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Appendix A The Tupo Kings

Tsenpo is the Tibetan word for ruler—Tsenis a according to an ancient local religion. Po means man. The founder of Tupo empire (633–842) was . The dynasty he founded had nine reigns. Songtsen Gampo (617–650), also known as Trisongsen, was the son of Namri Songtsen. He came to power in 629 AD. In 633 AD, he relocated the capital to where he established the Tupo Dynasty. He created the Tibetan military, economic and political institutions, and the Tibetan alphabet. He was a devout Buddhist believer and it was at his behest that the Lhasa City was constructed, including famous buildings such as Potala, Johkang, Romche. During his reign, the relationship with Tang, was peaceful. He married the princesses of Nepal and Tang and received aristocrat titles from the Gaozeng Emperor of . Mangsong Mangtsen (650–676), grandson of Songtsen Gampo. His reign lasted 26 years, during which the society was stable and the empire’s prowess increased; the Region remained the primary religion. Though the relationship with Tang Dynasty remained peaceful, territorial disputes arose between Tupo and the Western Region. (676–704), son of Mangsong Mangtsen. During a reign of 28 years, the ruler introduced tea from inland China. He died in the middle of a campaign to overtake Nanshao. Tridé Tsuktsen (697–755), son of Tri Dusong. During his reign, Tupo main- tained a good relationship with the Tang China. Tridé Tsuktsen married Tang Jincheng Princess. He also made great effort to develop economy and reform the institutions. His 51 year reign ended after he died in a palace revolt. Trisong Detsen (742–797), son of Tridé Tsuktsen and Princess Jincheng. During his 42 year long reign, Tupo reached peak of prosperity. A devout Buddhist, Trisong Detsen built ’s first “three-in-one” (Fo, Fa, Seng) Buddhist monastery—the Sangye Monastery. He also encouraged the development of Tibetan medicine. Also during his reign, he engaged in military expansion. He died at the age of 56.

© Springer Nature Pte Ltd. and Social Sciences Academic Press 2018 241 Q. Li, The Evolution and Preservation of the Old City of Lhasa, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6735-8 242 Appendix A: The Tupo Kings

Muné Tsenpo (775–789), elder son of Trisong Detsen. The ruler died at 24. One theory regarding the cause of his death is that he was poisoned by his anti- mother purportedly for his pro-Buddhism inclinations. Tride Songtsen (?–818), younger brother of Muné Tsenpo. Tride Songtsen is dedicated to the development of Buddhism and maintained good relationship with Tang China. His reign lasted 16 years. Tritsuk Detsen, aka (806–841), was the third son of Tridé Songtsen. A debout Buddhist. His reign lasted 27 years and was strangled to death of anti-Buddhist aristoricrats. (809–846), elder brother of Tritsuk Detsen. His reign lasted 5 years before he died in assassination sponsored by Buddhist believers at the age of 38. Appendix B The Dalai

Dalai, along with Panchan, was one of the two parallel reincarnation systems in the Kelugpa system. The word Dalai originally comes from Mongolian language, means Ocean while is the word for Guru in Tibetan language. Kelugpa, a school of , first came about in the second half of the 14th century. It was founded by . Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), was born in Huangzhong County, Province. In Tibetan language, Huangzhong was named , while Tsongkhapa liter- ally means “the man from Tsongkha.” Tsongkhapa’s Buddhist name Losang Drakpa means Kindness and Wisdom. He joined the order at seven. At the age of 16, he moved to Tibet where he system- atically studied religious classics and other related knowledge. From late 14th century to the early 15th century, he was dedicated to religious reform. During the period, he penned some of his most important works. In 1409, he successfully held the first Monlam Chenmo and subsequently established Gandan Monastery, which was perceived the first Gelugpa Monastery. Tsongkhapa’s most famous works include “Transic Discipline Anointation and Achievements”“Nang Ze Jing Si Suoshuo Biqiu Xuechu”, “Road of Diamond Cidi Secret Important Part explanation”, “All Tanteluo Jixiang Jimi Guangshi Mingdeng Lun Guanzhu”, “Anli Cidi Jieshuo Jimi Yaoyi Interpretation”, “Brilliant Illumination of the Lamp of the Five Stages”, etc. was originally an honorary title that Mongolian Tümed leader presented to the 3rd Dalai Lama Sonam Gyatso. His predecessors were posthumously recognized as the first generation and second Dalai Lamas. In the 10th year of Shunzhi (1653), the 5th Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso was given the title by the Chinese as Xitian Dashan Zi Zai Fosuoling Tianxia Shijiao Putong Wachiladanla Dalai Lama. This was seen as the Chinese central authority’s recognition of Dalai Lama’s political and religious authority in Tibet. The 1st Dalai Lama: Gendun Drup (1391–1474), born in Xiadui near Monastery in region. He was a student of the scholar and reformer Je Tsongkhapa. In 1447 (Zhengtong Reign of Ming), he built founded the major monastery of Tashilhunpo at Shigatse, which later became the seat of the Panchen Lamas.

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and Social Sciences Academic Press 2018 243 Q. Li, The Evolution and Preservation of the Old City of Lhasa, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6735-8 244 Appendix B: The Dalai Lamas

The 2nd Dalai Lama: Gendun Gyatso (1475–1542), he was born in Tanak, Shigatse region. He was the abbots of Tashilhunpo, Drepung and Sera and founded the Monastery of Chokorgyel in Southern Tibet. The 3rd Dalai Lama: Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588), was born near Lhasa in Duilong Deqing. He was the abbot of two monasteries—Deprong and Sera and founded Chunke Monastery in Lithang. During the reign of Wanli Emperor of Ming Dynasty, he was invited by Altan Khan to Qinghai and received the title All-knowing Waqier Ladanla Dalai Lama. Later he was invited by the Khan to prosetylise in Inner , where he died in 1588. The 4th Dalai Lama: (1589–1616) Yonten Gyatso, was a prince of the Mongolian Chokur tribe—he was the great-grandson of Altan Khan of the Tümed . In 1602, he was invited to go to Tibet by three major Tibetan monas- teries. He was the abbots of Deprong and . The 5th Dalai Lama (1617–1682) Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso: born in Chonggye Valley of Ü-Tsangregion. Due much to his effort, Tibet reached unification in 1642. With the support from the Lhan, he established Ganden Phodrangregime. In 1645, at his behest, was rebuilt. In 1652, the Dalai Lama went to to meet with Emperor Shunzhi. The next year on his returning trip, he received the title “Dalai Lama, Overseer of the Buddhist Faith on Earth Under the Great Benevolent Self-subsisting Buddha of the Western Paradise” and other symbol items including a golden album and seal. The : Tsangyang Gyatso (1683–1706). Born in Menyu, Southern Tibet. Tsangyang Gyatso is known for his literary talent, in particular his poetry writing. He was born into a turbulent era caused by the death of the Fifth Dalai Lama. His title was later rescinded by the Emperor Kangxi. He himself died on the way when he was sent to Beijing for interrogation. The 7th Dalai Lama: Kelzang Gyatso, (1708–1757). Kelzang Gyatso was born in Lithang of Kuam region. In 1720, he was enthroned in Lhasa. During his reign, significant incidents include the Ü-Tsang War and the establishment of the Amban System, the 1750 Rebellion and the establishment of System. During his reign, the famous was built. His family resided in the Sanzhu Phodrangin Jidui Alleyway. The 8th Dalai Lama: Jamphel Gyatso (1758–1804) was born in the Upper Ü- Tsang region of southwestern Tibet. In 1788 there was a conflict with Nepali wool traders leading to a skirmish with the Gurkhas. In 1790 the Gurk has invaded southern Tibet and conquered several provinces including Nya-nang and Kyi-drong. The city of Shigatse and the Tashilhunpo Monastery were captured and looted but the Gurkhas were driven back to Nepal in 1791. At the behest of Emperor Qianlong, he, along with the Amban FuKhang Nga, the Seventh Panchan Lama Bainima signed on the 29 Articles on Better Governing Tibet, and the ordinance had been in use until the end of the . The Family Members, referred to as the Lalu Family, resided in the Lalu Gacai Courtyard to the North of Potala Palace before they were merged into the family of the 12th Dalai Lama. The 9th Dalai Lama: Longduo Gyatso (1805–1815) was born in Dengke, Region (today part of the province). Appendix B: The Dalai Lamas 245

The 10th Dalai Lama: Tsultrim Gyatso (1816–1837). Born in Litang, Kham Region. His family followed him to live in Lhasa near Yuthog Zampa. The 11th Dalai Lama: Khedrup Gyatso (1838–1855), born in today’s Training, Sichuan province. His reign saw war between Tibet and Nepal, which led to signing of the Tibet Nepalese Treaty. The family of the 11th Dalai Lama family resided at the Punkhang Courtyard at Shasarzurn Number Two Alleyway, to the north of Jokang. The 12th Dalai Lama: Trinley Gyatso (1856–1875), born in Niangbu in Ü-Tsang region. In 1865 he ordered military intervention into tribal conflicts in the Kham region in today’s Sichuan (Zhandui Incident). The Tibetan forces occupied Zhandui rapidly and restored the transportation line between Tibet and China. Afterwards, the Qing government granted Zhandui to the Dalai Lama as a gift. In addition, the Tibetan local government also combined the family of the 12th Dalai Lama and the 8th Dalai Lama, both having shared the Lalu Family name. They would continue to reside in the Lalu Gacai Residence. The : Thubten Gyatso (1876–1933). Born in Thakpo Langdol near Lhasa. During his reign, Tibet saw great social changes. Failing to fend off a British incursion, he went on an exile—first to Mongolia, inland China and then Inida. After Xinhai Revolution, he returned to Tibet and set about to implement a reform. In 1933, he died. The KMT government sent Huang Musong, the general secretary of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission to enter Tibet to attend his funeral and posthu morously rewarded him the title “Master of protecting the state, promoting enlightenment, universal kindness and high achievement”. His family resided in Yabshi Langdol on Jinzhu Road. The : Tenzin Gyatso (1935–present). Born in Huangzhong county, Qinghai Province. After New China established, the Dalai Lama sent a delegation to Beijing, who signed on the 17 Articles Document on his behalf. In 1959, the Dalai Lama fled to where he continued to engage in seperationalist activities. His family residence was Yabshi Taktser, on the Beijing Middle Road. Today, this building was renamed Tibetan Autonomous Region Second Guesthouse. References

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I first visited Lhasa on a work-related trip in 2001. During the subsequent decade, I visited the city at least once a year. Over these years, I got to know the city and went from being but a random observer to being a student and a passionate admirer. I am as enthralled by the city’s breathtaking beauty as I am pained by the sight of the damages it has suffered. Over the course of a millennium, the Old City of Lhasa has become a treasure trove of historical heritage sites and cultural relics. These gems never failed to amaze me and continued to shape my academic interests in the city. While limited time and energy often made it difficult for me to focus fully on preparing the manuscript, I was always committed to finishing the project, driven largely by sustained concern for both the inherent value of the city and the growing number of problems in its development process. The book is a distillation of what I have learned about the Old City of Lhasa over the years and an expression of my deep feelings towardsit. I trace my motivation to undertake this project and the font of information from which I consistently drew while completing it to two main sources. One includes my experiences roaming the streets and alleyways in the Old City, being awed by the buildings, old and new, exposure to the city’s rich and unique cultural heritage, and all the related references; the other is the generous help and insightful sug- gestions from friends. Here I would especially like to thank the following indi- viduals: Chilie Dorje, Party secretary of District, Kelsang Phuntsok, chief of Lhasa Urban Construction Bureau, Song Yuzhang and Yao Yu’e, deputy chief and division chief of Lhasa Municipal Bureau of Land Resources and city Planning respectively, Jing Yongchun, deputy chief of Lhasa Administration of Cultural Heritage, Nima Yundan, former deputy chief of Chengguan district, Losang Nyandrak and Lhakpa Tsering, former chiefs of Housing and Urban-Rural Development Bureau of Chengguan district, Gelsang Palmo, general manager of Chengguan District Real Estate Company, Cao Pengcheng and Zhang Yong from Barkor Old City Administration Committee, Thundruk Tenzin, Gao Wei, Bianba, Dawa Tsering, coordinators of the Tibet Development and Poverty Alleviation Programme of UNDP. Numerous other friends and associates provided me with help of one kind or another throughout the research and writing process, to all of

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. and Social Sciences Academic Press 2018 255 Q. Li, The Evolution and Preservation of the Old City of Lhasa, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6735-8 256 Epilogue whom I am deeply grateful. I will forever cherish the memories of the wonderful time we spent together in the Old City of Lhasa. I owe a great debt of gratitude to my family, a reliable source of firm and steady support and encouragement. Thanks also go to Mr. Liu Jun, division chief at China International Center for Economic and Technical Exchanges, professor Maria Csanádi of Institute of Economics at Hungarian Academy of Sciences, assistant professor Ferenc Gyuris of Department of Regional Science at Eötvös Loránd University, Professor Dan Zhu, College of Business, Iowa State University, pro- fessor Ye Yumin of City Planning and Management Department at Renmin University of China, Professor Xiao Jincheng of Institute of Spatial Planning and Regional Economy affiliated to National Development and Reform Commission. Ms. Zhou Li, Gao Jing, Gao Yan and Li Yan, who are professional advisor or editors at Social Sciences Academic Press and Springer respectively, have been instrumental in the publication of this book. Finally, it would be amiss not to mention the important contributions by three people to this project. Eric Mu did a fine job translating the book, Tenzin Dolkar, Associate Professor of Tourism in Tibet University’s School of Tourism and Foreign Language who gave the professional revision and indispensable effort on the translation,, and Wang Chuhan made sure all the figures in the book are of adequate quality. Given the urgent need for urbanization in China, greater research efforts are in order to explore a growing number of theoretical and practical issues about the preservation of historical and cultural heritage and how it relates to social economic development. I look forward to continuing to leave my own mark in this worthy field.

Li Qing June 13, 2017