Mountains are likely to increase gradually due to expansion of the Remarkables Conservation Area, which is located to the north and south of the property, and improved access opportunities which have been created from other tenure review agreements.

There are important opportunities for public recreation on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease. This is due to the: • The location of the property, as it effectively divides the Remarkables Conservation Area in two. The Lease is therefore strategically important for making existing public conservation land more useable by the public. • Reliable snow conditions and extensive alpine terrain, suited to backcountry ski touring. • Close proximity to Queenstown. • Presence of public roads along the eastern and western property boundaries. • The property lies between public roads and margin of both Lake Wakatipu and the upper Nevis River. • Spectacular natural setting, provided by Lake Wakatipu; the natural vegetation cover; and Pleistocene glacial landforms including glacial cirque basins and tarns, arêtes and periglacial deposits. • Magnificent scenery, with outstanding views to the Eyre Mountains, Mount Aspiring National Park, Aoraki/Mt Cook (on a good day), Lake Wakatipu, Garvie Mountains, and Central Otago block mountains to the east.

The property is currently enjoyed each year by the thousands of tourists driving along Lake Wakatipu en route for Te Anau and Milford Sound. The Devils Staircase Track through the bluffs above Lake Wakatipu has been a popular walk for visitors over the years, although it has recently been closed for safety reasons. The Hector Mountains attract sporadic but increasing tramping activity, usually from the west. James Peak and Staircase Creek are the usual objectives for tramping parties. While public recreational activity has become well established over the property, the physical effort of climbing

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 59 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

into these areas has tended to impose limits on recreationist numbers. The property is also utilized by back country skiers and heli-skiing parties.

In 1992, DOC compiled a Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (Harper 1992) for the Otago Conservancy whereby all areas regardless of land tenure were classified and mapped according to setting, activity and recreational experience characteristics. The lower altitude land on this lease is classified as ‘Back Country 4WD’ drive in. Such area’s are characterised by a feeling of relative remoteness from population areas, yet may be associated with motivations of “escape from town”. For areas in this category a four wheel drive vehicle is desirable to give access to high country tussock grasslands and block mountains. Recreational activities usually associated with these sites are tramping, hunting, camping, mountain biking, outdoor education, fishing and nature appreciation.

The higher altitude land is characterised as providing a ‘Remote’ experience. During the winter the Nevis Valley floor also provides this experience. As the name suggests such sites are characterised by a ‘sense of complete isolation from human interaction and activity. The naturalness of the setting is an important part of the experience’.

In 1989, Federated Mountain Clubs (Mason 1989) compiled an outdoor recreation plan which included the Hector Mountains. The part of the property beside Lake Wakatipu and within the Nevis Valley to about 1200 m asl. lies within the ‘Open Space’ zone. Mason (1989) notes that this area has already had considerable pasture improvement, tracking and fencing. Despite such developments the whole zone should remain a large- scale, uninterrupted landscape, with farming or other influences relatively insignificant within the total mountain setting.

The majority of the property comprises high mountains, and lies within the ‘Natural Experience” zone. Mason (1989) notes that this zone provides opportunities for a wide range of recreational activities and experiences. The road access along the western base, with formal provision for public use, result in considerably greater public activities. Additional public foot access is required at regular intervals around the perimeter of this zone encompassing The Remarkables and Hector Mountains. Mason also notes that further ski field developments and heliskiing should be prohibited as such activities would destroy the best remaining opportunities for day and weekend ski touring in the Otago alps.

2.8.2 Access

2.8.2.1 Legal Access

Maps 4.2.1(a) and (b) show where Part IVA Conservation Act 1987 marginal strips and legal roads exist on or at the boundary of the Lease.

a) Marginal Strips Moveable Part IVA Conservation Act 1987 marginal strips are present along Wye Creek, Staircase Creek, Sproules Creek, Whittens Creek and Nevis River.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 60 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

b) Legal Roads Kingston Road (SH6) provides legal vehicle access along the westernmost boundary of the Lease, while the gravel Nevis Road provides legal vehicle access to the easternmost boundary of the Lease within the Nevis Valley.

c) Adjoining Public lands Adjoining public lands are shown on Map 4.2.1(c).

The shores of Lake Wakatipu are Crown land, reserved from sale under Section 58 Land Act 1948 (Lake Edge). This land is proposed for inclusion in the Loch Linnhe tenure review (see Section 4.1).

The Remarkables Conservation Area to the north and south of the Lease provide legal foot access to the boundary of the property.

2.8.2.3 Physical Access A farm track running SE to NW just south of Wye Creek is an important recreational route, providing opportunities for round trips to be completed from the Wye Creek South Branch (and beyond) back to the Wye Creek car park.

The farm track south of Staircase Creek provides important walking access to the existing conservation area on the true left of Staircase Creek. The existing marginal strip up this Creek is not a practical access in some places due to the presence of gorges. This could provide the main access point to southern end of the Remarkables Conservation Area from the Lake Wakatipu area.

The water races associated with Sproules Creek and to a lesser extent Whittens Creek also provide important walking access for the purposes of recreation and the exploration of historic mining areas in the upper Nevis valley.

2.8.4 Activities

Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease is strategically important for recreation on The Remarkables – Hector Mountains massif, as it effectively divides the adjoining Remarkables Conservation Area in two in the vicinity of Staircase Creek and James Peak. Backcountry ski touring trips generally commence either to the north or south of the property, with a view to skiing right along the mountains. Trampers from time to time also do a grand traverse of the ranges.

The property is suited to following recreational activities:

Ski Touring The Lease offers excellent terrain for backcountry skiing at an altitude (c. >1500 m) where snow conditions are reliable. Access to the Hector Mountains is via a farm track just south of Wye Creek, and then dropping into Two Mile Creek. Alternative access is either via Remarkables Ski Field or from the Garston-Nevis Road. The effort required to access the country keeps numbers low.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 61 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Tramping and Climbing The Hector Mountains can be approached from the Remarkables ski field, the Nevis Valley, or from Lake Wakatipu. Parties wishing to traverse along the range to the Remarkables ski field or Garston-Nevis Road saddle, or to access Wye Creek South Branch and Lake Hope, can gain access across the Lease from SH6. A 4WD track, which starts just south of the SH6 Wye Creek bridge, zigzags its way three kilometres across the tussock face on the property, to about 1120 m. From here, the Remarkables Conservation Area commences, and access to the tops is usually via Skin-gut Pass (point 1659 m).

James Peak can be climbed from the Nevis Road or SH6 in a very long day (Spearpoint 2005). The easier approach is from the Nevis Road ford of Sproules Creek, heading up a spur on the property to point 1012 m, then by following a disused water race to the main forks, a saddle is reached near a small tarn, from where the steep grass ramps to James Peak can be accessed. Alternatively, James Peak can be approached from Staircase Creek, by following a 4WD track to well above Staircase Creek on the true left, then sidling up valley via point 1469 m, towards the peak. The Nevis route is entirely on the Lease.

Short/Day walks The Devil’s Staircase historic pack track above the bluffs along SH6 has been a popular short walk, adding a new dimension to the walks in the area. However, safety concerns relating to parking and crossing SH6 has seen the recent closure of this track.

Parties occasionally walk up the Wye Creek South Branch in the adjacent Remarkables Conservation Area, and return by climbing the ridge to the south, and meeting the 4WD track mentioned previously in the Tramping section, which drops down to near the SH6 Wye Creek bridge.

There is an opportunity for an interesting walk to the beech forest remnant just south of the homestead, from the shore of Lake Wakatipu.

Hunting A moderate level of hunting for red deer is undertaken in the Remarkables Conservation Area which is accessed from the Nevis Valley. Hunting in the northern section of the Remarkables Conservation Area is at a low level.

Heritage Appreciation There are many historic sites scattered along the Nevis Road, which complement those sites found elsewhere in the Nevis Valley. These sites have a high level of visitor use by people with an interest in the history of the area but also from the large number of 4WDers that use the Nevis Road.

Fishing Informal access is provided from both the Kingston Rd/SH6 and the Nevis Road to water bodies where fishing occurs. The upper Nevis River is a premiere backcountry trout fishery. A boat shed and ramp occurs near the mouth of ‘Hut Creek’. This creek is called Two Mile (Neutral) Creek in Spearpoint (1998), although these names do not appear on the Geographic Board’s website.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 62 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Photography It is difficult without a cadastral survey to determine the status of the many pullover areas along the Kingston Rd/SH6 but they are used extensively for photographing Queenstown Bay. The large open flat between the lake and SH6 on the true left of Wye Creek is an important location and safe locality for photography.

Botanising The Nevis Valley has a large number of plant species with restricted ranges and therefore the valley floor particularly is used extensively for botanical study.

Family picnics An important but often unrecognized use of lake and river margins is their use as family picnic spots. These require road access and a flat area where children can play safely. There are a number of spots within the Lease in the upper Nevis and the large open flat on the true left of the Wye Creek river mouth. This latter area is also currently used for informal camping.

Lake Activities Access from SH6 to the lake is limited along this part of the lake shore. The Lease provides at least one access point for kayakers to put into the lake.

Commercial Recreation A recreation permit to conduct heli-skiing on the property is held by Southern Lakes Heli-ski Ltd.

Significance of Recreation

Routes and areas of recreational significance are shown on Map 4.2.5.

Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease is highly significant in providing the recreational linkage between the currently separated parts of Remarkables Conservation Area located to the north and south of the property.

The recreation opportunity setting for the Hector Mountains massif has been identified in the Otago Conservation Management Strategy as being remote, while the remainder of the property is classed backcountry.

There are excellent opportunities to advance the following CMS objectives on the Lease.

A key access objective is to “provide for alpine sports (including ski touring and alpine climbing) appropriate to Otago’s terrain and seasonal conditions while safeguarding natural and historic resources and the quality of recreational experiences”. Loch Linnhe provides an excellent setting for backcountry ski touring and alpine climbing in a remote experience setting.

Another objective is to “improve the supply and quality of short to medium length walking paths or tracks in natural settings (mainly rural natural remnant and back country) so as to better match demand”.

The CMS identifies a likely increase in demand for shorter walks and passive recreation. An objective for road end/roadside services is “To limit adverse affects and improve visitor enjoyment

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 63 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

at road end or roadside locations adjacent to land administered by the Department”.

The Objective for the Remarkables Special Place, of which Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease is part, is: “To protect the very high landscape and ecological values of the area, and its historic value, and the remoteness of parts of it, while allowing appropriate parts of it to be used for a range of recreational opportunities including the existing commercial skifield”.

Implementation includes:-

• Through pastoral lease tenure review negotiations, endeavour to add appropriate contiguous areas on The Remarkables, Hectors and in the Nevis catchment to the core Remarkables Conservation Park proposal.

• Recreation and tourist concessionaire use of the area may be allowed where any potential adverse effects on the natural and historic resources and remote experience recreational opportunity can be avoided, remedied, or mitigated, and subject to any requirements of the existing ski area lease.

• Liaison with the owner of the land traversed by the Devil’s Staircase pack track will be maintained, and walkway status explored.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 64 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

PART 3: OTHER RELEVANT MATTERS & PLANS

3.1 CONSULTATION

The property was discussed at an NGO early warning meeting held in Alexandra on 19th September 2006.The main points raised during the meeting were:

- It would be a whole farm purchase possibility. - Wonderful shrublands below road adjacent to Lake Wakatipu. - All Wakatipu faces below road should be added to public conservation estate. - Need to protect complete altitudinal sequence from Lake Wakatipu to tops. - For the northern section of the lake faces above the road possibly adopt retirement fence. - Some decent shrublands on lower Nevis faces. - Staircase Creek would make a wonderful corridor (altitudinal sequence). - Two category "A" invertebrates found on property (chafer beetle and moth). - Offers corridor all the way from Nevis over to Lake Wakatipu. - Interest in large areas of property. - Linkage through Nokomai Saddle important. - Tarns of interest. - Noted that track from Wye Creek Power House which leads to Hut Creek (PCL) well used by ski tourers (with permission) over the years. - Devils Creek walkway possibility on old pack track. - Identified presence of old Lands & Survey report on the Hector Mountains The Remarkables, and a Catchment Board report on Hector Mountains.

An NGO follow-up meeting was held on 17th April 2007. The following points were raised: • Landscape protection of lake faces needs to take account of views from across the lake. • Loch Linnhe freehold (10 acres) in Nevis Valley should be included in the review because of its historic SIVs, plus need to avoid an enclave of freehold land in any future conservation park. • Land below highway (taken for higher utility) has landscape, vegetation and recreational SIVs. This strip should be added to the review and become conservation land. • Nevis birds include falcon, dotterels, and paradise duck around ponds at Whittens Creek. • Some disappointment over neighbouring Glen Nevis tenure review and need to avoid a similar outcome. • Track to spot height 1469m has access potential. • Property not used for 4WD use apart from Nevis Valley. No real push for any more access than that except access for hunters. • Mouth (fan) of Wye Creek – is it in lease? (yes it is). It’s important to protect far lakeside recreation as recreation reserve. • Has camping, picnicking use/potential. Has post glacial terrace landform.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 65 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

• “Beech Remnant” Creek area – beech forest remnants need a buffer around them. Catchment is 1km south of homestead. Major animal browse effect. • Staircase Creek track carpark dangerous, needs relocating.

The full written submissions by Federated Mountain Clubs, Forest and Bird Protection Society (Dunedin and Upper Clutha Branches), Dr. Alan Mark, Alan Mackie (hunters), Central Otago Recreational Users Forum and Chaz Forsyth (hunters) are included in Appendices 13 - 20.

3.2 REGIONAL POLICY STATEMENTS & PLANS

(a) Otago Regional Policy Statement

The Regional Policy Statement for Otago provides a policy framework for all of Otago’s significant regional resource management issues. It does not contain rules. District Plans shall not be inconsistent with the Regional Policy Statement.

In respect of natural values the Regional Policy Statement includes the following policy and method:

Policy: “To maintain and where practicable enhance the diversity of Otago’s significant vegetation and significant habitats of Indigenous fauna, trout and salmon…”.

Method: “Identify and protect Otago’s significant indigenous vegetation and significant indigenous habitat of indigenous fauna, trout and salmon, in consultation with relevant agencies and with Otago’s communities”.

In respect of landscapes and natural features it includes the following policy and method:

Policy: “To recognise and provide for the protection of Otago’s outstanding natural features and landscapes..”.

Method: “Prepare in conjunction with relevant agencies and in consultation with the community and affected landowners, and inventory of outstanding features and landscapes that are regionally significant.”

Otago Regional Council: Regional Plan: Water

Throughout the whole Lease, suction dredging mining requires resource consent.

3.3 DISTRICT PLANS

District Plans The Lease straddles the Queenstown Lakes District Council/Central Otago District Council boundary (the boundary being the summit ridge of the Hector Mountains), with the western two thirds of the Lease being in Queenstown Lakes District and the eastern third being in Central Otago District.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 66 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

(a) Queenstown Lakes District Plan The portion of the Lease within Queenstown Lakes District is within the General Rural zone as identified in the Queenstown Lakes District Plan and is designated as an Outstanding Natural Landscape (District Wide).

The proposed Queenstown Lakes District Plan (amended to incorporate Council decisions) requires resource consent for the clearance of areas of indigenous vegetation greater than 0.5 hectares, or where threatened plants (as listed in an appendix) are present.

Resource consent is required for subdivision and subsequent development, buildings, forestry and also ski area activities. Forestry is prohibited in alpine areas with an altitude greater than 1070 m. There are no registered historic sites, protected features or areas of significant indigenous vegetation as set out in the appendices of the plan.

Protection is limited to the controls set out above.

(b) Central Otago District Plan The portion of Lease within Central Otago District is located within the Rural Resource Area as identified in the Central Otago District Plan.

As at 22 February 2005, the proposed Central Otago District Plan (amended to incorporate Council decisions) requires resource consent (with certain exemptions) for the clearance of areas of indigenous vegetation greater than 0.5 ha or in the case of snow tussock grassland 10 ha, or above 1080 m, or areas containing any threatened plants listed in a schedule. This requirement does not apply to land that has been freeholded under the Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998.

Resource consent is required for tree planting using certain tree species with wilding potential, subject to certain criteria. Resource consent is required for excavations or tree planting within specified distances of a water race or irrigation pipeline, and for development work within 10 m of any water body. There are no registered historic sites or areas of significant indigenous vegetation and habitats of significant indigenous fauna and wetlands as set out in the schedules of the plan.

The entire portion of the Lease within Central Otago District is within an Area of Outstanding Landscape (AOL). The protected landscape provisions of the Plan require resource consent for development of land within an AOL, with an exclusion for land that has been freeholded under the Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998.

Protection is limited to the controls set out above.

3.4 CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES & PLANS

The Otago Conservancy of DOC has prepared a Conservation Management Strategy (CMS) which was approved by the Minister of Conservation in August 1998.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 67 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

The CMS identifies 41 special places of conservation interest in Otago Conservancy. Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease lies within the Remarkables Special Place

Objective for Remarkables Special Place: “To protect the very high landscape and ecological values of the area, and its historic value, and the remoteness of parts of it, while allowing appropriate parts of it to be used for a range of recreational opportunities including the existing commercial skifield”.

Key implementation statements to meet this objective that are relevant to this tenure review include the following:

• Through pastoral lease tenure review negotiations, endeavour to add appropriate contiguous areas on The Remarkables, Hectors and in the Nevis catchment to the core Remarkables Conservation Park proposal. • Telecommunication facilities may be allowed off the skyline or where any adverse landscape effects will be minor provided there is no significant technical interference with existing facilities. Co-siting will be encouraged. Removal at end of the agreed license term (including renewals) and the rehabilitation of the site where appropriate will be required. Helicopter or foot access only will e allowed to high altitude sites. • Recreation and tourist concessionaire use of the area may be allowed where any potential adverse effects on the natural and historic resources and remote experience recreational opportunity can be avoided, remedied, or mitigated, and subject to any requirements of the existing ski are lease. • The extent of wilding conifers in the general area will be surveyed and efforts made to eliminate further spread. • Pressure will be maintained to control goats using helicopters as necessary in accordance with Otago WAC objectives. • Commercial guiding and other non-ski field commercial operations will be assessed in accordance with the provisions of Part IIIB of the Conservation Act, and subject to consultation with the existing ski area concessionaires. • Efforts will be made to secure the landscape (both historical and natural) qualities of the Nevis Valley, and examples of its indigenous ecosystems. • Liaison with the owner of the land traversed by the Devil’s Staircase pack track will be maintained, and walkway status explored.

Priorities for Remarkables Special Place: Creation and management planning for the conservation park will be a priority for this Special Place, although timing and extensions will be kept under review as tenure review proposals develop on adjoining properties.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 68 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

3.5 NEW ZEALAND BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY

The New Zealand Government is a signatory to the Convention on Biological Diversity. In February 2000, Government released the New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy which is a blueprint for managing the country’s diversity of species and habitats and sets a number of goals to achieve this aim. Of particular relevance to tenure review, is goal three which states:

-Maintain and restore a full range of remaining natural habitats and ecosystems to a healthy functioning state, enhance critically scarce habitats, and sustain the more modified ecosystems in production and urban environments, and do what is necessary to:-

-Maintain and restore viable populations of all indigenous species across their natural range and maintain their genetic diversity.

The strategy outlines action plans to achieve this goal covering terrestrial and freshwater habitat and ecosystem protection, sympathetic management, pest management, terrestrial and freshwater habitat restoration, threatened terrestrial and freshwater species management.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 69 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

PART 4: ATTACHMENTS

4.1 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

4.1.1 Conservation Resources of Adjoining Crown Land Reserved from Sale under Sec. 58 Land Act 1948 (Lake Edge)

Introduction

There is some confusion regarding the location of the Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease property boundary along the lake, as well as the status of the lakeshore strip as Crown Land reserved from sale under s.58 of the Land Act 1948 (Lake Edge).

It is proposed that all land between the western property boundary of Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease and the Lake Wakatipu marginal strip (assumed to be that noted on the Status Report map as “Crown Land reserved from sale under s. 58 of the Land Act 1948 (Lake Edge)”) be included with the tenure review of Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease, with a view to altering its status to ‘scenic reserve’.

This land is located between SH6 and the margins of Lake Wakatipu, along virtually the entire length of Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease (c. 14 km). It varies in width from a few metres to 200 m.

The following conservation resources information is available:

4.1.1.1 Landscape

The Crown land falls within Landscape Unit 1- Lake Wakatipu Faces. The landscape character, visual and scenic values of this Landscape Unit on the adjoining Lease have been described in detail within section 2.1 of this report. Specific details pertaining to the Crown Land are given below.

Character Description and Visual/Scenic Values

Vegetation cover on the Crown Land is variable. Small pockets of shrubland occur associated with bluffs most notably around Devils Staircase. Large sections of the lakeshore strip are more open with extensive bracken, pasture, briar and scattered native shrubland (cabbage trees are notable). This area is highly visible from Queenstown, Kingston and SH6 (Queenstown to Kingston section).

While the entire Landscape Unit contains high visual and scenic values, The Crown Land strip is one of three areas within LU1 that stands out as visually significant. It contains impressive and distinctive landforms, and its values are associated with the native shrubland present.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 70 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Significance of Landscape

The lakeshore margins form an important part of the setting for Lake Wakatipu and SH6 road corridor. Fragmented shrublands occur along the lakeshore. Together with those located on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease, there is an opportunity to consolidate these remnants and establish a continuous shrubland corridor. SH6 is an important tourist road corridor, forming the southern entrance to Queenstown. There is tremendous opportunity to increase the natural character of the lakeshore by enhancement of the lakeshore vegetation.

The lakeshore margins buffer the lake edge from farming activities

4.1.1.2 Land Environments of New Zealand

The Crown Land strip is largely comprised of a chronically threatened Level IV LENZ unit N4.1d.

Significance of Land Environments of New Zealand

The area includes a chronically threatened LENZ unit that is nationally significant because the indigenous vegetation has largely been removed (18% of indigenous vegetation is remaining), and only 3.04% is protected nationally for conservation purposes.

4.1.1.3 Vegetation

The land is densely vegetated in a mixture of regenerating broad-leaved indigenous trees, broad-leaved exotic trees, exotic conifers, indigenous shrubland and exotic shrubland. Common indigenous trees and shrubs include kohuhu, southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata), broadleaf, kowhai, lancewood, koromiko, mapou (Myrsine australis), tutu (Coriaria arborea) and Coprosma crassifolia. Bracken and pohuehue (Muehlenbeckia australis) are common in disturbed sites.

Significance of Vegetation

Kowhai (Sophora microphylla) is a locally notable species, present along the margins of the lake and in broadleaved forest remnants.

The area includes highly significant relicts of mixed broadleaved forest around the lake margins that would have clothed the lower slopes of the range in pre-human times. The importance of woody vegetation in Central Otago has been given prominence by Walker et al. (2003). Although the Crown Land falls outside their study area, the extent of denudation is almost as severe as that in drier parts of Central Otago. The indigenous woody communities remaining on this Crown Land form a core from which recovery towards their former extent could occur. The recovery of woody vegetation in the

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 71 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

absence of grazing and fire has been demonstrated at several sites in Central Otago (Walker et al. 2003).

4.1.1.4 Recreation

The Crown land strip is generally steeply sloping, with bluffs, and native shrublands and remnants of broadleaved forest present. It forms the recreational setting for activities on Lake Wakatipu, and along SH6.

The main recreational activities are passive: scenic appreciation, picnicking and photography. It also provides several points of practical access to the lake, along a section of the lake where access is difficult. There is a boat shed and ramp near the mouth of an unnamed creek, locally known as either Hut, Two Mile or Neutral Creek, which is used by boaties and kayakers.

Significance of Recreation

The Crown land provides an outstanding backdrop to SH6 (a key tourist route) and to boat users on Lake Wakatipu. The area can also be appreciated from several pullouts off SH6. The Crown Land is also highly significant as it provides access to the margin of Lake Wakatipu.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 72 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

4.1.2 References

Allibone, R.M.; McIntosh, A.R. 1999: Native fish sport fish interactions: a review. NIWA Client Report. FGC90203: 1 – 67

Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives (AJHR). 1865 to 1905. Mines Department Reports.

Barea, L. P., Waas, J.R., Thompson, K. 1997: Nest Site characteristics of New Zealand falcons (Falco novaeseelandiae) in forested habitat. Notornis 44: 213-218

Beattie, H. 1947: The Pioneers Explore Otago. Dunedin: Otago Daily Times and Witness Newspapers Co. Ltd.

Department of Conservation 2004: New Zealand non-migratory galaxiid fishes recovery plan 2003-13. Threatened Species Recovery Plan 53. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand

Department of Conservation n.d. Non-migratory galaxiid survey methods. Unpublished report, Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand (wgncr- 50970)

Department of Lands and Survey 1977: Remarkables and Hector Mountains, Otago, New Zealand. A Management Study. Published for the Land Settlement Board by the Department of Lands & Survey, Dunedin.

Department of Survey and Land Information. 1990:Topoplot Kingston 270 – F42C. 1:25,000m.

Department of Survey and Land Information. 1992: Topographical Map Kingston 260 – F42. 1:50000 m.

Druce, A.P.; Simpson, N.; Rance, B. 1993: Indigenous psilopsids, lycopods, quillworts, ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants of the mountains of inland Otago and north Southland. Unpublished Landcare Research checklist 292 held at Landcare Research, Lincoln

Esa, Y.B.; Waters, J.M.; Wallis, G.P. 2000: Introgressive hybridization between Galaxias depressiceps and Galaxias sp. D (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) in Otago, New Zealand: Secondary contact mediated by water races. Conservation Genetics 1: 329 – 339

Foord, M. 1987: The distribution of Prodontria pinguis. The Weta 10 (1): 9-10.

Fox, N. C. 1978: Territorial spacing of the New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae) Notornis 25: 317-331

George, P. 1937: A Maori stone dagger from the Nevis. Journal of the Polynesian Society 46:123-9.

Gibbs, G. 2006: Ghosts of Gondwana. The history of life in New Zealand. Potton Publishing, Nelson. pp. 176.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 73 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Hall-Jones, J. 2005: Goldfields of Otago: an illustrated history. Invercargill: Craig Printing Co. Ltd.

Hamel, J. 1989: Survey of historic and archaeological sites on Nokomai Station and in the upper Nevis Valley. A report to the Department of Conservation, Otago Conservancy.

Hamel, J. 1994: The cold sequestered Nevis. A report to the Department of Conservation, Otago Conservancy.

Hamel, J. 1996: Power in the Upper Nevis. A report to the Department of Conservation, Otago Conservancy.

Harper, R.K. 1992: Otago Recreational Opportunity Spectrum. Otago Conservancy, Department of Conservation. Miscellaneous Series No. 10. ISBN: 0-478-01435-X

Hitchmough, R.; Bull, L; Cromarty, P. 2007: New Zealand Classification System lists 2005. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 194 p.

Kemp, J. 1999: Conservation ecology of kea (Nestor notabilis). Unpublished report to Dept of Conservation.

Lawrence, S. 2002: RANZ/DOC New Zealand falcon breeding survey 1994-98 DOC Science Internal Series 84 Department of Conservation Wellington NZ.

Leathwick, J., Wilson, G., Rutledge, D., Wardle, P., Morgan, F., Johnston, K., McLeod, M., Kirkpatrick, R. 2003: Land Environments of New Zealand. Ministry for the Environment.

Leathwick, J., F. Morgan, G. Wilson, D. Rutledge, M. McLeod and K. Johnston. 2002: Land Environments of New Zealand. Technical Guide. Ministry for the Environment.

LINZ. 2006: Due Diligence Reports – Parts 1 to 4.

McDowall, R.M. 2006: Crying wolf, crying foul, or crying shame: alien salmoniids and a biodiversity crisis in the southern cool-temperate galaxioid fishes? Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 16: 233-422

McDowall, R.M. 2000: The Reed Field Guide to New Zealand Freshwater Fishes. Reed Publishing Ltd. Auckland, New Zealand.

McDowall, R.M. 1993: Implications of diadromy for the structuring and modelling of riverine fish communities in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research: Vol. 27: 453 – 462

McIntosh, R. 1906: The Gold-Dredging Industry in Otago and Southland. In P.Galvin (ed.). The New Zealand Mining Handbook. Wellington: John Mackay, Government Printer.

McLean. Collection held in the Hocken Collections Archives and Manuscripts (96-007: 4, 8, 11, 17), Dunedin.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 74 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Mark, A. F. and Bliss, L. C. 1970: The high-alpine vegetation of Central Otago, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 8: 381-451. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington

Marriner G.R. 1908: The Kea: A New Zealand problem. Marriner Bros.& Co., Printers & Publishers Christchurch, New Zealand.

Mason, B. 1989: Outdoor Recreation in Otago- A Recreation Plan. Volume Two: Silverpeaks & Otago’s Alps. FMC, Wellington.

Mathieu, R., Sneddon, P., Leiendecker, J. 2006: Predicting the distribution of raptors using remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems: a case study with the Eastern New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae). New Zealand Journal of Ecology 33: 73-84.

Middleton, A. 2005: Archaeological Sites in the Lower Nevis Valley. A Report for Pioneer Generation Ltd.

Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust. 2000: Nevis Valley Historic Sites Viewing & Walking Tour pamphlet. Otago Daily Times Print.

Parcell, J.C. 1976: Heart of the Desert. A History of the Cromwell and Bannockburn Districts of Central Otago. Christchurch: Whitcoulls Publishers.

Peat, N. & Patrick, B. 1999: Wild Central. Discovering the natural history of Central Otago. University of Otago Press. pp . 72.

Rance, B, in prep: Rare small-leaved tree daisies recovery plan. Dept of Conservation.

Reardon, J.T.; Tocker, M.D. 2003: Diagnostic morphometrics of the skink species, Oligosoma maccanni and O. nigriplantare polychroma, for the South Island New Zealand. DOC Internal Series 105 Department of Conservation Wellington

Rogers, G. and Overton, J. 2000: Regional patterns of plant species richness in southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 38: 609-627

Sinclair, J. 2003: The early pastoral runs of Otago and Southland: a listing to provide quick reference to the runs by number and name and by name and number: with maps indicating the boundaries, for the most part drawn from the 1871 provincial map. Dunedin, New Zealand.

Soil Bureau 1968: General survey of the soils of South Island, New Zealand. Soil Bureau Bulletin 27. NZ Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

Spearpoint, G. [Ed] 1998: Moir’s Guide North. 6th Edition. New Zealand Alpine Club, Christchurch.

Tocher, M.D. and L. Marshall. 2001: Surveys for Hoplodactylus aff. granulatus, Roys Peak and Mt Alpha, Wanaka. CAS notes no 344. 27p.

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 75 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

Turnbull I. M. 2000: Geology of the Wakatipu Area. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences 1:250 000 geological map 18. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.

Walker, S.; Lee, W. G.; Rogers, G.M. 2003: The woody vegetation of Central Otago, New Zealand: its present and past distribution and future restoration needs. Science for Conservation 226. 99 pp.

Walker, S.; Price, R.; Rutledge, D. 2005: New Zealand’s remaining indigenous cover: recent changes and biodiversity protection needs. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0405/038.

Wardle, K. 1999: The status of the endangered plants Ischnocarpus novae-zelandiae and Carmichaelia kirkii in the Wanaka Area. A contract report prepared for Stu Thorne, Department of Conservation, Wanaka

Winterbourn, M.J.; Gregson, K.L.D.; Dolphin, C.H. 2006: Guide to the Aquatic Insects of New Zealand. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of New Zealand 14

- 76 - DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 76 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

4.1.3 Appendices

APPENDIX 1: Landscape Unit Photos

APPENDIX 2: Summary of Land Environments of New Zealand Units present on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease

APPENDIX 3: Map of Land Environments of New Zealand Units on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease

APPENDIX 4: Plant Species List

APPENDIX 5: Distribution Map of Threatened and Data Deficient Plant Species - Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease

APPENDIX 6: Invertebrate Species List – Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease

APPENDIX 7: Distribution Map of Invertebrate Species of Conservation Interest- Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease

APPENDIX 8: Historical Records of Lizards on Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease- Herpetofauna Database

APPENDIX 9: Distribution Map of Lizards Found during Tenure Review Survey

APPENDIX 10: Aquatic fauna records

APPENDIX 11: Location Map of Maori Pits Recorded during Tenure Review Survey – Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease

APPENDIX 12: Location Map of Previously and Newly Recorded Archaeological Sites – Loch Linnhe Pastoral Lease

APPENDIX 13: FMC Report on Recreational Values

APPENDIX 14: Submission – Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society (Sue Maturin)

APPENDIX 15: Submission – Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society (Dunedin Branch)

APPENDIX 16: Submission – Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society (Upper Clutha Branch)

APPENDIX 17: Submission – Dr Alan Mark

APPENDIX 18: Submission – Alan Mackie (for hunters)

APPENDIX 19: Submission – Central Otago Recreational Users Forum

APPENDIX 20: Submission – Chaz Forsyth (for hunters)

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 77 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 78 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 79 RELEASED UNDER THE OFFICIAL INFORMATION ACT

DOCDM-370034 Loch Linnhe CRR - Updated Lizard Info. doc 80