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Besprechungen/Reviews/Comptes Rendus Besprechungen/Reviews/Comptes rendus Nik Hynek/David Bosold (eds.), Canada’s Foreign and Security Policy. Soft and Hard Strategies of a Middle Power, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2009 (Simon Koschut) Shelagh D. Grant, Polar Imperative: A History of Arctic Sovereignty in North America, Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 2010 (John Woitkowitz) Jason Schneider, Whispering Pines: The Northern Roots of American Music … from Hank Snow to The Band, Toronto, ECW Press, 2009 (Yves Laberge) Christian Lammert/Katja Sarkowsky (Hrsg.), Travelling Concepts. Negotiating Diversity in Canada and Europe, Politikwissenschaftliche Paperbacks, 41, Wies- baden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2010 (Frauke Brammer) Reingard M. Nischik (ed.), The Canadian Short Story: Interpretations (European Studies in American Literature and Culture), Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2007 (Martin Middeke) Nik Hynek/David Bosold (eds.), Cana- tionalen Beziehungen, sondern unterneh- da’s Foreign and Security Policy. Soft and men vielmehr den Versuch, diese Rolle und insbesondere deren innere und äußere Hard Strategies of a Middle Power, To- Wahrnehmung empirisch zu hinterfragen, ronto: Oxford University Press, 2009 um mit vielen – auch in der wissenschaftli- (xxx + 298 pp.; ISBN 978-0-19-543169- chen Fachliteratur – eingefahrenen soge- 8; CAD 60 / € 49) nannten „sedimented truths“ kanadischer Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik aufzuräumen. Was ist kanadische Außen- und Sicherheits- Um die abschließende Bewertung gleich politik? Wie sollte man sie erforschen? vorwegzunehmen: dies ist den Herausge- Warum ist das überhaupt von Bedeutung? bern und Autor/innen des Bandes ein- Mit dieser grundlegenden Fragestellung drucksvoll gelungen. eröffnen die Herausgeber Nik Hynek, Re- Doch worum geht es in diesem Buch search Fellow am Institute of International genau? Der Band gliedert sich entspre- Relations in Prag, und David Bosold, Pro- chend den oben genannten Analysekate- grammleiter bei der Deutschen Gesellschaft gorien in drei Teile. Im ersten Teil erfolgt für Auswärtige Politik (DGAP) in Berlin, den zunächst eine theoriegeleitete Überprü- vorliegenden Sammelband und damit ein fung des Konzepts der middle power. Dabei zugleich anspruchsvolles und breites For- stimmen die Autoren darin überein, dass schungsfeld. Der Band verfolgt dabei das sich eine klaffende Lücke zwischen dem Ziel, eine kritisch-konzeptionelle Analyse level of ambition kanadischer Außen- und kanadischer Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik Sicherheitspolitik und deren tatsächlicher anhand von drei Analysekategorien (middle Umsetzung auftut. Während Keating und power, soft power, hard power) zu erstellen. Nossal sich dem Konzept der middle power Dabei argumentieren die Autor/innen und über die analytischen Dimensionen von Herausgeber nicht pauschal für oder gegen middlepowerhood (Keating) und middle- eine größere Rolle Kanadas in den interna- powermanship (Nossal) annähern, erwei- Zeitschrift für Kanada-Studien 31.1 (2011) 131-144 132 Besprechungen/Reviews/Comptes rendus tert Bosold diese um die Dimension kollek- einmal, wenn überhaupt, nur inkrementell tiver Identität. wandelbar. Der zweite Teil untersucht Kanadas soft Wie ist der vorliegende Band demnach in power und stellt eine Verbindung zum den wissenschaftlichen Kontext einzuord- Konzept der middle power her. Die Au- nen? Trotz der deutlich erkennbaren kon- tor/innen zeigen hier anhand unterschiedli- struktivistischen Herangehensweise – die cher Politikbereiche, dass sich die empiri- sich auch in ihrem außenpolitischen Analy- sche Faktenlage im Bereich human security serahmen widerspiegelt – verfallen die (Hynek), zivil-militärischer Zusammenarbeit Herausgeber nicht der Versuchung eines in Konflikten (Waisová), Diplomatie (Bátora), theoretischen Tunnelblicks. Inhaltlich wi- Umweltpolitik (Baldwin/Dalby) und Ener- dersprechen diese vehement dem gängi- giesicherheit (Laxer) nicht immer mit den gen Paradigma eines Niedergangs der Rolle Erwartungen und Wahrnehmungen Kana- Kanadas in den Vereinten Nationen und der das – insbesondere in Abgrenzung zu den NATO. Tatsächlich zeige etwa das freiwillige USA – als „good international citizens“ oder Engagement Kanadas im umkämpften „do-gooder“ in den internationalen Bezie- Süden Afghanistans, dass Ottawa seinen hungen deckt. Einfluss innerhalb der NATO zum Teil sogar Der dritte Teil setzt sich mit Kanadas hard vergrößern konnte. Konzeptionell weist der power auseinander. Auch hier werden un- Band schließlich auf mögliche Mängel des terschiedliche Bereiche wie der Trans- middle power-Ansatzes hin. So verdeutliche formationsprozess der kanadischen Armee etwa die in diesem Band dargestellte Praxis (von Bredow), die nordamerikanische Wirt- kanadischer Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik, schafts- und Sicherheitsgemeinschaft (Hag- dass diese bei einer middle power nicht lund), Terrorismusbekämpfung (Roach), die zwangsläufig zu einer Schwächung staatli- kanadische Beteiligung am NATO-Einsatz in cher Macht zugunsten von zivilgesellschaft- Afghanistan (Zyla/Sokolsky) und die Arktis- lichen Akteuren führen muss. politik (Dolata-Kreutzkamp) durch das Der Band deckt somit zentrale Wider- Prisma der middle power betrachtet. Ähnlich sprüche und Ambivalenzen kanadischer wie im vorhergehenden Abschnitt stellen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik auf. Allein die Autor/innen auch im Bereich der hard deshalb sollte er bei vielen Lesern, die sich power eine qualitative Veränderung der mit diesem Land beschäftigen, auf Interesse traditionellen Rolle Kanadas fest: vom stoßen. Das Buch enthält darüber hinaus Erfinder des peacekeeping (zumindest sei- wichtige Denkanstöße, die sich auch auf ner ersten Generation) hin zu robustem andere Gesellschaften – man denke etwa an militärischem Engagement in asymmetri- das deutsche Konzept der Zivilmacht – schen Konflikten und der Aufstandsbe- übertragen lassen. Was die Herangehens- kämpfung. weise des Buches so überzeugend und Daher überrascht zunächst das Fazit der lesenswert macht, ist in erster Linie die Herausgeber, dass trotz der allgegenwärti- Tatsache, dass im wissenschaftlichen und gen Veränderungen die kanadische Außen- politischen Diskurs fest verankerte Konzep- und Sicherheitspolitik auch künftig im te und Wahrnehmungen über die internati- Wesentlichen von Kontinuität geprägt sein onale Rolle Kanadas nicht widerspruchslos wird. Allerdings ist diese Schlussfolgerung übernommen und reproduziert, sondern bei genauerem Hinsehen nur konsequent, vielmehr kritisch hinterfragt werden. Insge- da Hynek und Bosold eingangs die Grund- samt ist den Herausgebern und Autor/innen lage kanadischer Außen- und Sicherheits- mit dem vorliegenden Sammelband damit politik vor allem in den gesellschaftspoliti- ein überzeugender Einblick in die Wahr- schen Narrativen der middle power sowie nehmungsdiskrepanzen und Mythen kana- deren intersubjektiven Wahrnehmungen discher Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik ge- verankert sehen. Diese seien jedoch nun lungen, der den wissenschaftlichen und Besprechungen/Reviews/Comptes rendus 133 politischen Diskurs über Kanadas Rolle in issues to the 21st century. It is this spatio- der Welt voranbringen dürfte. temporal scope which most clearly distin- Simon Koschut guishes Grant’s Polar Imperative from stud- ies of fellow Northern and Arctic scholars such as Kenneth S. Coates, P. Whitney Shelagh D. Grant, Polar Imperative: A Lackenbauer, William Morrison, Elizabeth B. History of Arctic Sovereignty in North Elliot-Meisel, Michael Byers and Rob Hue- America, Vancouver: Douglas & McIn- bert. Polar Imperative is chronologically or- tyre, 2010 (xiv + 540 pp.; ISBN 978-1- ganised in four parts. Following an intro- 55365-418-6; cloth, CAD 39.95) ductory section, Part I explores early mi- gration to North America and Arctic expe- Among the leading scholars of Northern ditions against the backdrop of the con- and Arctic history of North America, tinent's colonial relationship with Europe Shelagh D. Grant has compiled a career's and Russia. With examples of mercantile worth of research in her latest monograph policies and monarchical aspirations Grant Polar Imperative: A History of Arctic Sovereign- identifies commercial interests, great ty in North America. Grant’s scholarship on power considerations, and nationalist Arctic matters precedes the recent rise of sentiments as the driving forces of Arctic attention conferred upon this region. She ventures, recurring themes that consist- has published widely on Northern history, ently resurface in her ensuing narrative. particularly Inuit history, Northern mythol- Part II investigates the 19th century, i. e. ogy, Arctic historiography and sovereignty. the American purchase of Alaska, the Her most notable publications include apogee of British explorations, the British Sovereignty or Security? (1988) on Canada’s transfer of Rupert’s Land and the Arctic Northern policy between 1936 and 1950 islands to Canada. The United States re- and Arctic Justice: On Trial for Murder, Pond placed Britain as the leading nation in Inlet, 1923 (2002) which explores the com- Arctic exploration by mid-century, after plexities of introducing Canadian jurisdic- the British experienced failed expeditions tion to an Inuit community on Baffin Island. and came to the conclusion that the Arctic With Polar Imperative, Grant now provides was not profitable. The transfer of North- a comparative and comprehensive history ern and Arctic territory and islands to of Arctic sovereignty in North America. Her Canada, a result of both concerns over U.S. grasp extends well beyond the Canadian annexation
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