Watch Innovation: A Timeline of Firsts Max Reddick 2012 Milestones in Bold 1275 Verge Escapement 1485 Clock Sketch fusee da Vinci, Leonardo Italian 1524 Pocket Watch (Apocryphal) Henlein, Peter German 1584 Cross-Beat Escapement Bürgi, Jost Swiss 1595 Remontoire Bürgi, Jost Swiss 1632 Enamel Painting Technique Toutin, Jean French 1637 Pendulum (Conceptual) Galileo Italian 1656 Pendulum Clock Huygens Dutch

1660 Anchor Escapement Hooke, Robert English

Spiral balance spring in place of 1675 Huygens Dutch pendulum 1687 Bell Repeater Quare, Daniel English 1700 Duplex Escapement Hooke, Robert English Debaufre, Peter & Jacob, 1704 Rubies - Jewel bearings French Facio, Nicolas 1704 Frictionless Debaufre Escapement Debaufre, Peter French 1710 5 minute repeater Watson, Samuel English Vacuum Chamber (glass) - coins word 1714 chronometer; winding rods; suspending Thacker, Jeremy English in gimbals 1715 Dead Beat Escapement Graham, George English Gridiron - a bi-metallic pendulum for a 1727 Harrison, James & John English clock, grasshopper escapement 1735 H-1 Clock: Frictionless Harrison, John and James English H-2 Clock: Uniform drive, temperature 1741 Harrison, John English compensating device 1748 Detent Escapement (Conceptual) Le Roy, Pierre French 1750 Lever Escapement Mudge, Thomas English 1750 Enamel on watch dials Bi-metallic strip and equivalent of 1753 winding rods (kept running during Jeffries, John English winding) in Pocket Watch H-3 Clock: Bi-metallic strip, caged ball 1757 Harrison, John English bearings Marine Chronometer H4: Jewels for anti- 1759 friction, miniaturized and need for it, Harrison, John English modified verge escapement 1770 Self-Winding Pocket Watch (Rotor) Perrele, Abraham-Louis French 1775 Detent Escapement (Working) Arnold, John English 1776 Chronograph Concept for projectiles Pouzait, Jean-Moïse Swiss

1777 Independent Sweep Seconds Hand Pouzait, Jean-Moïse Swiss Pocket Watch Pocket 1783 Gong for Minute Repeater Breguet, Abraham-Louis French 1783 Arabic Numerals Breguet, Abraham-Louis French 1786 Guillochet Dial Breguet, Abraham-Louis French 1786 Blued Hands Breguet, Abraham-Louis French The Key (Breguet Key) - prevents being 1786 Breguet, Abraham-Louis French wound backwards

1790 Pare-chute anti-shock device Breguet, Abraham-Louis French Watch Pocket 1794 Retrograde Display Mechanism Breguet, Abraham-Louis French 1795 Tourbillon Breguet, Abraham-Louis French 1795 Flat Spiral balance spring with overcoil Breguet, Abraham-Louis French 1799 Tact - presents time by touch Breguet, Abraham-Louis French Echappement naturel: no oil double- 1802 Breguet, Abraham-Louis French escaped wheeled chronometer 1821 Chronograph: tape Rieussec, Nicolas Mathieu French 1830 First Keyless winding watch Breguet French 1830 Jumping Hour Blondeau French Chronograph: Stop/Start Second Hand 1831 Winnerl, Joseph Thaddeus Austrian (Slow to Return) 1838 Keyless stem winding Audemars, Louis Swiss Philipe, Adrien (later of 1842 Keyless winding through crown French Patke Philipe) Millionometre: Measuring Instrument 1844 LeCoultre, Antoine French to 1/1000 of a millimeter Re-Set (Instant) Chronograph: Lever w 1844 Nicole, Adolphe Swiss Heart Shaped Cam 1853 Dual Time Zone Tissot Swiss 1868 Wristwatch Patek Phillipe Swiss Chronograph mounted to back of 1868 Baud, Auguste Swiss movement instead of under dial 1868 Chronograph Clutch Pinion Heuer, Edouard Swiss 1876 Pin-Pallet Escapement (Inexpensive) Roskopf, Georges Frederic Swiss 1877 Palladium Balance Spring Paillard, Charles-Auguste French 1878 Column Wheel Chronograph Longines Swiss 1886 Anti-reflective coating Lord Rayleigh English Invar & Elinvar Temperature Resistant 1896 Guillaume, Charles Edouard Swiss Balance Springs Montgomery Safety Dial: Sante Fe Waltham (Henry S. 1896 American Railroad Montgomery) 1902 Luminous Paint: Radium Hammer, William J. American 1903 Artificial Sapphire Verneuil, August French Cartier, Louis and Jaeger, 1904 Pilot's Watch: Santos French Edmond 1908 Luminous Paint: Radium (Production) Kunz, George (Tiffany & Co) American

1910 Deployment Folding Clasp Cartier French Wristwatch Wrist Chronometer Awarded (School of 1910 Rolex English Horology) 1912 Army Wristwatch Protection Grid Movado Swiss 1914 Alarm on wristwatch Eterna Swiss 1914 Radium Dials USA 1923 Self-Winding Wrist Watch Harwood, John English First Independent Chronograph push 1923 Breitling Swiss device: one button 1925 Perpetual Calendar Patek Philippe Swiss 1926 Water-Proof Watch: Oyster Rolex English 1927 Quartz Clock Bell Labs American Atmos Clock wound by temperature Reutter, Jean-Léon (1935 1928 Swiss change Jaeger-LeCoultre) 1929 Anti-magnetic watch Tissot Swiss 1932 Dive Watch: Marine 135m (443ft) Omega Swiss 1932 Screw-in crown for dive watch: Pasha Cartier Swiss 1933 Power Reserve (Concept) Breguet French 1933 Nivarox balance-spring Nivarox Swiss 1933 Push Button Chronograph - 2 button Breitling Swiss 1934 Skeleton Pocket Watch Audemars Piguet Swiss

1935 Dive Watch Luminous Panerai Italian Wristwatch 1936 Fly Back Chronograph Longines French 1937 Modular Chronograph Dubois Depraz Swiss Chronograph Hour Counter Sub-Dial 1937 Universal Gneve Swiss (Previously 30 minutes) 1939 Sidereal Time Breguet French Chronograph: Pivoting Heart Lever 1941 Jacot-Guyot, Henri Swiss Concept 1942 Circular Slide Rule: Chronomat Breitling Swiss 1945 Date Rolex Swiss 1948 Power Reserve Production Jaeger-LeCoultre Swiss Dive Watch 200 meters (656 feet): 1954 Rolex Swiss Submariner 1956 Day Date Rolex Swiss 1957 Electric Watch Hamilton USA 1962 Scratch-proof watch: Diastar Rado Swiss Automatic, Self-Winding Chronograph Breitling, Heuer, Hamilton, 1969 Swiss (Chronomatics) Dubois Depraz 1969 Quartz Wristwatch Seiko: Astron Japan 1969 El Primero - Auto Chronograph (Second) Zenith Swiss 1970 Titanium Watch Citizen Japan 1970 Digital Watch: Pulsar Hamilton American Helium Escape Valve: Sea-Dweller 610 1971 Rolex Swiss meters (2000 feet) 1972 First Stainless Steel Watch: Royal Oak Audemars Piguet Swiss

1972 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Longines & Seiko Swiss, Japan QuartzCrisis Pocket Quartz Sports Timer 1/100th: 1973 Heuer Swiss Microsplit 820 Valjoux 7750 Chronograph Movement - 1974 Valjoux Swiss Pivoting Heart Lever Production

1978 Double Axis Tourbillon Concept Randall, Anthony G. English QuartzCrisis 1978 Double Axis Tourbillion (clock) Good, Richard English 1980 Co-Axial Escapement Daniels, George English

1986 Self-winding tourbillon Audemars Piguet Swiss

1986 Ceramic Pieces on Case, Bracelet Rado Swiss 1987 Analog/Digital Display Tissot Swiss 1995 Micro-Transmitter: Emergency Breitling Swiss 1995 Diapal (oil free escapement) Sinn German 1999 Co-Axial Watch Omega Swiss 1999 GPS Casio Japan

1999 Spring Drive Seiko Japan Neo-Mechanical 2000 Ceramic Watch: J12 Chanel French 2000 Silicon Dual Direct Escapement: Freak Ulysse Nardin Swiss 2002 Diamonsil Ulysse Nardin Swiss 2002 Ice Hardening Cases Sinn / Damasko German 2003 Tourbillon: Flying Double-Axis Prescher, Thomas German 2003 Tegimented Case (1200 Vickers) Sinn / Damasko German Tourbillon: Flying Double-Axis, Constant 2004 Prescher, Thomas German Force 2004 Tourbillon: Triple-Axis, Constant Force Prescher, Thomas German 2004 Titanium Balance Wheel Breguet French 2004 Terminal Curve Balance Spring DeBethune Swiss 2004 Hardest Watch: V10K Rado Swiss Silicon Escape Wheel (Lever 2005 Patek Philippe Swiss Escapement) 2006 Spiromax Balance Spring (Silinvar) Patek Philippe Swiss 2006 Silicon/Platinum Balance Wheel DeBethune Swiss 2006 Gyroturbillion Jaeger-LeCoultre Swiss Cerachrom Bezel: 50th Anniversary 2007 Rolex Swiss GMT Lubricant Free Watch: Master 2007 Jaeger-LeCoultre Swiss Compressor Extreme Lab 2008 Constant Escapement Girrard Perrageaux Swiss 2009 Liquid Metal (with Ceramic): Bezel Omega Swiss 2010 Double Barrel Chronograph Gallet Swiss Pendulum Concept: Magnetic 2010 Tag Heuer Swiss

Oscillation without hairspring NouveauMaterials Speed & Independent Dead Beat Seconds: One 2010 Grönefeld Dutch Hertz 2010 10 Hz Watch: Type XXII ref. 3880 Breguet French 2010 Magnetic Governor Breguet French 1/100th Second 2011 Tag Heuer Swiss

(Mechanical):Mikrograph NouveauMaterials Speed & 500Hz (1/1000th Second): Mikrotimer 2011 Tag Heuer Swiss (Mechanical) 2012 Duomètre Sphérotourbillion Jaeger-LeCoultre Swiss 2012 Magic Gold (1000 Vickers) Hublot Swiss