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Dachi, Stephen F The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project Information Series STEPHEN F. DACHI Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: May 30, 1997 Copyright 001 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Hungary raised in Romania Holocaust in Romania Wartime Escape from Germans Soviets Emigration to Canada University of British Columbia University of Oregon dental school Medical schools in U.S. Founder of University of Kentucky Medical Center Africa dentistry e,perience Ecuador - Fulbright Professor of Dentistry .900 University of Kentucky - Professor .900 Peace Corps .901-.912 Colombia - .901-.909 Relations 3ith embassy 4ene5uela - .909-.910 - country director Bra5il - .91.-.912 - Brasilia USIA - Regional Director for Central America .912 Hungary - USIA - Public Affairs Officer .913-.911 Restrictions Cro3n of St. Stephen Communist Party Most Favored 8ation 9MF8: issue U.S. policy Contacts Hungarian spymaster attempts Government operations USIA program Cultural program Press Dissidents Dialogue Janos Kadar Soviets Panama City, Panama - USIS - Counselor and Head of USIS .911-.918 Treaty signing and ratification General Torrijos >Zonies“ U.S. presence Controversy Panama Canal Company Ambassador William Jordan Environment Government Senatorial interest Canal usefulness Civilian communities USIA - Aatin America and Caribbean - Director .918-.984 Me,ico Sandinistas Ambassador Aa3rence Pe55ullo Reagan policy >Designated target“ >Massacre of .98.C Human rights Carter-Reagan policy differences Jeane Kirkpatrick Charlie Wick Contras Oliver North 8icaragua El Salvador 8SC role Grenada invasion Cuban-American Foundation Soviet-Cuban Brigade Cuba cultural contacts Mariel crisis Cuban emigrants U.S. Cuban interests section U.S. Cuba policy Sao Paulo, Bra5il - Consul General .985-.988 Relations U.S. interests Democracy >Informatics“ la3 Economy IBM British-Argentine 3ar Military Inflation Trade practices USTR Protectionism 8ational Similar Aa3 U.S. commercial interests Trade sanctions Supreme Council of Informatics Foreign debt U.S. banking interests Arms industry Agriculture Medical care Tancredo NevesE death Josef Mengele F8a5i) identification American community Washington, DC - Organi5ation of American States - Deputy Permanent Representative .989-.990 Operations Panama 8oriega saga Jesse Helms 8SC Debbie deMoss Hatchet job Bernie Aronson Center for Strategic and International Studies - Director .990-.99. 8e3 Delhi, India - USIA - Public Affairs Officer .99.-.994 Environment Press Aeader Grant Program India vie3 of U.S. Protectionism Hindu philosophy Russians Socialism Intellectual class Mindset U.S. ambassadors U.S.-India relations Georgeto3n School of Foreign Service - Diplomat in Residence .994-.995 USIA - North Africa/8EA/East Asia .995-.990 Sudan Budget cuts Retirement - Professor, Georgeto3n University .990-II FSI - South Asia Area Studies Consulting INTERVIEW $: Today is May 30, 1997. This is an interview with Stephen F. Dachi. This is being done on behalf of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. I am Charles Stuart Kennedy. To begin at the beginning, could you tell me when and where you were born and something about your family* DACHI: I 3as born in .933 in Hungary. My father 3as a dentist. My mother 3as a physician. They both died 3hen I 3as three years old in .930, before the 3ar. My grandparents >inherited me.“ They happened to live in Romania. So, I 3ent there just before the Germans marched into Austria, 3hich is my first memory of arriving in Timisoara to live 3ith my grandparents. Then I spent World War II there 3ith them trying to survive. After the 3ar, in .948, an uncle and aunt 3ho had gone to Canada before the 3ar brought me out there. $: During the war, what went on then in Romania, particularly as a Hungarian* There was a massive change of borders and everything else at that time. Did you get caught in that* DACHI: 4ery definitely, both that and the Holocaust. It has al3ays been hell for Hungarians living in Romania. Kids 3ould curse and harass us if they overheard us speaking Hungarian in the street. They used to thro3 stones at me 3hen I came out of the house to 3alk to school. Romanian teachers 3ould make us stand in front of the class, ask impossible questions and taunt, ridicule or slap us around in front of classmates. There 3as nothing terribly subtle about any of it. Our landlord in the three-unit house 3e lived in had a heavily reinforced bomb shelter in the basement, but during the nightly air raids 3e 3ere not allo3ed in there and had to seek shelter in a crudely dug ditch covered 3ith ply3ood in the back yard instead. I 3as not Je3ish, but there 3ere lots of non-Je3ish people getting caught up in the holocaust too. First of all, German troops came through there periodically on the 3ay east and 3ould randomly round up people 3ho 3ould disappear and never be heard from again. My grandparents 3ere so 3orried about it that, even though they had a young grandchild, they had a cyanide capsule on their night table every night. They told me that they 3ould be glad to raise me, but they 3ere not going to allo3 themselves to be taken a3ay alive. They 3ere ready to take that capsule if that dreaded knock on the door came in the middle of the night. So, those 3ere some of the factors that made life perilous. Then, of course, there 3as the 3ar itself. The allies 3ere bombing the Ploesti oil fields in Romania a fe3 hundred miles to the east of us and 3e 3ere on the flight path. Also, there 3ere a lot of overflights to airdrop supplies to Tito, 3ho 3as head of the Lugoslav Partisans. So, one of my most vivid memories from the 3ar is having to get up almost every night in the middle of the night 3hen the sirens ble3 and running do3n into that shelter in the backyard, even though those 3ere just overflights. We 3erenMt actually bombed until later. Our house finally 3as hit by a bomb in .944, so 3e lived sort of a gypsy life for a 3hile after that. Then the so-called Soviet liberators arrived. In .944, I 3as .. years old. At that time Romania had already been taken over by the Soviet troops, but the German army still held all of Hungary and the decisive siege of Budapest hadnMt taken place yet. My grandparents had acquired a Romanian passport, but I 3as still a Hungarian citi5en. $: -hat were your grandparents. profession* DACHI: My grandfather had a printing shop. My grandmother 3as busy taking care of the house and raising me. Sometime in early .944, a Russian soldier came to the house one day and announced that he 3as taking me a3ay because I 3as ostensibly an enemy alien. I remember him telling my grandmother to give me a heavy coat because I 3as going a3ay some3here 3here it 3as cold. She 3ouldnMt give me a coat because she thought the soldier 3ouldnMt take me if I didnMt have a coat. Wrong. I 3as taken to a police station 3ith a bunch of other people 3ho had been rounded up, many of 3hom I kne3. As 3e huddled there on the floor a German bombing raid began, and 3e found ourselves in the epicenter of it. Bombs 3ere dropping literally all around us. The 3alls 3ere crumbling. Everybody 3as hiding under a table or someplace. I 3as only .. years old. I sa3 the grill3ork on a 3indo3 bend apart from the pressure of a bomb blast. Being too young to 3ay the risks, I decided to try and escape. So, I climbed out the 3indo3 and ran do3n the street. Craters 3ere opening up all around me as more bombs kept falling. Someho3, I managed to reach a synagogue 3here I 3as taken in and sheltered by a rabbi. While the Germans 3ere there, a lot of Romanians protected Je3s. So, many Je3s 3ere no3 an,ious to pay back the favor. The rabbi hid me out for a fe3 days. No one I sa3 in that police station ever 3as seen alive again. After3ards, I 3ent back home s3earing that they 3ould never find me or take me again. We al3ays had an escape path charted out in case a soldier came through the front door again. But none ever did. Even no3, more than fifty years later, 3hen I go to a restaurant I sit 3ith my back against the 3all facing the door, subconsciously I suppose ready to make an escape through the kitchen if the need arose. So, there 3ere lots of dangerous and deadly moments. $: /ou were in Romania in 1901. Did you run afoul of the Soviets at all again* How was school at that point* DACHI: Well, from the end of the 3ar until about .941, roughly t3o years, not unlike some other East European countries, there 3as sort of a not fully Soviet dominated transitional regime. King Michael, for e,ample, 3as still briefly there on his throne. A socialist politician by the name of Petru Gro5a became Prime Minister, heading 3hat 3as called a communist-front regime. Shortly thereafter, the Soviets took over total control and the t3o top communist, Mosco3-installed puppet leaders 3ere Ana Pauker and Ion Auca. I remember having to go from school 3ith all my schoolmates as a little Red Pioneer and march in parades chanting slogans for communism and carrying portraits of Mar,, Engels, Aenin, and Stalin. About that time, my uncle and aunt got us immigrant visas to Canada. We spent nine or ten months going through the process of having to pay all the bribes and getting all the papers so 3e could get out. Auckily, there 3ere still enough bureaucrats left over from the old days so you could do that.
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