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Invar, Established a New Standard in the Way Precise Surveying Measurements Were Made, Both in Reliability and Accuracy
I N VA R The Breakthrough for a Low Expansion Alloy he discovery of the low expansion alloy, Invar, established a new standard in the way precise surveying measurements were made, both in reliability and accuracy. It became the first successful attempt to produce a metal alloy exhibiting a nearly zero coefficient of thermal expansion. In 1889, James Riley of Glasgow, Scotland, brought before the Iron and Steel Institute his investigations into the making of an alloy through a series of tests which combined up to 49 percent nickel with iron. Seven years later, in 1896, Charles Edouard Guillaume, a Swiss-born metallurgist and employee with the International Bureau of Weights and Measures near Paris, began looking specifically for an alloy to be used for surveyors’ wires that would not noticeably change when exposed to temperature variations. While experimenting with nickel contents between 30 and 60 percent, Guillaume discovered the coefficient of expansion at room temperature was lowest when mixing a nickel content of 36 percent with 64 percent iron. Since his new alloy exhibited the least amount of thermal expansion, and because Guillaume considered it invariable, it quickly became known as “Invar”. In 1920, Guillaume was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of Invar >> By Jerry Penry, PS Displayed with permission • The American Surveyor • Vol. 9 No. 10 • Copyright 2012 Cheves Media • www.Amerisurv.com The Sokkia BIS30 3-meter Invar bar code leveling staff in use during a high precision survey. Image courtesy of Sokkia Corporation. Displayed with permission • The American Surveyor • Vol. 9 No. -
Winter Antiques & Fine Art Auction
Winter Antiques Winter & Art Auction Fine Wednesday 27, Thursday 28 & Friday 29 November 2019 Thursday 28 & Friday 29 November 27, Wednesday Winter Antiques & Fine Art Auction Wednesday 27, Thursday 28 & Friday 29 November 2019 Chris Ewbank, FRICS, ASFAV Andrew Ewbank, BA, ASFAV John Snape, BA, ASFAV Alastair McCrea, MA Senior partner Partner Partner Partner [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Andrew Delve, MA, ASFAV Tim Duggan, ASFAV Andrea Machen, Cert GA Emily Angus, BA, FGA Partner Partner Jewellery Specialist Gemmologist [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Front cover: Lot 1137 Inside front cover: Lots 1, 2099 & 2036 Back cover: Lot 385 WINTER ANTIQUES & FINE ART AUCTION Surrey & Hampshire’s Premier Auctioneers & Valuers Winter Antiques & Fine Art Auction Jewellery & Costume Jewellery, Watches, Coins, Silver Plate, Silver, Fine Art, Ceramics & Glass, Collectables & Militaria, Books & Maps, Works of Art & Tea Caddies, Clocks, Antique Furniture and Persian Rugs SALE: Wednesday 27, Thursday 28 & Friday 29 November 2019 from 9.30am VIEWING: Saturday 23 November 10am - 2pm Monday 25 November 9am - 5pm Tuesday 26 November 9am - 7pm Days of Sale For the fully illustrated catalogue, to leave commission bids, and to register for Ewbank’s Live Internet Bidding please visit our website: www.ewbankauctions.co.uk The Burnt Common Auction Rooms London Road, Send, Surrey GU23 7LN Tel +44 (0)1483 223101 E-mail: [email protected] Buyer’s Premium at 28.8% inclusive of VAT, is payable on every lot in this sale. -
Special-Purpose Nickel Alloys
© 2000 ASM International. All Rights Reserved. www.asminternational.org ASM Specialty Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys (#06178G) Special-Purpose Nickel Alloys NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS have a number of meet special needs. The grades considered in ganese, and copper, a 0.005% limit on iron, and unique properties, or combinations of proper- this section include the following: a 0.02% limit on carbon. This high purity re- ties, that allow them to be used in a variety of sults in lower coefficient of expansion, electri- specialized applications. For example, the high • Nickel 200 (99.6% Ni, 0.04% C) cal resistivity, Curie temperature, and greater resistivity (resistance to flow of electricity) and • Nickel 201 (99.6% Ni, 0.02% C maximum) ductility than those of other grades of nickel heat resistance of nickel-chromium alloys lead • Nickel 205 (99.6% Ni, 0.04% C, 0.04% Mg) and makes Nickel 270 especially useful for to their use as electric resistance heating ele- • Nickel 233 (see composition in table that fol- some electronics applications such as compo- ments. The soft magnetic properties of lows) nents of hydrogen thyratrons and as a substrate nickel-iron alloys are employed in electronic • Nickel 270 (99.97% Ni) for precious metal cladding. devices and for electromagnetic shielding of computers and communication equipment. Iron- Composition limits and property data on sev- eral of these grades can be found in the article nickel alloys have low expansion characteris- Resistance Heating Alloys tics as a result of a balance between thermal ex- “Wrought Corrosion-Resistant Nickels and pansion and magnetostrictive changes with Nickel Alloys” in this Handbook. -
BSTJ 27: 3. July 1948: the Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock
The Evolution of the Quartz Crystal Clock* By WARREN A. MARRISON SOME of the earliest documents in human history relate to man's interest in timekeeping. This interest arose partly because of his curiosity about the visible world around him, and partly because the art of time measure- ment became an increasingly important part of living as the need for cooper- ation between the members of expanding groups increased. There are still in existence devices believed to have been made by the Egyptians six thousand years ago for the purpose of telling time from the stars, and there is good reason to believe that they were in quite general use by the better educated people of that period. 1 Since that period there has been a continuous use and improvement of timekeeping methods and devices, following sometimes quite independent lines, but developing through a long series of new ideas and refinements into the very precise means at our disposal today. The art of timekeeping and time measurement is of very great value, both from its direct social use in permitting time tables and schedules to be made, and in its relation to other arts and the sciences in which the measurement of rate and duration assume ever increasing importance. The early history of timekeeping was concerned almost entirely with the first of these and for many centuries the chief purpose of timekeeping devices was to provide means for the approximate subdivision of the day, particularly of the day- light hours. The most obvious events marking the passage of time were the rising and setting of the sun and its continuous apparent motion from east to west through the sky. -
Product Manual CH-4434 Hölstein Phone +41 61 956 11 11 Fax +41 61 951 20 65 [email protected] Contents
Oris SA Ribigasse 1 Product Manual CH-4434 Hölstein Phone +41 61 956 11 11 Fax +41 61 951 20 65 [email protected] www.oris.ch Contents. 7 English Introduction . 9 Adjusting Oris watches to fit the wrist . 20 Watches with leather straps . 20 Starting Oris watches . 10 Watches with rubber straps . 20 Crown positions . 10 Watches with metal bracelets . 20 Standard crown . 10 Fine adjustment of folding clasps . 20 Screw-down crown . 10 Crown with Oris Quick Lock system (QLC) . 10 Notes . 22 Screw-down pushers . 10 Accuracy . 22 Automatic winding watches . 11 Chronometer . 22 Manual winding watches . 11 Water-resistance . 24 Use and maintenance . 24 Setting and operating Oris watches . 12 Date, day of the week and time . 12 Technical information and Setting the date . 12 summary tables . 26 Worldtimer . 12 Pictograms . 26 Worldtimer with 3rd time zone and compass . 13 Metals for cases and straps . 27 2nd time zone on outer rotating bezel . 14 PVD coatings . 27 2nd time zone indicator on inner rotating Sapphire crystal . 27 bezel with vertical crown . 14 Mineral glass . 28 2nd time zone with additional 24 hr hand . 14 Plexi glass . 28 2nd time zone with additional 24 hr hand and Luminescent dials and hands . 28 city markers on the rotating bezel . 14 Metal bracelets, leather and rubber straps . 28 Chronograph . 15 Lunar calendar . 29 Complication . 15 Time zones . 30 Regulator . 16 Movements . 30 Pointer calendar . 16 Alarm with automatic winding . 16 International guarantee for Oris watches . 32 Tachymeter scale – measuring speeds . 17 Telemeter scale – measuring distances . 17 Proof of ownership . -
Charles-É. Guillaume
C HARLES - É . G UILLAUME Invar and elinvar Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1920 The anomaly of nickel steels Discovery of the anomaly - In 1889 the General Conference on Weights and Measures met at Sèvres, the seat of the International Bureau. It performed the first great deed dictated by the motto inscribed in the pediment of the splendid edifice that is the metric system : "A tous les temps, a tous les peuples" (For all times, to all peoples); and this deed consisted in the approval and distribution, among the governments of the states supporting the Metre Con- vention, of prototype standards of hitherto unknown precision intended to propagate the metric unit throughout the whole world. These prototypes were indeed noteworthy. They were made of a plati- num-iridium alloy developed by Henri Sainte-Claire-Deville which com- bined all the qualities of hardness, permanence, and resistance to chemical agents which rendered it suitable for making into standards required to last for centuries. Yet their high price excluded them from the ordinary field of science; at that time a single metre actually cost 7,000 crowns - and how much more today! A less costly answer had to be sought since between these precious proto- types and standards affording only uncertain guarantees there was a gap which nothing could fill. I first examined this problem in 1891 and soon discovered the really ex- cellent properties of pure nickel and still today this is the metal used to make a non-oxidizable standard, unaffected by the passage of time, rigid and of average expansibility. -
Purchasing Policies PDF Opens in New Window
Revised June 4, 2020 Table of Contents SECTION 1 – LCCC BOARD OF TRUSTEES Bylaws Lehigh Carbon Community College Board of Trustees .............................................................................................. 1-1 Article I Definitions.............................................................................................................................................. 1-1 Article II Authorization ......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Article III Board of Trustees Membership .............................................................................................................. 1-1 Article IV Officers .................................................................................................................................................. 1-2 Article V Election of Officers ................................................................................................................................ 1-2 Article VI Meetings ................................................................................................................................................ 1-2 Article VII Committees ........................................................................................................................................... 1-3 Article VIII Order of Business ............................................................................................................................. 1-3 Article -
Auction House KANERZ ART PUBLIC SALE PRESTIGE ITEMS
Auction House KANERZ ART PUBLIC SALE PRESTIGE ITEMS Watches, Jewelry, Goldsmithing, Asian & African Art, Paintings, Fashion, Books including Law & Medicine, Art of Living, Furniture, Sculptures, Bronzes... Sunday, May 24th, 2020, at 2 PM Part I (10 AM to 12 AM) Jewelry, Watches, Lifestyle, Books, Medals, Asian Art… Part II (2 PM to 6 PM) African Art, Silverware, Bronze, Furniture, Paintings, Porcelain... The sale is broadcast live with possibility of online auction on Exhibition and sale in the room will take place under sanitary conditions in accordance with government recommendations (barrier gestures & limitation of the number of people in the room at the same time). In order to respect the distances on the day of the sale, only 20 people will be admitted upon registration. Exhibition of the lots: Thursday May 21 & Friday May 22, from 9 AM to 6 PM without interruption, Saturday May 23, from 10 AM to 2 PM. Sales Expert for Asian Items: PHILIPPE DELALANDE EXPERTISE 23 rue Lemercier 75017 Paris, France Tel: +33 (0) 6 83 11 24 71 Email: [email protected] All the lots are in photo on the site of the House of sale: www.encheres-luxembourg.lu Contact : [email protected] GSM : (+352) 621.612.226 Place of the sale: 35 Rue Kennedy, L-7333 Steinsel Free Parking Photos, pre-orders and general conditions of sale can be found on the website of the auction house KANERZ ART at www.encheres-luxembourg.lu. The sale is broadcast live with possibility of online and live auction on www.auction.fr Maison de Ventes KANERZ ART The visits will be an opportunity for buyers to get a clear idea of the desired objects beyond the formal description of the catalog. -
NATURE Obituary Notices
No. 3590, AUGUST 20, 1938 NATURE 321 Obituary Notices Dr. A. E. H. Tutton, F.R.S. magnificent crystals with six molecules of water. In LFRED EDWIN HOWARD TUTTON, who all, ninety-one salts were studied, and the results A died on July 14, was born on August 22, communicated in about fifty papers from 1890 until 1864, at Cheadle Moseley, now the Edgeley district 1929. As a result of this painstaking and accurate of the borough of Stockport. He attended science work, it was established that the crystallographic classes at the Stockport Mechanics Institute and properties vary regularly with the atomic weights also the evening courses in chemistry of Prof. of the interchangeable elements. The same result Roscoe at Owens College, Manchester. In 1883 was established for the perchlorates and double he went to the Normal School of Science (later the chroma.tes of the alkalis. This work could be brought Royal College of Science) and Royal School of into relation with the structures as revealed by the Mines, South Kensington, with an exhibition, which X-rays when this new method became available. In he took in preference to a scholarship which he had carrying out his crystallographic investigations gained for Owens College. During his period as a Tutton showed the greatest ingenuity in devising student, Huxley was professor of biology, Frankland and perfecting the measuring instruments, so that his of chemistry, Guthrie of physics, Judd of geology methods became well known as representing the and Lockyer of astronomy, and a fellow-student highest standard of crystallographic research. was H. -
The Legacy of Charles-Édouard Guillaume Swiss Perspective
The legacy of Charles-Édouard Guillaume Swiss perspective Philippe RICHARD Federal institute of metrology METAS Director Guillaume and Switzerland – Charles-Édouard Guillaume was born in Fleurier in Val de Travers on 15 February 1861. The city of Fleurier has two Nobel laureates! – From a watchmaking family, he focused part of his research on precision watchmaking and collaborated all his life with the watchmaking circles in his birth region. – Even after 53 years devoted to the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Charles-Édouard Guillaume Guillaume’s family home in Fleurier remained deeply attached to Switzerland. © Fondation C.-E. Guillaume, Fleurier 2 Guillaume and Switzerland – In Switzerland, the memory of Charles-Édouard Guillaume, who became famous for his Nobel prize, is strongly associated with his work on precision horology. On the opening of one of the conferences he gave at La Chaux de Fonds, he declared: « Quand on parcourt les montagnes neuchâteloises, on est frappé par l’importance de l’horlogerie. » [When you walk in the mountains of the Neuchâtel region you are stunned by the importance of horology.] – In 1815, Charles-Frédéric Guillaume, Charles-Édouard Guillaume’s grandfather, sought refuge in England where he married a descendant of Revocation refugees who came from the Neuchâtel region. – They started a family and had three boys and established a horology activity. Charles-Édouard Guillaume’s father, who grew up in London before going back to Switzerland, became in turn a horologist. He is also highly educated and passed on to Charles-Édouard the taste for knowledge and horology. 3 Precision horology − The discovery of invar was an opportunity to return to the family tradition. -
Manuel Du Mouvement Mouvement Sont Disponibles Sur Le Site
ISTRUZIONI/INSTRUCTIONS PANERAI 2016 Cover 135x135 new.indd 1 18/02/16 12:49 SOMMARIO - CONTENTS B B Italiano 3 C C 4 F F English 4 A A 18 Français 6 32 Deutsch 8 46 10 G Español 62 D D E Português 12 E 76 Türkçe 14 90 16 104 Pусский 18 118 0 1 2 20 134 22 146 WINDING CROWN HOURS MINUTES SMALL SECONDS 䚐ạ㛨 24 (A) (B) (C) (D) 158 (E) SECOND TIME ZONE (F) SECOND TIME ZONE (G) POWER RESERVE INDICATOR* *DEPENDING ON THE MODEL PICTURES SHOWN ARE FOR ILLUSTRATION PURPOSE ONLY. ACTUAL PRODUCT MAY VARY.* ISTRUZIONI PER L’USO REGOLAZIONE DELLA DATA L’orologio dispone di un meccanismo di cambio data graduale, con un CARICA DELL’OROLOGIO avanzamento che impiega circa 3 ore per completarsi: dalle 22.00 alla 1.00, 1. Il Suo orologio è dotato di un movimento meccanico a carica automatica con uno scarto di ± 30 minuti. Questa specifica modalità di cambio data è con riserva di carica (G) di 3 giorni. Qualora l’orologio rimanesse fermo per ispirata alla tradizione meccanica dell’orologeria Svizzera e consente di un lungo periodo, si consiglia di ricaricarlo ruotando per alcuni giri in senso regolare il datario in entrambe le direzioni, procedendo in avanti oppure a orario la corona di carica (A). Svitare la corona di carica (A) e ruotarla, senza ritroso. Per aggiornare l’indicazione della data occorre: estrarla , in senso orario fino all’arresto. (posizione 0) 1. Svitare la corona di carica ed estrarla al primo scatto (posizione 1). In 2. -
Fine Products Pricelist 2019
FINE PRODUCTS PRICELIST 2019 www.absolutesounds.com www.absolutesounds.com AUDIO RESEARCH £ CD6SE CD Player - 24bit 192kHz DAC, S/PDIF and USB inputs, SE/O, Bal/O analogue outputs, D/O 9500 VSI 75 Vacuum Tube Integrated Amplifier KT150, SE/I, Analogue Inputs 8498 FOUNDATION SERIES PH9 Hybrid Phono Preamplifier, Impedance Adjustment, RC, SE-I/O 7998 LS28 VT Line Stage Preamplifier RC, A-V Loop, SE-I/O, Bal-I/O 7998 DAC9 24bit 384kHz and DSD DAC, S/PDIF and USB inputs, SE/O, Bal/O analogue outputs 7998 VT80-SE-I VT Amplifier with KT150 (75w stereo), Bal-I, compatible with KT120, 6550, KT88 8998 2 3 www.absolutesounds.com www.absolutesounds.com AUDIO RESEARCH £ REFERENCE SERIES REFERENCE PHONO 3 VT Reference Phono Stage Preamplifier, RC, SE-I/O, BAL-O 14500 REFERENCE PHONO 10 VT Reference Standard Phono Stage Preamplifier, RC, Separate Power supply, SE-I/O, Bal-O 31998 REFERENCE CD9SE VT Reference CD Player with DAC, 24bit 192kHz, RC, USB input SE-O, Bal-O, DO 14500 REFERENCE 6 VT Reference Standard Line Stage Preamplifier, RC, SE-I/O, Bal-I/O A-V Loop 14500 REFERENCE 10 VT Reference Standard Line Stage Preamplifier/Separate Power supply, RC, A-V Loop ,SE-I/O, Bal-I/O 31998 REFERENCE 75SE VT Reference Standard Amplifier with KT150 (75w stereo), Bal-I 9998 REFERENCE 160S VT Reference Stereo Amplifier, Transparent Face Plate with KT150 Vacuum Tubes (140w Stereo), auto Bias, Triode/ultra linear switchable, Bal-IN/SE-IN, Available early 2019 tba REFERENCE 250SE VT Reference Standard Amplifier with KT150 (250w mono), Bal-I each 17998 REFERENCE