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Bölgesel Devlet Ve Özerklik Kavramları Bağlamında Gürcistan Ve Acara

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Bölgesel Devlet Ve Özerklik Kavramları Bağlamında Gürcistan Ve Acara T.C. SAKARYA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ BÖLGESEL DEVLET VE ÖZERKL İK KAVRAMLARI BA ĞLAMINDA GÜRC İSTAN VE ACARA ÖZERK CUMHUR İYET İ YÜKSEK L İSANS TEZ İ Selim DURSUN Enstitü Anabilim Dalı : Uluslararası İli şkiler Enstitü Bilim Dalı : Uluslararası İli şkiler Tez Danı şmanı: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tuncay KARDA Ş HAZ İRAN – 2011 BEYAN Bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlak kurallarına uyuldu ğunu, ba şkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunuldu ğunu, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadığını, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu üniversite veya ba şka bir üniversitedeki ba şka bir tez çalı şması olarak sunulmadı ğını beyan ederim. Selim DURSUN 21.06.2011 ÖNSÖZ Bünyesinde özerk birimler bulunması nedeniyle bölgesel devlet niteli ğinde olan Gürcistan, jeopolitik konumu dolayısıyla Güney Kafkasya’nın en önemli ülkesidir. Bu özelli ğinin yanında etnik ve kültürel çe şitli ği içinde barındırmaktadır. Hem jeopolitik konumu hem de etnik-kültürel çe şitli ği nedeniyle bölgesel ve küresel aktörlerin etki alanı içerisindedir. Ayrıca, bölgesel devlet olan Gürcistan’ın özerk cumhuriyeti olan Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti’nin gerek ülkemize kom şu olması gerekse de özerkli ğin temeli olan kültürel özellikleri ve bu özelliklerini korumada ya şadı ğı sorunların ara ştırılması bu konudaki literatür eksikli ğinin giderilmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu açılardan Gürcistan ve Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti ara ştırmacıların ilgisini hak etmektedir. Tez çalı şmamda desteklerini ve ele ştirilerini esirgemeyen Danı şman Hocam Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tuncay Karda ş’a te şekkürlerimi borç bilirim. Tezimin olgunla şmasına önemli katkılar sa ğlayan de ğerli hocam Prof. Dr. Alaeddin Yalçınkaya’ya ve çok kıymetli katkılarıyla tezime yön veren Yrd. Doç. Dr. Selman Dursun’a ayrıca te şekkür ediyorum. Yaptı ğımız tez toplantılarında tezimle ilgili katkılarını ve ele ştirilerini eksik etmeyen dönem arkada şlarım Seda Çankaya, Rıdvan Kalaycı ve Sefa Mutlu Koca’ya; gerek izin konusunda gerekse de manevi destek konusunda gösterdikleri anlayı ştan dolayı amirlerim Makbule Çalı ş ve Yücel Angun’a ve çalı şma arkada şlarıma şükranlarımı sunarım. Göstermi ş oldu ğu sabır ve destekten ötürü de ğerli e şime, bugünlere gelmemi sa ğlayan rahmetli anne ve babama minnettarlıklarımı sunarım. Selim DURSUN 21.06.2011 İÇİNDEK İLER KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... iii ÖZET……… ................................................................................................................... ıv SUMMARY. .................................................................................................................... v GİRİŞ ……… ................................................................................................................... 1 BÖLÜM 1: DEVLET ŞEK İLLER İ VE ÖZERKL İK ................................................. 6 1.1. Devlet Şekilleri........................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1. Üniter Devlet .................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1.1. Merkeziyetçi Üniter Devlet ................................................................ 8 1.1.1.2. Adem-i Merkeziyetçi Üniter Devlet ................................................... 8 1.1.1.3. Bölgesel Devlet ................................................................................. 10 1.1.2. Bile şik Devlet ................................................................................................. 13 1.1.2.1. Devlet Birlikleri ................................................................................ 13 1.1.2.2. Devlet Toplulukları ........................................................................... 14 1.1.3. Bölgesel Devlet ve Federal Devletin Kar şıla ştırılması .................................. 17 1.1.4. Bölgesel Devlet Örnekleri .............................................................................. 18 1.1.4.1. İspanya .............................................................................................. 18 1.1.4.2. İtalya ................................................................................................. 21 1.2. Özerklik. 23 1.2.1. Özerklik Kavramı ........................................................................................... 23 1.2.2. Siyasi Özerklik ............................................................................................... 25 1.2.3. Self-Determinasyon Hakkı ve Siyasi Özerklik .............................................. 26 BÖLÜM 2: GÜRC İSTAN VE ACARA ÖZERK CUMHUR İYET İ ........................ 29 2.1. Gürcistan 29 2.1.1. Gürcistan’ın Tarihi ......................................................................................... 30 2.1.2. Gürcistan’ın Etnik ve Politik Sorunları .......................................................... 40 2.1.2.1. Abhazya Sorunu ................................................................................ 40 2.1.2.2. Güney Osetya Sorunu ....................................................................... 43 2.1.2.3. Cavahet Bölgesi Sorunu .................................................................... 46 2.1.3. Küresel ve Bölgesel Aktörlerin Gürcistan Politikası ..................................... 49 2.1.3.1. Amerika Birle şik Devletleri’nin Gürcistan Politikası ....................... 49 2.1.3.2. Avrupa Birli ği’nin Gürcistan Politikası ............................................ 52 2.1.3.3. Rusya Federasyonu’nun Gürcistan Politikası ................................... 57 i 2.1.3.4. Türkiye’nin Gürcistan Politikası ....................................................... 60 2.1.3.5. İran’ın Gürcistan Politikası ............................................................... 65 2.2. Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti ........................................................................................ 66 2.2.1. Acarların Etnik Kökeni .................................................................................. 67 2.2.1. Acara Tarihi. .................................................................................................. 69 2.2.4. Özerklik İhlalleri ve Türkiye’nin Garantörlü ğü ............................................. 77 2.2.3. Küresel ve Bölgesel Aktörlerin Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti Politikaları ........ 81 BÖLÜM 3: GÜRC İSTAN VE ACARA ÖZERK CUMHUR İYET İ’N İN BÖLGESEL DEVLET VE ÖZERKL İK AÇISINDAN DE ĞERLEND İRİLMES İ ....................................................................... 84 3.1. Gürcistan Bölgesel Devleti ...................................................................................... 84 3.1.1. Tarihsel ve Hukuksal Veriler ......................................................................... 84 3.1.2. Gürcistan Yönetim Sistemi ............................................................................ 86 3.1.2.1. Yasama Organı .................................................................................. 88 3.1.2.2. Yürütme Organı ................................................................................. 89 3.1.2.3. Yargı Organı ...................................................................................... 92 3.1.2.5. İdari ve Yerel Yönetim Yapısı .......................................................... 92 3.1.3. Gürcistan Bölgesel Devletin Bir Örne ği Mi? ................................................. 93 3.2. Siyasal Özerk Birim Olarak Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti ........................................... 95 3.2.1. Tarihsel ve Hukuksal Veriler ......................................................................... 95 3.2.2. Özerklik Statüsü ........................................................................................... 101 3.2.3. Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti Siyasal Özerkli ğin Bir Örne ği Mi? ................... 107 SONUÇ........ ................................................................................................................. 109 KAYNAKLAR ............................................................................................................ 113 EKLER........ ................................................................................................................. 130 ÖZGEÇM İŞ ................................................................................................................. 133 ii KISALTMALAR AB : Avrupa Birli ği ABD : Amerika Birle şik Devletleri AG İT : Avrupa Güvenlik ve İş birli ği Te şkilatı AÖC : Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti BM : Birle şmi ş Milletler BDT : Ba ğımsız Devletler Toplulu ğu BTC : Bakü–Tiflis–Ceyhan Petrol Boru Hattı INOGATE : Petrol ve Gazın Avrupa’ya Devletlerarası Nakli (Interstate Oil and Gas Transport to Europe) NATO : Kuzey Atlantik Anla şması Örgütü RF : Rusya Federasyonu SSCB : Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli ği SSR : Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti (Soviet Socialist Republic) TACIS : Ba ğımsız Devletler Toplulu ğuna Teknik Yardım (Technical Aid to the Commonwealth of Independent States) TRACECA : Avrupa, Kafkasya, Asya Ta şıma Koridoru (Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia) TSFSR : Transkafkasya Sovyet Sosyalist Federe Cumhuriyeti (Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic) iii SAÜ, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tez Özeti Tezin Başlığı: Bölgesel Devlet ve Özerklik Kavramları Ba ğlamında Gürcistan ve Acara Özerk Cumhuriyeti Tezin Yazarı: Selim Dursun Danışman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tuncay KARDA
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