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Kam Hawii 0085O 11009.Pdf “I AM BELIEVED TO BE INITIATED INTO THE SECRETS OF THE GREATS”: SECRECY, INTELLIGENCE, AND SELF-FASHIONING IN THE WRITINGS OF MESDAMES DE BLAU AND DU NOYER A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY MAY 2021 By Miranda M. Kam Thesis Committee: Matthew Lauzon, Chairperson Kieko Matteson Kathryn Hoffmann Keywords: gender, women’s writing, Franco-Dutch diplomacy, War of the Spanish Succession ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Matthew Lauzon, Dr. Kieko Matteson, and Dr. Kathryn Hoffmann, for their guidance and support. All three inspired my initial interest in French history and literature and I appreciate everything that I have learned from them. I am especially grateful to Dr. Lauzon, without whom this thesis would not have been possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Peter Arnade for his supervision and comments during the preparation of an earlier version of the first chapter of this thesis. i ABSTRACT This thesis considers two women—Marie-Madeleine de Saint-Paul de Seroskerque, Madame de Blau (1681?-1749) and Anne-Marguerite Petit Du Noyer (1663-1719)—who traveled between France and the Dutch Republic and respectively engaged in secret and public diplomacy during the peace negotiations to end the War of the Spanish Succession. Mme de Blau served as a pseudo-spy for the French court during the peace conference in Geertruidenberg (1710) and Mme Du Noyer reported on the peace negotiations in Utrecht (1712-1714) in the Lettres historiques et galantes, the Nouveau mercure galant and the Quintessence des Nouvelles. This thesis examines the Fonds Blau (Archives Nationales, AP 25/1) and Mme Du Noyer’s published works in an attempt 1) to study how the women attempted to use their positions within diplomatic intelligence networks to negotiate their personal status and what their attempts suggest about the limitations of their gender status and positions within elite society, 2) to explore the connections and instabilities between secrecy and publicity, the public and the private, and informal and formal diplomacy during Louis XIV’s reign, and 3) to consider the women’s self-fashionings through analysis of the representational strategies employed in their accounts. This thesis will attempt to reveal common themes and strategies between the women’s accounts while simultaneously emphasizing the generic diversity of these sources and differences in the women’s stories. This thesis will argue that in order to achieve their personal goals, the women needed to represent themselves in ways that did not transgress social norms. This included de-emphasizing their liminal identities and depicting themselves as ‘good’ mothers and loyal subjects of Louis XIV. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………………………………………….………...i ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………….…...ii LIST OF TABLES....……………………………………………………..………………………iv INTRODUCTION….………………………………………………………………….………….1 Women, Diplomacy, and the Louisquatorzian Information State.…………………….….3 Liminal Identities and Discursive Self-Fashionings.…………………………………….12 Secrecy, Publicity, and the Public Sphere under Louis XIV………………………….…17 Sources and Methodology.……………………………………………………………….21 CHAPTER 1. MME DE BLAU’S SECRET MISSION IN GEERTRUIDENBERG…………...26 Kinship Networks and Elite Connections………………………………………………..27 Reconstructing Mme de Blau’s Mission…………………………………………………35 Exposing the Secret and Petitioning for Compensation…………………………………48 Mme de Blau’s (Limited) Successes………………………………………………….….53 The Public, the Private, and Women Diplomats…………………………………………64 CHAPTER 2. MME DU NOYER’S REPORTING ON PEACE IN UTRECHT.………………70 Autobiography and Literary ‘Masks’ in Du Noyer’s Works…………………………….72 The Quintessence des Nouvelles—Libel or Panegyric?....................................................84 Galanterie and Histoire in Early Modern French Women’s Writing……………….….101 The Lettres historiques et galantes and the Nouveau mercure galant………………….105 The fêtes galantes and Displays of Women’s Talents………………………….………124 The Mariage précipité and the Consequences of Female Ambition…………………...129 CONCLUSION….……………………………………………………………………………...149 BIBLIOGRAPHY….…………………………………………………………………………...157 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Mme de Blau’s mission expenditures from her “Mémoire de dépence pour pour [sic] lentretiens des personne de qui javois besoin pour executé les intention du Roy,” n.d., A.N., 25 AP/1, folder 1, document 13……………………………………………………………………..43 Table 2. Mme Du Noyer’s published works by title, nominal author, format, and publication details.…………………………………………………………………………………………....76 iv INTRODUCTION When I began developing this project, my intention was to use Marie-Madeleine de Saint-Paul de Seroskerque, Madame de Blau (1681?-1749) and Anne-Marguerite Petit Du Noyer (1663-1719) as case studies in order to study women’s roles in early modern European diplomacy and how diplomacy offered certain women an opportunity to exercise power and advance their personal status.1 Both women operated in the arenas of information collection and management between France and the Dutch Republic during the peace negotiations to end the War of the Spanish Succession. Mme de Blau was born an elite Dutch Protestant. She later converted to Catholicism and acted as an agent of Louis XIV in the Dutch Republic during the peace negotiations in Geertruidenberg. During her mission, she clandestinely relayed information to French ministers and aided the French plenipotentiaries with their maneuverings until the end of the war. Mme Du Noyer was a bourgeois French Protestant who fled France twice after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. While in religious exile in The Hague, she reported on the War of the Spanish Succession and the Congress of Utrecht to francophone audiences through her journalistic endeavors and other publications. These include her Lettres historiques et galantes (7 vols., 1704/7?-1717),2 her Mémoires (5 vols., 1710), and two periodicals: the short-lived 1 I approximate 1681 as Mme de Blau’s year of birth based on her claim to have been 24 when she married Thomas de Blau in 1705 (25 AP/1 Fonds Blau, Archives Nationales, Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France, folder 1, document 6). This collection is henceforth cited as A.N., 25 AP/1. 2 While some bibliographers like Quéard and Barbier suggested that the Lettres historiques et galantes were first published in seven volumes in 1704 in Cologne, more recent attempts by scholars to locate this edition have been unsuccessful and it remains unclear when the Lettres historiques et galantes first appeared. Alain Nabarra doubted the existence of this 1704 edition and dated the publication of the Lettres historiques et galantes’s seven volumes as 1707-1717. He dated the first publications of Volumes 2-7 of the Lettres historiques et galantes: Vol. 2 (1708), Vol. 3 (1710), Vol. 4 (1711), Vol. 5 (1712), Vol. 6 (1713), Vol. 7 (1717). While the Lettres historiques et galantes indicate ‘Pierre Marteau, Libraire à Cologne’ as its publisher, in actuality, their publisher was Pierre Husson in The Hague (Alain Nabarra, “Lettres historiques et galantes” in Jean Sgard, Dictionnaire des journalistes (1600–1789), Édition électronique revue, corrigée et augmentée; Alain Nabarra, “Correspondances réelles, correspondances fictives: les Lettres historiques et galantes de Mme Dunoyer ou ‘la rocambole’ d’un ‘petit badinage établi d’abord pour le plaisir,” in Femmes en toutes lettres: Les épistolières du XVIIIe siècle, eds. Marie-France Silver and Marie- Laure Girou Swiderski (Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000), 9-11). 1 Nouveau Mercure galant des Cours de l’Europe that she created and operated from November to December 1710 and the long-running Quintessence des Nouvelles (1689-1730), which she directed from sometime in 1711 until her death in May 1719. The juxtaposition of secret and public diplomacy between these women’s stories offers a compelling framework in which to consider women’s roles in Franco-Dutch diplomacy during the War of the Spanish Succession. Moreover, both Mme de Blau and Mme Du Noyer are absent from most ‘traditional’ historical accounts of the war and they remain understudied within the field of diplomatic history.3 In this thesis, I begin to rectify this omission by reconstructing their roles in diplomatic intelligence networks and by situating Mmes de Blau and Du Noyer within the broader histories of women and diplomacy and French diplomacy during Louis XIV’s reign. However, this thesis is ultimately less about the women’s diplomatic roles, successes, and failures as mediators of information than it is about how the women attempted to use diplomacy as an opportunity to negotiate their personal statuses and the ways that they navigated the various gendered, social, and political constraints that regulated them through their ‘self-fashionings,’ mobility, and the discursive strategies within their texts. Although Blau and Du Noyer enjoyed many ‘freedoms’ 3 For example, neither Blau nor Du Noyer are mentioned in Arsène Legrelle, La Diplomatie française et la succession d’Espagne, vol. 4, La Solution (1700-1725) (Paris: Librairie Cotillon, F. Pichon, 1892), 459-577. Notable exceptions include Lucien Bély, Espions et ambassadeurs (Paris: Fayard, 1991); Lucien Bély, “Les larmes de Monsieur de Torcy. Un essai sur les perspectives de l’histoire diplomatique à propos des conférences de Gertruydenberg (mars-juillet 1710),” Histoire,
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