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Apoio À Redd+ Em Países Em Desenvolvimento: Uma Análise Das Opções De Políticas Programa Fcmc (Carbono Florestal, Mercados E Comunidades)

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Apoio À Redd+ Em Países Em Desenvolvimento: Uma Análise Das Opções De Políticas Programa Fcmc (Carbono Florestal, Mercados E Comunidades) african APOIO À REDD+ EM PAÍSES EM DESENVOLVIMENTO: UMA ANÁLISE DAS OPÇÕES DE POLÍTICAS PROGRAMA FCMC (CARBONO FLORESTAL, MERCADOS E COMUNIDADES) ABRIL DE 2015 Esta publicação foi produzida para análise da Agência dos Estados Unidos de Desenvolvimento Internacional. A USAID (Agência dos EUA de Desenvolvimento Internacional) lançou o Programa FCMC (Carbono Florestal, Mercados e Comunidades) para fornecer assistência para desenvolver e implementar iniciativas de REDD+ às suas missões, a governos parceiros e partes interessadas locais e internacionais. Os serviços do FCMC incluem análise, avaliação, ferramentas e orientações para suporte a projetos do programa, materiais de treinamento e desenvolvimento e facilitação de reuniões e workshops que apoiem contribuições do Governo dos EUA à arquitetura REDD+ internacional. Esta publicação foi produzida para análise da Agência dos Estados Unidos de Desenvolvimento Internacional pela Tetra Tech, por meio de uma Solicitação de Tarefa nos termos da Solicitação de Tarefa Essencial de Contrato de Quantidade Indefinida de PLACE (Prosperidade, Subsistência e Preservação de Ecossistemas) (Contrato USAID Nº EPP-I-00-06-00008-00, Número da Solicitação AID-OAA-TO-11-00022). Este relatório foi preparado por: Nicholas Linacre, consultor técnico1 (autor principal); Robert O’Sullivan, diretor sênior3,1 (autor coordenador); Marcelo Theoto Rocha, consultor técnico1; Sophy Greenhalgh, diretora do programa3; David Ross, consultor1. Agradecimentos: David Forster, Universidade de Melbourne; Leslie Durschinger1. 1 Terra Global Capital, LLC 1948 Green Street San Francisco, CA 94123 EUA 2 Associação Internacional de Comércio de Emissões 3 Programa FCMC (Carbono Florestal, Mercados e Comunidades) 1611 North Kent Street Suite 805 Arlington, Virginia 22209 EUA Telefone: (703) 592-6388 Fax: (866) 795-6462 Stephen Kelleher, supervisor da equipe E-mail: [email protected] Olaf Zerbock, representante do diretor de contratos da USAID E-mail: [email protected] Tetra Tech 159 Bank Street, Suite 300 Burlington, Vermont 05401 EUA Telefone: (802) 658-3890 Fax: (802) 658-4247 E-mail: [email protected] www.tetratechintdev.com Contato da Tetra Tech: Ian Deshmukh, consultor/gerente técnico sênior E-mail: [email protected] Cite este relatório como: Linacre, N.; O’Sullivan R.; Rocha M., Greenhalgh S. e D. Ross. (2015). Apoio à REDD+ em países em desenvolvimento: uma análise das opções de políticas. Programa de Carbono Florestal, Mercados e Comunidades da Agência dos Estados Unidos de Desenvolvimento Internacional: Washington, D.C., EUA. APOIO À REDD+ EM PAÍSES EM DESENVOLVIMENTO: UMA ANÁLISE DAS OPÇÕES DE POLÍTICAS PROGRAMA FCMC (CARBONO FLORESTAL, MERCADOS E COMUNIDADES) ABRIL DE 2015 ISENÇÃO DE RESPONSABILIDADE As opiniões do autor expressas nesta publicação não refletem necessariamente as opiniões da Agência dos Estados Unidos de Desenvolvimento Internacional ou do Governo dos Estados Unidos. Apoio à REDD+ em países em desenvolvimento: uma análise de opções de políticas i SUMÁRIO SUMÁRIO ...................................................................................................................................... II ACRÔNIMOS E ABREVIAÇÕES ...............................................................................................IV RESUMO EXECUTIVO .............................................................................................................. IX 1.0 INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 METODOLOGIA .................................................................................................................... 3 3.0 RESULTADOS ........................................................................................................................ 8 3.1 REGULAMENTAÇÃO DIRETA ............................................................................................................................. 8 3.2 PAGAMENTO POR RESULTADOS ..................................................................................................................... 9 3.3 MBIS (INSTRUMENTOS BASEADOS NO MERCADO) ............................................................................... 12 3.4 EIA (AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO AMBIENTAL) ............................................................................................ 18 4.0 DISCUSSÃO .......................................................................................................................... 21 4.1 REGULAMENTAÇÃO DIRETA ........................................................................................................................... 22 4.2 PAGAMENTO POR RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................... 27 4.3 INSTRUMENTOS BASEADOS NO MERCADO ............................................................................................. 30 4.4 AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO AMBIENTAL ....................................................................................................... 32 5.0 CONCLUSÕES E RECOMENDAÇÕES ............................................................................. 34 5.1 REGULAMENTAÇÃO DIRETA ........................................................................................................................... 34 5.2 PAGAMENTOS POR RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................. 34 5.3 INSTRUMENTOS BASEADOS NO MERCADO ............................................................................................. 34 5.4 AVALIAÇÕES DE IMPACTO AMBIENTAL...................................................................................................... 35 5.5 PESQUISAS FUTURAS ........................................................................................................................................... 35 APÊNDICE I – REGULAMENTAÇÃO DIRETA PARA CONTROLAR O DESMATAMENTO ..................................................................................................................... 36 1.1 QUEENSLAND, AUSTRÁLIA ............................................................................................................................... 36 1.2 BRASIL ........................................................................................................................................................................ 42 1.3 CONCLUSÕES ........................................................................................................................................................ 49 APÊNDICE II – PAGAMENTO POR RESULTADOS ............................................................. 50 2.1 BRASIL ........................................................................................................................................................................ 50 Apoio à REDD+ em países em desenvolvimento: uma análise de opções de políticas ii 2.2 MÉXICO ..................................................................................................................................................................... 57 2.3 INDONÉSIA .............................................................................................................................................................. 63 2.4 CONCLUSÕES ........................................................................................................................................................ 67 APÊNDICE III – ABORDAGENS BASEADAS NO MERCADO: LIMITE E COMÉRCIO DE EMISSÕES, LINHA DE BASE E CRÉDITOS E IMPOSTO SOBRE CARBONO .................. 68 3.1 HISTÓRICO E INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................................... 68 3.2 BRASIL – PONDERAÇÃO DE SUAS OPÇÕES .............................................................................................. 71 3.3 GANA: COMÉRCIO DE EMISSÕES OU IMPOSTO SOBRE CARBONO? .............................................. 81 3.4 VIETNÃ – A ESCOLHA DE UM MBI (INSTRUMENTO BASEADO NO MERCADO) ........................ 88 3.5 CONCLUSÕES ........................................................................................................................................................ 94 APÊNDICE IV – EIA (AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTO AMBIENTAL) E ESTUDOS DE CASOS DE CASOS DE COMPENSAÇÕES AMBIENTAIS .................................................................. 95 4.1 HISTÓRICO .............................................................................................................................................................. 95 4.2 AUSTRÁLIA ............................................................................................................................................................... 97 4.3 BRASIL ..................................................................................................................................................................... 105 4.4 GABÃO ................................................................................................................................................................... 112 4.5 GANA ...................................................................................................................................................................... 116 4.6 VIETNÃ ..................................................................................................................................................................
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