Corruption As a Rational Choice: the Case of the First Post- Independence Government of Ghana: 1951-1966)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Corruption As a Rational Choice: the Case of the First Post- Independence Government of Ghana: 1951-1966) THE UNIVERSTY OF HULL (CORRUPTION AS A RATIONAL CHOICE: THE CASE OF THE FIRST POST- INDEPENDENCE GOVERNMENT OF GHANA: 1951-1966) BEING A THESIS SUBMITED FOR THE DEGREE OF MPHIL, POLITICS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL BY STEPHEN DJABA-MENSAH (B.A HISTORY) AUGUST, 2007 DEDICATION TO THE MEMORY OF MY DEAREST SISTER, MERCY, WHOSE MORAL AND SPIRITUAL SUPPORTS HAVE BEEN MY VERY SOURCES OF STRENGTH AND INSPIRATION FROM MY CHILDHOOD. MERCY, YOUR SUDDEN AND SAD DEATH DID NOT BREAK ME, BUT RE-ESTABLISHED ME IN MY PRESENT LIFE TO ALWAYS SEE BEYOND THE HORIZON OF THE ORDINARY AND TO ALWAYS PUT MY SHOULDERS FIRMLY TO THE WHEEL IN ALL CIRCUSTANCES. CONTENTS Dedication…………………………………………………………………………….i Acknowledgement………………………...……………………………………….....ii Map of Africa………………………………………………………………………...iii Map of Ghana………………………………………………………………………...iv Introduction, Research Objectives and Methods ...………………………………1 Parameters and Historiographical Context…………………………….….….………1 Literature Review..…..................................................................................................12 Methodology and Sources ………….………………………………..………….....19 Chapter One: Conceptual and Contextual Definitions ………………………… 28 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………28 1.2 Some problems with conventional concepts of corruption………………………29 1.2.1 Corruption and the Public Office Factor………………………………………29 1.2.2 Corruption, Political Abuse and Political Failure………… …………………37 1.2.3 Political Corruption, Morality and Rationality………………………………...42 1.2.4 Corruption and the Concept of Rationality………………………………..…...68 1.2.5 Comparative Corruption: Africa and England…………………………………70 1.3 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………76 Chapter Two: Outlining Different Approaches to Political Corruption …….. 79 2.1 Public Office Centred Definitions………………………………...…………..….80 2.2 Public Interest Definitions of Corruption………………………………………...84 2.3 Public Opinion Centred Definition Of Corruption……………………………….89 2.4 Legal definitions of Political Corruption ………………………………………..92 2.5 Market-Oriented Definitions of Corruption ……..……………………..…...…...98 2.6 The Advantages of Market-Oriented definitions of Corruption…..….………..102 2.7 Conclusion…………………………………………………………..…………116 Chapter Three: History, Politics and the Emergence of Political Corruption in Ghana: The Role of Kwame Nkrumah …..... 119 3.1 Introduction……………….……………………………………………..……..119 3.2 Ghana: A Historical Outline……………………………………………...…….124 3.2.1 The Formation of the UGCC……………………………………………...….124 3.2.2 The Rise of Kwame Nkrumah ………………………………………………136 3.2.3 Power Struggle and the Emergence of Political Corruption in Ghana………..152 3.3 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………..177 Chapter Four: The Anatomy of Political Corruption: The Case of the First Post-Independence African Government in Ghana ….... 180 4.1 The Significance of History and Culture……………………………………….181 4.2 The Impact of Colonialism ……………………………………………………191 4.3 The Economization of the Political Process in Ghana…………………….……202 4.4 Agents of Corruption: The Case of Nkrumah’s Ghana………………………...205 4.4.1 The Role of the Government………………………………………………….210 4.4.2 The Corruption of the Constitution…………………………………………...212 4.4.3 The Judiciary………………………………………………………………….224 4.4.4 The Party System……………………………………………………………..233 4.5 Bureaucrats, Private Individuals and the Dominance of Patron-Clientelism…...256 4.6 Conclusions and General Overview…………………………………………….262 Chapter Five: Political Corruption in Dr. Nkrumah’s Ghana: A Theoretical Review.…………….…………………………….. 265 5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….265 5.2 Governmental Responses……………………………………………………….267 5.3 Public Reactions towards Corrupt Governments……………….………………270 5.4 Perceptions of Public Agencies and the International Community……………..274 5.5 The Political Significance of Corruption in Nkrumah’s Ghana………………...283 5.6 The Economic Significance of Corruption under Nkrumah’s Government…….296 5.7 Conclusions ………………………………….…………………………………308 Chapter Six: Conclusions, General Overview and Recommendations …….… 310 6.1 Changing Cultural and Philosophical Values…… …………………………...318 6.2 Strengthening State and Public Institutions…………………………………….321 6.3 Changing Dysfunctional Institutions……………………………………………323 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………………325 Appendix ………………………………………………………………………… 333 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work would never have been completed without the help and support of the following to whom I owe a dept of gratitude. My foremost thanks to the Almighty God who has generously given me life, health, strength, courage and determination. My special thanks to Prof. Robert Harris, my first supervisor before his retirement from the University of Hull in 2004. Prof. Harris, we may not have parted on a good note but your special interest in my academic progress and your admonition will always be remembered for the significant direction they gave me and this work. Dr. Jose Magone, your help can never be overemphasized. My very thanks to you for your patience, understanding and the significant guide you gave. You showed an understanding into the problems and difficulties that the African student in Europe with all his endeavours faces. You are a great figure. Charles Asiedu, you are worth a friend indeed. You stood by me in my darkest hour. I will never forget you for that needed role you played in my life. Finally, to Katie and Suzzie of the Graduate School, your kindness, sincerity and above all your professional qualities are deeply appreciated. To Mr John Tettegah, Prof. Nii Noi Dowuona and Nana Ampong Ofosu, all of who interestedly and willingly featured on my interview, my special thanks to you for your time and all the advice I received of you Introduction, Research Objectives and Methods. i. Parameters and historiographical context Nearly half a century into the post-independence history of Sub- Saharan Africa, the continent continues to wallow in poverty, underdevelopment and misery. Many wonder why the vast natural resources the continent is endowed with have not been tapped to turn the fortunes of the respective countries around. Furthermore, in spite of the fact that many well educated political leaders emerged from the potentially good human resource base of Africa—Nasser, Nkrumah, Nyerere, Balewa, Senghor and more recently, Mandela whose terms of offices held so much hope for the ordinary African, nothing concrete seems to have been achieved to address Africa’s problems. The economies of the majority of African states are on the verge of disintegration, a situation that crucially accounts for weakening of the nation state and central governments across the continent. Out of this situation, also emerge criminal elements and political patrons whose objectives are, among other interests, to exploit the structures of the state for their career advancements and ambitious pursuits. 1 In some notable states as Uganda under Amin, Togo under Eyadema and Zimbabwe, the state is both the engine and object of political privatisation and as such managed by the respective political patrons as private empires or backyards. The question of the general good of the citizenry is a secondary consideration so long as the action involved benefits the political actor, cronies and clients. All these factors leave the nation-state in Africa in fragile and porous condition easily exploitable by conflicting interests. Political corruption is thus widespread in many African countries demonstrating itself through rent seeking, nepotism, and blatant abuse of power, embezzlement, clientelism and above all, extortion. All these, in no small measure, have contributed to Africa’s woes; for it is believed that corruption is a major impediment to growth and development1. Indeed, it has been cited as the underlying reason for all the military Coup d’etats that disrupted the many civilian political administrations in Africa, during the second half of the twentieth century 2 . Thus, the negative results of political corruption leave so much to be desired. It breeds abuse, nepotism, bribery, extortion, fraud, as well as the alienation 1 Gupta, S, Davoodi, H and Tiongson E, ‘Corruption and the Provision of Healthcare and Education Services’, in Arvin K. Jain (Eds), The Political Economy of Corruption (Routledge, London and Newyork, 2001) P57 2 Dogbey, Y. G ‘Towards a Strategic Vision for a Continent in Distress’, in Adesida, O and Oteh, A (Eds), African Voices-African Visions ( Elanders Gotab, Stockholm, 2001) P37 2 and exclusion of the vast majority of the population. It also fundamentally undermines democratic values and good governance3. Political corruption seriously subverts the rule of law and impacts negatively on sound public administration. Against this background, political corruption is a great challenge to the young African student of politics; and my prime objective and motivation for a humble and modest searchlight into one of Africa’s post-independence governments on the subject of political corruption, is buttressed on this premise. Secondly, it is immediately moving to realize that in Africa although the negative effects of political corruption are devastating and condemned everywhere on the continent, corruption is the model rather than the exception. Why this anomaly? The Convention People’s Party (CPP) government of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (1951-66) was the first post-independence government that led Ghana to attain her independence in March 1957. It was the first such government in sub-Saharan Africa to emerge from the colonial dictates of Great Britain. Within the African
Recommended publications
  • Corruption and the Global Economy
    10 Corruption as an International Policy Problem: Overview and Recommendations KIMBERLY ANN ELLIOTT In just a few months in early 1997, Mexico fired its top drug-enforcement official for accepting bribes and ultimately closed the agency because it was so ridden with corruption; Ukraines president once again declared war on corruption; Chinese Prime Minister Li Peng lamented that his country was losing ground in its war on corruption; President Kim Young Sam deplored endemic corruption in South Korea; Russian Interior Min- ister Anatoly Kulikov pledged to crack down on corruption and the gray economy; Pakistans voters, disillusioned by perceptions of widespread corruption, stayed away from the polls in droves; and public schools in Washington were alleged to be rife with cronyism and nepotism. Corruption scandals in recent years have also contributed to the downfall of governments in Ecuador, Brazil, Italy, and India. Long-entrenched ruling parties have been weakened, including Japans Liberal Democratic Party and Mexicos Institutional Revolutionary Party. In the United States, two decades after the Watergate scandals prompted new rules regard- ing political contributions and the passage of the Foreign Corrupt Prac- tices Act (FCPA), campaign finance reform has reemerged as a major political issue. The number, variety, and importance of countries experiencing corrup- tion scandals highlight both the complexity of this phenomenon and its prominence as a global issue. When it is pervasive and uncontrolled, corruption thwarts economic development and undermines political le- gitimacy. Less pervasive variants result in wasted resources, increased inequity in resource distribution, less political competition, and greater distrust of government. Creating and exploiting opportunities for bribery 175 Institute for International Economics | http://www.iie.com at high levels of government also increases the cost of government, dis- torts the allocation of government spending, and may dangerously lower the quality of infrastructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption and State Instability in West Africa: an Examination of Policy Options
    Corruption and State Instability in West Africa: An Examination of Policy Options By Samuel Mondays ATUOBI KAIPTC Occasional Paper No.--, December 2007 1 1. INTRODUCTION Corruption represents a threat “…to the stability and security of societies, undermining the institutions of democracy, ethical values and justice and jeopardizing sustainable development and the rule of law”. – Preamble to the UN Convention on Corruption Since their inception, West African states have been facing corruption as a major problem. In some cases, it has attained levels of gross and egregious theft, for which no possible moral or historical justification can be advanced, and which has played a major role, both in the impoverishment of the region as a whole and specifically in the alienation of its people from their rulers.1 The existence of widespread corruption, especially in societies beset by mass poverty and very high levels of unemployment, has a deeply corrosive effect on trust in government and 2 contributes to crime and political disorder. In the political realm, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in legislative bodies reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the unequal distribution of services. More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government as procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold.3 At the extreme, unbridled corruption can lead to state fragility and destructive conflict, and plunge a state into “unremitting cycle of institutional anarchy and violence”.4 In as much as corruption destroys the legitimacy of government in the eyes of those who can do something about the situation, it contributes to instability.
    [Show full text]
  • Anuari De La Càtedra Ramon Llull Blanquerna 2019 Ars
    2019 εἰρήνη (éirênê) als Testaments dels Dotze Patriarques (TestXIIPa). (Addenda sobre shalom). Rosa M. Boixareu ANUARI DE LA CÀTEDRA RAMON LLULL BLANQUERNA 2019 Liberating intelligence. Breaking away from domination societies – 25 towards new creative democracies. Jaume Agustí-Cullell Influencia de los idealismos griego y alemán en dos conceptos marxistas: alienación e ideología. Ricard Casadesús Antropologia a l’Antic Testament. “Què és l’home perquè te’n recordis?” SL 8,5. Jaume Duran i Navarro Civilització i barbàrie. La tasca cultural en la construcció d’una civilització humanitzada. Albert Llorca Arimany Kwame Nkrumah i el projecte panafricà. Francesc-Xavier Marín i Torné Igor Stravinsky. Un collage. Jordi Membrado Amela 25 25 On the living being of visual creation. Humberto Ortega-Villaseñor Mitos del deporte español. Jordi Osúa Quintana El cuerpo en la filosofía: las etapas del discurso filosófico sobre el cuerpo en occidente. Héctor Salinas Fuentes i Miquel Amorós Hernández «Ya no hay judío ni griego» (Gál 3, 28): la trascendencia cultural de la ciudadanía romana en Pablo de Tarso. José María Sanz Acera El transhumanisme o una societat amb ànima. 2019 DE LA CÀTEDRA RAMON LLULL BLANQUERNA ANUARI José Luis Vázquez Borau Notes on boredom and metaphysics, sociologically framed. Jacobo Zabalo Tolstoi i Zweig, dos pensadors i un destí: la fugida vers la mort. Conrad Vilanou, Clara Domènech i Ferran Sánchez ARS BREVIS Coberta_Ars Brevis_25.indd 1 201929/5/20 10:50 ai159065841459_página flor.pdf 1 28/5/20 11:33 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Ars_Brevis_25.indd 1 29/5/20 9:53 Ars_Brevis_25.indd 2 29/5/20 9:53 Ars Brevis ANUARI 2019 Càtedra Ramon Llull Blanquerna Barcelona, 2020 Ars_Brevis_25.indd 3 29/5/20 9:53 Ars_Brevis_25.indd 4 29/5/20 9:53 Director Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Supreme Court in the Development of Constitutional Law in Ghana
    THE ROLE OF THE SUPREME COURT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IN GHANA by SETH YEBOA BIMPONG-BUTA i THE ROLE OF THE SUPREME COURT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IN GHANA by SETH YEBOA BIMPONG-BUTA Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LAW – LLD at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER PROFESSOR B P WANDA 1 February 2005 ii ABSTRACT The Theme running through this Dissertation is intended to prove that the Supreme Court has a role to play in the promotion, enforcement and sustenance of a proper democratic system of government, good governance and fundamental human rights and freedoms in Ghana. The Study would therefore address the role of the Supreme Court in the development of Constitutional Law in Ghana, with particular emphasis on the court’s contribution to the underlying concepts of the Fourth Republican Constitution of 1992; the guiding principles of constitutional interpretation and the vexed issue of whether the court should adopt a mechanical and literal approach to the interpretation of the Constitution or adopt a liberal, beneficent and purposive approach. The Supreme Court has asserted in the locus classicus decision: Tuffuor v Attorney-General [1980] GLR 637 that the 1979 Constitution as the supreme law, must be construed as a living political document capable of growth. Is there any evidence now to support that claim? The study shall also investigate the question of the power of the Supreme Court to review legislative and executive action. We shall also examine the role of the Supreme Court in the interpretation and enforcement of the Constitution and Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms in relation to the rights and obligations of the individual and the State with the view to achieving good governance.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Corruption in Ghana
    OVERVIEW OF CORRUPTION IN GHANA QUERY SUMMARY We would like to have an overview of corruption Since its return to democratic rule in 1993, Ghana and anti-corruption in Ghana. We would appreciate has made progress in consolidating its democracy to have an analysis on corruption trends and the and is often referred to as a success story of extent to which the anti-corruption system is democratisation in Africa. Several administrations working. since Ghana’s return to multi-party democracy have declared their commitment to curbing PURPOSE corruption. Despite Ghana being portrayed as an example of democracy in Africa, 2013 has been a critical year As a result, the legal framework against corruption for Ghana, i.e. petition court following the elections, has been strengthened and efforts have been fiscal deficit, and more corruption cases reported in made to simplify many bureaucratic procedures in the media, among others. order to make the government more efficient and reduce the risks of corruption. Several anti- CONTENT corruption bodies have been established since the 1. Background 1990s, such as the Commission on Human Rights 2. Overview of Corruption in Ghana and Administrative Justice, the Economic and 3. Anti-Corruption Strategies and Measures Organised Crime Office, the Public Procurement 4. References Authority and the Policy Evaluation and Oversight Unit. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Despite these efforts, there are still important gaps Author(s): Roberto Martínez B. Kukutschka, in the legal framework and the country continues to [email protected] face corruption challenges. For example, the Freedom of Information Law is still pending in Reviewer(s): Marie Chêne, Transparency International parliament and corruption is still widespread.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Corruption and How to Curb It a Synthesis of Latest Thinking
    U4 Issue 2021:3 Understanding corruption and how to curb it A synthesis of latest thinking By Cecilie Wathne Series editor: Saul Mullard Disclaimer All views in this text are the author(s)’, and may differ from the U4 partner agencies’ policies. Partner agencies German Corporation for International Cooperation – GIZ German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development – BMZ Global Affairs Canada Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark / Danish International Development Assistance – Danida Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency – Sida Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation – SDC The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation – Norad UK Aid – Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office About U4 U4 is a team of anti-corruption advisers working to share research and evidence to help international development actors get sustainable results. The work involves dialogue, publications, online training, workshops, helpdesk, and innovation. U4 is a permanent centre at the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI) in Norway. CMI is a non-profit, multi-disciplinary research institute with social scientists specialising in development studies. www.U4.no [email protected] Cover photo iStock.com/Peter de Ruiter (CC copyrighted) https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/anti- corruption-box-in-kenya-gm825159092-133723109 Keywords anti-corruption reforms - anti-corruption policy - anti-corruption measures - political economy - donor coordination - governance - citizen engagement - whole-of-government approach Publication type U4 Issue Creative commons This work is licenced under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Corruption is complex and resilient and there are limits to what anti-corruption interventions alone can achieve.
    [Show full text]
  • Combating Public Sector Corruption in Ghana: the Case of the Public Procurement Act (2003) Act 663 by Pabia Isaac This Thesis
    University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh COMBATING PUBLIC SECTOR CORRUPTION IN GHANA: THE CASE OF THE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ACT (2003) ACT 663 BY PABIA ISAAC THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MPHIL POLITICAL SCIENCE DEGREE JUNE, 2013 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my own original work and that no part of it has been presented for another degree in this university or elsewhere. I further declare that with the exception of quotes, ideas and analysis attributed to acknowledged sources, this study is the result of research dutifully conducted under the supervision of my supervisor, Dr. Emmanuel Debrah. I am solely responsible for any errors which may be identified in this work. ………………………………. PABIA ISAAC (CANDIDATE) …………………………. DATE …………………………….. DR. EMMANUEL DEBRAH (SUPERVISOR) ………………………….. DATE i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTRACT This study sets out to assess the capacity of the Public Procurement Act, 2003 (Act 663) to combat public sector corruption in Ghana. The study notes that the Act has encouraged competition among bidders for public contracts and enhanced the level of transparency at the tendering process. Structures have been created to harmonise the procurement process to ensure judicious use of public funds. The law has standardized procurement procedures in the public sector. However, the study observed politicisation in the procurement process and manipulation of the tendering process by public officials and contractors. Procurement entities rarely adhere to guidelines set by the Act.
    [Show full text]
  • ERCA S Wo Rkin G P Ap
    European Research Centre for Anti-Corruption and State-Building Working Paper No. 28 s Political Economy Analysis of Corruption in Ghana Fortune Agbele ERCAS Working Paper April 2011 www.againstcorruption.eu Abbreviations AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council ARIC Audit Report Implementation Committee BTI Bertelsmann Transformation Index CCU Commercial Crimes Unit CDD Center for Democratic Development CHRAJ Commission for Human Right and Administrative Justice CID Criminal Investigation Department CPI Corruption Perception Index CPP Convention People’s Party CSO Civil Society Organization DCE District Chief Executives EOCO Economic and Organized Crimes Office FAA Financial Administration Act FAR Financial Administration Regulation GII Ghana Integrity Initiative GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für International Zusammarbeit ICRG International Country Risk Guide IEA Institute for Economic Affairs NPP National Patriotic Party NDC National Democratic Congress PNDC Provisional National Defense Council PAC Public Accounts Committee PPA Public Procurement Act PUFMARP Public Financial Management Reform Program SFO Serious Fraud Office WGI Worldwide Governance Indicator 2 Table of Contents Abbreviations 2 1. Executive Summary 5 Political Context 5 Main Findings 5 Lessons Learnt 6 2. Introduction 7 Theoretical Framework 7 Approaches and Methodology 10 Expert Interviews 10 Structure of Work 11 Limitations 11 3. Control of Corruption 11 Perception Indexes on Ghana’s Corruption Control 11 Ghana’s performance compared to Regional Average 16 4. Diagnosis 20 Neo-Patrimonialism 20 Competitive Particularism 22 Power Distribution 23 Rent and State Ownership 24 Distribution of Public Goods 27 Distinction between the public and private spheres 28 5. Dimensions for Effective Anti-corruption Mechanism 29 Power Discretion 30 Material Resource 32 Constraints 32 Legal Constraints 32 3 Normative Constraints 34 Institutional Constraints 35 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption in Ghana
    U4 Helpdesk Answer 2018:21 Overview of corruption and anti- corruption in Ghana Author(s): Kaunain Rahman Reviewer(s): Roberto Martinez B. Kukutschka and Samuel Kaninda Date: 11 September 2018 Ghana is considered to be one of the more stable countries in West Africa, since its transition to multi-party democracy in 1992. Corruption exists in all branches of Ghanaian government, and there is often a lack of accountability. The culprits often enjoy impunity. The judiciary and police are viewed as the most corrupt. However, the creation of the Office of the Special Prosecutor has instilled new hope in Ghana’s anti-corruption efforts. U4 Anti-Corruption Helpdesk A free service for staff from U4 partner agencies Query Please provide an overview of corruption and anti-corruption in Ghana. We are interested in how the role, mandate and in particular the potential of the prosecution service, courts and the Ghana Audit Service might have changed. Contents 1. Background Main points 2. Overview of corruption in Ghana — Widespread corruption exists in 3. Legal and institutional anti-corruption framework Ghana. Sectors worst affected by 4. References corruption include natural resource management, the judiciary and police. Background — There is a need for an all-inclusive Considered as one of the more stable countries in anti-corruption law. West Africa since its transition to multi-party democracy in 1992, the Republic of Ghana became — Courts are commonly perceived to be the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to vulnerable to corruption. gain its independence in 1957 (BBC News 2018; CIA 2018). Ghana's post-colonial life has witnessed — Prosecution of crime is often lengthy the consolidation of the country’s economy, and, in and people often turn to informal the past two decades, it has taken major strides arbitrations.
    [Show full text]
  • C Iv Il S O Cie Ty a G a in St C O Rru P Tio N
    Civil Society Against Corruption POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSISPOLITICAL problem in spite of the several spite proclaimed several inof the measures governments problem to by evolved on the control of corruption if not why and what can notbe corruption and done. evolvedofwhat ifwhy control on the democracy in Africa. On the other hand, corruption continues to be in democracya corruption Africa. On other hand, the Cooperation, the Romanian Academic andthe Romanian Hertie Society, Cooperation, the Ghana on one hand, since its return to democratic 1993 on onesince rule has inGhana return to hand, its curb it. This paper hence seeks to explore the question; has Ghanapaper question;to the seeksexplore Thishence it. curb CORRUPTION INGHANA CORRUPTION experienced a continuous growth in consolidating continuous its growth in democracy; experienced a leading it to be one of the most referred to to success referred most the to of it be stories of leading one Sponsored by the Norwegian Agency by theAgency Norwegian Development Sponsored for A report by Fortune Agbele Agbele byFortune report A OF School of Governanceof School i . Student Master Thesis Advisor Partner Institution Fortune Agbele Alina Mungiu-Pippidi NORAD Master of Public Policy Fredrik Eriksson, Class of 2011 Senior Advisor Statement of Authorship I hereby certify that this Master Thesis has been composed by myself and describes my own work, unless otherwise acknowledged in the text. All references and verbatim extracts have been properly quoted and all sources of information have been
    [Show full text]
  • History of Ghana Advisory Board
    THE HISTORY OF GHANA ADVISORY BOARD John T. Alexander Professor of History and Russian and European Studies, University of Kansas Robert A. Divine George W. Littlefield Professor in American History Emeritus, University of Texas at Austin John V. Lombardi Professor of History, University of Florida THE HISTORY OF GHANA Roger S. Gocking The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Findiing, Series Editors Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Cocking, Roger. The history of Ghana / Roger S. Gocking. p. cm. — (The Greenwood histories of the modern nations, ISSN 1096-2905) Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-313-31894-8 (alk. paper) 1. Ghana—History. I. Title. II. Series. DT510.5.G63 2005 966.7—dc22 2004028236 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2005 by Roger S. Gocking All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2004028236 ISBN: 0-313-31894-8 ISSN: 1096-2905 First published in 2005 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 987654321 Contents Series Foreword vii Frank W. Thackeray and John
    [Show full text]
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY on MUNICIPAL CORRUPTION Trevor Hunt August 2020 1
    ICCLR International Centre for Criminal Law Reform BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MUNICIPAL CORRUPTION Trevor Hunt August 2020 1 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Methodological Note ...................................................................................................................... 5 Canada............................................................................................................................................. 6 Legislation................................................................................................................................... 6 Journals, Books & Other Sources ............................................................................................... 7 Case Law & Principles of Sentencing,, ..................................................................................... 10 Case Law – s.123 – Municipal Corruption ........................................................................... 10 Principles of Sentencing – s.123 ........................................................................................... 12 Case Law – s.122 – Breach of Trust by Public Officer ........................................................ 13 Principles of Sentencing – s.122 ........................................................................................... 14 International .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]