DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparative Analysis of Nineteenth-Century Californian and New Zealand Newspaper Representations of Chinese Gold Miners

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparative Analysis of Nineteenth-Century Californian and New Zealand Newspaper Representations of Chinese Gold Miners Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18 (2011) 248–273 brill.nl/jaer A Comparative Analysis of Nineteenth-Century Californian and New Zealand Newspaper Representations of Chinese Gold Miners Grant Hannis Massey University Email: [email protected] Abstract During the nineteenth-century gold rush era, Chinese gold miners arrived spontaneously in California and, later, were invited in to work the Otago goldfi elds in New Zealand. Th is article considers how the initial arrival of Chinese in those areas was represented in two major newspapers of the time, the Daily Alta California and the Otago Witness . Both newspapers initially favored Chinese immigration, due to the economic benefi ts that accrued and the generally tolerant outlook of the newspapers’ editors. Th e structure of the papers’ coverage diff ered, however, refl ecting the diff ering historical circumstances of California and Otago. Both papers gave little space to reporting Chinese in their own voices. Th e newspapers editors played the crucial role in shaping each newspaper’s coverage over time. Th e editor of the Witness remained at the helm of his newspaper throughout the survey period and his newspaper consequently did not waver in its support of the Chinese. Th e editor of the Alta , by contrast, died toward the end of the survey period and his newspaper subsequently descended into racist, anti-Chinese rhetoric. Keywords Gold Rush , Chinese gold miners , Daily Alta California , Otago Witness , content analysis , Chinese in California , Chinese in New Zealand A dramatic change in the ethnic mix of the white-dominated western United States occurred in the middle of the nineteenth century, with the sudden infl ux of thousands of Chinese gold miners. Th is demographic tsunami was not confi ned to the United States, of course. At broadly the same time, Chinese gold miners also arrived en masse in parts of other white-dominated countries, such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. A considerable literature has been produced on these Chinese infl uxes, but until recently such research often considered the impact of Chinese in one © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2011 DOI 10.1163/187656111X610737 G. Hannis / Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18 (2011) 248–273 249 territory alone. Furthermore, although historians do quote from mainstream newspapers to illustrate white society’s response to Chinese immigration, these extracts are piecemeal and do not represent a comprehensive, quantitative assessment of the coverage. 1 Th is article undertakes a comparative study of newspaper coverage to understand better the depiction of Chinese immigration in two areas: California, in the western United States, and Otago, in the southern part of New Zealand’s South Island. It uses content analysis, a systematic approach to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the newspaper coverage. 2 By adopting a rigorous, comparative approach this article brings into sharper focus the nature of the representation of Chinese in each newspaper and the reasons for this representation. California and Otago were chosen because their similarities and diff erences were anticipated to produce new insights into newspaper representations of ethnic minorities. Both California and Otago were white-dominated newspaper- publishing pioneer communities into which Chinese arrived in signifi cant numbers – California in the 1850s and Otago fi fteen years later. However, whereas in California Chinese arrived spontaneously, in Otago businesspeo- ple and politicians invited them in. Further, whites in Otago would have been aware of the impact of the Chinese in California. Th e article begins by presenting the historical context, reviewing the arrival of Chinese during both countries’ gold rushes, and profi ling the two news papers included in the study. Th is is followed by details of the research method and the results of the content analysis. Th e conclusions are then laid out. 1 Recent work which puts Chinese immigration in a global context includes Philip A. Kuhn, Chinese Among Others: Emigration in Modern Times (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefi eld, 2008); Adam McKeown, Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, Hawaii, 1900-1936 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001). Th e Chinese infl ux into New Zealand is described in Stevan Eldred-Grigg, Diggers, Hatters and Whores: Th e New Zealand Gold Rushes (Auckland: Random House, 2008); James Ng, Windows on a Chinese Past: How the Cantonese Goldseekers and Th eir Heirs Settled in New Zealand (Dunedin: Otago Heritage Books, 1993); and James Ng, Chinese Settlement in New Zealand (Christchurch: New Zealand Centre for Chinese Studies, 1999). 2 For the methodology of content analysis, see, for instance, Kimberly Neuendorf, Th e Content Analysis Guidebook (Th ousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 2002) and Klaus Krippendorff , Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology (Th ousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 2004). 250 G. Hannis / Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18 (2011) 248–273 Historical Context Californian Gold Rush In 1848, California was a remote, sparsely populated backwater. But all this dramatically changed after James Marshall found gold at Sutter’s Mill that year. Th e ensuing gold rush saw thousands fl ock to the area in the hopes of making their fortunes. 3 In 1849, about 90,000 Americans from the east headed for California, followed by about the same amount the next year, nearly 1 percent of the country’s entire population. 4 Foreigners also came to the fi elds. Th ese included French, Irish, Australians, and Chinese. 5 Many of the miners arrived by sea, with San Francisco the main entry point. Th e spontaneous nature of the gold rush meant the goldfi elds were initially unregulated. Instead, the miners on many of the fi elds elected someone from within their midst to administer and enforce mining claims, a generally eff ective system. 6 Most of the Chinese who arrived in California came from southeast China and arrived in response to overpopulation, war, and poverty at home. In January 1850, there were about 800 Chinese living in California; by the end of that year the number was more than 4,000. In 1851 about 2,500 Chinese arrived in California, and in 1852 about 20,000 arrived. 7 Not all who arrived stayed, of course, but in 1852 there were about 25,000 Chinese living in California. Th roughout the 1850s the Chinese population in the United States was concentrated almost solely in California, with about 80 percent living and working on the goldfi elds. 8 As with immigrant miners generally, the Chinese were overwhelmingly male and sojourners, hoping to strike it rich and then return home. Some of the Chinese who came worked in support industries, including as merchants and artisans. 9 3 Roger Lotchin, San Francisco 1846-1856: From Hamlet to City (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974). 4 John Gordon, An Empire of Wealth: Th e Epic History of American Economic Power (New York: HarperCollins, 2004). 5 Randall Rohe, “After the Gold Rush: Chinese Mining in the Far West, 1850-1890,” in Arif Dirlik, ed., Chinese on the American Frontier (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefi eld, 2001). 6 California State Archives, “Law and Order,” (2011), < http://www.learncalifornia.org/doc .asp?id=1932 > (acc. 10 Jan. 2011). 7 Rohe, “After the gold rush,” 4. 8 Ibid., 6. 9 Judy Yung, Gordon Chang, and Him Mark Lai, eds., Chinese American Voices from the Gold Rush to the Present (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006). G. Hannis / Journal of American-East Asian Relations 18 (2011) 248–273 251 Diff erences in language, culture, and customs meant that Chinese tended to keep to themselves and not mingle with whites, especially on the goldfi elds. In San Francisco, Chinese congregated in the area that would eventually become Chinatown. By the 1860 census, California’s population had reached 380,000, with Chinese accounting for nearly 10 percent of the total. 10 Initially, Chinese tended to be welcomed in California. In the early 1850s, the newly arrived Chinese were invited to take part in street parades, includ- ing one celebrating California becoming a state. Furthermore, the outgo- ing governor of California, John McDougal, believed Chinese could be a good source of labor for the new state, declaring in January 1852 that the Chinese were “one of the most worthy classes of our newly adopted citi- zens.” 11 But as the Chinese population grew, so did concerns over Chinese immigration. California’s next governor, John Bigler, was vehemently anti- Chinese and as early as April 1852 was calling for their exclusion. Chinese were accused of being degraded aliens incapable of assimilating into white society, and of undercutting the wages of white workers and repatriating the funds to China. Th e Californian legislature enacted a law to tax for- eign miners, a law largely directed at Chinese, and working-class whites later attacked and murdered Chinese. Th e vitriol of anti-Chinese sentiment intensifi ed, and in 1882 Congress banned further Chinese immigration into the country. Th e legislative ban was not lifted until near the end of World War II. 12 Otago Gold Rush Initially, New Zealand was solely populated by the Maori – the indigenous people of the country. Following the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 between Maori and the British crown, the formal white colonization of New Zealand began. Soon English-speaking, white Europeans became the country’s domi- nant culture. Up until the 1860s there were virtually no Chinese in New Zealand. 13 10 Roger Daniels, Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), 15. 11 Quoted in H. Brett Melendy, Chinese and Japanese Americans (New York: Hippocrene, 1984), 28. 12 Elmer Sandmeyer, Th e Anti-Chinese Movement in California (1939; Urbana: University of Illinois, 1973).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What Best Explains the Discrimination Against the Chinese in New Zealand, 1860S-1950S?
    Journal of New Zealand Studies What Best Explains the Discrimination Against the Chinese? What Best Explains the Discrimination Against the Chinese in New Zealand, 1860s-1950s? MILES FAIRBURN University of Canterbury Dominating the relatively substantial literature on the history of the Chinese in New Zealand is the story of their mistreatment by white New Zealanders from the late 1860s through to the 1950s.1 However, the study of discrimination against the Chinese has now reached something of an impasse, one arising from the strong tendency of researchers in the area to advance their favourite explanations for discrimination without arguing why they prefer these to the alternatives. This practice has led to an increase in the variety of explanations and in the weight of data supporting the explanations, but not to their rigorous appraisal. In consequence, while researchers have told us more and more about which causal factors produced discrimination they have little debated or demonstrated the relative importance of these factors. As there is no reason to believe that all the putative factors are of equal importance, knowledge about the causes is not progressing. The object of this paper is to break the impasse by engaging in a systematic comparative evaluation of the different explanations to determine which one might be considered the best. The best explanation is, of course, not perfect by definition. Moreover, in all likelihood an even better explanation will consist of a combination of that best and one or more of the others. But to find the perfect explanation or a combination of explanations we have to start somewhere.
    [Show full text]
  • Voyages & Travel 1515
    Voyages & Travel CATALOGUE 1515 MAGGS BROS. LTD. Voyages & Travel CATALOGUE 1515 MAGGS BROS. LTD. CONTENTS Africa . 1 Egypt, The Near East & Middle East . 22 Europe, Russia, Turkey . 39 India, Central Asia & The Far East . 64 Australia & The Pacific . 91 Cover illustration; item 48, Walters . Central & South America . 115 MAGGS BROS. LTD. North America . 134 48 BEDFORD SQUARE LONDON WC1B 3DR Telephone: ++ 44 (0)20 7493 7160 Alaska & The Poles . 153 Email: [email protected] Bank Account: Allied Irish (GB), 10 Berkeley Square London W1J 6AA Sort code: 23-83-97 Account Number: 47777070 IBAN: GB94 AIBK23839747777070 BIC: AIBKGB2L VAT number: GB239381347 Prices marked with an *asterisk are liable for VAT for customers in the UK. Access/Mastercard and Visa: Please quote card number, expiry date, name and invoice number by mail, fax or telephone. EU members: please quote your VAT/TVA number when ordering. The goods shall legally remain the property of the seller until the price has been discharged in full. © Maggs Bros. Ltd. 2021 Design by Radius Graphics Printed by Page Bros., Norfolk AFRICA Remarkable Original Artworks 1 BATEMAN (Charles S.L.) Original drawings and watercolours for the author’s The First Ascent of the Kasai: being some Records of service Under the Lone Star. A bound volume containing 46 watercolours (17 not in vol.), 17 pen and ink drawings (1 not in vol.), 12 pencil sketches (3 not in vol.), 3 etchings, 3 ms. charts and additional material incl. newspaper cuttings, a photographic nega- tive of the author and manuscript fragments (such as those relating to the examination and prosecution of Jao Domingos, who committed fraud when in the service of the Luebo District).
    [Show full text]
  • Port Hedland 1860 – 2012 a Tale of Three Booms
    Institutions, Efficiency and the Organisation of Seaports: A Comparative Analysis By Justin John Pyvis This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Murdoch University September 2014 I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. .................................... Justin John Pyvis Abstract Ports form an essential part of a country's infrastructure by facilitating trade and ultimately helping to reduce the cost of goods for consumers. They are characterised by solidity in physical infrastructure and legislative frameworks – or high levels of “asset specificity” – but also face the dynamics of constantly changing global market conditions requiring flexible responsiveness. Through a New Institutional Economics lens, the ports of Port Hedland (Australia), Prince Rupert (Canada), and Tauranga (New Zealand) are analysed. This dissertation undertakes a cross-country comparative analysis, but also extends the empirical framework into an historical analysis using archival data for each case study from 1860 – 2012. How each port's unique institutional environment – the constraints, or “rules of the game” – affected their development and organisational structure is then investigated. This enables the research to avoid the problem where long periods of economic and political stability in core institutions can become the key explanatory variables. The study demonstrates how the institutional pay-off structure determines what organisational forms come into existence at each port and where, why and how they direct their resources. Sometimes, even immense political will and capital investment will see a port flounder (Prince Rupert); or great resource booms will never be captured (Port Hedland); other times, the port may be the victim of special interest pressure from afar (Tauranga).
    [Show full text]
  • Item Report Template
    IPENZ Engineering Heritage Record Report Shotover River Bridge, Lower Shotover Written by: Rebecca Ford and Karen Astwood Date: 15 February 2016 Bridge over the Shotover River in the Lower Shotover area, 1926. Godber, Albert Percy, 1875–1949: Collection of albums, prints and negatives. Ref: APG-1683-1/2-G. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand. http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22806436 1 Contents A. General information ....................................................................................................... 3 B. Description .................................................................................................................... 5 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 5 Historical narrative ................................................................................................................ 5 Social narrative .................................................................................................................. 11 Physical narrative ............................................................................................................... 14 C. Assessment of significance .......................................................................................... 17 D. Supporting information .................................................................................................. 18 List of supporting documents...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • JOURNAL of AUSTRALASIAN MINING HISTORY Volume 12 October 2014
    JOURNAL OF AUSTRALASIAN MINING HISTORY Volume 12 October 2014 Embracing all aspects of mining history, mining archaeology and heritage Published by the Australasian Mining History Association Journal ofAustralasian Mining History ISSN 1448-4471 Published by the Australasian Mining History Association University of Western Australia Editor Mr. Mel Davies, OAM, Hon. Research Fellow, University of Western Australia Sub-editor Mrs. Nicola Williams, Adjunct Senior Lecturer, Monash University Editorial Board Dr. Peter Bell, Adjunct Senior Research Fellow, Flinders University Dr. Patrick Berto la, Hon Research Fellow, Curtin University of Technology Prof. Gordon Boyce, University ofNewcastle, NSW Dr. David Branagan, The University ofSydney Prof. Roger Burt, Exeter University, UK Emeritus Prof. David Carment, Charles Darwin University Dr. Graydon Henning, Hon. Research Fellow, University ofNew England Prof. Ken McQueen, University ofCanberra Prof. Jeremy Mouat, University ofAlberta , Canada Prof. Philip Payton, Exeter University, UK Prof. Ian Phimister, Sheffield University, UK Prof. Ian Plimer, University ofAdelaide The Journal of Australasian Mining History accepts papers relating to historical aspects of mining, mining archaeology and heritage in the Australasian region, though consideration will also be given to contributions that will be of general interest to mining historians. Book reviews will also be commissioned. All correspondence should be directed to the Secretary, AMHA, Economics, Business School, MBDP M251, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, or directed via email to: [email protected] The Journal is divided into refereed and non-refereed sections and the papers published in the refereed section will have been subject to a double blind refereeing process. The final decision on publication will lie in the hands of the editor.
    [Show full text]
  • James Macandrew of Otago Slippery Jim Or a Leader Staunch and True?
    JAMES MACANDREW OF OTAGO SLIPPERY JIM OR A LEADER STAUNCH AND TRUE? BY RODERICK JOHN BUNCE A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Victoria University of Wellington 2013 iii ABSTRACT James Macandrew, a Scotsman who migrated to Dunedin in 1851, was variously a businessman, twice Superintendent of Otago Province, an imprisoned bankrupt and a Minister of the Crown. He was an active participant in provincial and colonial politics for 36 years and was associated with most of the major political events in New Zealand during that time. Macandrew was a passionate and persuasive advocate for the speedy development of New Zealand’s infrastructure to stimulate the expansion of settlement. He initiated a steamer service between New Zealand and Australia in 1858 but was bankrupt by 1860. While Superintendent of Otago in 1860 and 1867–76 he was able to advance major harbour, transport and educational projects. As Minister of Public Works in George Grey’s Ministry from 1878–79 he promoted an extensive expansion of the country’s railway system. In Parliament, he was a staunch advocate of easier access to land for all settlers, and a promoter of liberal social legislation which was enacted a decade later by the Seddon Government. His life was interwoven with three influential settlers, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Julius Vogel and George Grey, who variously dominated the political landscape. Macandrew has been portrayed as an opportunist who exploited these relationships, but this study will demonstrate that while he often served these men as a subordinate, as a mentor he influenced their political beliefs and behaviour.
    [Show full text]
  • Fashioning a Future. Part I: Settlement, Improvement and Conservation in the European Colonisation of Otago, 1840–601
    FASHIONING A FUTURE. PART I: SETTLEMENT, IMPROVEMENT AND CONSERVATION IN THE EUROPEAN COLONISATION OF OTAGO, 1840–601 JAMES BEATTIE The Centre for Science in Society, Victoria University of Wellington; Research Associate, Centre for Environmental History, The Australian National University; Senior Research Associate, Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg Abstract This article, split into 2 parts that will be published over 2 journal issues, examines environmental attitudes and actions amongst the first generation of settlers in Otago, New Zealand, between 1840 and 1860. Based on extensive analysis of diaries, letters, artworks and official documents, it argues for the need to recognise the complexity of European environmental responses and actions, including highlighting extensive official attempts at forest conservation from the late 1840s. Part I of this article examines the complexity of settler views by demonstrating the importance of the concept of improvement as a means by which colonists sought to Europeanise Otago through introductions of familiar plants and animals, and the establishment of farms. Part II is in 2 sections: Section 1 considers the impact of Romanticism on settler interpretations of Otago’s environment, including the manner in which they framed and depicted its harbours and mountains in writing and art. Section 2 examines concerns over resource depletion and details official measures to protect forests, including through reservation, licensing of timber extraction and the appointment of forest guards.
    [Show full text]
  • INFORMATION for CANDIDATES for Appointment As Assistant
    1801872 INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES for appointment as Assistant Research Fellow FACULTY OF DENTISTRY Sir John Walsh Research Institute Faculty of Dentistry THE FACULTY OF DENTISTRY The Faculty of Dentistry was founded in 1907 and is the only national school for dentistry in New Zealand. The Acting Dean is Professor Alison Rich. The Faculty comprises the Sir John Walsh Research Institute and three departments (Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Sciences, and Oral Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences). A document describing the Faculty’s Strategic Directions for 2013-2018 can be accessed at http://dentistry.otago.ac.nz/about/strategic_plan.html. The 2016 QS World University Subject Rankings identified the Dental School as the 12th best in the world. Dentistry was the highest-ranked subject from any New Zealand university, and the first subject taught at a New Zealand University to ever feature in the QS world’s top ten. The Faculty offers the following programmes: Undergraduate: Bachelor of Dental Surgery; Bachelor of Dental Technology; Bachelor of Oral Health. Postgraduate: Doctor of Clinical Dentistry (endorsed in endodontics, oral medicine, oral pathology, orthodontics, paediatric dentistry, oral and maxillofacial surgery, special needs dentistry, periodontology and prosthodontics), PhD, Master of Dental Surgery in general dental practice or dental materials science, and Master of Community Dentistry. Postgraduate Diplomas are also offered in some disciplines. Dental graduates may proceed to the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy or Doctor of Dental Science. The Division also offers programmes leading to the Postgraduate Certificate in Health Sciences, Postgraduate Diploma in Health Sciences, and the degree of Master of Health Sciences. The School of Dentistry (Walsh Building) is situated close to the Dunedin School of Medicine, several departments of the Otago School of Medical Sciences, the Dunedin Public Hospital, the School of Pharmacy and the School of Physiotherapy.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand and the Colonial Writing World, 1890-1945
    A DUAL EXILE? NEW ZEALAND AND THE COLONIAL WRITING WORLD, 1890-1945 Helen K. Bones A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at the University of Canterbury March 2011 University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand 1 Contents Contents ............................................................................................................... 1 Index of Tables ................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 5 PART ONE: NEW ZEALAND AND THE COLONIAL WRITING WORLD 22 Chapter One – Writing in New Zealand ................................................. 22 1.1 Literary culture in New Zealand ................................................. 22 1.2 Creating literature in New Zealand ..................................... 40 Chapter Two – Looking Outward ............................................................. 59 2.1 The Tasman Writing World ................................................. 59 2.2 The Colonial Writing World ................................................. 71 Chapter Three – Leaving New Zealand ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 12. New Zealand War Correspondence Before 1915
    12. New Zealand war correspondence before 1915 ABSTRACT Little research has been published on New Zealand war correspondence but an assertion has been made in a reputable military book that the country has not established a strong tradition in this genre. To test this claim, the author has made a preliminary examination of war correspondence prior to 1915 (when New Zealand's first official war correspondent was appointed) to throw some light on its early development. Because there is little existing research in this area much of the information for this study comes from contemporary newspaper reports. In the years before the appointment of Malcolm Ross as the nation's official war correspondent. New Zealand newspapers clearly saw the importance of reporting on war, whether within the country or abroad and not always when it involved New Zealand troops. Despite the heavy cost to newspapers, joumalists were sent around the country and overseas to cover confiiets. Two types of war correspondent are observable in those early years—the soldier joumalist and the ordinary joumalist plucked from his newsroom or from his freelance work. In both cases one could call them amateur war correspondents. Keywords: conflict reporting, freelance joumaiism, war correspondents, war reporting ALLISON OOSTERMAN AUT University, Auckland HIS ARTICLE is a brief introduction to New Zealand war correspondence prior to 1915 when the first official war correspon- Tdent was appointed by the govemment. The aim was to conduct a preliminary exploration ofthe suggestion, made in The Oxford Companion to New Zealand military history (hereafter The Oxford Companion), that New Zealand has not established a strong tradition of war correspondence (McGibbon, 2000, p.
    [Show full text]
  • PAST ISSUES Asymm Tric Information CONTENTS
    ISSN 1177-6366 (Print) ISSN 1177-634X (Online) Asymm tric information ISSUE NO.50 August 2014 A newsletter to promote the exchange CONTENTS of information, news and ideas among members of the New Zealand Association Editorial 2 of Economists (Inc). An Interview with Bob Buckle (by Norman Gemmell) 2 PAST ISSUES Citations for new Life Members 11 All past issues are now available for downloading (or for NZAE Conference 2014 12 citing in scholarly publications) free of charge from: http://www.nzae.org.nz/newsletters/ From the 2B RED File (by Grant Scobie) 14 New Zealand Association of Economists Inc. ‘Frames’ (by Stuart Birks) JOHN CREEDY Editor email: [email protected] or 16 [email protected]. http://www.nzae.org.nz Blogwatch (by Paul Walker) 17 Fine Lines (by John Creedy) 18 The Bergstrom Prize Call 19 The Growth of New Zealand Towns (by Anna Robinson) 20 Report from GEN 21 Research in Progress (NZIER) 22 MATLAB Advert 24 http://www.nzae.org.nz Asymmetric Information, Issue No. 50 / August 2014 | 1 A. I understand there are specified fields in which awards are EDITORIAL recognised. I’m not sure that economics is one of those fields, John Creedy but I was delighted that the citation did mention contributions ([email protected]; to economics and the economics profession, as well as to business and education. It was through economics that I had [email protected]) the opportunity to contribute in some way to tertiary education and to policy processes, and to try to chip away at improving This issue of AI begins with the seventh in our series of the environment for business.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Families, Duty, and the First World War
    AN UNBROKEN CONNECTION? NEW ZEALAND FAMILIES, DUTY, AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR BY RACHEL PATRICK A thesis submitted to Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Victoria University of Wellington 2014. ii iii In loving memory of my father Ross Alexander Patrick, 6 May 1946 – 3 December 2013 iv v ABSTRACT This thesis explores the topic of families during the First World War through a single New Zealand family and its social networks. The family at the core of the thesis, the Stewarts, were a well-to-do Dunedin family who moved in the most exclusive circles of colonial society. As members of the elite, and as prominent figures in the leadership of wartime patriotic organisations, they conceived of their wartime role as one of public benevolence and modelling patriotic virtue for others. Yet, like countless other families, their personal lives were shattered by the war. Drawing upon the extensive records left behind by the Stewart family, as well as associated archives, the thesis advances a number of larger arguments. It is the overarching claim of this study that families – in their emotional, material and symbolic manifestations – formed an integral part of the war experience and provide a significant way of understanding this global event and its devastating human consequences. The Stewart family’s extensive surviving archive of personal correspondence provides a window into the innermost emotions, beliefs and values of the family’s individual members. Episodes in their wartime lives shape the wider thesis themes: the impact of family separations, grief and bereavement, religious faith, duty and patriotism, philanthropy, the lingering shadow of war disability – and the inflection of all of these by gender and class.
    [Show full text]