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Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations
Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations Mark P. Sullivan Specialist in Latin American Affairs November 27, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL30981 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations Summary With five successive elected civilian governments, the Central American nation of Panama has made notable political and economic progress since the 1989 U.S. military intervention that ousted the regime of General Manuel Antonio Noriega from power. Current President Ricardo Martinelli of the center-right Democratic Change (CD) party was elected in May 2009, defeating the ruling center-left Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) in a landslide. Martinelli was inaugurated to a five-year term on July 1, 2009. Martinelli’s Alliance for Change coalition with the Panameñista Party (PP) also captured a majority of seats in Panama’s National Assembly. Panama’s service-based economy has been booming in recent years – with a growth rate of 7.6% in 2010 and 10.6% in 2011 – largely because of the ongoing Panama Canal expansion project, now slated for completion in early 2015. The CD’s coalition with the PP fell apart at the end of August 2011when President Martinelli sacked PP leader Juan Carlos Varela as Foreign Minister. Varela, however, retains his position as Vice President. Tensions between the CD and the PP had been growing throughout 2011, largely related to which party would head the coalition’s ticket for the 2014 presidential election. Despite the breakup of the coalition, the strength of the CD has grown significantly since 2009 because of defections from the PP and the PRD and it now has a majority on its own in the legislature. -
A Arte Do “Bem-Morrer”: Ritos, Práticas E Lugares De Purgação No Cariri
ANAIS DO IV ENCONTRO NACIONAL DO GT HISTÓRIA DAS RELIGIÕES E DAS RELIGIOSIDADES – ANPUH - Memória e Narrativas nas Religiões e nas Religiosidades. Revista Brasileira de História das Religiões. Maringá (PR) v. V, n.15, jan/2013. ISSN 1983-2850. Disponível em http://www.dhi.uem.br/gtreligiao/pub.html ____________________________________________________________________________________ Músicos exiliados del nazismo en la Argentina (1932-1943). Aproximaciones sobre sus espacios de acción e inserción Josefina Irurzun * _____________________________________________________________________________ Resumen. Los músicos judíos y antinazis refugiados durante la década del ’30 en Argentina, encontraron en la sociedad receptora, variados ámbitos de expresión más allá de los espacios propios de la comunidad inmigrante organizada. El contexto conservador de la época, la relativa difusión de ideas antisemitas, y las políticas migratorias estatales de corte restrictivo, no condicionaron de manera sólida la recepción e inserción de estos refugiados. La presente comunicación intenta indagar en las experiencias de los músicos refugiados en Argentina a causa de su condición religiosa judía, analizando los espacios asociativos que les proporcionaron oportunidades de inserción, con especial énfasis en el papel que ejerció la Asociación Wagneriana de Buenos Aires. Palabras clave: Exiliados, Nacionalsocialismo, Músicos, Argentina, Asociación Wagneriana Exiled Musicians from Nazi Regime in Argentina (1932-1943). Approaches about their insertion areas. Abstract. Jewish musicians and anti-Nazi refugees during the '30s in Argentina, found in the host society, many areas of expression beyond the spaces of the immigrant community organized. The conservative context in those years, the relative existence of anti-semitic ideas, and migration policies of restrictive cut, did not condition the reception and integration of these refugees. -
Fast Hashing and Stream Encryption with Panama
Fast Hashing and Stream Encryption with Panama Joan Daemen1 and Craig Clapp2 1 Banksys, Haachtesteenweg 1442, B-1130 Brussel, Belgium [email protected] 2 PictureTel Corporation, 100 Minuteman Rd., Andover, MA 01810, USA [email protected] Abstract. We present a cryptographic module that can be used both as a cryptographic hash function and as a stream cipher. High performance is achieved through a combination of low work-factor and a high degree of parallelism. Throughputs of 5.1 bits/cycle for the hashing mode and 4.7 bits/cycle for the stream cipher mode are demonstrated on a com- mercially available VLIW micro-processor. 1 Introduction Panama is a cryptographic module that can be used both as a cryptographic hash function and a stream cipher. It is designed to be very efficient in software implementations on 32-bit architectures. Its basic operations are on 32-bit words. The hashing state is updated by a parallel nonlinear transformation, the buffer operates as a linear feedback shift register, similar to that applied in the compression function of SHA [6]. Panama is largely based on the StepRightUp stream/hash module that was described in [4]. Panama has a low per-byte work factor while still claiming very high security. The price paid for this is a relatively high fixed computational overhead for every execution of the hash function. This makes the Panama hash function less suited for the hashing of messages shorter than the equivalent of a typewritten page. For the stream cipher it results in a relatively long initialization procedure. Hence, in applications where speed is critical, too frequent resynchronization should be avoided. -
Religion in Panama
Religion in Panama Country Summary Although the Republic of Panama, which is about the size of South Carolina, is now considered part of the Central American region, until 1903 the territory was a province of Colombia. The Republic of Panama forms the narrowest part of the isthmus and is located between Costa Rica to the west and Colombia to the east. The Caribbean Sea borders the northern coast of Panama, and the Pacific Ocean borders the southern coast. Panama City is the nation’s capital, which contains about 40 percent of the nation’s population. The country has an area of 30,193 square miles (75,417 square km) and a population of 3.3 million (2008). Racially, the majority of the population is considered mestizo (70 percent, mixed Amerindian and Hispanic), while the rest are West Indian (14 percent, Afro-Caribbean), Amer- indian (8 percent), Caucasian (6 percent) and Asian/other (2 percent). The Amerindian popu- lation (285,230 in 2000) includes eight ethnolinguistic groups: the Guaymí (Ngöbe-Buglé), Kuna, Choco (Emberá-Wounaan), Teribe (Naso), Bokota and Bribri. In 2000, about 80 percent of the population were Spanish-speaking, about 9 percent were speakers of Asian or Middle Eastern languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hindustani, Hebrew and Arabic), 8.3 percent were Amerindian (speakers of eight languages), and 3.7 percent were English-speaking (mainly West Indian and North American). However, many Panamanians are bilingual, especially in Spanish and English (Standard English and Western Caribbean Creole English). There is also a small population of “Negros Congos” who speak an Afro-Hispanic Creole, especially on the Caribbean coast of Colón province. -
A Rare Phone Call from One President to Another - Not Even Past
A Rare Phone Call from One President to Another - Not Even Past BOOKS FILMS & MEDIA THE PUBLIC HISTORIAN BLOG TEXAS OUR/STORIES STUDENTS ABOUT 15 MINUTE HISTORY "The past is never dead. It's not even past." William Faulkner NOT EVEN PAST Tweet 2 Like THE PUBLIC HISTORIAN A Rare Phone Call from One President to Another Making History: Houston’s “Spirit of the by Jonathan C. Brown Confederacy” “Señor Presidente,” Lyndon Baines Johnson said via a long-distance telephone call from the Oval Office. “We are very sorry over the violence which you have had down there but gratified that you have appealed to the Panamanian people to remain calm.” President Johnson often talked politics on the phone but seldom with foreign leaders. Johnson, who had just succeeded to the presidency of the world’s most powerful country, was speaking to the head of state of one of the smaller nations of the Western Hemisphere. The call marked the only time that Johnson spoke to a Latin American counterpart by telephone during his presidency—a fact that demonstrates how serious he considered the situation. This unique president-to-president phone conversation occurred on January 10, 1964, following the first full May 06, 2020 day of riots by Panamanian youths along the fence line between Panama City and the U.S. occupied Canal Zone. It was the first foreign crisis of the Johnson presidency. Johnson’s call was translated by a More from The Public Historian Spanish-speaking U.S. Army colonel, transcribed by the White House staff, and preserved in the archives of the LBJ Presidential Library and Museum. -
Ÿþc O M M E N T S B Y G
Document:- A/CN.4/136 and Corr.1 (French only) and Add.1-11 Comments by Governments on the draft articles concerning consular intercourse and immunities provisionally adopted by the International Law Commission at its twelfth session, in 1960 Topic: Consular intercourse and immunities Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1961 , vol. II Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations Report of the Commission to the General Assembly 129 to the members of the Commission. A general discussion 45. The Inter-American Juridical Committee was of the matter was accordingly held at the 614th, 615th represented at the session by Mr. J. J. Caicedo Castilla, and 616th meetings. Attention is invited to the summary who, on behalf of the Committee, addressed the Com- records of the Commission containing the full discussion mission at the 597th meeting. on this question. 46. The Commission, at the 613th meeting, heard a statement by Professor Louis B. Sohn of the Harvard in. Co-operation with other bodies Law School on the draft convention on the international responsibility of States for injury to aliens, prepared 42. The Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee as part of the programme of international studies of the was represented at the session by Mr. H. Sabek, who, Law School. at the 6O5th meeting, made a statement on behalf of the Committee. IV. Date and place of the next session 43. The Commission's observer to the fourth session of the Committee, Mr. F. -
Permutation-Based Encryption, Authentication and Authenticated Encryption
Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Joan Daemen1 Joint work with Guido Bertoni1, Michaël Peeters2 and Gilles Van Assche1 1STMicroelectronics 2NXP Semiconductors DIAC 2012, Stockholm, July 6 . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric (Standard) hash functions make use of block ciphers SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-512, Whirlpool, RIPEMD-160, … So HMAC, MGF1, etc. are in practice also block-cipher based Block encryption: ECB, CBC, … Stream encryption: synchronous: counter mode, OFB, … self-synchronizing: CFB MAC computation: CBC-MAC, C-MAC, … Authenticated encryption: OCB, GCM, CCM … . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric Structure of a block cipher . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric Structure of a block cipher (inverse operation) . Permutation-based encryption, authentication and authenticated encryption Modern-day cryptography is block-cipher centric When is the inverse block cipher needed? Indicated in red: Hashing and its modes HMAC, MGF1, … Block encryption: ECB, CBC, … Stream encryption: synchronous: counter mode, OFB, … self-synchronizing: CFB MAC computation: CBC-MAC, C-MAC, … Authenticated encryption: OCB, GCM, CCM … So a block cipher -
Sociedad Amigos Del Arte De Medellín (1936-1962)
SOCIEDAD AMIGOS DEL ARTE DE MEDELLÍN (1936-1962) LUISA FERNANDA PÉREZ SALAZAR UNIVERSIDAD EAFIT ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS Y HUMANIDADES MAESTRÍA EN MÚSICA 2013 SOCIEDAD AMIGOS DEL ARTE DE MEDELLÍN(1936-1962) LUISA FERNANDA PÉREZ SALAZAR Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito Para optar al título de Magíster en Música Con énfasis en Musicología Histórica Asesor: Dr. Fernando Gil Araque MEDELLÍN UNIVERSIDAD EAFIT DEPARTAMENTO DE MÚSICA 2013 AGRADECIMIENTO Agradezco principalmente a mi asesor, el Doctor Fernando Gil Araque, por su paciencia y su dedicación; gracias a él pude seguir adelante y no perderme en el intento. Sus enseñanzas y su guía, fueron un estímulo para seguir creciendo profesionalmente. Muchísimas gracias a María Isabel Duarte, coordinadora de la Sala de Patrimonio Documental de la Universidad EAFIT. Ella me acogió cordialmente y me brindó toda la ayuda necesaria para acceder a los materiales de consulta. Extiendo el agradecimiento al personal de la Sala Patrimonial, especialmente a Diana y a Luisa, que siempre estuvieron dispuestos a orientarme en mi búsqueda. En Bogotá, quisiera agradecer al personal del Archivo General de la Nación y del Centro de Documentación Musical de la Biblioteca Nacional quienes me abrieron sus puertas y me permitieron indagar en sus archivos por información que fuera útil para mi proyecto. Agradezco especialmente a María Eugenia Jaramillo de Isaza, por abrirme las puertas de su casa y compartir conmigo sus recuerdos y anécdotas sobre la labor de Ignacio Isaza y la Sociedad Amigos del Arte. Finalmente quisiera agradecer a los profesores de la maestría, quienes contribuyeron en mi formación profesional y personal; y a las personas que no nombré, pero que me sirvieron como faro en el camino, y cuyo apoyo fue importante para la culminación de este proyecto de investigación. -
The National Symphony Orchestra of Mexico (Orquesta Sinfonica Nacional De Mexico)
1958 Eightieth Season 1959 UNIVERSITY MUSICAL SOCIETY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Charles A. Sink, President Gail W. Rector, Executive Director Lester McCoy, Conductor Fourth Concert Eightieth Annual Choral Union Series Complete Series 3246 The National Symphony Orchestra of Mexico (Orquesta Sinfonica Nacional de Mexico) LUIS HERRERA de la FUENTE, Conductor TUESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER II, 19S8, AT 8:30 HILL AUDITORIUM, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN PROGRAM Sensemaya SILVESTRE REVUELTAS Concerto No.2 in F minor for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 21 CHOPIN Maestoso Larghetto Allegro vivace Soloist: JosE KAHAN INTERMISSION Huapango. JOSE PABLO MONCAYO Symphony No. S, Op. 47 SHOSTAKOVICH Moderato; allegro non troppo Allegretto Largo Allegro non troppo Tlte Steinway is the official piano of the University Musical Society. A R S LON G A V I T A BREVIS PROGRAM NOTES Sensemaya SILVESTRE REVUELTAS The music was composed for a ballet. The theme is a desperate drought in a Caribhean village. A woman announces that Lucero has disappeared, and all go out to search for her. The witch doctor performs his incantations. They encounter a vicious serpent. The men go to get their machetes; the serpent is none other than Lucero, bewitched by the witch doctor. Facundo, suspicious of foul play, tries to stop them. The witch doctor battles with Facundo, wins and slays the serpent, around whose body all execute a dance of triumph. When they go to lift the body, they find it is the body of Lucero. At seeing this, the witch doctor falls, victim of his own spells, and with his death the evil things end. -
Selected Writings Found in the Bahá'í Faith on Indians
LB: Updatd November 2018 CHAPTER 1 - WRITINGS IN THE BAHÁ’Í AUTHORITATIVE TEXTS AND TEXTS BY THE HANDS OF THE CAUSE ON INDIANS IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE I. Purpose of the Coming of Bahá’u’lláh Indeed, the purpose of the coming of Bahá’u’lláh is to lift the yoke of oppression from His loved ones, to liberate all the people of the world, and to provide the means for their abiding happiness. In this regard, the Tablets of the Divine Plan addressed by ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to North America make it clear that the destiny of the Native Americans as an illumined and fulfilled peo- ple is linked to the quality of their response to the Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh. (Letter dated 12 February 2002, written on behalf of the Universal House of Justice, http://bahai-library.com/ uhj_indian_nations) II. Capacity of American Indians to Comprehend the Faith The understanding of His words and the comprehension of the utterances of the Birds of Heaven are in no wise dependent upon human learning. They depend solely upon purity of heart, chastity of soul, and freedom of spirit. This is evidenced by those who, today, though without a single letter of the accepted standards of learning, are occupying the loftiest seats of knowledge; and the garden of their hearts is adorned, through the showers of divine grace, with the roses of wisdom and the tulips of understanding. Well is it with the sincere in heart for their share of the light of a mighty Day! (Bahá’u’lláh, The Kitáb-i-Íqan, p. -
Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: Explaining Economic Success Levels
University of Central Florida STARS HIM 1990-2015 2013 Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: explaining economic success levels Kevin Negy University of Central Florida Part of the Political Science Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015 University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIM 1990-2015 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Negy, Kevin, "Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua: explaining economic success levels" (2013). HIM 1990-2015. 1442. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015/1442 COSTA RICA, PANAMA, AND NICARAGUA: EXPLAINING ECONOMIC SUCCESS LEVELS by KEVIN NEGY A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in International and Global Studies in the College of Sciences and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Spring Term 2013 Thesis Chair: Dr. Houman Sadri © 2013 Kevin Negy ii Abstract Latin America is a region that has deep roots in Spanish colonialism. Since its independence, many countries in the region have heavily depended on agriculture exports to industrialized states to support their economies. This has led to political theorists to label Latin America as an area full of “periphery” countries that are exploited for resources by “core countries. Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua were not the exception. In recent years, however, a noticeable difference between the economies of the countries has helped Costa Rica and Panama become more successful than Nicaragua, on the basis of GDP, GNI, and other similar measures. -
Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
UNITED NATIONS United States of America Vienna Convention on Relations and Optional Protocol on Disputes Multilateral—Diplomatic Relations—Apr. 18,1961 UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON DIPLOMATIC INTERCOURSE AND IMMUNITIES VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS UNITED NATIONS 1961 MULTILATERAL Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and Optional Protocol on Disputes Done at Vienna April 18, 1961; Ratification advised by the Senate of the United States of America September 14, 1965; Ratified by the President of the United States of America November 8, 1972 Ratification of the United States of America deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations November 13, 1972; Proclaimed by the President of the United States of America November 24, 1972; Entered into force with respect to the United States of America December 13, 1972. BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA A PROCLAMATION CONSIDERING THAT: The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations and the Optional Proto- col Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes were opened for sig- nature on April 18, 1961 and were signed on behalf of the United States of America on June 29, 1961, certified copies of which are hereto annexed; The Senate of the United States of America by its resolution of Septem- ber 14, 1965, two-thirds of the Senators present concurring therein, gave its advise and consent to ratification of the Convention and the Optional Proto- col; On November 8, 1972 the President of the United States of America ratified the Convention and the Optional Protocol, in pursuance of the advice and consent of the Senate; The United States of America deposited its instrument of ratification of the Convention, and the Optional Protocol on November 13, 1972, in accor- dance with the provisions of Article 49 of the Convention and Article VI of the Optional Protocol; TIAS 7502 INTRODUCTION VIENNA CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS The States Parties to the present Convention, Recalling that people of all nations from ancient times have recognized the status of diplomatic agents.