DOCSLIB.ORG

Nihon Keizai Shi No Kenkyu 8 K-- ~F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nihon Keizai Shi No Kenkyu 8 K-- ~F 55 BIBLIOGRAPHY Adachi Masao. Jl iL a;;__~ Nihon keizai shi no kenkyu 8 k-- ~f. 1~ ~ tJ) fa-lf° ·'Ju (Studies.in Japanese economic history). Tokyo, 1961. · Alcock, Sir Rutherford. The Capital of the Tycoon: A Narrative of a Three Year's Residence in Japan. 2 vols. London, 1863. Araki Toyosaburo. ~ :;f.._ t_ ~ tip . Hansatsu ~ ;;}:L (Han notes). Ky?to, 1959. Shihei ~•(Paper money), Kyoto, 1959;.Shisatsu -M~L (Private paper money), Kyoto, 1959. Asada Denkyo ,l ~ ~~ . "Genroku hoei no kahei kaichii" ~ f{z ~ :jJ{... I')}{" ~ ~ (The Genroku-Hoei period recoinage), Rekishi koron ~ 'j?_ ~ t~ (Historical opinion), vol. 3, no. 13 (1935). ---"Toyotomi Hideyoshi no ika: Tokugawa ki no izeni" t. ~ 43-- ii ") ~I. 1~l,J :#fl ">~~-(Toyotomi Hideyoshi's coinage minting: Tokugawa period zeni minting), Zaisei keizai jiho . ~-ifX. 'f,il_ ~ 1:1t -1/K. (Report of economics and public finance), vol. 22, no. 3 (1935). ---"Tokugawa ki no tsiika" 1}~, Jll If/ ~ ii j{ (Tokugawa coinage), Zaisei keizafjiho, vol. 22, no. 9 (193 5). J;}k;' '$'...£ ,¼- -af fD..... "Bakumatsu gaikoku kankei monjo" (Documents on late Tokugawa foreign relations), in Dai Nihon komonjo k. 1:1 4'- b ~-:!= (Old Japanese documents). 26 vols. Tokyo, 1911-. Beasley, William G. Great Britain and the Opening of Japan, 1834-1858. London, 1951. Black, J. R. Young Japan: The Story of Yokohama and Yedo. 2 vols. Yoko­ hama, 1881. Borton, Hugh. "Peasant Uprisings in Japan of the Tokugawa Period," Trans­ actions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 2nd ser. vol. 16 (1938). EPP: British Parliamentary Papers "Correspondence relative to the Earl of Elgin's special mission to China and Japan 1857-1859," 1859, vol. 33, no. 2571. "Correspondence respecting affairs with Japan." 1863, vol. 46, no. 3079. "Reports made by the late Mr. Arbuthnot to the Lords of the Treasury on the subject of Japanese curre:iicy and dated respectively: December 24th, 1862;·February 18th, 1863; May 28th, 1863, and December 2nd, 1863, and memoranda or other documents referred to and enclosed in the above-mentioned reports." 1866, vol. 50, no. 513. 56 "Correspondence respecting affairs in Japan." 1865, vol. 56, no. 3248. "Convention between Her Majesty and the Emperor of Japan, signed at Nagasaki, in the English and Japanese Languages, 14 October, 1854." 1856, vol. 61, no. 2014. "Correspondence respecting affairs in Japan." 1864, vol. 65, nos. 3242, 3303. "Reports from Her Majesty's Consuls in Japan, 1865-66." 1867, vol. 68, no. 3940. "Treaty of peace, friendship, and commerce between Her Majesty and the Tycoon of Japan." 1860, vol. 69, no. 2589. "Correspondence with Her Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Japan." 1860, vol. 69, no. 2648. "Correspondence Respecting the Stoppage of Trade by the Japanese Authorities." 1860, vol. 69, no. 2673. "Despatches from Mr. Alcock, Her Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Japan." 1860, vol. 69, no. 2694. "Reports from Her Majesty's Consuls in Japan, 1867-68." 1869, vol. 69, no. 4079. "Correspondence respecting affairs in Japan, March and April, 1861." 1870, vol. 70, no. 2829. "Reports from Her Majesty's Consuls in Japan." 1866, vol. 71, nos. 3707, 3740. "Correspondence respecting the revision of the Japanese commercial tariff." 1867, vol. 74, no. 3758. "Correspondence respecting affairs with Japan." 1866, vol. 76, no. 3615. Brown, Delmer. "Import of Gold into Japan by the Portuguese During the 16th Century," Pacific Historical Review, vol. 16, no. 2 (1947). ---Money Economy in Medieval Japan: A Study in the Use of Coins. New Haven, 1951. Craig, Albert F. "The Restoration Movement in Choshu," Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 18 (1959). ---Choshu in the Meiji Restoration. Cambridge, Mass., 1961. Crawcour, Sidney. "The Development of a Credit System in 17th Century Japan," Journal of Economic History, vol. 21 (1961). .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sino-Japanese Interactions Through Rare Books
    Timelines and Maps Sino-Japanese Interactions Through Rare Books English Version © Keio University Timelines and Maps East Asian History at a Glance Books are part of the flow of history. But it is not only about Japanese history. Many books travel over the sea time to time for several reasons and a lot of knowledge and information comes and go with books. In this course, you’ll see books published in Japan as well as ones come from China and Korea. Let’s take a look at the history in East Asia. You do not have to remember the names of the historical period but please refer to this page for reference. Japanese History Overview This is a list of the main periods in Japanese history. This may be a useful reference as we proceed in the course. Period Name of Era Name of Era - mid-3rd c. CE Yayoi 弥生 mid-3rd c. CE - 7th c. CE Kofun (Tomb period) 古墳 592 - 710 Asuka 飛鳥 710-794 Nara 奈良 794 - 1185 Heian 平安 1185 - 1333 Kamakura 鎌倉 Nanboku-chō 1333 - 1392 (Southern and Northern Courts period) 南北朝 1392 - 1573 Muromachi 室町 1573 - 1603 Azuchi-Momoyama 安土桃山 1603 - 1868 Edo 江戸 1868 - 1912 Meiji 明治 Era names (Nengō) in Edo Period There were several era names (nengo, or gengo) in Edo period (1603 ~ 1868) and they are sometimes used in the description of the old books and materials, especially Week 2 and Week 4. Here is the list of the era names in Edo period for your convenience; 1 SINO-JAPANESE INTERACTIONS THROUGH RARE BOOKS KEIO UNIVERSITY © Keio University Timelines and Maps Start Era name English Start Era name English 1596 慶長 Keichō 1744 延享 Enkyō
    [Show full text]
  • Treasures of Jodo Shinshu and the Hongwanji II —The Preservation of Beauty and Teachings—
    Special Exhibition Treasures of Jodo Shinshu and the Hongwanji II —The Preservation of Beauty and Teachings— March 4th to June 11th, 2017 at Ryukoku Museum List of Works Notes • The list numbers corespond to the exhibition labels. • Not all the works of this list will be exhibited at the same time because of the exhibition rotations. Chapter 1 Past Chief Priests of Hongwanji No. Title Artist or Author Materials Date Location and Owner [National Treasure] Inscription and Endorsed Muromachi period, 1 Colors on silk Hongwanji, Kyoto Portrait of Shinran (Anjō no Go'ei ) by Rennyo (1415-99) Bunmei 11 (1479) Momoyama period, 2 Portraits of Shinran (Hana no Go'ei ) Colors on silk Hongyō-ji, Shiga 16th-17th century Endorsed by Muromachi period, 3 Portraits of Shinran Colors on silk Konjōbō, Toyama Jitsunyo (1458-1525) Meiō 6 (1497) Endorsed by Muromachi period, 4 Portraits of Shinran Colors on silk Hōon-ji, Toyama Shōnyo (1516-54) 16th century Wood with Kamakura-Nambokuchō 5 Seated Image of Shinran pigments, Hongaku-ji, Fukui period, 14th century crystal Eyes Wood with toned Nambokuchō-Muromachi 6 Seated Image of Shinran repairs, Konkaikōmyō-ji, Kyoto period, 14th-15th century crystal Eyes Illustrated Biography of Shinran Nambokuchō period, 7 Colors on paper Kōraku-ji, Nagano (Hongwanji shōnin Shinran denne ) 14th century [Important Cultural Property] Inscription by Nambokuchō period, Jōsembō in Temma, 8 Illustrated Biography of Shinran Colors on paper Zonkaku (1290-1373) 14th century Osaka (Hongwanji shōnin Shinran denne ) by Tokuriki Zensetsu,
    [Show full text]
  • Guts and Tears Kinpira Jōruri and Its Textual Transformations
    Guts and Tears Kinpira Jōruri and Its Textual Transformations Janice Shizue Kanemitsu In seventeenth-century Japan, dramatic narratives were being performed under drastically new circumstances. Instead of itinerant performers giving performances at religious venues in accordance with a ritual calendar, professionals staged plays at commercial, secular, and physically fixed venues. Theaters contracted artists to perform monthly programs (that might run shorter or longer than a month, depending on a given program’s popularity and other factors) and operated on revenues earned by charging theatergoers admission fees. A theater’s survival thus hinged on staging hit plays that would draw audiences. And if a particular cast of characters was found to please crowds, producing plays that placed the same characters in a variety of situations was one means of ensuring a full house. Kinpira jōruri 金平浄瑠璃 enjoyed tremendous though short-lived popularity as a form of puppet theater during the mid-1600s. Though its storylines lack the nuanced sophistication of later theatrical narra- tives, Kinpira jōruri offers a vivid illustration of how theater interacted with publishing in Japan during the early Tokugawa 徳川 period. This essay begins with an overview of Kinpira jōruri’s historical background, and then discusses the textualization of puppet theater plays. Although Kinpira jōruri plays were first composed as highly masculinized period pieces revolving around political scandals, they gradually transformed to incorporate more sentimentalism and female protagonists. The final part of this chapter will therefore consider the fundamental characteristics of Kinpira jōruri as a whole, and explore the ways in which the circulation of Kinpira jōruri plays—as printed texts— encouraged a transregional hybridization of this theatrical genre.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogunâ•Žs
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations School of Arts and Sciences October 2012 Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1 Cecilia S. Seigle Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Economics Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Seigle, Cecilia S. Ph.D., "Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1" (2012). Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations. 7. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/7 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/7 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Some Observations on the Weddings of Tokugawa Shogun’s Daughters – Part 1 Abstract In this study I shall discuss the marriage politics of Japan's early ruling families (mainly from the 6th to the 12th centuries) and the adaptation of these practices to new circumstances by the leaders of the following centuries. Marriage politics culminated with the founder of the Edo bakufu, the first shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616). To show how practices continued to change, I shall discuss the weddings given by the fifth shogun sunaT yoshi (1646-1709) and the eighth shogun Yoshimune (1684-1751). The marriages of Tsunayoshi's natural and adopted daughters reveal his motivations for the adoptions and for his choice of the daughters’ husbands. The marriages of Yoshimune's adopted daughters show how his atypical philosophy of rulership resulted in a break with the earlier Tokugawa marriage politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei Mandara Talia J
    Mapping Sacred Spaces: Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei mandara Talia J. Andrei Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2016 © 2016 Talia J.Andrei All rights reserved Abstract Mapping Sacred Spaces: Representations of Pleasure and Worship in Sankei Mandara Talia J. Andrei This dissertation examines the historical and artistic circumstances behind the emergence in late medieval Japan of a short-lived genre of painting referred to as sankei mandara (pilgrimage mandalas). The paintings are large-scale topographical depictions of sacred sites and served as promotional material for temples and shrines in need of financial support to encourage pilgrimage, offering travelers worldly and spiritual benefits while inspiring them to donate liberally. Itinerant monks and nuns used the mandara in recitation performances (etoki) to lead audiences on virtual pilgrimages, decoding the pictorial clues and touting the benefits of the site shown. Addressing themselves to the newly risen commoner class following the collapse of the aristocratic order, sankei mandara depict commoners in the role of patron and pilgrim, the first instance of them being portrayed this way, alongside warriors and aristocrats as they make their way to the sites, enjoying the local delights, and worship on the sacred grounds. Together with the novel subject material, a new artistic language was created— schematic, colorful and bold. We begin by locating sankei mandara’s artistic roots and influences and then proceed to investigate the individual mandara devoted to three sacred sites: Mt. Fuji, Kiyomizudera and Ise Shrine (a sacred mountain, temple and shrine, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Publisbing Culture in Eighteentb-Century Japan: the Case of the Edo Publisher Tsutaya Jqzaburô (1751-97)
    Publisbing Culture in Eighteentb-Century Japan: The Case of the Edo Publisher Tsutaya JQzaburô (1751-97) Yu Chang A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Graduate Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto 0 Copyright by Yu Chang 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliogtaphic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellingtm Ottawa ON K1A ON4 OnawaOFJ KlAW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence diowing the exclusive permettant à la National Librq of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seil reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othenvise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author' s ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Publishing Culture in Eighteentb-Century Japan: The Case of the Edo Pubüsher Tsutaya Jûzaburô (1750-97) Master of Arts, March 1997 Yu Chang Department of East Asian Studies During the ideologicai program of the Senior Councillor Mitsudaira Sadanobu of the Tokugawa bah@[ governrnent, Tsutaya JÛzaburÔ's aggressive publishing venture found itseif on a collision course with Sadanobu's book censorship policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Powerful Warriors and Influential Clergy Interaction and Conflict Between the Kamakura Bakufu and Religious Institutions
    UNIVERSITY OF HAWAllllBRARI Powerful Warriors and Influential Clergy Interaction and Conflict between the Kamakura Bakufu and Religious Institutions A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY MAY 2003 By Roy Ron Dissertation Committee: H. Paul Varley, Chairperson George J. Tanabe, Jr. Edward Davis Sharon A. Minichiello Robert Huey ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Writing a doctoral dissertation is quite an endeavor. What makes this endeavor possible is advice and support we get from teachers, friends, and family. The five members of my doctoral committee deserve many thanks for their patience and support. Special thanks go to Professor George Tanabe for stimulating discussions on Kamakura Buddhism, and at times, on human nature. But as every doctoral candidate knows, it is the doctoral advisor who is most influential. In that respect, I was truly fortunate to have Professor Paul Varley as my advisor. His sharp scholarly criticism was wonderfully balanced by his kindness and continuous support. I can only wish others have such an advisor. Professors Fred Notehelfer and Will Bodiford at UCLA, and Jeffrey Mass at Stanford, greatly influenced my development as a scholar. Professor Mass, who first introduced me to the complex world of medieval documents and Kamakura institutions, continued to encourage me until shortly before his untimely death. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to them. In Japan, I would like to extend my appreciation and gratitude to Professors Imai Masaharu and Hayashi Yuzuru for their time, patience, and most valuable guidance.
    [Show full text]
  • Latest Japanese Sword Catalogue
    ! Antique Japanese Swords For Sale As of December 23, 2012 Tokyo, Japan The following pages contain descriptions of genuine antique Japanese swords currently available for ownership. Each sword can be legally owned and exported outside of Japan. Descriptions and availability are subject to change without notice. Please enquire for additional images and information on swords of interest to [email protected]. We look forward to assisting you. Pablo Kuntz Founder, unique japan Unique Japan, Fine Art Dealer Antiques license issued by Meguro City Tokyo, Japan (No.303291102398) Feel the history.™ uniquejapan.com ! Upcoming Sword Shows & Sales Events Full details: http://new.uniquejapan.com/events/ 2013 YOKOSUKA NEX SPRING BAZAAR April 13th & 14th, 2013 kitchen knives for sale YOKOTA YOSC SPRING BAZAAR April 20th & 21st, 2013 Japanese swords & kitchen knives for sale OKINAWA SWORD SHOW V April 27th & 28th, 2013 THE MAJOR SWORD SHOW IN OKINAWA KAMAKURA “GOLDEN WEEKEND” SWORD SHOW VII May 4th & 5th, 2013 THE MAJOR SWORD SHOW IN KAMAKURA NEW EVENTS ARE BEING ADDED FREQUENTLY. PLEASE CHECK OUR EVENTS PAGE FOR UPDATES. WE LOOK FORWARD TO SERVING YOU. Feel the history.™ uniquejapan.com ! Index of Japanese Swords for Sale # SWORDSMITH & TYPE CM CERTIFICATE ERA / PERIOD PRICE 1 A SADAHIDE GUNTO 68.0 NTHK Kanteisho 12th Showa (1937) ¥510,000 2 A KANETSUGU KATANA 73.0 NTHK Kanteisho Gendaito (~1940) ¥495,000 3 A KOREKAZU KATANA 68.7 Tokubetsu Hozon Shoho (1644~1648) ¥3,200,000 4 A SUKESADA KATANA 63.3 Tokubetsu Kicho x 2 17th Eisho (1520) ¥2,400,000
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the History of Lacquer
    1 W *«* ^^H 3 1 t 7*< * ^ ?u ,ilR ^~ "^ L£ 5* NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF LACQUER. By Ernest Hart, d.c.l., Member of Council /. S. It has been said that art works in lacquer are the most perfect objects which ever issued from the hands of man. At the very least they are the most delicate. Their fabrication has been for long centuries, and is still, the glory of the Japanese. It is a national industry which belongs exclusively to them, and for which they owe nothing to any one. The singularity of the processes, the finish of the handiwork, the beauty and precious nature of the material, make it a thing apart in the artistic manifestations of the Far East. Among artists and connoisseurs the lacs of Old Japan enjoy universal celebrity ; they are the most delicate treasures which adorn the cabinets and enchant the eye of the collector. No one who is at all familiar with the study of the lacs of Old Japan, or with the finest pro- ductions of modern artists of the last ten yf-is, will be inclined to gainsay this eulogistic dictum. its first uses were those of everyday utility. According to the Japanese annals, there lived in the reign of the Emperor Koan, who came to the throne in 392 B.C., a certain Sammi, Mitsumi-no Sukune, who founded a school of lacquer artists called Nuribe, or Urushibe. At this time, however, and for long after, the lac products do not appear to have had an ornamental character, and the introduction of colour was unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2006 Kikkoman Food Culture Seminar the Transition of the Japanese-Style Diet Will Japan's Food
    The 2006 Kikkoman Food Culture Seminar The Transition of the Japanese-Style Diet Will Japan’s Food Culture Become the World’s New Macrobiotic Diet and General Health Food? Lecturer: Mr. Zenjiro Watanabe Issues related to food and diet including food safety, self- ages around sixty-five years, meaning that Japanese people sufficiency in terms of food, and nutrition education, have tend to live fifteen to twenty years longer than people from become major topics in our society. It is also interesting to other countries. The average lifespan of Americans is seventy note that the Japanese-style diet has been adopted in many seven years and that of Europeans is around seventy nine countries around the world as a diet that promotes health years. It is said that the Japanese not only live the longest, but and longevity. The dynamic spread of the sushi culture that they also live the longest healthy life of approximately around the globe is evidence of this trend. It is a great seventy-five years. pleasure to see the Japanese diet that sprouted during the It seems that the Japanese have always led long lives. A chap- late Edo period (1603 1868) blooming and contributing to ter on Japan in a Chinese history book, Sanguo Zhi, written the improved health of individuals around the world and about 2,000 years ago, refers to an ancient country in the even the happiness of families gathered around the dinner Japanese archipelago called Yamataikoku. The following is a table. On the other hand, the deterioration of dietary summary of a description of this country: habits recently observed among the Japanese has become The people of this country dive into the sea to catch fish and worrisome.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical Look at Technology and Society in Japan (1500-1900)
    A Historical Look at Technology and Society in Japan (1500-1900) An essay based on a talk given by Dr. Eiichi Maruyama at the PART 1 Japan-Sweden Science Club (JSSC) annual meeting, Tokyo, 31 Gunpowder and Biotechnology October 1997. - Ukiyo-e and Microlithography Dr. Maruyama studied science history, scientific philosophy, and phys- In many parts of the world, and Japan was no exception, the 16th ics at the University of Tokyo. After graduating in 1959, he joined Century was a time of conflict and violence. In Japan, a number of Hitachi Ltd., and became director of the company’s advanced re- feudal lords were embroiled in fierce battles for survival. The battles search laboratory in 1985. He was director of the Angstrom Tech- produced three victors who attempted, one after another, to unify nology Partnership, and is currently a professor at the National Japan. The last of these was Ieyasu Tokugawa, who founded a “per- Graduate Institute for Policy Studies. manent” government which lasted for two and a half centuries before it was overthrown and replaced by the Meiji Government in Introduction 1868. Japanese industry today produces many technically advanced prod- ucts of high quality. There may be a tendency to think that Japan One particularly well documented battle was the Battle of Nagashino has only recently set foot on the technological stage, but there are in 1575. This was a showdown between the organized gunmen of numerous records of highly innovative ideas as far back as the 16th the Oda-Tokugawa Allies (two of the three unifiers) and the in- century that have helped to lay the foundations for the technologi- trepid cavalry of Takeda, who was the most formidable barrier to cal prowess of modern day Japan.
    [Show full text]
  • Title the ECONOMIC THOUGHT in the MIDDLE PERIOD of THE
    THE ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN THE MIDDLE PERIOD Title OF THE TOKUGAWA ERA Author(s) Honjo, Eijiro Citation Kyoto University Economic Review (1940), 15(2): 1-33 Issue Date 1940-04 URL https://doi.org/10.11179/ker1926.15.2_1 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Kyoto University j.:; Economic Review ME:MOIRS OF THE: DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN THE: IMPE:RIAL UNIVE:RSITY OF KYOTO VOLUME XV 1940 2001239 NIl PtrnLISHEO BY THE DI!:PARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN • THE IMPERIAL UNIVEliSITY OF KYOTO IN9/3/18 , KYOTO UNIVERSITY ECONOMIC REVIEW MEMoms OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN THE IMPERIAL UNIVERSITY OF KYOTO VOLUME XV (April 1940) NUMBER 2 THE ECONOMIC THOUGHT IN THE MIDDLE PERIOD .OF THE TOKUGA WA ERA By EIJIRO HONlO :\ 1. GENERAL REVIEW By the middle period I mean a period of about eighty years extending from the Genroku era to the Horeki era (1688-1763). In the Genroku 'era, the Tokugawa regime attained a high state of d'evelopment, and literature and the arts flourished. It was in this era that Japan produced such famous men of letters as Chikamatsu ilt/&, Saikaku W1IIi and Basho Eli. In the economic field, there developed a species of currency inflation due to the Genroku recoinage policy. As a consequence the samurai and agrarian classes were sbon reduced to financial straits, while the chonin class steadily gained in financial power. In such an age, Arai·Hakuseki attempted to establish a State equipped with a complete system. of decorum and rigid formalities. His administrative 2 E. HONJO policy was more civilian than militaristic, and somewhat more idealistic than practical.
    [Show full text]