ISSN 1020-3362 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter Bulletin de Ressources Phytogénétiques Noticiario de Recursos Fitogenéticos

No. 125, 2001

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture et l'institut international des ressources phytogénétiques Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación y el Instituto Internacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos Editorial Bureau de Oficina de Office rédaction Redacción

Managing Editor Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter IPGRI Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino) Rome, Italy Tel.: (+39)0661181 Email: [email protected] Fax: (+39)0661979661 Web: http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org

The designations employed, and the Les appellations employées dans Las denominaciones empleadas, y presentation of material in the peri- cette publication et la présentation la forma en que aparecen odical, and in maps which appear des données et cartes qui y figurent presentados los datos en esta herein, do not imply the expression n’impliquent de la part de l’IPGRI et publicación, no implican, de parte of any opinion whatsoever on the part de la FAO aucune prise de position del IPGRI o la FAO, juicio alguno of IPGRI or FAO concerning the legal quant au statut juridique des pays, sobre la condición jurídica de países, status of any country, territory, city territoires, villes ou zones, ou de territorios, ciudades o zonas, o de or area or its authorities, or concern- leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de sus autoridades, ni respecto de la ing the delimitation of its frontiers or leurs frontières ou limites. Les opin- delimitación de sus fronteras o boundaries. Similarly, the views ex- ions exprimées sont celles des límites. Asimismo, las opiniones pressed are those of the authors and auteurs et ne reflètent pas expresadas son las de sus autores do not necessarily reflect the views nécessairement celles de l’IPGRI ou y no reflejan necesariamente la of IPGRI or FAO. de la FAO. opinión del IPGRI o la FAO.

Cover: Flower of Passiflora mixta, Couverture: La fleure de Passifleur Portada: La flor de Passiflora mixta, one of the species collected by mixte, une espece echantillonnée par una de las especies recojida por Pérez, Mazzani and Pacheco in the Pérez, Mazzani et Pacheco dans Pérez, Mazzani y Pacheco en las Venezuelan Highlands: discussed les hautes terres Venezueliennes: montañas Venezolanos: comentario on pp. 9-15. discuté en pp. 9-15. en pp. 9-15.

© IPGRI/FAO 2001 ARTICLE PlantPlant Genetic Genetic Resources Resources Newsletter, Newsletter, 2001, 2001, No. No. 125: 125 1- 18

Improving the quality of passport data to enhance germplasm use and management Stephanie L. Greene USDA–ARS National Temperate Forage Legume Germplasm Resources Unit, 24106 N. Bunn Road, Prosser, WA 99350–9687, USA

Summary Résumé Resumen Improving the quality of Amélioration de la qualité des Mejoramiento de la calidad de passport data to enhance données de passeport afin datos de pasaporte para germplasm use and d’optimiser l’utilisation et la ampliar el uso y la gestión de management gestion du matériel génétique germplasme Effective documentation is paramount Il importe de disposer d’un système effi- Documentación efectiva es suprema para for selecting accessions for use and guid- cace d’enregistrement de l’information en seleccionar accesiones para eluso y guiar ing the management of ex situ germ- vue de sélectionner des accessions utiles et del manejamiento de colecciones de ger- plasm collections. A recent Government d’organiser la conservation ex situ du moplasma del ex situ. Un estudio reciente Accounting Office survey suggested that matériel génétique. Une étude récente de de una oficina de contabilidad del gobier- the quantity and quality of information l’Office fédéral chargé du contrôle des fi- no sugerio que la cantidad y calidad de in the USDA National Plant Germplasm nances publiques (Government Account- información del sistema Nacional de Ger- System’s (NPGS), Germplasm Resourc- ing Office) a montré que la quantité et la moplasma (NPGS), Red de Información es Information Network (GRIN), is a lim- qualité des informations du système na- de Recursos (GRIN) es un factor restricti- iting factor in using GRIN to its fullest tional de conservation du matériel géné- vo en el uso de GRIN hasta la capacidad capacity. The lack of collection–specific tique végétal (National Plant Germplasm mas amplia. La falta de coleccion especifi- empirical data on the extent of the docu- System, NPGS), disponibles via le réseau ca datos empiricos sobre e problema de mentation problem makes it difficult to d’informations sur le matériel génétique Documentación lo hace difícil para en- understand the scope and complexity of (Germplasm Resources Information Net- tender el alcance y la complejidad de los the issues. The objectives of this study work, GRIN), constituaient un frein à resultados. Los objetivos de este estudio were to outline the status of passport l’utilisation optimale du GRIN. Il est diffi- fueran de trazar las líneas generales de la documentation in the NPGS Medicago cile d’évaluer l’importance et la complex- condición de documentación del pasa- and Trifolium collections in 1995, describe ité des problèmes de documentation, du porte de los . Colecciones de Medicago y how a significant documentation up- fait de l’absence de données concrètes sur Trifolium en 1995, describir como fue- grade was carried out, and examine how l’exploitation des collections. La présente hecho un sobregrado significante de doc- collection management and use benefit- étude décrit l’état des données de passe- umentación y examinar como el manejo ed from raising documentation stan- port dans les collections de Medicago et de de colección y uso benefician porpaste dards. New data were added to GRIN Trifolium du NPGS en 1995. Elle montre del aumento del nivel de documentación. mainly for accessions collected prior to comment l’amélioration des critères Datos nuevos fueron agregados a GRIN 1979, and for accessions in the Trifolium d’enregistrement de l’information ont principalmente para colecciones colecta- collection, which historically had re- permis une amélioration significative des das anterior a 1979, y para accesiones en ceived less support. Important sources données, et une optimisation de la gestion la colección de Trifolium, cuales histórica- of historic information were the USDA et de l’utilisation de la collection. De nouv- mente recibían menos apoyo. Infor- Plant Inventories Volumes 1–186, and orig- elles données ont été introduites dans le mación importante de fuentes históricas inal documentation associated with the GRIN, concernant notamment les acces- fueron de USDA Inventarios de Plantas acquisition event. The implications of sions collectées avant 1979, et les acces- Volumenes 1–186, y documentación raising information standards are dem- sions de la collection de Trifolium qui, dans original asociada con el acontecimiento onstrated with examples that illustrate le passé, a reçu moins d’attention. Les de adquisición. Los implicamentos de how the project has increased our knowl- volumes 1–186 de l’inventaire des plantes aumentar los niveles de información es- edge of the Medicago and Trifolium collec- de l’USDA (USDA Plant Inventories) et la tán demonstradas con ejemplos que tions as a whole, as well as our knowl- documentation d’origine, accompagnant destacan como el projecto ha aumentado edge of individual accessions in the col- l’acquisition, constituent une source im- nuestro conocimiento las colleciones de lections. portante d’informations. L’amélioration Medicago y Trifolium ensus totalidars, de la façon dont est consignée asi como nuestro conocimiento de acce- Key words: Germplasm collection l’information a débouché sur une meilleu- siones individuales en las colecciones. management, Germplasm Resources re connaissance de l’ensemble des collec- Information Network (GRIN), NPGS tions de Medicago et de Trifolium ainsi que Medicago collection, NPGS Trifolium d’accessions particulières, comme collection, passport information l’illustrent certains exemples tirés de ce projet.

Introduction Insufficient documentation has been widely recognized as a formation Network (GRIN), so that GRIN better reflected the major deterrent in using and managing genetic resources held collections of the NPGS (NRC 1991). A survey in 1997, carried in germplasm collections. In 1991, the National Resource Coun- out by the US General Accounting Office (GAO), suggested cil Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources recom- substantial progress had been made in the structural function- mended that high priority be placed on increasing the quantity ing of GRIN. The management of GRIN was the most frequently and quality of accession information in the USDA National cited improvement in the NPGS by the Crop Germplasm Com- Plant Germplasm System’s (NPGS), Germplasm Resources In- mittees (CGCs) (GAO 1997). However, in the same survey, 75% 2 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

of the CGCs reported that data on quantitative traits (i.e. evalu- also challenged with entering not only seed packet inventory ation data) were insufficient for breeding purposes, and almost information, but also evaluation and characterization informa- 50% of the CGCs reported that data on qualitative traits (i.e. tion into GRIN. Passport data were considered low priority. characterization data) were insufficient for breeding purposes The historic lack of specialized crop–specific curators also (GAO 1997). Although most CGCs reported that passport data made it difficult to establish effective documentation standards. in GRIN were adequate for breeding purposes, most NPGS Specialists were needed to establish crop–specific standard administrators and 45% of the surveyed curators reported that meanings, to assist in interpreting the raw data received from data were insufficient to manage NPGS collections (GAO 1997). tremendously diverse sources, and to ensure that a level of Although tremendous progress has been made in developing a standardization was maintained as crop–specific evaluation sophisticated relational database that has a user–friendly inter- and descriptor data were received. Since the 1990s, specialists face, the GAO survey suggests that the limited quantity and holding master or doctorate degrees, primarily in the fields of poor quality of information in GRIN is a limiting factor in using plant genetics and breeding, have managed most collections. GRIN to its fullest capacity. Many CGCs have played an active role in establishing docu- The functionality of a relational database extends beyond mentation standards, but volunteer committee members are simple information storage. The structure of a relational data- limited in the amount of time and resources they can realisti- base provides an efficient framework for quickly accessing spe- cally devote to documentation issues. cific information or a range of information describing a specific Considering the historic challenges faced by the NPGS in germplasm accession. Additionally, the framework of a rela- establishing comprehensive computerized documentation, and tional database lends itself to analytical tasks. An example the current recognition that documentation problems continue familiar to many germplasm users is the use of a germplasm to exist, it seems logical that curators should review past efforts database to identify a set of accessions within a crop species to determine whether resources are needed to improve docu- that has a specific character for a given descriptor (i.e. a set of mentation standards, in terms of the amount and quality of accessions with blue flowers can be identified). An example information that is currently in GRIN. The lack of empirical data familiar to curators and genetic resource administrators is the has made it difficult to understand the true scope and complex- use of a germplasm database to classify germplasm requests to ity of the problem, making implementation of collection–wide better understand who uses the collections. The GAO survey and system–wide strategies to address this issue problematic. reflects the frustration that collection users and managers have The objectives of this study were to outline the status of pass- in fully utilizing the analytical power of GRIN due to limitations port documentation in the NPGS Medicago and Trifolium collec- in the quantity and quality of information in GRIN. Once an tions in 1995, describe how a significant documentation up- effective germplasm information system is developed, full utili- grade was carried out, and examine how collection management zation of the system rests upon having the fullest complement and use benefited from raising documentation standards. of information possible, and having information that is accu- rate and that has a standard meaning among accessions within Materials and methods a collection. In 1995, existing GRIN passport information for 12,469 acces- With regard to passport information, collection users and sions, representing the entire active NPGS Medicago and Trifolium managers generally perceive that the documentation problem collections, was downloaded from the NPGS mainframe com- stems from the absence of historic information (for example puter housed in Beltsville, MD. Data on seed lot inventory, distri- GAO 1997; Dean et al. 1999). Considering that numerous indi- bution and accession observation/evaluation were not included. viduals and institutes have been collecting and donating The downloaded data were organized into a relational database germplasm to the NPGS since 1898, it is improbable that a full using Paradox for Windows Version 5.0 (Borland International, complement of accession information could be assembled. How- Inc., Scotts Valley, CA) installed on a personal computer. Using ever, the historic background of the GRIN project suggests that the existing GRIN database structure, fields were assigned a additional factors may explain current limitations in US collec- detailed standard definition that was relevant to the terminology tion documentation, and more importantly, are factors that can and literature of forage legume agronomy. A data dictionary was be addressed. prepared providing a detailed description of field definitions and Generally since 1898, all new acquisitions went through the outlining the general rules regarding the information format that USDA Plant Introduction Office (PIO), in Beltsville, MD, where applied to each field. One staff member focused exclusively on passport information was recorded in the PI Inventories and the developing the Paradox database: importing data, organizing the information plus seed material distributed to the active collec- database structure, and developing custom applications to auto- tion sites. The GRIN system became operational in 1984, and mate the production of data collection sheets and facilitate data was developed and managed by the Database Management entry. The remaining four focused on reviewing accession docu- Unit (DBMU) in Beltsville, MD (Perry et al. 1988). The PIO office mentation. Before the review began, extensive training was con- began entering passport data from newly acquired accessions ducted and the staff given a copy of the data dictionary. Except into GRIN. The NPGS sites that maintained the germplasm for the author, the staff had no previous experience in the field of collections were responsible for entering passport information genetic resources or plant sciences. on materials received prior to the implementation of GRIN (R.B. A standard data collection form was printed out for each Norris, pers. comm. 1999). During this time, NPGS sites were accession reflecting the fields being reviewed. Where informa- Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 3

tion existed in GRIN for a given field, the exact wording in GRIN collection site information. Map coordinates of settlements were appeared on the form. This allowed the staff to verify the obtained from The Times Atlas of the World, 8 th comprehensive edition accuracy and standardization of existing GRIN information (Random House, 1990), or the National Imagery and Mapping against original documentation. Additional space was included Agency (NIMA) GEOnet Names Server (NIMA 1997). When so new data could be added. Historic information was gathered collection site locality included the specific location of the site from a wide range of sources (Appendix 1). The historic docu- relative to the nearest settlement, the latitude and longitude mentation was compiled and sorted so all documents pertain- coordinates were obtained by locating the settlement on the ing to a given accession were located together. They were then Digital Map of the World (Environmental Systems Research reviewed on an accession-by-accession basis. New information Institute (ESRI) Inc. Redlands, CA), and measuring the cited was added to the appropriate location on the form, and correc- distance along the appropriate road from settlement to collec- tions made to existing data to improve the standards of collec- tion site using ArcView GIS Version 3.1 for Windows (ESRI Inc., tion data. A total of 25 data attributes were reviewed for each of Redlands, CA). The resulting coordinates were sorted by coun- the 12,469 accessions in the active collections of Medicago and try, and degrees latitude and longitude verified using a world Trifolium. This amounted to the verification, standardization atlas (Hammond Inc. 1992). and potential supplementation of 311,725 discrete pieces of information. Results and discussion Each datasheet was checked to ensure the standard format To simplify the results, this paper will report on accessions was maintained. Information from the data sheets was then that are a part of the permanent collection (i.e. have been keyed into the database using a customized form to ensure data assigned PI numbers), as opposed to accessions whose inclu- integrity was maintained. The database was edited and annota- sion status has not yet been determined (i.e. have been as- tion added to clarify documentation. Cultivar status was con- signed temporary numbers). This totals 10,033 accessions. In firmed using lists obtained directly from the developer country. every attribute except those relating to number of acquisition The newly revised information was uploaded into the GRIN events (for reasons discussed later), the numbers of records system. were increased in both the Medicago and Trifolium collections Following the historic data review, latitude and longitude (Table 1). Extensive modifications were also made to existing values were estimated for all accessions that had sufficient GRIN records (Table 1).

Table 1. Number of records with data before and after revision, and percentage of existing records modified as a result of establishing information standards for the NPGS germplasm collections of Medicago and Trifolium

Accession attribute Number of records with data Existing records modified (%)

Medicago Trifolium Before After Before After Medicago Trifolium

Life form 1993 5428 1107 4509 10 7 Improvement status 2937 5493 1649 4540 12 4 Reproductive uniformity 6 3885 7 2857 0 0 Form received 3707 5493 2017 4540 0 0 Date NPGS received 5493 5493 4540 4540 2 4

Plant identifier/name 7886 8898 3261 7480 9 8 Identifier type 7886 8898 3261 7480 50 27 Identifier comment 1481 1816 317 802 70 56

Locality narrative 2861 3142 1667 2318 98 95 Latitude/longitude 400 2396 524 1436 Site elevation 949 1208 953 1365 21 12 Number of plants sampled 0 96 0 18 Habitat narrative 0 1503 0 1208 Habitat comment 0 46 0 8

General narrative 2035 1678 1443 1867 100 100

Pedigree narrative 6 255 0 160

Type of acquisition 10440 7800 7748 5654 35 42 Date of acquisition 7708 6626 5449 5055 26 28 Country of origin 4 5263 7 4243 0 0 Acquisition comment 2528 3427 685 1762 82 57 State, Country (GEONO) 10414 7740 7748 5621 58 64 4 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

Useful historic documents not included in the initial documentation of accessions in GRIN. The review of historic documents yielded a significant amount The general narratives of PI 464710 and PI 478465 provide an of information that had not been previously placed in GRIN example (Table 2). Koch (1993) notes that the cost of running from past documentation efforts. The most consistent source of computers today is barely a fraction of the cost of running a new information was obtained from the Plant Introduction Inventory system in 1969, or even 1989. Compared to current standards, Books, Vol. 1–186. Other valuable sources of passport informa- the size and complexity of germplasm information systems 10 tion included original collection trip reports and original collec- years ago were limited by the technology. As information was tion forms filled out by collectors. This information was helpful input into the early system, narrative descriptions were con- in classifying improvement status of accessions, since Trip Re- densed to codes or single words to fit into the database struc- ports frequently provided overall exploration objectives (i.e. col- ture, which probably accounts for the abbreviated narratives lection of landrace material), and collection forms offered de- found in GRIN today. Table 2 illustrates the dangers of truncat- tailed comments regarding where the accession was collected ing information. Prior to the review, there was no suggestion in (i.e. field, wild pasture, etc). Early index card files maintained by GRIN or the PI Inventories indicating that PI 464719, collected individual NPGS sites also yielded useful information, although in Turkey in 1981, by J.H. Elgin, may represent a wild form (as later cards contained mimeographed information that appeared opposed to naturalized or weedy form) of alfalfa. Furthermore, in the PI Inventory Books. Acquisition ledgers maintained by it represents a good population sample since the original collec- individual NPGS sites were a source of useful information for tor stated that many plants were collected. Examination of the accessions received directly by the site (i.e. not obtained through collector notes of J.H. Elgin revealed that an exceptional set of the Plant Exploration Office). germplasm was collected during this trip: the collector had Although a minimal amount of original correspondence made a point of sampling wild forms, traditional landrace was available to the project, and the review of correspondence forms, and recent cultivar introductions of alfalfa, during a time was time consuming, it was very helpful in determining the when alfalfa production was being modernized with new culti- specific reason a given accession was donated to the collection vars. This Turkish germplasm provides a valuable set of acces- or in understanding the unusual circumstances of a donation or sions for studying introgression, domestication, and the impact collection. Historic documents that yielded only a small amount of introducing modern cultivars, yet remained ‘hidden’ in the of new information were the Plant Introduction Station Re- collection until historic documents were reviewed and recog- gional Annual Reports (although this varied with Station), and nized as being significant. the microfiche copies of the PIO receiving and distribution forms (although this yielded some information not found else- Improvements following the review where for accessions that entered the collection very early). For both collections, we found that GRIN contained more pass- Generally we found the most valuable historic documents port information for accessions obtained after 1978. For ex- were the earliest documents associated directly with the acquisi- ample, the nonrevised GRIN database contained a narrative tion. We found many instances when valuable information was description on 3478 accessions of Medicago and Trifolium. Of these

Table 2. Examples of how the documentation review enhanced understanding of the unique features of individual accessions in the Medicago and Trifolium collections PI number General narrative Before After 226470 No information “The Bam landrace, indigenous to that oasis area bearing the same name is excellent. It does not grow well, however, when out of its native elevation of 914 masl. An excellent uniform alfalfa reported to be disease resistant. Yields 25– 30 tons hay per year per hectare in 10–12 cuttings. Seeds freely” (Collector note) 230350 No information “The area occupied by the states of Fars, Esfahan, and Yazd, especially between the cities of Esfahan and Shiraz, contains large amounts of Gypsum and is, therefore, somewhat sterile.” (Collector Notes) “Cultivated, winter/spring herb; stems 30–40 cm; pods nearly without prickles. Competes well with taller wheat, and is self– seeding. Recommended for planting in the Western U.S., especially the southwest for forage trials and as a legume intercrop with grains.” (Collector Notes) 234449 No information Tetraploid selected from colchicine treatment; high percentage of 2–seeded pods (Plant Inventory Vol. No. 164). 464710 Plants ascending, “Collected from many plants growing along roadside. May include some diploids– considerably variable. small purple flowers, narrow leaves, ascending stems. Considerable variability, Leaves narrow. may be more truly wild type” (Collection notes, J.H. Elgin). Flowers purple. 478465 Salt tolerant. Local “Nodule sample obtained from seed field. Farmer obtained ‘California Common’ name California. many years ago and has recycled it on very salty soil. Water level at 1 M in stream Nodule sample. bottom [sic]”. (Collection notes, M.D. Rumbaugh) Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 5

accessions, only 569 represented germplasm that entered the nient to collection users, but also provides a distorted picture of collection before 1979. A probable explanation is that the PI the collection. For example, in the alfalfa collection, there ap- Inventories began to be produced in a computerized format with peared to be very limited representation of landrace germplasm. the publication of PI Inventory Vol. 187, in 1982, which listed Following the revision, all accessions were classified. Although a acquisitions received in 1979 (White 1982). From PI Inventory percentage of accessions had been classified as ‘uncertain’, this Vol. 187 onwards, the format allowed for the relatively straight- classification now provides real information; i.e. these acces- forward movement of information from the PI Inventory Books sions lack sufficient data to determine whether they are either into GRIN, once GRIN was operational. wild or cultivated. After the revision, both collections differed significantly in the distribution of the various categories of Accession history improvement status. For example, in the alfalfa collection, An area substantially changed by the review project was indi- landrace germplasm emerges as a significant component of the vidual accession histories that outlined the sequence of events collection. The Improvement Status now provides collection that led to the NPGS acquiring material. When the history of an users with information on all accessions in the collection, and accession was complex or sketchy, the historic documents were users can be assured that all accessions classified as landrace useful in unravelling events. As a consequence, an average of 38% material have been classified using the same standard defini- of the accessions had a modified history after the review. The tion of ‘landrace’. This field can now be effectively used to information in the acquisition comment was also significantly analyse the contents of both collections. Prior to the review, this enhanced. The comment field was used to explain the specific type of assessment could not have been made with an accept- circumstances of an accession’s history, or to indicate that further able level of accuracy. information was not available. Another important enhancement Accession description, such as life form and reproductive made by the revision was to use the GRIN ORIGIN field as a flag uniformity, was easily improved by grouping records by taxa to indicate that an accession had been verified to originate from and using the software’s global text change procedure. For all the country cited. Additionally, many accessions received geo- narrative–type information, efforts were made to quote original graphic codes that reflected an improved geographic resolution of statements, instead of paraphrasing data, and in all cases the state and country, instead of just country. source of information was cited. Our objective was to place all Prior to the revision, many accessions that had been col- information in GRIN in a format that allows users to determine lected using NPGS funding had both a collecting event and a whether the data quality is sufficient for their needs. The total donor event, with the same individual associated with each number of general narratives decreased for the Medicago collec- event. Since a requirement of NPGS funded collection trips is to tion, reflecting the movement of existing information, which donate the material upon return, we felt a single collection event had been previously placed in the narrative field, to more con- was sufficient to describe the circumstances. This allowed us to text–specific fields such as the locality, habitat and history that reduce the SRC table by almost 5000 records while maintaining were new additions to the GRIN 3 version. General narratives the same level of information. However, separate collection and increased for the Trifolium collection, reflecting the generally donation events were used when a different individual or insti- poorer coverage of this collection compared with the Medicago tution donated the germplasm or a significant period of time collection. Prior to the review, little use was made of the pedigree had past between collection and donation to the NPGS. field for both collections. We added pedigree information as it was encountered, and cited the source of information. We found Accession classification and description that using a flatbed scanner and optical character recognition Prior to the review, only 50% of the accessions in the Medicago software was an effective method for entering long descriptive collection and 36% of the accessions in the Trifolium collection text (even from old documents) into the database, although had been classified according to improvement status (e.g. culti- editing was essential afterwards. Work in this field and associ- var, landrace, breeding material, wild). For both collections, we ated fields, such as the literature citation field, is ongoing. used historic documents to infer the classification of all acces- sions in the collection. Classifying accessions within a Locality and habitat germplasm collection based upon level of agronomic adapta- Historic documentation was a rich source of information regard- tion, provides an effective way of assessing a collection in terms ing the location of collection sites for germplasm acquired before of its representation of the cultivated crop gene pool, and is 1979. Locality information was usually in a narrative format, valuable information to collection users interested in under- but occasionally was found as map coordinates. Generally, we standing the agronomic adaptation of a given accession. The found that when map coordinates had been reported by the field ‘improvement status’ provides this function in the GRIN collector, the information was already in GRIN. Historic docu- database. The classification of the Medicago sativa subsp. sativa L. ments yielded only an additional 24 map coordinates of collec- (alfalfa) and Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) collections using the tion sites. The supplementary geographic information, which information in the Improvement Status field was significantly included a geographic dictionary and several gazetteers, was changed after the review process, as it was for all other culti- critical in verifying and updating place names, and in estimat- vated species in these two genera. As was previously mentioned, ing latitude and longitude values based on updated locality prior to the review process, more than half of the accessions were narratives. A total of 5473 accessions had locality narratives but null for this field (i.e. no data existed). This is not only inconve- no corresponding latitude and longitude values. After reviewing 6 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

the supplementary information, 82% of these accessions proved exists at the donor institute. More significantly, these identifiers to have locality descriptions that were sufficient for estimating make it possible to establish linkages with the databases of other the map coordinates of the collection site. The gazetteer in the institutes that now have accession data on the Internet. Com- Times Atlas of the World (Random House 1990) yielded latitude and mon identifiers will allow users to move easily from one longitude values for 15% of the accessions. The GEO Names collection’s database to another, learning as much as possible Server yielded values for an additional 59% of the accessions about a given accession. Institute numbers will also be useful in (NIMA 1999). This was an effective source of information since helping to detect redundancy among collections, which has it was freely available on the Internet. Locality narratives were been identified as a problem in efficient collection management detailed enough for 24% of the accessions to use Arc View and (NRC 1993). For example, the review project identified 77 addi- the Digital Map of the World to pinpoint map coordinates for tional accessions associated with a CPI number (the identifier collection sites located outside of settlements (i.e. cities, towns or number used by the collections of the Commonwealth Scientific villages). and Industrial Research Organization, Australia) and 100 addi- Although GRIN contained a substantial amount of locality tional accessions associated with VIR numbers (the identifier and habitat–type information on accessions obtained after 1979, number used by the N.I. Vavilov Institute, Russia). Most of this information needed to be reorganized to meet the new data these accessions entered the NPGS prior to 1979. standards. Substantial effort was needed to relocate habitat– The comment field associated with accession names was type data from the general narrative or locality fields to the put to good use to help clarify ambiguous accession names. habitat field. The habitat field, which contains descriptive infor- Prior to the review project, a few comments were used to indicate mation on the collection site, was a new addition in the 3rd the source of the accession name (i.e. specific institute or indi- version of the GRIN database (released in 1994). The addition of vidual). After the review, the comment field included source of the habitat field resulted in a revision of the locality and narra- names, but also indicated when a name was misspelled, was a tive fields for almost 100% of the accessions (Table 1). synonym, a common crop name or suspected to be a transliteral error. If the type of identifier (e.g. developer number, cultivar Accession names name) was classified as ‘other’, a standard comment was added The review project significantly increased the overall number that indicated what we did know about the name (e.g. the name and verified the classification of plant identifiers associated was either a landrace or cultivar, but determination could not be with accessions (i.e. accession name, other than PI number) made). (Table 1). An additional 5000 names were added to the data- base, and about 9% of the existing names modified. Accessions Transferring lessons to other collections in the Trifolium collection received the majority of new names. The review project made substantial changes to the quality and The historic documents yielded a large number of collector and quantity of information available on the Medicago and Trifolium NPGS site identifiers, and increased the number of institute collections. New data were added to GRIN mainly for accessions identifiers and cultivar names. The review project was beneficial collected prior to 1979, when the computerization of PI Invento- in terms of facilitating the identification of cultivar duplicates. ries began, and for accessions in the Trifolium collection, which Prior to the review, there were 279 accessions whose names had historically had received less support than the Medicago collec- been verified as being cultivars. Following the project, 1325 tion. Substantial changes were made in organizing information accessions had been verified and additional cultivars identified. to ensure a level of standardization existed to allow the GRIN Cultivar lists and the catalogues of various germplasm insti- database to be used as an effective tool for understanding the tutes were invaluable for confirming that named accessions contents of the collection, supporting management decisions were commercially produced cultivars (versus landrace or breed- and for selecting germplasm from the collection. The implica- ing material). They also yielded valuable information regarding tions of raising information standards have been illustrated the responsible breeding company, country of origin and date of with examples from the Medicago and Trifolium collections that release. We were able to use the GRIN structure to help us easily demonstrate how documentation enhances our understanding distinguish between cultivars donated directly from the devel- of collections as a whole, as well as individual accessions in the oper, and cultivars that were received second- or third–hand collections. from a separate agency. This was accomplished by using the The Medicago and Trifolium collections illustrate a general GRIN field ‘ORIGIN’ (a field that confirms country of origin). characteristic of all germplasm collections: the level of documen- This field was marked when cultivars were donated from the tation differs among collections. On average, the Trifolium collec- developing country, and left blank when cultivars were obtained tion had less data at the start of the project than the Medicago from a nondeveloper country. This should be helpful in rapidly collection, even taking into account the difference in collection identifying the best representative cultivar when eliminating size. For example, the Trifolium collection had about 16% less cultivar duplicates (Greene and Pederson 1996). information in the improvement status and locality narrative A second benefit of enhancing plant identifiers is that many fields, 31% less in the acquisition comment field and 50% less new institute identifiers were identified. These identifiers are information in the plant identifier field than the Medicago collec- useful because donated accessions generally had less documen- tion. Considering the disparity in these two collections in terms tation than accessions collected in the field. Original institute of farm gate value and relative resources used to manage the identifiers will be useful for tracking down documentation that collections historically, it was surprising that the differences Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 7

were not even greater. This suggests that the efforts of the PIO reporting data discrepancies as they are encountered. The most staff to document new acquisitions without regard to crop efficient method of ensuring documentation integrity, espe- priority provides a common baseline of information in GRIN cially interpreted historic information, is to consider database across taxa, at least for those accessions obtained after 1979. A development as an iteractive process that relies on user feed- survey to assess the level of documentation among NPGS collec- back to upgrade the database continually. tions would be needed to confirm this, since individual curators, CGC interest and site support heavily influence the extent of Conclusion documentation. The purpose of this paper has been to illustrate the importance The cost of the improved documentation needs to be con- of raising documentation standards for germplasm collections. sidered. Reviewing data forms and historic documents for Although documentation issues will vary among crop collec- approximately 12,000 accessions required about 2000 staff tions, this paper described a general review process that other hours. Approximately 500 hours were spent coordinating the curators may find applicable in upgrading passport documen- project and helping staff interpret documents. Entering the tation. The 1995 status of passport documentation for these two revised data forms required an additional 1000 hours and collections clearly indicated the need to improve passport docu- editing the final database required an additional 500 hours. mentation further. The resulting upgrade illustrates how a com- Estimating latitude and longitude values for approximately prehensive and standardized database can be a more effective 6000 accessions required about 600 staff hours. One thousand tool for understanding collection composition, as well as the staff hours were spent on local database support. Eliminating history of individual accessions. the development of individual local databases could reduce Although the costs of the review project were significant, computer support. For example, where collection documenta- and were only possible through the external support from the tion is maintained on a central computer, such as GRIN, a CSPL CGC, managers need to keep in mind that it is essentially web–based passport review program could be developed. Indi- a one–time project (Mowder and Stoner 1988). Unlike seed, once vidual curators could use the program to print out individual quality information is stored, it remains in good shape indefi- accession data forms that show existing GRIN data as well as nitely. In determining the value of a documentation review where data are missing. These forms could be filled in by hand project the benefits are clear and longstanding. Once collection using original data sources and entered back into GRIN using sites become associated with latitude and longitude values, the web–based data–entry forms. linkage between germplasm and ecology can be explored by Prior to embarking upon a documentation upgrade in a using GIS tools and ecogeographic datasets (Greene and Hart given collection, the current status of existing collection docu- 1996). Standard, accurate documentation of germplasm collec- mentation needs to be assessed to determine where there are tions will also support the exploration of the linkage between gaps in the existing information. This can be accomplished by information at the genome–level with information at intra- and examining the quality and quantity of data for a subset of inter–specific levels. The rapidly advancing field of records taking into account the documentation history of the bioinformatics, and ongoing improvement of datasets at all collection. Early accessions may need to be more thoroughly levels will facilitate our understanding of how genomics relates sampled since they may have less documentation than recently to populations, species and the environment. Users and manag- collected materials. Efficiency is introduced when the upgrade ers of the NPGS Medicago and Trifolium collections can now make builds upon existing documentation. The availability of historic use of the GRIN database to effectively and efficiently carry out documents needs to be determined and these documents physi- storage, retrieval and analytical tasks, confident that accession cally obtained. Unfortunately, historic documents that describe attributes have a standard meaning across the collections and germplasm accessions are rapidly being lost as scientists retire that the database contains a set of information on each acces- and institutes reorganize. In terms of efficiency, it was essential sion that is as complete as possible. to assemble as much documentation as possible and organize the information by PI number, so all information relevant to an Acknowledgements individual accession could be assembled and reviewed together Special thanks to Bruce Watson and Dave Stout for their com- to understand the history of the accession better. Differences puter expertise; Heidi Hill, Jennifer Russell, Jena Johansson and among crop species, and the inherent difficulties of interpreting Adam Smolinski for carrying out the documentation review; historic data, make it imperative that the crop–specific curator Jennifer Russell for verifying the accuracy of geographic place and other experts define how accession attributes will be de- names; and Jena Johansson and Jennifer Russell for keying in fined, bearing in mind that they are establishing information the final data. Also thanks to Martha E. Cervantes for estimat- standards. Staff need to be carefully trained so they can identify ing latitude and longitude values and entering data; and to Dr crop–specific information, interpret historic documents and or- Ray Clark and Dr Richard C. Johnson for their support. Finally, ganize the information into the standard format. The curator I would like to acknowledge the Clover and Special Purpose needs to be available to help interpret historic documents and Legume Germplasm Committee for their funding support and review the final product. Once data standards are established the ongoing efforts of both the CSPL CGC and Alfalfa CGC to they need to be maintained as new accessions enter the collec- ensure the NPGS forage legume collections stand out as a global tion. Again, the curator plays the key role in ensuring this germplasm resource. This paper is Washington Agricultural occurs. Users of the database also play an important role by Experiment Station Technical Paper no. 0012–18. 8 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

References Registered cultivar lists and germplasm collection catalogues Dean, R.E., J.A. Dahlberg, M.S. Hopkins, S.E. Mitchell and S. from other countries and germplasm institutes Kresovich. 1999. Genetic redundancy and diversity among ● ‘Orange’ accessions in the U.S. National Sorghum collection Plant Introduction Office (Beltsville, MD) receiving and distri- as assessed with simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Crop bution forms (microfiche)(1945 – 1993) Sci. 39(4):1215-1221. ● Webster’s New Geographic Dictionary, Merriam–Webster Inc. Spring- GAO (US General Accounting Office), 1997. U.S. Department of Agriculture Information on the Condition of the National field, MA, 1988 Plant Germplasm System. GAO/RCED–98–20, Washington, ● Digital Chart of the World, for use with ESRI desktop software DC, USA. (CD–ROMs) Greene, S.L. and G.A. Pederson. 1996. Eliminating duplicates in ● th germplasm collections: a white clover example. Crop Sci. The Times Atlas of the World, 9 comprehensive edition, (Random 36(5):1398-1400. House, 1992) Greene, S.L. and T. Hart. 1996. Plant genetic resource collections: ● National Imagery and Mapping Agency GEOnet Names an opportunity for the evolution of global data sets. Invited Paper. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Server (http://164.214.2.59/gns/html/). Integrating GIS and Environmental Modelling. Jan. 21–25, 1996, Santa Fe, New Mexico. NCGIA Santa Barbara, WWW and CD–ROM. Hammond Inc. 1992. Hammond Atlas of the World. Hammond, Inc., Maplewood, NJ, USA. Koch, G. 1993. Oracle 7—The Complete Reference. Osborne McGraw Hill, New York, USA. Mowder, J.D. and A.K. Stoner. 1988. Plant germplasm informa- tion systems. Pg.419-426 in Beltsville Symposia in Agricul- tural Research 13: Biotic Diversity and Germplasm Preserva- tion, Global Imperatives. May 9–11, Beltsville, MD (L. Knutson and A.K. Stoner, eds.). Lower Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. National Imagery and Mapping Agency. 1999. Genet Names Server. (Available at http://164.214.2.59/gns/html/ infex.html. Verified August 1999). NRC (National Research Council). 1991. Managing global genetic resources, the US National Plant Germplasm System. Na- tional Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA. NRC (National Research Council). 1993. Managing global genetic resources, Agricultural Crop Policy and Issues. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA. Perry, M., A.K. Stoner, J.D. Mowder. 1988. Plant germplasm information management system: germplasm resources in- formation network. HortSci. (23):57-60. Random House, Inc. 1990. The Times Atlas of the World. 9th Comp. Ed. Times Books, Random House, Inc. New York, USA. White, G. 1982. Preface. Plant Inventory no. 187, Plant Material Introduced January 1 to December 31, 1979 (nos. 431464– 436990).USDA, ARS Beltsville, MD, USA.

Appendix 1. List of documents that were used during the database review process to verify and supplement existing GRIN information on the NPGS Medicago and Trifolium collections ● U.S.D.A Plant Exploration and Introduction Inventories Nos. 1–199 (1898–1993) ● Accession Index Card File maintained by USDA Plant Intro- duction Station, Geneva, New York, (1945–1985) and USDA Plant Introduction Station, Ames Iowa (1945–1987) ● Acquisition Ledger used to record new germplasm received at the USDA Plant Introduction Station, Geneva, New York (1945– 1993) ● NE–9 Regional Annual Reports (1960–1985), Dolan’s Regional Memorandums (DRM) Geneva, NY; NC–7 Regional Annual Re- ports, Ames, IA; W6 Regional Annual Reports, Pullman, WA ● USDA, ARS Collector Trip Reports; original forms filled out by germplasm collectors; miscellaneous exploration correspondence Alfalfa cultivar clipping and bibliography file maintained by the USDA, ARS Forage Section (1910–1973) ARTICLE PlantPlant Genetic Genetic Resources Resources Newsletter, Newsletter, 2001, 2001, No. No.125: 125 9 - 15 9

Colecta de pasifloras silvestres y cultivadas en zonas altas de los estados Aragua y Miranda. Región centro-norte de Venezuela Delis M. Pérez S. ? , Elena Mazzani y Williams Pacheco Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias CENIAP, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas (INIA). Zona Universitaria vía El Limón. Edificio 08 CENIAP. IIA. Apdo. 4653. Maracay 2101, Estado Aragua. Venezuela. Tél. 00-243-2471066. Apdo. 4653, Maracay 2101, Venezuela. Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Resumen Résumé Summary Colecta de pasifloras Collecte de passifloras dans Passiflora collection in the silvestres y cultivadas en les montagnes des États highlands of Aragua and zonas altas de los estados Aragua et Miranda, au Miranda, North-Cental Aragua y Miranda. Región Venezuela Venezuela centro-norte de Venezuela Entre 1995 et 1997 on a organisé au Collecting missions were carried out in Entre 1995 y 1997 se realizó la Venezuela des missions de collecte the highlands of Venezuela, between prospección y colecta de pasifloras en d’espèces sauvages et cultivées de 1995 and 1997, in order to identify, quan- zonas altas de Venezuela con el objetivo Passiflora dans des zones plus de 1000 m tify and collect wild and cultivated spe- de conocer y cuantificar las especies au dessus du niveau de la mer. Cet article cies of the genus Passiflora that grow at silvestres y cultivadas que crecen por décrit le résultats des missions dans les over 1000 masl, for rescue and conserva- encima de los 1000 msnm, para su rescate États Aragua et Miranda, aux nord- tion in a genebank. This paper includes y conservación en bancos de germo- centre du pays. Au total, 47 échantillons the species collected in Aragua and plasma. En el presente artículo se appartenant à 12 espèces ont été collectés. Miranda states located in the north-cen- presentan las especies colectadas en los De ce total, 11 échantillons sont de tral region of Venezuela. Forty-seven estados Aragua y Miranda localizados en “curuba” (Passiflora sp., subgenre samples were collected, belonging to 12 la región centro-norte del país. En total se Tacsonia), et huit sont de P. kalbrelyeri, species. Species found in high frequency recolectaron 47 muestras de 12 especies. subgenre Plectostemma, étant ces deux les were “curuba” (Passiflora sp.) (11 Once de las muestras corresponden a espèces plus fréquentes. Les autres 28 samples), subgenus Tacsonia and P. curuba (Passiflora sp.), subgénero échantillons sont d’espèces plus rares, à kalbreyeri (eight samples), subgenus Tacsonia y ocho a P. kalbrelyeri, subgénero savoir P. ligularis, P. oerstedii, P. rubra, P. Plectostemma. Other collected species were Plectostemma, que se encuentran con cuneata, P. suberosa, P. mixta, P. edulis, P. P. ligularis, P. oerstedii, P. rubra, P. cuneata, mayor frecuencia. Otras especies biflora, P. adenopoda et P. fieldiana S. Tillett P. suberosa, P. mixta, P. edulis, P. biflora, P. recolectadas en menor número fueron P. Ined . On accorde plus d’attention à cette adenopoda and P. fieldiana S. Tillett Ined., ligularis, P. oerstedii, P. rubra, P. cuneata, P. dernière espèce à cause des caractères which was considered the wild species suberosa, P. mixta, P. edulis, P. biflora, P. très intéressants de ses fruits. with highest potential in the region. adenopoda y P. fieldiana S. Tillett Ined., siendo considerada esta última la especie Key words: Passifloraceae, passiflora, silvestre de mayor potencial colectada en collection, species, wild, cultivated, la región por las excelentes características Venezuela, morphological traits de sus frutos comestibles.

Introducción La familia Passifloraceae es nativa de los trópicos y subtrópicos. A Las especies del subgénero Passiflora se distribuyen en América ella pertenecen enredaderas, árboles, arbustos y hierbas que Latina desde el nivel del mar hasta alturas de más de 2500 producen flores vistosas y bayas comestibles (Heywood y Moore msnm. Las más conocidas son Passiflora edulis f. Flavicarpa 1957). La familia posee 18 géneros y 630 especies (Vanderplank (maracuyá amarillo, parchita), P. quadrangularis (badea o parcha 1996). El género Passiflora ha sido considerado como el más dulce), P. maliformis (granadilla de piedra o chulupa), P. ambigua amplio e importante de esta familia, ya que incluye (gulupa), P. alata (maracuyá dulce) y P. ligularis (parcha grana- aproximadamente 465 especies y está subdividido en 24 dilla). De éstas, P. ligularis —cultivada desde el norte de Argen- subgéneros (Vanderplank 1996). Killip (1938) subdividió el tina hasta México (Martín y Nakasone 1970)— es una de las género Passiflora en 22 subgéneros, a partir de su morfología especies originarias de América Latina con mayor potencial, floral, y realizó la clasificación taxonómica de más de 350 pero no ha sido utilizada ampliamente fuera de la región. especies americanas dentro del mismo. Las especies del subgénero Tacsonia se distribuyen en los Actualmente, el género Passiflora es un importante recurso Andes entre los 1800 y 4200 msnm. La mayoría posee una genético. La caracterización y evaluación de poblaciones distribución geográfica muy restringida lo que ha causado su silvestres y cultivadas tiene una alta prioridad en los países rápida desaparición (Escobar 1991). La especie más conocida y andinos a causa de su potencial para el desarrollo y cultivada es la curuba, P. mollissima, planta típica de clima frío, diversificación de cultivos (Fajardo et al. 1998). Entre los que se cultiva entre los 1800 y 3000 msnm, en latitudes tropicales. subgéneros que incluyen especies de importancia económica En Venezuela, la distribución de especies silvestres y para la producción de fruta se encuentran Passiflora —que incluye cultivadas está reseñada en diferentes obras y en exsicatas de las parchas— y Tacsonia—que abarca las curubas. herbarios. Hacia el año 1928, se conocían 40 especies de la 10 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

familia Passifloraceae, todas pertenecientes al género Passiflora (Vía La Victoria-Colonia Tovar, vía Colonia Tovar-Puerto Maya, (Knoth 1928). En 1947 se mencionan 61 especies de Passiflora en vía Colonia Tovar-Bajo Seco, vía hacia El Junquito). Ruta 4. Vía la obra “Flora de Venezuela” (Pittier et al. 1947). Actualmente, Colonia Tovar-El Jarillo-El Cedral, Municipios Tovar y J. R. según las muestras de pasifloras conservadas en herbarios del Revenga del estado Aragua; y El Jarillo, Municipio Guaicaipuro país, existen aproximadamente 90 especies identificadas. del estado Miranda. Las rutas recorridas en los estados Aragua Además de Passiflora también está presente el género Dilkea y Miranda se muestran en la Fig. 1. (Wurdack 1966; Badillo y Schnee 1972). El conocimiento sobre la distribución geográfica y usos de las pasifloras presentes en Venezuela ha aumentado significativamente en los últimos años. Como resultado de la prospección y colectas realizadas por FONAIAP entre 1995 y 1997 comprendidas en el proyecto internacional “Diversidad, conservación y uso sostenible de frutales nativos de América Tropical”, coordinado por IPGRI, se conoce la distribución de especies de Passiflora en zonas altas de siete estados de Venezu- ela. Mazzani et al. (1997) encontraron 43 especies, 38 completamente determinadas y cinco indeterminadas, pertenecientes a siete subgéneros, correspondiendo el mayor número de especies recolectadas a los subgéneros Passiflora y Plectostemma. La distribución y usos de pasifloras colectadas en el pie de Figura 1. Rutas seguidas para la recolección de pasifloras monte andino del estado Lara y en el estado Falcón de Venezuela en los estados Aragua y Miranda de Venezuela. Fuente: son discutidos por Mazzani et al. (1999). De un total de 22 Atlas Práctico de Venezuela, Aragua. Ed. Grial Eventos C.A. Caracas, Venezuela. 1999. especies recolectadas en esta región, 11 son utilizadas por los habitantes de los lugares visitados, principalmente para el Los viajes de recolección se realizaron entre 1996 y 1997 en consumo fresco o como medicina, destacándose por su presencia diferentes épocas del año, por lo que algunas zonas fueron en mayor número de poblaciones las especies P. cincinnata, P. visitadas en más de una oportunidad. Colonia Tovar y sus cuneata, P. rubra, P. subpeltata, P. cyanea, P. biflora, P. edulis f. Flavicarpa y alrededores —incluyendo parte del estado Miranda— se P. ligularis. En ese trabajo también se mencionan las condiciones visitaron en tres oportunidades, a saber del 12 al 15 de octubre agro-ecológicas y los rangos de altitud de los sitios de colecta, lo de 1996, entre el 06 y 07 de febrero, y el 25 de marzo de 1997. Las que permite tener una idea de los ambientes donde crecen las especies silvestres fueron recolectadas principalmente a orillas diversas especies. de camino, en tanto que las cultivadas en patios caseros o De acuerdo a la información anterior, Venezuela posee una pequeñas siembras comerciales. Debido a las diferencias en la amplia diversidad biológica en la familia Passifloraceae y fenología de las especies, en algunas muestras sólo se colectaron particularmente en el género Passiflora, la cual se evidencia en el estacas, en otras estacas y frutos, y en pocas sólo frutos. Por número de especies presentes en el país, algunas de las cuales cada muestra se realizó una exsicata y se tomó la información de tienen amplia distribución y otras ubicación restringida. pasaporte, que constó de 34 datos. Las exsicatas se depositaron En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la colecta en herbarios nacionales y sirvieron de base para la determinación realizada en los estados Aragua y parte de Miranda, a fin de botánica de las muestras, la cual fue realizada por el Dr. Stephen completar la información sobre la distribución y caracterización Tillet de la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad Central de morfológica in situ de las especies recolectadas en la región centro- Venezuela (UCV). Las muestras designadas con la abreviatura norte de Venezuela. “cf.” entre el género y la especie, no fueron completamente identificadas, aunque presentaban características semejantes a Materiales y métodos las especies conocidas, de las cuales recibieron el nombre. La información sobre las especies de pasifloras y su distribución Posteriormente se realizó la ubicación taxonómica de la especie —obtenida de la consulta en herbarios, revisión de literatura y al nivel de subgénero, de acuerdo con Killip (1938). Algunas entrevistas a informantes clave— sirvió de base para definir los especies fueron descritas in situ. probables sitios de colecta y trazar en los mapas las rutas de las expediciones. Descripción general de las zonas de colecta Para el presente trabajo se recorrió la región centro-norte del El estado Aragua está localizado en la parte centro-norte del país, estados Aragua y Miranda, siguiendo las rutas que se país entre las coordenadas 9°23’ y 10°32’ de latitud norte, y indican a continuación: Ruta 1. Vertiente Oeste del Parque 66°32’ y 67°52’ de longitud oeste. El clima del estado es Nacional Henry Pittier, Sector Rancho Grande: Fila de predominantemente cálido, salvo en las zonas montañosas de Portachuelo y Camino hacia La Toma, Municipio Mario Briceño las cordilleras elevadas por encima de los 800 metros de altitud, Iragorry estado Aragua. Ruta 2. Vertiente Este del Parque como en el Parque Nacional Henry Pittier y en Colonia Tovar. Nacional Henry Pittier, carretera hacia Choroní, Municipio La descripción de las zonas visitadas se presenta a Girardot, estado Aragua; Ruta 3. Colonia Tovar y sus alrededores continuación. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 11

Zona 1: El Parque Nacional Henry Pittier está ubicado en la rubra (2), P. cuneata con introgresión de P. kalbrelyeri (1), P. cf. fieldiana región centro-norte del país, en el tramo central de la Cordillera S. Tillett Ined. (1). Este último ejemplar, de gran exuberancia, se de la Costa. Su extensión alcanza aproximadamente 107.800 encontraba en fase vegetativa. hectáreas. Limita al norte con el Mar Caribe; al este con las En la tercera expedición se visitó la zona correspondiente a la formaciones montañosas de la Cordillera de la Costa; al oeste vertiente este del parque (carretera hacia Choroní) y se con el límite entre los estados Aragua y Carabobo; y al sur con la encontraron siete muestras entre 1200 y 1310 msnm. Estas ciudad de Maracay. muestras pertenecen a las especies P. suberosa (3 muestras), P. cf. Este parque se caracteriza por su topografía irregular y rubra (1), P. cuneata (1), P. cf. cuneata (1) y P. cf. biflora (1). abrupta, conformada por fuertes pendientes especialmente En el Cuadro 1 se presentan las especies de Passiflora pronunciadas en la vertiente norte. Sus acentuadas variaciones colectadas en el Parque Nacional Henry Pittier, su estado de relieve permiten disfrutar de una cadena interminable de fenológico y los sitios específicos de colecta. Las especies paisajes de mar, sabana y selva nublada. Las altitudes del colectadas en esta región son silvestres y no tienen interés Parque oscilan desde el nivel del mar hasta los 2435 metros en la comercial. No obstante, las características de los frutos de P. cf. cumbre de la Cordillera. La heterogeneidad de altitud influye fieldiana S. Tillett Ined confieren importancia potencial a esta notablemente sobre las temperaturas y las precipitaciones. En especie. Las muestras de P. cf. suberosa tenían poco desarrollo y se las máximas elevaciones la temperatura fluctúa entre los 6 y encontraron en suelos erosionados. P. cf. rubra se encontró en 12ºC, y cerca de los 1000 metros varía entre 12 y 24ºC. Las etapa de fructificación, con gran exuberancia de la parte aérea, magnitudes de las lluvias van desde los 690 mm en la costa presentando pequeñas agallas en los frutos, causadas por larvas hasta los 2000 mm en la zona del bosque húmedo, montano y blanquecinas que no fueron identificadas. Las muestras de P. pre-montano. oerstedii también mostraron un desarrollo vegetativo exuberante. Zona 2: La otra zona de recolección fue Colonia Tovar y Todas las muestras se encontraron en estado vegetativo en el zonas aledañas que se encuentra ubicada en los límites de los mes de octubre excepto la muestra de P. cf. fieldiana S. Tillett Ined., estados Aragua y Miranda, con una superficie aproximada de colectada en la entrada de Rancho Grande y una muestra de P. 11.850 hectáreas, altitud que va hasta 2429 msnm y temperatura oerstedii colectada en el sector La Toma, la cual estaba iniciando promedio de 16.8°C. Se caracteriza por el bosque húmedo que la etapa reproductiva. cubre sus faldas, además de la belleza del paisaje. En esta región A continuación se mencionan los caracteres morfológicos se cultivan principalmente frutales de clima templado (durazno, más resaltantes, observados in situ, en las especies colectadas en fresa, mora y —en pequeña escala— curuba y granadilla) y la Zona 1. hortalizas (zanahoria, remolacha, espinacas, acelgas y diversos P. cf. fieldiana S. Tillett Ined .: Tallo grueso y estriado. Hojas enteras, vegetales de hoja). Las principales actividades económicas son muy grandes, acorazonadas, con un par de glándulas en la base el turismo y la agricultura. de la hoja. Estípulas grandes muy desarrolladas y zarcillos El estado Miranda limita al oeste con el estado Aragua. La gruesos. Frutos redondos, de agradable sabor y olor, amarillos al zona recorrida en este estado consiste de una pequeña región madurar con arilo de color blanco. Esta especie muestra gran con clima y condiciones similares a Colonia Tovar. parecido con la especie cultivada P. ligularis (granadilla), en cuanto a la forma de sus tallos, hojas, estípulas y frutos. Resultados P. oerstedii (3 muestras): Tallos muy delgados. Hojas simples Descripción de las muestras colectadas enteras, bilobuladas o trilobuladas. Estípulas grandes en forma En el primer viaje se recorrió la carretera hacia Ocumare de la arriñonada con margen ondulado, glándulas estipitadas a lo Costa, sectores denominados Rancho Grande y El Portachuelo (Ruta 1, Fig. 1) recolectando cuatro muestras determinadas como P. rubra (una muestra), dos pasifloras juveniles posiblemente de P. cuneata o P. kalbrelyeri y P. cf. fieldiana S. Tillett Ined . (1) en alturas comprendidas entre los 1115 y 1125 msnm. Todas estas muestras eran poco frecuentes en la zona y se encontraron en estado vegetativo, a excepción de la última. De la especie P. cf. fieldiana S. Tillett Ined., se recolectaron cinco frutos, en el sector Rancho Grande a orillas de la carretera. Allí se nos informó que esta especie es consumida por monos y los estudiantes que visitan la Estación. Al contrario, otra pasiflora de frutos amarillos globosos también presente en el parque, no es consumida por animales, lo cual podría indicar que es venenosa. Esta última no fue recolectada ni identificada por lo abrupto del relieve y la densidad del sotobosque. En la Fig. 2 se presentan en detalle los frutos maduros de P. cf. fieldiana S. Tillett Ined. En el segundo viaje se recorrió el camino hacia La Toma, partiendo detrás de la Estación Biológica Rancho Grande. Se recolectaron siete muestras de las especies: P. oerstedii (3), P. cf. Figura 2. Frutos maduros de P. cf. fieldiana S. Tillett Ined. 12 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

Cuadro 1. Especies recolectadas en el Parque Nacional Henry Pittier, estado Aragua, Venezuela Subgénero Especie No. de Lugar de Altitud Estado muestras recolección (msnm) fenológico Plectostemma P. cf. biflora 1 Carretera Choroní 1290 Vegetativo Plectostemma P. cuneata 1 Carretera Choroní 1310 Vegetativo Plectostemma P. cf. cuneata 1 Carretera Choroní 1310 Vegetativo Plectostemma P. cuneata con 1 Carretera Choroní 1300 Vegetativo introgresión de P. kalbrelyeri Plectostemma P. cuneata o 1 Fila de Portachuelo, 1115 Vegetativo P. kalbrelyeri Rancho Grande P. cf. fieldiana 2 Entrada a la Estación 1125–1300 Fructificación S. Tillett Ined. y Camino hacia (1 muestra) La Toma, Rancho Grande Vegetativo (1 muestra) P. oerstedii 3 Camino hacia La Toma, 1245 Floración (1 muestra) Rancho Grande Vegetativo (2 muestras) Plectostemma P. rubra 1 Fila de Portachuelo, 1115 Vegetativo Rancho Grande Plectostemma P. cf. Rubra 3 Camino hacia La Toma, 1245–1310 Vegetativo (2 muestras) Rancho Grande, y Floración y Carretera Choroní Fructificación (1 muestra) Plectostemma P. suberosa 3 Carretera Choroní 1290–1300 Vegetativo largo del pecíolo. Zarcillos gruesos. Tres brácteas situadas en la con los lóbulos muy acentuados, tri-nervia. La nervadura prin- parte intermedia del pedúnculo acompañan la flor de cipal termina en arista; estípulas filiformes largas. aproximadamente 6 cm de diámetro. Filamentos de la corona En el Cuadro 2 se presentan las especies recolectadas en largos con bandas púrpura, sépalos verdes y pétalos blanco- Colonia Tovar y sus alrededores (Rutas 3 y 4), entre los 1650 y verdosos (una muestra). Muy exuberante. 2110 msnm, incluyendo las muestras encontradas en una P. suberosa: Tallos delgados. Hojas trilobuladas, pubescentes, pequeña área del estado Miranda. En total se recolectaron 27 glándulas estipitadas en el tercio medio superior del pecíolo; muestras de las especies siguientes: P. adenopoda (1 muestra), P. estipulas filiformes, cortas. biflora (1), P. edulis (1), P. ligularis (3), P. mixta (1), P. cf. mixta (1), P. P. cf. rubra (dos muestras): Tallo no pubescente y estriado. kalbrelyeri (8); tres muestras que por sus características Hojas con forma de murciélago (114), no pubescente en el haz y morfológicas presentan posible introgresión con otras especies: pubescente en el envés con aspecto aterciopelado, bilobuladas, P. cuneata x P. kalbreyeri (2) y P. mixta x P. mollissima (1); y 11

Cuadro 2. Especies recolectadas en Colonia Tovar y sus alrededores (estado Aragua) y en El Jarillo y sus alrededores (estado Miranda), Venezuela Subgénero Especie No. de Lugar de Altitud Nombre Estado Muestras recolección (msnm) común Fenológico Decaloba P. adenopoda 1 Colonia Tovar 1780 Parcha criolla Floración y fructificación Plectostemma P. biflora 1 Capachal 1780 Vegetativo Plectostemma P. cuneata x 2 Vía Palmarito 1750–1840 Vegetativo P. kalbrelyeri y Capachal (2 muestras) Passiflora P. edulis f. 1 Colonia Tovar 1765 Parchita Vegetativo y Flavicarpa fructificación Plectostemma P. kalbrelyeri 8 Colonia Tovar y 1710–1910 Rema Vegetativo sus alrededores, (7 muestras) Vía Colonia Tovar-El fructificación Jarillo y El Cedral (1 muestra) Tacsonia P. mixta 1 Carretera Costa Maya 2090 Vegetativo Tacsonia P. cf. mixta 1 Capachal 1935 Vegetativo Tacsonia Passiflora. sp. 11 Colonia Tovar y 1650-2110 Curuba, Parcha Floración y alrededores, vías reproductivo Colonia Tovar-Costa (10 muestras) Maya, Colonia Tovar- Vegetativo El Jarillo, Colonia (1 muestra en Tovar-La Victoria Carretera Colonia Tovar- Costa Maya) Tacsonia P. mixta x 1 Cercanía de Bajo Seco 2160 Floración y fructificación P. mollissima Passiflora P. ligularis 3 Colonia Tovar y sus 1650–1765 Parcha alemana Vegetativa alrededores y parcha coloniera (1 muestra) Floración y fructificación (2) Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 13

Figura 3. Detalle de los frutos de curuba (Passiflora sp.) y P. adenopoda colectados en Colonia Tovar. muestras de curuba con características morfológicas muy Las especies de la Zona 2 también fueron caracterizadas in similares a P. mollissima, pero no completamente determinadas. situ y sus principales caracteres morfológicos se mencionan a Esta fue la zona de mayor altitud recorrida en la región central continuación. y donde se colectaron especies cultivadas, además de las P. adenopoda: Hojas pentalobuladas, con lóbulo central muy silvestres. desarrollado, márgenes aserrados espinescentes; forma pedada. En esta región se observó la siembra de curuba (Passiflora sp.) y Presenta un par de glándulas estipitadas en el tercio superior del granadilla (Passiflora ligularis) en pequeña escala, encontrándose pecíolo. Estípulas arriñonadas con bordes ligeramente una o varias plantas en patios caseros. La curuba tiene mayor aserrados. Dos flores por axila acompañadas por tres brácteas. difusión que la granadilla. Ambos cultivos son utilizados para Pétalos blancos, sépalos verdes, filamento externo de la corona el autoconsumo y para la venta. P. ligularis es conocida en la zona con manchas moradas. como parcha alemana o parcha “coloniera”, debido al ancestro P. kalbreyeri (dos muestras): Hojas bilobuladas, ápice de los alemán de los habitantes de esta región. El fruto de esta especie lóbulos poco acentuados, deprimidos. Estípulas filiformes. se utiliza para consumo directo y se encuentra sólo en patios Ocelos en filas longitudinales entre nervadura principal y caseros. También se encontraron las plantas de curuba (Passiflora laterales, de color marrón-naranja. La forma de la hoja difiere sp.) en pequeñas siembras comerciales y en estado natural (escapada). P. adenopoda es llamada parcha criolla y fue encontrada como ornamental. Esta especie es venenosa cuando se consume en estado inmaduro, debido al elevado contenido de ácido cianhídrico de sus frutos. En la Fig. 3 se presenta el detalle de los frutos de curuba (Passiflora sp.) y P. adenopoda colectados en Colonia Tovar. En los meses de octubre y febrero estas especies se encuentran en estado reproductivo. P. cf. mixta y P. mixta fueron encontradas en estado silvestre, la primera en estado vegetativo y la segunda en floración. Esta última —aunque tenía abundantes flores— no presentaba frutos y sus flores se desprendían con facilidad (Fig. 4). Las muestras de pasifloras silvestres de la zona corresponden a P. kalbreyeri y P. cuneata con introgresión de P. kalbreyeri, siendo muy abundantes en la región. Algunos pobladores conocen a P. kalbreyeri como rema, y mencionan que la planta tiene usos medicinales en el tratamiento de la sinusi- tis y congestión nasal. Las especies silvestres se encontraron en estado vegetativo en los meses de octubre y febrero. Una muestra de P. kalbreyeri estaba iniciando la etapa reproductiva en el mes de marzo. Figura 4. Flores de P. mixta. 14 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

entre las muestras. Zarcillos muy gruesos de color naranja. Es porta-injerto de P. mollissima, en la búsqueda de resistencia a muy pubescente en todos sus órganos. enfermedades, y también en cruzamientos inter-específicos. P. ligularis (dos muestras): Hoja grande acorazonada. Según Escobar (1991) el entrecruzamiento constituye un método Glándulas estipitadas largas, tres pares a lo largo del pecíolo. económicamente viable en el subgénero Tacsonia para mejorar las Estípulas grandes. Flor de aproximadamente 8 cm de diámetro, especies silvestres, incorporando en ellas características tres brácteas, cinco sépalos unidos en la base de color verde en el deseadas de las cultivadas y en las cultivadas, una más amplia envés y blanco verdoso en el haz. Pétalos libres, reducidos, con tolerancia a las condiciones ambientales y mayor resistencia a puntos violeta en el haz, corona compuesta por dos series de enfermedades. filamentos largos (3–4 cm de longitud), bandas blancas, En la región central de Venezuela, la curuba (Passiflora sp.) y púrpuras hacia la base y violetas hacia el ápice. Filamentos granadilla (P. ligularis) se cultivan en pequeña escala, centrales morado oscuro. Cáliz persistente. principalmente en patios caseros. Algunos habitantes siembran P. mixta (dos muestras): Hojas trilobuladas con lóbulos bien mayor número de plantas para comercializar los frutos acentuados, márgenes aserrados, nervaduras rojas por el envés, excedentes. En el presente trabajo se encontraron tres siembras estípula en forma de copa. Presenta glándulas sésiles comerciales de curuba en pequeña escala, una en El Jarillo distribuidas a lo largo del pecíolo. Flor de color rojo claro, sépalos (estado Miranda), otra en la vía Colonia Tovar hacia El Jarillo verdes con bordes rojos, zarcillos rojizos. (estado Aragua) y una última en El Cedral (estado Aragua), Curuba (Passiflora sp.): Hojas trilobuladas. Flores con pétalos estando esta última en estado de abandono. Varias plantas de pendulados. Flor de color rosado oscuro, sépalos rosados en el curuba (Passiflora. sp.) observadas en estado silvestre se pueden haz, rosado más claro y verdoso en el envés, sépalos similares a considerar escapadas porque presentaban caracteres los pétalos en tamaño y forma. Corona reducida a una sola serie morfológicos similares a las cultivadas. de filamentos. Una muestra presentó frutos muy pequeños. Colonia Tovar y sus alrededores tienen características Todas las especies recolectadas en las Rutas 1 y 2 son favorables para la producción de ambas especies, ya que poseen silvestres. La importancia de colectar estos materiales reside en zonas con altitudes superiores a los 1500 m, clima fresco y que constituyen fuentes potenciales de caracteres para el facilidad de acceso a grandes centros poblados. Por ello, se mejoramiento de las pasifloras cultivadas. En estudios debería estimular el incremento en la superficie de siembra y la preliminares de cruzamientos interespecíficos, realizados por producción de estos frutales, para la comercialización hacia CORPOICA-Colombia, se encontró la formación de frutos en otras regiones. cruces muy amplios, incluyendo cruces entre subgéneros. Estos Los materiales de curuba y granadilla recolectados en la resultados sugieren la posibilidad de usar genes de una especie región centro-norte fueron incorporados al Banco de Pasifloras de Passiflora para el mejoramiento de otra, incluso de las especies de Zonas Altas ubicado en Bramón, estado Táchira, para su silvestres (IPGRI 1998). No obstante, su utilidad sólo será conservación. conocida después de una completa caracterización y evaluación de las mismas. Agradecimiento P. cf. fieldiana S. Tillett Ined., especie endémica de esta región, fue Los autores desean expresar su agradecimiento al IPGRI de las descubierta por el Dr Stephen Tillet en el Parque Nacional Henry Américas, organismo coordinador del proyecto, a través del Dr Pittier en 1975 y recibió este nombre en honor a Andy Field, Mickel Grum. Al Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) por botánico estudioso de la flora de este parque (Vanderplank su aporte financiero. Al Dr Stephen Tillet por la identificación y 1996). Esta es la muestra potencialmente más importante de clasificación botánica de las muestras colectadas. Al Dr Bruno todas las recolectadas en esta región, pues sus frutos de pulpa Mazzani por sus valiosas sugerencias. Y a los agricultores que blanca tienen un delicioso sabor y podrían ser utilizados para el donaron su material genético. consumo directo o para la elaboración de jugos. Sin embargo, habría necesidad de iniciar un trabajo de domesticación y Referencias difusión para su consumo. También se podrían iniciar estudios Badillo, V. M. y L. Schnee. 1972. Clave de las Familias de Plantas Superiores de Venezuela. Revista de la Facultad de básicos para explorar la posibilidad de utilizar esta especie para Agronomía. Alcance 18: 168-169. el mejoramiento de P. ligularis. Escobar, L. K. 1991. La Sistemática y Evolución de las En las Rutas 3 y 4 (Colonia Tovar y sus alrededores) se Passifloras. Pp. 51–54 en Memorias del Primer Simposium Internacional de Passifloras. Palmira, Colombia. recolectó el mayor número de muestras de especies cultivadas, Fajardo, D., F. Angel, M. Grum, J. Tohme, M. Lobo, W. Roca y I. ya que la región visitada es productora de frutales y posee Sánchez. 1998. Genetic Variation Analysis of the Genus siembras, aunque en pequeñas áreas o patios caseros, de curuba Passiflora L. Using RAPDS Markers. Euphytica 101:341-347. Heywood, V. H. y D. M. Moore. 1957. Current Concepts in Plant (P. mollissima) y granadilla (P. ligularis). Un análisis genético basado Taxonomy. Academic Press, New York, USA. en RAPDS demostró que existe una gran variación intra- IPGRI. 1998. Diversidad, Conservación y Uso Sostenible de los específica en P. ligularis (Fajardo et al.1998), por lo que existe un Recursos Genéticos de Frutales Nativos de América Tropical. Informe Final. Cooperación Técnica IPGRI-BID No. ATN/SF- gran potencial para mejorar esta especie a través de selección y 4356-RG. recombinación. Estos autores concluyen que P. ligularis en Co- Killip, E. P. 1938. The American Species of Passifloraceae. Bo- lombia presenta un conjunto de genes diversos. tanical Series. Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago. Volume 19. Part 1. Las muestras de P. cf. mixta y P. mixta tienen gran importancia Knoth, V. R. 1928. Initiae Flora Venezuelensis. porque se puede investigar la factibilidad de usar P. mixta como Martín, F. W. y H. Y. Nakasone. 1970. The edible species of Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 15

Passiflora. Economic Botany 24 (3): 333-343. Mazzani, E., D. Pérez,. y W. Pacheco. 1999. Distribución y uso de especies del género Passiflora (Passifloraceae) en las zonas altas de los estados Lara y Falcón, Venezuela. Plant Genet. Resour. News. 119:24-32. Mazzani, E., E. González, D. Pérez y S. Roa. 1997. Informe Técnico Final del Proyecto “Diversidad Conservación y Uso Sostenible de los Recursos Genéticos de Frutales Nativos de América Tropical”. Anexo: FONAIAP, Venezuela, 1997. Cooperación Técnica IPGRI-BID No. ATN/SF-4356-RG. Pittier, H., T. Lasser, L. Schnee, Z. Luces de F y B. Badillo.1947. Pp.173–177 en Catálogo de la Flora Venezolana. Tomo II. Tercera Conferencia Interamericana de Agricultura. Caracas, Venezuela. Vanderplank, J. 1996. Passion Flower and Passion Fruit. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA. Wurdack, A. 1966. Flora de Venezuela. Boletín Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales. 26 (15):429. 16ARTICLE Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125: 16 - 20

North Spanish emmer and spelt wheat landraces: agronomical and grain quality characteristic evaluation J.A. Oliveira Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo (CIAM) Apdo 10, 15080 A Coruña, Spain Departamento de Producción Vegetal. Escola Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n., 27002 Lugo, Spain

Summary Résumé Resumen North Spanish emmer and spelt Variétés locales d’épeautre et Variedades locales de escanda wheat landraces: agronomical d’amidonnier du Nord de y povía del Norte de España and grain quality characteristic l’Espagne Se realizó un estudio en el Centro de evaluation Au Centre de Recherches Agronomiques Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo A study was carried out at the Centro de de Mabegondo une étude a été fait pour para obtener información sobre Investigaciones Agrarias de Mabegondo obtenir information sur des caractères caracteres agronómicos y de calidad de to obtain information about agronomical agronomiques et de qualité du grain grano en variedades del País de escanda and grain quality characteristics of dans de variétés de pays d’épeautre (Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta) y de Asturian emmer (Triticum turgidum (Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta) et povía (Triticum turgidum Thell. subsp. Thell. subsp. dicoccum) and spelt (Triti- d’amidonnier (Triticum turgidum Thell. dicoccum) asturianas. Se evaluaron en to- cum aestivum subsp. spelta) wheat subsp. dicoccum) des Asturies. Cinq tal cinco poblaciones de escanda y tres de landraces. Five spelt and three emmer variétés de pays d’épeautre et trois povía en un sistema de fertilización wheat landraces were evaluated in a low- d’amidonnier ont été évaluées sous une nitrogenada reducida durante 2 años. Se nitrogen system for 2 years in a random- fertilization azotée faible (50 kg N ha– incluyeron en el ensayo los cultivares ized complete block design with two rep- 1 an–1) pendant deux ans dans un disposi- comerciales de trigo Marius y Soissons licates of 50 plants. Two commercial tif en deux blocs complets randomisés où como testigos. Las poblaciones y los wheat cultivars (Marius and Soissons) la parcelle élémentaire était un rang de 2 testigos se caracterizaron mediante siete were also planted. The entries (landraces m. Deux cultivars commerciaux de blé caracteres cualitativos y 19 caracteres and checks) were characterized for seven (Marius et Soissons) ont été aussi évalués. cuantitativos. Las poblaciones de escanda qualitative and 19 quantitative traits. Sept caractères qualitatives et 19 quanti- y povía presentaron rendimientos en Emmer and spelt showed similar grain tatives ont été considérés. Les variétés grano similares a los de los cultivares de yields to wheat cultivars. However, their locales d’épeautre et d’amidonnier ont trigo. En cambio, el contenido en protein content was higher and Zeleny présentés des rendements grain simi- proteínas fue mayor y los valores de values lower than in the cultivars. In con- laires aux des cultivars de blé. Par contre, fuerza del gluten menores que en los trast, spelt landraces showed higher le contenu en protéines a été plus impor- cultivares de trigo. Las poblaciones de Zeleny values and test weights, wider tant et les valeurs de force de gluten in- escanda presentaron mayores valores de glume and shoulder glume, more el- férieures aux des cultivars de blé. Les fuerza de gluten y pesos específicos, evated glume shoulder, more straight populations d’épeautre ont présentés mayores anchuras de gluma y hombro glume beak and laxer spikes than em- valeurs de force de gluten et poids spéci- de gluma, hombro de la gluma más mer landraces. fiques plus grands, plus larges glumes et ascendente, pico de gluma más recto y troncatures des glumes, troncatures des espigas más laxas que las de povía. Key words: Agromorhological and glumes fortement échancrées, becs des grain quality evaluation; Asturias; glumes plus droits et des epis très laches Emmer wheat; Hulled wheats; Spelt que ceux du amidonnier. wheat; Triticum aestivum L.; Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta; Triticum turgidum Thell. subsp. dicoccum

Introduction Two of the most common hulled wheats are the tetraploid Present-day distribution of emmer and spelt within Spain is emmer (Triticum turgidum Thell. subsp. dicoccum) and the hexap- concentrated in mountain areas of Asturias where traditional loid spelt (Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta). The first evidence of farming systems still survive. Fields are very small and situated cultivation of emmer is present from the Neolithic period in a diverse range of altitudes from 200 to almost 1000 masl. (4000 BC) onwards in several sites across Spain (Buxó 1997). Emmer and spelt are present in the southernmost part of Central Spelt, on the contrary, appears to be represented only from the Asturias, on the border with Castilla. The Asturian ‘escanda’ is Iron Age (1000 BC) and in areas of northern Spain (Buxó a generic term for both emmer and spelt. Although spelt tends to 1997). be the main crop, emmer appears, in some cases, mixed with The main characteristics of hulled wheats are that they spelt throughout the area. At present, emmer is rarely found. maintain the glumes adhered to the grain after threshing and The collapse of traditional farming systems due to mechani- their semi-brittle rachis (Caro-Baroja 1972). Spelt has longer zation and abandonment of agrarian activities in mountain and laxer spikes and wider glumes and glume shoulders than areas is perhaps the main threat to these wheats. Spelt cultiva- emmer (Gadea 1954). tion is less endangered than emmer as there are still farmers who Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 17

grow spelt for their own consumption. There is also a small (3) glume shoulder width (1 narrow to 5 broad) market at the local level for spelt bread that to some extent (4) glume shoulder shape (1 sloping to 5 elevated with 2nd promotes its cultivation. Spelt bread is sold at high prices as a point present) delicacy in the main towns of Asturias. The cultivation of these (5) spike density (1 lax to 5 dense) two crops shows disadvantages that relate to the harvesting (6) Stem rust (Puccinia graminis) incidence (1 low to 5 high) techniques used and the need to dehisce the spikelets to obtain (7) lodging incidence (1 low to 5 high) the grain for human consumption (González-Quevedo 1981). (8) heading date (days past 1st January) According to the ethnographic evidence, farmers may prefer (9) plant height (cm) at maturity from soil to apex of spike, spelt bread to emmer bread. Among the disadvantages of em- not including the awns mer bread is that it is flatter and darker than spelt. However, (10) number of spikelets per spike those in favour of emmer bread stressed the fact that it has a (11) rachis 1ength (mm) spongier texture (Peña-Chocarro 1995). The increasing interest (12) glume length (mm) in low-input systems due to the actual ecological and economi- (13) glume width (mm) cal situation has led to a growing interest in specific genetic (14) maturity date (days past 1st January) variability. Organic agriculture and health food products have (15) number of grains per spike been gaining increasing popularity that has led to a renewed (16) mean grain length of 25 grains per row (mm) interest in hulled wheat species such as emmer and spelt (Abdel- (17) mean grain width of 25 grains per row (mm) Aal et al. 1995; Ranhotra et al. 1995). (18) grain yield of the row (g m–2) The importance of northern Spain for wheat genetic re- (19) grain weight per spike (g) sources led the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (20) single spike weight (g) to declare it as zone of priority for the collection of wheats to (21) dry matter of rachis and glumes (g) genebank ex situ conservation (Chapman 1985). (22) grain weight per spike / single spike weight (%) The description of agronomically important and useful char- (23) thousand grain weight (g) acteristics is an important prerequisite for effective and efficient (24) test weight (kg Hl–1) use of germplasm collections in breeding programs (Duvick (25) grain protein content as N concentration multiplied by 1984). In spite of the importance of the Spanish landraces only 5.7 (%) limited agromorphological characterization data are available (26) the Zeleny value (ml). (Gadea 1954; Sánchez-Monge 1957). For the quantitative characteristics studied univariate nor- The objective of this study was to estimate agronomical and mality was checked on their residues. Their shapes and the grain quality characteristics of some Asturian emmer and spelt Shapiro–Wilk statistics showed that the traits had normal dis- landraces. This effort was motivated by the fact that autochtho- tributions. nous materials are at risk of being lost. The following model of analysis of variance was applied: X = Mu + Ye + bl + Ye*bl + En + Ye*En + Err Material and methods where Mu=overall average; Ye=year effect; bl=block effect; The five spelt and three emmer landraces studied originated Ye*bl=year*block interaction; En=Entry; Ye*En=year*Entry in- from the Asturias region. These landraces are still cultivated in teraction; Err=residual error. The year effect was considered this region. This germplasm is conserved at the Mabegondo random and the signification of the Entry effect was tested Agronomic Centre (CIAM). The study was conducted for two using the Year*Entry interaction as error term. successive years (1997/1998, 1998/1999) at one location of The effect of the competition between tall (landraces) and Northwestern Spain (Galicia). The site was at the CIAM short (cultivars) wheats on grain yield and on yield components (43°15’N, 8°18’W) near the coast (100 masl) on a silt loam soil. (grains/spike, spikelets/spike and the thousand grain weight) Soil was sampled on September 1997 to a depth of 15 cm to was taken into account by using one covariate based on the determine initial soil nutrient status. Analysis was done by the mean difference in height between a row and its two adjacent Galician Agrarian Laboratory. The crop cycle was from Novem- neighbours. The mean difference in heading date was also used ber to end July. In both seasons, each landrace was planted in as a second covariate to see if there was an effect of the different two replicates in a randomized complete block design. Plots heading dates on grain yield components (Goldringer et al. 1994). consisted of single rows 2 m long. Rows were spaced 0.5 m apart For the qualitative-scored characteristics a table of frequen- in both years. Fifty seeds were planted per row. Two commercial cies (%) of each class and each entry was calculated. For these wheat check cultivars (Marius and Soissons) were also planted. traits, the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test was used to test Fertilization practices were 50 kg/ha of nitrogen applied at the the existence of statistically significant differences between en- end of tillering and 150 kg/ha of P2O5 and K2O. There was no tries. Statistical analyses were computed using SAS (SAS Insti- application of fungicide or growth regulator. tute 1994). The entries were characterized for seven qualitative (1–7) and 19 quantitative traits (8–26). The values for traits 1–5, 9–13, Results and discussion 15 and 19–21 were calculated as the mean of five spikes per row: Soil testing at the commencement of the experiment showed a (1) glume beak length (1 short to 5 long) pH of 5.3, cation exchange capacity of 14.9 cmol(+) kg-1 , and (2) glume beak shape (1 straight to 5 geniculate) organic matter content of 4.1 %. Potassium, Ca and Mg were 18 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

Table 1. Main results of the ANOVA of 10 entries of Triticum aestivum , Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta and Triticum turgidum Thell. subsp. dicoccum for 19 quantitative characters measured at the Mabegondo Agronomic Centre (N.W. Spain) Mean Squares Characteristics Year Entry Year*Entry Error Heading date 2175.6*** 223.2*** 19.8NS 8.7 Plant height 43.0NS 13474.1*** 1305.4*** 2.9 Spikelets/spike 57.2** 552.0*** 49.0*** 6.7 Rachis length 56.2NS 16829.2** 2093.7*** 333.4 Glume length 11.5*** 12.8** 2.3* 0.9 Glume width 0.1NS 1.2** 0.2NS 0.1 Maturity date 4665.6*** 82.6* 23.5*** 3.5 Grains/spike 733.4** 1157.4NS 994.7*** 102.5 Grain length 0.6NS 3.3*** 0.1 Grain width 0.1NS 0.1NS 0.02 Grain yield 9998.2NS 2873.2NS 1747.9NS 1059.2 Single spike weight 27.2*** 17.5*** 1.6* 0.7 Grain weight per spike 5.6* 37.8*** 0.9NS 1.0 Dry matter of rachis and glumes 8.0*** 4.2*** 0.4*** 0.1 Grain weight per spike/single spike weight 9097.5*** 705.4* 180.6NS 104.1 Thousand-grain weight 1503.9** 115.2NS 73.5 Test weight 250.3*** 35.3** 6.4 Protein content 17.5*** 3.7*** 0.2 Zeleny value 18.0NS 157.4*** 2.4 *, **, *** significant at 0.05, 0.01 and 0.001 level, respectively; NS=not significant. The signifcance of Entry effect was tested using the Year*Entry effect as an error term.

Table 2. Mean and standard deviations (in parenthesis) of 10 entries of Triticum aestivum, Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta and Triticum turgidum Thell. subsp. dicoccum for 19 quantitative characteristics evaluated Characteristics Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum aestivum aestivum spelta spelta spelta spelta spelta dicoccum dicoccum dicoccum Soissons Marius Quirós Somiedo Pravia Lena Grado Pigueña Villar-Vildas Teverga Heading date 143e 138f 149d 152cd 152cd 159b 165a 154c 152cd 154c (12.1) (7.5) (9.7) (8.0) (7.5) (13.7) (5.7) (7.9) (7.2) (9.3) Plant height 80.3f 84.7f 134.8d 128.6e 153.5a 131.lde 146.7bc 142.9c 152.2ab 136.3d (14.9) (10.9) (11.9) (10.6) (14.0) (16.5) (10.9) (6.4) (10.0) (15.5) Spikelets/spike 19.2d 19.2d 21.3c 18.8d 21.9c 22.6c 22.4c 31.6a 32.6a 29.3b (2.8) (3.4) (2.1) (2.1) (2.6) (3.9) (3.4) (3.1) (2.2) (3.6) Rachis length 82.3d 90.2d 143.5b 136.3bc 168.6a 171.6a 147.6b 137.7bc 135.6bc 125.4c (12.1) (14.9) (27.9) (22.5) (17.4) (31.7) (25.5) (14.9) (10.4) (14.5) Glume length 10.2d 10.3d 12.6a 11.6be 11.9ab 12.3ab 11.3c 11.8bc 12.2ab 11.3c (0.6) (0.7) (2.0) (0.7) (1.1) (0.9) (0.9) (1.0) (0.9) (0.7) Glume width 3.9bc 4.4a 4.4a 4.1b 4.0b 4.0b 4.2ab 3.7d 3.7cd 3.7d (0.3) (0.4) (0.4) (0.3) (0.3) (0.3) (0.4) (0.4) (0.4) (0.4) Maturity date 200c 192d 203bc 207a 201c 207a 207a 205ab 205ab 205ab (20.2) (11.0) (12.2) (12.7) (12.2) (12.7) (11.8) (11.0) (11.0) (11.0) Grains/spike 45.5 39.8 50.3 35.6 50.0 45.0 49.9 55.6 56.4 60.3 (10.7) (12.0) (14.6) (8.5) (10.2) (15.5) (13.0) (9.7) (10.3) (15.1) Grain length 6.6c 6.9c 8.5b 9.3ab 9.3ab 9.8a 9.4a 10.2a 10.2a 10.0a (0.1) (0.4) (0.3) (1.1) (0.1) (0.4) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.5) Grain width 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.6 (0.2) (0.4) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.1) (0.3) Grain yield 132.7 181.4 128.1 86.4 130.2 72.1 86.0 133.4 143.8 112.4 (17.3) (1.5) (12.4) (57.4) (22.0) (57.4) (10.4) (59.0) (59.5) (62.7) Single spike 1.8e 1.9e 3.3d 3.5cd 4.0c 4.1c 3.3d 5.2b 4.9b 6.la Weight (0.4) (0.5) (0.8) (0.5) (1.0) (0.9) (0.9) (1.6) (1.5) (1.0) Grain weight 1.5d 1.6d 2.4c 2.4c 2.7c 2.9c 2.4c 3.9ab 3.5b 4.4a Spike (0.4) (0.4) (0.8) (0.6) (0.9) (0.9) (0.7) (1.4) (1.5) (1.1) Dry matter 0.3e 0.4e 1.0d 1.led 1.3be 1.3bc 0.9d 1.3be 1.4b 1.8a Rachis+glumes (0.1) (0.2) (0.5) (0.4) (0.4) (0.4) (0.3) (0.4) (0.4) (0.6) Grain weight 84.1a 80.4a 69.7b 68.2b 66.4b 67.8b 68.9b 72.9b 67.5b 70.7b spike/ single spike (6.4) (6.9) (13.8) (12.6) (13.2) (14.8) (16.7) (10.3) (14.6) (10.9) weight Thousand-grain 48.1 54.3 58.3 62.2 54.0 52.4 72.3 66.9 65.7 63.6 weight (4.1) (3.0) (16.4) (17.7) (15.8) (21.8) (17.9) (15.0) (17.5) (17.3) Test weight 82.0a 77.3ab 75.8ab 77.lab 75.7ab 75.7ab 77.2ab 71.8be 68.6c 68.5c (5.6) (0.1) (8.5) (8.0) (2.1) (6.1) (5.1) (3.8) (4.6) (6.0) Protein content 11.0c 10.5c 13.5b 13.1b 13.5b 13.7b 15.3a 13.2b 13.4b 13.2b (0.9) (1.7) (1.9) (1.3) (1.3) (1.7) (1.0) (1.8) (1.7) (0.3) Zeleny value 36a 3lb 23d 25cd 29bc 24d 26cd 12e l0e 11e (0.1) (0.1) (3.5) (3.5) (2.8) (0.1) (0.0) (2.1) (1.4) (0.1) Means with different letters differ at P=0.05 among entries according to the Duncan test. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 19

present at levels of 0.4, 4.8 and 0.4 cmol(+) kg-1 , respectively. supporting findings from other authors (Goldringer et al. 1994). Olsen P content was 30 ppm and ammonium acetate K content The grain yield (grain weight per spike / single spike weight) was 162 ppm. ranged from 66 to 73% of the husked grain yield in landraces The covariate calculated as the difference between the height and was lower than in wheat cultivars (80–84%). of a row and the mean height of its two adjacent neighbours was The thousand-grain weight, which is one of the main com- statistically significant for grain yields and for the number of ponents of the grain yield, showed no significant differences spikelets per spike. For these characters the adjusted means will among entries. The intermediate to high values obtained indi- be given. The effect of the covariate calculated as the difference cated that the assimilate production in the plants was ad- of heading date had no statistically significant effect on grain equate. For the farmer to have good thousand-grain weights, it yield and yield components. is important to obtain satisfactory grain yields. Mean squares of the quantitative characteristics are shown In relation to the test weight, similar and acceptable values in Table 1. The entry effects appear to be statistically significant were found in spelt and commercial wheats. On the contrary, (P<0.05) for all traits except for grains/spike, grain width, thou- emmer landraces showed the lowest values but always higher sand grain weight and grain yield. than values (40 kg Hl–1) obtained by other authors on seeds Means and standard deviations for the 19 quantitative char- collected in farmers’ fields (Caro-Baroja 1972). The test weight is acteristics are presented in Table 2. correlated with flour yield and it is an important characteristic Grain yield was similar in emmer, spelt and wheat cultivars. for milling. It is assumed that with respect to common wheat, spelt exhibits As generally known from field data, emmer and spelt ma- more vigorous growth under adverse growth conditions (Riesen ture later than commercial wheats as showed by the heading et al. 1986). The conditions of low-nitrogen fertilization of the date. Earliness of commercial wheats, measured as days to experiment could be similar to those of marginal areas and this heading, may have a negative influence on the time of harvest in may explain the similar grain yields obtained in landraces com- the climatic conditions of the North of Spain with abundant pared with cultivars. Covariate adjustment of grain yield by the rain. The time of harvesting in the Asturias is heavily dependent mean height difference of genotype neighbours was an effective on the climatic conditions. Nonetheless, late in August, the crop method of reducing bias of genotype means in a single-row plots is ready to be harvested.

Table 3. Frequencies (%) of each class for seven qualitatively scored characteristics in each entry Characters Class Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum aestivum aestivum spelta spelta spelta spelta spelta dicoccum dicoccum dicoccum Soissons Marius Quirós Somiedo Pravia Lena Grado Pigüeña Villar-Vildas Teverga Glume 1 short 0 25 15 15 70 15 50 45 10 15 beak 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 length 3 100 75 20 85 30 85 15 55 90 85 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 long 0 0 65 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 Glume 1 straight 40 35 65 5 95 90 95 0 5 5 beak 2 60 65 35 15 5 5 5 30 30 15 shape 3 0 0 0 60 0 5 0 60 50 60 4 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 10 15 20 5 geniculate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Glume 1 narrow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 shoulder 2 90 70 45 80 0 0 10 95 95 80 width 3 5 10 15 15 0 25 15 5 5 15 4 5 20 40 5 100 75 25 0 0 5 5 broad 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 Glume 1 sloping 90 70 50 50 0 0 30 95 95 80 shoulder 2 5 20 10 0 60 10 35 5 0 0 shape 3 5 10 20 0 5 20 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 20 20 35 55 30 0 5 20 5 elevated 0 0 0 0 0 15 5 0 0 0 Spike 1 lax 5 20 100 85 100 100 90 0 5 0 density 2 70 75 0 15 0 0 10 65 40 60 3 20 5 0 0 0 0 0 35 45 35 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 5 5 dense 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stem rust 1 low 0 50 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 incidence 2 50 0 25 25 0 25 0 25 0 25 3 50 50 0 50 100 0 0 50 50 50 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 25 0 5 high 0 0 75 25 0 50 0 25 25 25 Lodging 1 low 100 100 75 75 50 50 100 100 100 100 incidence 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 high 0 0 25 0 25 25 0 0 0 0 20 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

The protein content was significantly higher in emmer and from the DG Agriculture, European Commission for the English spelt landraces than in commercial wheats. Since wheat end-use revision of this paper. quality is strongly influenced by environment especially as re- lated to grain protein content, the low nitrogen fertilization References probably had an influence on the low protein content of com- Abdel-Aal, E.-S. M., P. Huci and F.W. Sosuiski. 1995. Composi- tional and nutrititional characteristics of spring einkorn and mercial wheats. The high protein content of emmer and spelt is spelt wheats. Cereal Chem. 72:621-624. in good agreement with other investigations where spelt was Axford, D.W.E., E.E. McDermott and D.G. Redman. 1979. Note always superior to wheat (Winzeler and Rüegger 1990 cited by on the sodium dodecylsulphate test and breadmaking qual- ity: comparison with Pelshenke and Zeleny tests. Cereal Rüegger and Winzeler 1993). The bread-making quality of flour Chem. 56:582-584. is influenced both by protein content and protein type but, for a Buxó, R. 1997. Arqueología de plantas. Ed. Crítica, Barcelona, given protein content, wheat quality largely depends on the Spain. Caro-Baroja, J. 1972. Escanda. Pp. 121–122 in Gran Enciclopedia nature of the gluten composition (Finney and Barmore 1948). Asturiana, Vol. 6. (S. Cañada, ed.). Gijón, Spain. The lower Zeleny value of spelt and emmer landraces than Chapman, C.G.D. 1985. The genetic resources of wheat: a survey cultivars showed a probable low gluten strength of the flour. and strategies for collecting. IBPGR, Rome, Italy. Damania, A.B., L. Pecetti and S. Jana. 1990. Evaluation for Indeed the Zeleny value is generally considered an indirect useful genetic traits in primitive and wild wheats. Pp. 57–64 measure of gluten strength (Axford et al. 1979). This result is in in Wheat genetic resources: Meeting diversity needs (J.P. agreement with other authors (Rüegger and Winzeler 1993) who Srivastava and A.B. Damania, eds.). Wiley, Chichester, UK. Duvick, D.N. 1984. Genetic diversity in major farm crops on the found that spelt has lower Zeleny values compared to wheat. In farm and in reserve. Econ. Bot. 38:161-178. contrast, emmer landraces had the lowest Zeleny values. Finney, K.F., Barmore, M.A., 1948. Loaf volume and protein For the qualitative characteristics, non-parametric Kruskal– content of hard winter and spring wheats. Cereal Chem. 50:65-70. Wallis test showed significant differences (P<0.001) for all the Gadea, M., 1954. Trigos españoles. Publicaciones del Ministerio characteristics except for stem rust and lodging incidences. de Agricultura. Madrid, Spain. Table 3 reports the frequencies of the various classes for the Goldringer I., P. Brabant and R. Kempton. 1994. Adjustment for competition between genotypes in single-row-plot trials of seven qualitative characteristics for each entry. On average, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Breed. 112:294- emmer landraces showed more geniculate glume beak than spelt 300. and controls. Although spike density was lax, emmer and wheat González-Quevedo, R. 1981. La Escanda. Pp. 145-146 in Enciclopedia Temática de Asturias, Tomo 8: Etnografía cultivars showed the highest frequencies in the scores 2 and 3 (Silverio Cañada, eds.). Gijón, Spain. indicating a denser spike. Spelt landraces, showed on average a Kema, G.H.J. 1992. Resistance in spelt wheat to yellow rust. glume shoulder more elevated than the rest of entries (highest Euphytica 63:207-217. Peña-Chocarro, L. 1995. In situ conservation of hulled wheat frequencies in the score 4) and also a broad glume shoulder species: the case of Spain. Pp. 129-146 in Proceedings of the (highest frequencies in the score 4). first International workshop on hulled wheats (S.K. Padulosi, Emmer and spelt did not show very high lodging scores. K. Hammer and J. Heller, eds.). IPGRI, Rome, Italy. Ranhotra G.S., J.A. Gelroth, B.K. Glaser and K.J. Lorenz. 1995. This is probably due to the moderate nitrogen fertilization ap- Baking and nutritional qualities of a spelt wheat sample. plied and the wide spacing between rows. One main goal of Lebensm -Wiss Technol. 28:118-122. emmer and spelt landraces breeding should be the reduction of Riesen, T.H., H. Winzeler, A. Rüegger and P.M. Fried. 1986. The effect of glumes on fungal infection of germinating seed of their height to minimize the role of lodging under various condi- spelt (Triticum spelta L.) in comparison to wheat (Triticum tions of cultivation. aestivum L.). Phytopathology 115:318-324. Interest in spelt has recently increased because of its resis- Rüegger, A. and H. Winzeler. 1993. Performance of spelt (Triti- cum spelta L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at two con- tance to several diseases (Damania et al. 1990; Kema 1992). The trasting environmental conditions. J. Agron. Crop Science experiment showed no significant differences between entries 170:289-295. for stem rust incidence in 2 years of evaluation. Sánchez-Monge, E. 1957. Catálogo genético de trigos españoles. Publicaciones del Ministerio de Agricultura. Madrid, Spain. Emmer and spelt showed higher protein content and later SAS Institute. 1994. SAS/STAT procedures. SAS Technical re- heading and maturity dates than wheat cultivars. However, port. SAS Institute Inc., Carey, NC, USA. wheat cultivars showed advantages related with the highest Zeleny values and not needing to remove the glumes of the husked grain to obtain the grain for human consumption as occurred in emmer and spelt. Today, in the Asturias it is still possible to find small pockets of spelt wheat cultivation which have survived in isolated areas associated with traditional agriculture. However, the changes occurring in these rural communities has led to the abandon- ment of traditional agrarian practices and, along with it, also the interest in these crops and their cultures.

Acknowledgement The author thanks the farmers of the Asturias who kindly provided grain samples of landraces, and Dr Mark Cropper ARTICLE PlantPlant Genetic Genetic Resources Resources Newsletter, Newsletter, 2001, 2001, No. No. 125: 125 21- 2123

Sources of resistance to Ustilago scitaminea Syd. among sugarcane accessions at the National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Nigeria A.C. Wada? , M.N. Ishaq and L.D. Busari Sugarcane Research Programme, National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, P.M.B. 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria

Summary Résumé Resumen Sources of resistance to Accessions de canne à sucre Fuentes de resistencia al Ustilago scitaminea Syd. among résistantes à Ustilago Ustilago scitaminea Syd. entre sugarcane accessions at the scitaminea Syd. à l’Institut accesiones de caña de azúcar National Cereals Research National de la Recherche des en el Instituto Nacional de Institute, Badeggi, Nigeria Céréales de Badeggi, Nigeria Investigación de Cereales, Three hundred and fifty sugarcane ac- Trois cent cinquante accessions de canne Badeggi, Nigeria cessions collected from various areas of à sucre collectées dans diverses régions Trescientas cincuenta accesiones recogi- the world and maintained at Badeggi in a du monde sont conservées à Badeggi das de varias partes del mundo y man- national genebank, were studied for dans la banque de gènes nationale. Elles tenidas en un banco nacional de genes de their possible use in hybridization ont été évaluées en vue de l’établissement Badeggi fueron estudiadas con miras a schemes. The accessions were also stud- de stratégies d’hybridation. La sensibilité su posible uso en planes de hibridización. ied for their reactions to induced and des accessions à des infections induites et Se estudiaron también sus reacciones a natural sugarcane smut, Ustilago scita- naturelles par Ustilago scitaminea, agent las infecciones inducidas y naturales con minea, infections. Fifty percent of the ac- du charbon de la canne à sucre, a égale- el tizón de la caña de azúcar Ustilago scita- cessions studied were Saccharum offici- ment été étudiée. Les accessions étudiées minea. El 50% de las accesiones estudiadas narum; 44.1% were S. spontaneum and se répartissaient de la manière suivante : eran Saccharum officinarum; el 44,1% eran 5.9% were S. sinense. The highest num- Saccharum officinarum, 50 % ; S. spontaneum y el 5,9% eran S. sinense. El ber of accessions (38.1%) resistant to U. S. spontaneum 44,1 % ; S. sinense 5,9 %. Le mayor número de accesiones (38,1%) re- scitaminea were from among the wild plus grand nombre d’accessions résis- sistentes al U. scitaminea estaban entre la species, S. spontaneum. About 33% of S. tantes à U. scitaminea (38,1 %) a été ob- especie silvestre, S. spontaneum. Alrede- sinense accessions were resistant, while servé chez l’espèce sauvage, dor del 33% de las accesiones S. sinense S. officinarum, the dominant cultivated S. spontaneum. Environ 33 % des acces- eran resistentes, mientras que S. offici- species in Nigeria, was represented by sions de S. sinense se sont révélées résis- narum, la especie cultivada dominante en the least number of resistant accessions tantes, alors que la plus faible proportion Nigeria, estaba representada por el (28.57%). Overall, 57.14% of S. spontane- d’accessions résistantes (28,57 %) a été menor número de accesiones resistentes um, 28.57% of S. sinense and 14.29% of S. constatée chez S. officinarum, qui est (28,57%). En conjunto, el 57,14% de acce- officinarum accessions were stable in their l’espèce principalement cultivée au Nige- siones de S. spontaneum, el 28,57% de S. reactions to smut over the entire study ria. La réponse à Ustilago scitaminea de sinense y el 14,29% de S. officinarum eran period. The sources of resistance identi- 57,14 % de S. spontaneum, 28,57 % de estables en sus reacciones al tizón du- fied from the study will be used in mak- S. sinense et 14,29 % de S. officinarum, n’a rante todo el período de estudio. Las fu- ing inter-specific crosses to develop ac- pas varié pendant la durée de l’étude. Les entes de resistencia identificadas en el ceptable smut-resistant varieties for the accessions résistantes identifiées dans estudio se utilizarán para hacer Nigerian sugarcane industry. cette étude seront utilisées pour la réali- cruzamientos interespecíficos con objeto sation de croisements inter-spécifiques de desarrollar variedades aceptables re- Key words: Host–plant resistance, afin de créer des variétés résistantes au sistentes al tizón para la industria nigeri- Nigeria, sugarcane, Ustilago charbon, exploitables par l’industrie de la ana de la caña de azúcar. scitaminea canne à sucre au Nigeria.

Introduction Sugarcane genetic resource collection and characterization characterized and evaluated for resistance to several stresses, started in Nigeria in 1975. At that time the National Cereals including drought, pests and diseases. Fertilizer and irrigation Research Institute received the mandate for genetic improve- requirements were also determined and classification of acces- ment of sugarcane (NCRI 1996). The Institute was required to sions was checked. develop high yielding, high sucrose, disease and pest resistant Of the pests and diseases affecting the sugarcane germplasm, varieties for the national sugar industry and for export. Conse- smut, Ustilago scitaminea Syd, was the most significant. Smut is the quently, sugarcane germplasm expeditions were undertaken to principal disease of sugarcane in Nigeria (Wada 1997) and different parts of Nigeria and other parts of the world, espe- mainly affects Saccharum officinarum, the species most commonly cially the West Indies (NCRI. 1979). Sugarcane was also im- cultivated by Nigerian farmers. ported by the then two existing Nigerian sugar companies at Exploitation of host-plant resistance to pests and diseases in Bacita and Numan from India, Hawaii, Australia, and other hybridization schemes is an appropriate way of managing such sugarcane growing countries (NCRI. 1979). biotic stresses in sugarcane (Alexander, 1987). A genebank rep- These sugarcane accessions were clonally conserved in the resents a reservoir of potentially useful host–plant resistance field at Badeggi, Bacita and Numan. The accessions were genes. 22 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

In order to provide cane breeders in Nigeria with the neces- immune to smut, eight had infections ranging from 1 to 15%, sary genetic information, 350 sugarcane accessions maintained while 21 showed intermediate reactions to the pathogen ranging in the Badeggi collection were evaluated for their reaction to from 16 to 25% (Comstock et al, 1987). On further evaluation, U. scitaminea under conditions of natural and artificial infection some of the completely immune accessions succumbed to smut. in the field over three years. This was done with a view to The nine remaining accessions were B69472, KN-08, KN-10, LS- identifying useful sources of resistance and making specific 01, OG-07, OY-10, OY-16, OY-22 and OY-26 (Table 3). When crosses for developing adapted varieties for Nigerian sugarcane subsequently evaluated along with four other susceptible acces- farmers and the national sugar industry. sions - BD-07, LS-22, OG-09 and OY-11 - and a check (B47419)

Materials and methods Table 1. Sugarcane genetic resources at the Na- tional Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Nigeria In 1994, 350 sugarcane accessions were planted at Badeggi in an studied in 1994 augmented randomized block design as described by Federer (1956). In order to gauge the reaction of each accession to Species Total number % of total U. scitaminea, three-budded planting setts were prepared and Saccharum officinarum 175 50.00 immersed in smut spore suspensions according to Nasr (1977). S. spontaneum 151 44.1 The inoculated setts were laid out horizontally, end to end, in S. sinense 24 5.9 Total 350 100 5m rows. NPK fertilizer was applied at 120 kg N, 50 kg P 2O5 and 1 50 kg K2O ha- at planting. The canes were assessed for their reaction to U. scitaminea 5 Table 2. Reactions of 42 sugarcane accessions months after planting (MAP). The total number of cane stools inoculated with smut (U. scitaminea) in 1995 in the 5m row was recorded first, followed by the number of S/No. Accession Smut reaction (%) Rating smutted stools, expressed as a percentage of the total. Each 1 B47419 (check) 20.00 I accession was then classed as susceptible, intermediate or resis- 2 B49114 14.29 R tant following the cut-off point used by sugarcane pathologists 3 B51127 00.00 R in Hawaii (Comstock et al 1987), where resistant (R)=0–15% 4 B51410 10.00 R infected stools; intermediate (I)=16–25% infected stools and 5 B59162 15.63 I susceptible (S)>26% infected stools. 6 B60267 10.00 R 7 B64298 15.00 I Forty-two of the accessions found to be resistant to smut in 8 B65128 22.22 I 1994 were tested further under conditions described for the 1994 9 B69472 0.00 R test. The trial was set up as a randomized design in non- 10 BD-02 0.00 R replicated plots in the field in 1995. Smut infection was deter- 11 BD-03 25.00 I mined similarly as for the 1994 tests. 12 BD-06 23.53 I 13 BD-07 0.00 R In 1996, nine accessions identified as moderately to highly 14 Co1158 10.00 R resistant in their reaction to smut were planted together with 15 Cp72-2086 20.10 I four susceptible accessions and a resistant check in naturally 16 KD-10 16.67 I infected plots in the field in three replicates set out in a random- 17 KN-06 22.22 I ized complete block design (RCBD). The layout was such that 18 KN-08 0.00 R 19 KN-10 0.00 R each accession was planted in 2m rows bordered on each side by 20 LS-01 22.22 I 1m of infector (Co957) and at each end by a 3m infector row as 21 LS-05 18.18 I described by Comstock et al. (1987). All data collected in respect 22 LS-08 25.00 I of smut infection were arcsine transformed and subjected to 23 LS-09 20.00 I analysis of variance. Mean separation was done using least 24 LS-15 11.11 R 25 LS-16 22.22 I significance difference (LSD). 26 LS-17 25.00 I 27 LS-20 22.22 I Results and discussion 28 LS-22 11.76 R Routine evaluation of the 350sugarcane accessions maintained 29 OG-03 0.00 R in the genebank at Badeggi showed that 50% of the collection 30 OG-07 14.28 R 31 OG-09 0.00 R was S. officinarum; 44.1% S. spontaneum and 5.9% S. sinense (Table 1). 32 OG-11 21.43 I S. officinarum is the species most widely cultivated by smallholders 33 OY-01 18.75 I in Nigeria. Since germplasm expeditions were undertaken to all 34 OY-09 0.00 R parts of the country, the predominance of this species in the 35 OY-10 0.00 R Badeggi collection is, therefore, expected. The other two species, 36 OY-11 10.52 R 37 OY-12 20.00 I S. spontaneum and S. sinense, are mainly planted on the sugar 38 OY-16 15.78 I estates at Bacita, Numan, Sunti and Lafiagi. 39 OY-18 16.67 I Results presented in Table 2 show that 42 (12%) of the 40 OY-22 0.00 R accessions screened for U. scitaminea resistance were resistant 41 OY-26 0.00 R during the first year planting. Of these, 13 were completely 42 OY-27 0.00 R Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 23

under natural field infection conditions in 1996, accessions transferring the resistance found in the other species through B69472, KN-08, LS-01, OY-16, OY-22 and OY-26, remained inter-specific hybridization schemes. immune to smut infection. Five of the six completely immune accessions were S. spontaneum and one was S. sinense. Alexander Acknowledgement (1987) reported from India that a large number of clones of S. The authors are grateful to the Director, National Cereals Re- spontaneum and S. officinarum are resistant to smut. High resistance search Institute, Badeggi, for financial assistance to do these was also reported to exist in S. sinense, S. robustum and compara- studies and for permission to publish the work. tively less so in S. barberi. The low levels of resistance established among S. officinarum accessions contrasts with the report of References Alexander (1987). The low level of resistance recorded among S. Alexander, K.C. 1987. Durable resistance to red rot and smut diseases of sugarcane Pp. 257–275 in Sugarcane Varietal officinarum lines, widely grown by farmers in Nigeria, confirms Improvement Proceedings of the International Symposium the high incidence of smut on S. officinarum varieties reported by on Sugarcane Varietal Improvement (M.K. Naidu, J.V. Wada et al. (1999). On the other hand, the resistance recorded for Screenivasan and M.N. Premachandran, eds). Present Status and Future Thrusts. Held at Sugarcane Breeding Institute S. spontaneum accessions in the Badeggi collections corroborates Coimbatore to Commemorate its Platinum Jubilee, Septem- the report by Alexander (1987) that S. spontaneum possesses sub- ber 3–7, 1987. stantial resistance to smut (Table 4). NCRI. 1979. Sugarcane Programme: National Cereals Research Institute, Annual Report 1979 (April 1979–March 1980). p. The present study has enabled us to identify accessions 53. B69472, KN-08, LS-01, OY-16, OY-22 and OY-26, mostly S. NCRI. 1996. Fact sheet on NCRI, Badeggi. Sugarcane Research spontaneum, as suitable candidates for use in inter-specific crosses Programme Report, NCRI Annual Review Meeting, 22–26 April 1996. Pp. 57–58. between S. spontanuem and S. officinarum. This will ease the develop- Comstock, J.C., K.K. Wu, T.L. Tew, S.A. Ferreira 1987. Sugarcane ment of smut resistant varieties that could replace the highly smut: Comparison of Natural Infection Testing and Artificial susceptible S. officinarum varieties currently being grown by chew- Inoculation. Hawaiian Planters’ Record 60(1):17. Federer, W.T. 1956. Augmented Designs. Hawaiian Planters ing cane farmers in Nigeria. Records 55:191-207. Future studies should, therefore, concentrate on increasing Nasr, I.A. 1977. Standardization of inoculation techniques for the resistance status of S. officinarum varieties to U. scitaminea by sugarcane smut disease. Sugarcane Pathol. Newsl. 18:2-5. Wada, A.C. 1997. Some important pests and diseases of sugar cane in Nigeria and their control. Outlook Agric. 26(2):101- Table 3. Reaction of 13 selected sugarcane acces- 105. sions to smut (U. scitaminea) under natural field Wada, A.C., E.M. Abo, S. Agboire, F.O. Obakin and B.A. infection in 1996 Okunsanya. 1999. Incidence, Severity and Distribution of Sugarcane Diseases in Nigeria I. Southern Guinea Savannah S/No. Accession Smut reaction (%) Rating Zone. Discov. Innov. 11(1/2):33-39. 1 B47419 (check) 16.67 I 2 B69472 0.00 R 3 BD-07 12.22 R 4 KN-08 0.00 R 5 KN-10 6.67 R 6 LS-01 0.00 R 7 LS-22 32.77 S 8 OG-09 20.00 I 9 OG-07 9.33 R 10 OY-10 8.33 R 11 OY-11 6.67 I 12 OY-16 0.00 R 13 OY-22 0.00 R 14 OY-26 0.00 R LSD (P=0.05) 3.28

Table 4. Sources of resistance to smut (U. scitaminea) among the Badeggi sugarcane accessions S/No Genotype S/No. Genotype Saccharum spontaneum S. sinense 1 B69472 1 B47419 2 BD-07 2 LS-22 3 KN-08 3 OG-09 4 KN-10 4 OY-16 5 OG-07 S. officinarum 6 OY-10 1 LS-01 7 OY-22 2 OY-11 8 OY-26 24ARTICLE Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125: 24 - 28

Ecological and genetic diversity of rice germplasm in Yunnan, China Y. Zeng1? , Z. Li2, Z. Yang1, X. Wang2, S. Shen1 and H. Zhang2 1Crop Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China. Tel: +86 871 5894145; Email: [email protected] 2College of Crop Science, Chinese Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China

Summary Résumé Resumen Ecological and genetic Diversité écologique et Diversidad ecológica y diversity of rice germplasm in génétique de germoplasme de genética del germoplasma de Yunnan, China riz dans le Yunnan, Chine arroz en Yunnan, China Yunnan Province is the largest centre of La province du Yunnan est le centre de La provincia de Yunnan es el mayor ecological and genetic diversity in China. diversité écologique et génétique le plus centro de diversidad ecológica y genética The genetic diversity of more than 5200 important en Chine. La diversité de China. La diversidad genética de más rice accessions was indexed for 31 traits, génétique de plus de 5200 accessions de de 5200 accesiones de arroz se registró including drought resistance, cold resis- riz a été établie en utilisant 31 caractères, en atención a 31 rasgos, tales como tance, and resistance to rice blast, bacte- incluant la résistance à la sécheresse, au resistencia a la sequía, resistencia al frío y rial blast (Xanthomonas campestris pv. froid, à la brûlure du riz, à la bactériose resistencia al tizón del arroz, al tizón oryzae and Xanthomonas campestris pv. du riz (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae bacteriano (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzicola) and pests. The average diver- et Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzicola) et oryzae y Xanthomonas campestris pv. sity indices of the six ecological types à des ravageurs. Les indices moyens de oryzicola) y a las plagas. Los índice de measured were: javanica (1.23) > aman diversité des six types écologiques étudiés diversidad media de los seis tipos (1.17) > communis (1.17) > nuda (1.16) > se répartissent comme suit : javanica ecológicos medidos fueron: javanica aus (1.14) > boro (0.99). A large difference (1,23) > aman (1,17) > communis (1,17) > (1,23) > aman (1,17) > communis (1,17) > was found between the diversity indices nuda (1,16) > aus (1,14) > boro (0,99). Une nuda (1,16) > aus (1,14) > boro (0,99). Se of indica (1.15) and japonica rice (1.21). grande différence a été observée entre encontró una gran diferencia entre los Within Yunnan province the greatest ge- les indices de diversité des variété indica índices de diversidad de arroz indica netic diversity was found in the south- (1,15) et japonica (1,21). Dans la province (1,15) y japonica (1,21). Dentro de la west (Lincang, Xishuangbanna, Dehong, du Yunnan, la plus grande diversité provincia de Yunnan la mayor diversidad Simao) and southeast (Wenshan), with génétique se rencontre dans le sud-ouest genética se encontró en el suroeste diversity indices between 1.27 and 1.20. (Lincang, Xishuangbanna, Dehong, (Lincang, Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Diquan, Dongchuan, Kunming, Lijiang, Simao) et le sud-est (Wenshan), avec des Simao) y en el sureste (Wenshan), con Qujing and Chuxiong were character- indices de diversité compris entre 1,27 et índices de diversidad entre 1,27 and 1,20. ized by comparatively low genetic diver- 1,20. Diquan, Dongchuan, Kunming, Diquan, Dongchuan, Kunming, Lijiang, sity (0.78–1.11), with ecological diversity Lijiang, Qujing et Chuxiong se Qujing y Chuxiong se caracterizaron por ranging between 1.13 and 1.29. This caractérisent par une diversité génétique una diversidad genética relativamente work represents a basis for screening the comparativement faible (0,78 – 1,11) et baja (0,78–1,11), con una diversidad rice collection at Yunnan Academy of une diversité écologique située entre 1,13 ecológica situada entre 1,13 y 1,29. Este Agricultural Sciences and to establish a et 1,29. Le présent travail constitue une trabajo constituye una base para analizar rice core collection. base pour le criblage de la collection de la colección de arroz de la Academia de riz de l’Académie des sciences agricoles Ciencias Agrícolas de Yunnan y para Key words: China, core collection, du Yunnan et pour la mise en place d’une establecer una colección básica de arroz. diversity, ecological diversity, genetic collection de base pour le riz. diversity, Oryza sativa, rice, Yunnan Province

Introduction Yunnan Province is the most extensive centre of ecological and 1 early–mid or late 16 leaf colour genetic diversity in China. It constitutes part of the centre of 2 paddy or upland 17 leaf hairs genetic diversity of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.), an area that 3 glutinous or non-glutinous 18 leaf angle includes East Nepal, Bhutan, Assam, Myanmar, Laos and 4 Colour 19 flag leaf length northern Thailand (Chang 1976; Wang and Sun 1996; Zeng et 5 awn 20 flag leaf width al. 1998a). 6 grain shape 21 flag leaf angle The purpose of this work was to characterize the genetic 7 grain length 22 culm compactness diversity of a large number of rice accessions for important traits 8 grain width 23 spike shape with a view to establishing a rice core collection in Yunnan. 9 grain length/width 24 spike compactness 10 apiculus colour 25 ear length Materials and methods 11 hull colour 26 grain number per ear Rice accessions (>5200) from the Yunnan Academy of Agricultural 12 plant height 27 glume hairs Sciences, which had been collected from 100 counties within the 13 tillering ability province, were characterized for 31 important traits. The material 14 density of grain setting was screened in Yuanjiang county (400 masl). The traits were: 15 heading uniformity Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 25

The Shannon genetic diversity index of the traits was calcu- Diversity of Yunnan rice using isozymes and molecular lated using the following formula: markers Isozyme loci and RFLP allelic variations at the isozyme loci increase from north to south in Yunnan and genetic diversity is ? ? ?Pij log Pij ? greatest in varieties from the southwestern regions of the prov- I = – i j ince (Xiong 1987; Nagamine 1992). Yunnan rice has 11 esterase N zymogram types, and with increasing altitude the zymogram type number decreased. It is possible that this cultivated rice Where I is the genetic diversity index, N is the number of traits, originated in southwest Yunnan, at an elevation of 1400–1600 Pij is the phenotypic distribution frequency of a single trait i in a masl and a latitude below 25 degrees north (Zhu et al. 1984). total of j traits. Allele frequencies at three esterase isozyme loci of 967 accessions from 94 counties showed that there was large genetic variation Results and discussion in 22 counties and this extended southward from Daying Moun- Morphological diversity of Yunnan rice tain and westward from the Yunjiang River towards the borders Plant characters with Myanmar and Laos (Dai et al. 1995). Seven hundred rice Plant height ranged from 52 to 210 cm, with a small variation in landraces from six geographically distinct populations in China tiller number, a varying flag leaf size (10–65 cm, 0.7–3 cm), were analyased for nine isozyme loci and it was demonstrated panicle length of 10–36 cm, 30–340 grains/panicle, 1000-grain that the genetic diversity is greatest in Yunnan, and around the weight from <20 to 52 g, and grain size of 5–13 mm by 2.4–4.9 Huaihe River (Wang and Sun 1996). Esterase and mitochondrial mm. Genotypes with large panicles and grains are often valu- DNA (mtDNA) of the common wild rice in Yuanjiang are simi- able for high-yield breeding, but suffer from the disadvantage of lar to those of south and southeast Asia, while catalase is their greater height, smaller number of tillers and undesirable similar to that of common wild rice in other regions of China. canopy characteristics. The southern part and the border areas are regarded as one of the centres of origin of Asian cultivated rice (O. sativa) (Sun et al. Morphological characters 1998; Wang and Sun 1996). RFLPs of 87 accessions from Yunnan Oryza meyeriana and O. rufipogon were more widespread than O. indigenous rice with seven single copy probes indicated that officinalis and within the genus the first two each comprised two both indica and japonica rice are genetically highly diverse, and the groups and the latter a single group (Chen et al. 1993). There were numbers of alleles and the levels of genetic diversity in japonica 59 groups within Oryza sativa, the most important rice species in rice were higher than those in indica rice (Liu et al. 1995). Yunnan and in China. Purple-fragrant-soft rice is an old and now rare Chinese variety (Zeng et al. 2000). In general, Yunnan Response to light and temperature rice varieties exhibit four principal characteristics: first, many Photo-thermo-response patterns of Yunnan rice are relatively species contain anthocyanins, second, many species are gluti- complex. Most rice cultivars in Yunnan belong to the late- nous and fragrant, third, many are naked (most are of the medium and late season groups and there are a few early upland type), and fourth, most accessions have a large spike varieties of the indica type. Upland rice of the japonica type also and plump grains (Jiang 1998). Using their morphological, contains some medium-early and late-early varieties. The distri- ecological, cultivated and resource characters, and utilization bution of 18 photo-thermo-response patterns in relation to alti- value, Yunnan’s rice species can be divided into 22 types. Of tude and latitude variations are described; early rice (>1700 these, 11 are indica and are divided into the white husk group masl) includes Dalizaoxian, Kunminghangu, Hongkelaosuya, (white rice, red rice, soft rice and rat tooth), spotty husk group Chongtui, 175, Yunjing 9 and 136; medium rice (1400–1700 (Mazagu, floury rice and large grain) and a special group masl) is mainly of the upland and indica type; late japonica rice (purple rice, fragrant rice, bitter rice and Jiegu). A further 11 (1000–1400 masl) includes upland, waxy and late-paddy japonica belong to the japonica group and are divided into the hairy-glume rice (Haogong, and Gubanuo); late rice (<1000 masl) includes group (black rice, early spotty rice, small white grain, stacked mainly late indica and upland japonica (Malubainuo, Laoyagu, grain and Haogong), the hairless-glume group (large grain up- Haogelao, Haobuka, Jinpingxiangnuo, and Suanuo); and land rice, sickle grain, olive grain and ordinary upland rice) and Daliwanxian (<600 masl) is similar to the late indica of South a special group (Mowanggu, and three-type). The 600 acces- China (Cheng and Wang. 1984). The 1614 accessions of Yunnan sions screened here represent an excellent resource base, con- rice fell into seven types according to the influence of photo- taining e.g. cold-tolerant rice, upland rice with substantial resis- temperature; late–early rice (2), early–medium rice (59), middle– tance to rice blast, rice with new genes for resistance to bacterial medium rice (240), late–medium rice (260), early–late rice (585), blight, naked rice with wide compatibility, purple-fragrant-soft medium–late rice (362), and late–late rice (106). In short, Yunnan rice, wild rice and dwarf rice. Many of these were collected from has early indica but it is the rarer japonica rice, Daliwanxian, that the Lancang River Valley and can be regarded as the more can be early–late (Chen et al. 1993). superior and characteristic of the rice resources of Yunnan. Of the 3164 accessions 1200 were from Simao, 900 from Lincang, Cold resistance 450 from Baoshan, 422 from Xishuangbanna, 86 from Dali, 61 Cold resistance was evaluated at the germination stage (at 5°C) from Nujiang and 29 from Diqing. in 2763 accessions (Chen et al. 1993). In addition to japonica rice, 26 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

Xintuanheigu, Kunmingxiaobagu, Banjieman and Dalizaoxian, Ecological diversity of rice germplasm resources Biwusheng indica types were the most resistant. in Yunnan Ecological diversity of the vertical distribution in Simao Drought resistance Diversity of Yunnan rice is distributed mainly over the upland Drought resistance was evaluated in 2953 accessions at the belt, including Licang, Xishuang-banna, Dehong and Simao seedling stage; 42 HR, 79 R, 1255 MR, 1733 S-HS (Chen et al. prefectures in the southwest. The vertical distribution of indica 1993). The majority of them were paddy rice (few upland rice and japonica is a dominant feature of Simao prefecture. In gen- varieties). However, drought resistance of upland rice is invari- eral, the area below 1400 masl constitutes the indica belt. The area ably better than that of paddy rice. over 1800 masl is the japonica belt and there is a mixed belt between 1400 and 1800 masl, but this differs in elevation be- Rice blast resistance tween counties. In Zhenyuan, Lancang and Ximeng it is at Rice blast resistance was evaluated in 4735 accessions in the 1600–1800 masl, 1360–1500 masl and 1200–1300 masl, respec- field using a liquid inoculum containing seven Chinese strains. tively. This succession of the indica and japonica types with in- Among them, 162 accessions were resistant to seedling, leaf and creasing altitude is indicated by the number of varieties and neck blast (Chen et al. 1993). It was noted that there were a larger their cultivated areas. Some varieties have characteristics of both number of antigens in cultivars from the Simao and Banna indica and japonica types making them difficult to classify (Xu regions, and that the number of antigens decreased with in- and Wang 1974). With increase in altitude plant height is crease in latitude and altitude. The order of resistance from reduced, the leaves become shorter, the hulled and unhulled strong to weak was: japonica upland rice > indica paddy rice > grains are shorter and narrower, the colour of lemma-palea is japonica paddy rice. deeper, the colour of pericarp changes from white to red, and the cold tolerance increases. In addition, indica and japonica in the Rice bacterial blast resistance mixed belt are mainly distributed over 32 counties between 1400 ’Jiangling 691‘ was used to inoculate 4092 rice accessions. No and 1600 masl, in the northwest and northeast, and at 1500– immune cultivars were detected. The overall reactions were 50 1800 masl in the middle and eastern areas of Yunnan. The HR, 182 R, 413 MR, 893 S and 2554 HS (Chen et al. 1993). The vertical distribution of the indica and japonica rice in Simao prefec- order of resistance from strong to weak was: japonica rice > ture is similar to that in Yunnan. Widely compatible varieties of upland rice > indica rice. The most resistant accessions came rice are mainly from the mixed belt of the southeast of the mainly from the southwest and central parts of Yunnan. province. Yunnan is one of the principal centres of widely compatible Pest resistance varieties. This feature is associated with latitude and altitude Resistance to white-backed planthoppers was assessed in 2129 (Zeng et al. 1998b, 1999b). Yunnan has 958 accessions of nuda rice accessions. Resistance was distributed as follows: 23 HR, 175 R, as well as bulu and gundil javanica rice. In addition, photo-tem- 601 MR, 471 S and 909 HS. Accessions (2773) resistant to brown perature reaction varies greatly. Yunnan Province is the centre of planthopper were identified and included 17 HR, 42 R, 132 MR, origin of Chinese japonica rice, from where it has spread to other 343 S and 2239 HS (Jiang, 1994). areas of China and Japan. One route is characterized by variet- ies with stronger photoperiodic response, the spread being from Genetic diversity among six ecological types of Yunnan Fujian to Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces to southern Japan. rice The other route is from Guizou and Sicuan via Qinling to mid System classification and genetic variation of more than 5200 and northwest China, Korea and Japan (Cheng and Wang accessions of Yunnan local rice resources were measured using 1984). the ecological type classification of Cheng-Wang. Yunnan has become a focus of world attention on account of the diversity of Ecological diversity among prefectures or counties local rice types, especially those in the southwestern part. There was a great difference in diversity indices for rice acces- Yunnan local rice includes six ecological types of indica and sions among prefectures and counties of Yunnan province. The japonica. Javanica, nuda and communis are japonica types found in southwest (Lincang, Xishuangbanna, Dehong and Simao) and Yunnan and account for 3.6%, 18.1% and 32.1%, respectively, of southeast (Wenshan) of Yunnan represent areas of most genetic the total rice resources. Aus, boro and aman are indica types and diversity (Cangyuan, Gengma, Zhenkang, Yongde, Yingjiang, account for 1.8%, 43.9% and 0.5%, of the total, respectively. Jinghong, Menhai, Shuangjiang, Ruili, Longchuan, Mojiang, The average diversity indices of the six ecological types are: Wenshan and Guangnan in particular), the average genetic javanica (1.23) > aman (1.17) > communis (1.17) > nuda (1.16) > aus diversity indices ranging from 1.20 to 1.27. The differences in (1.14) > boro (0.99). average genetic diversity index of these counties were mainly attributable to the region’s complex climate and cropping sys- Genetic diversity between indica and japonica rice in tems. The region belongs to the low-warm region where indica Yunnan rice is single and double cropped, and paddy and upland rice There were substantial differences in diversity index between are cropped in combination. The diverse climate includes tropi- indica and japonica rice. That for japonica (1.21) was higher than cal, south subtropical, mid subtropical and warm temperate that for indica (1.15). zones (Zeng et al. 1999a), and is strongly affected by two inde- Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 27

pendent centres of origin of cultivated rice in China and South located on chromosomes 2, 6 and 12. This knowledge resulted in Asia. The diversity indices associated with Baoshan, Yuxi, significant economic and social benefits following breeding for Nujiang, Zaotong, Honghe and Dali prefectures ranged between heterosis. China is the leading nation in the world for research 1.12 and 1.18 and were mainly due to large differences in and utilization of hybrid rice. Using the purple-fragrant and elevation and the distribution patterns of indica and japonica rices. soft rice resources of this valley, more than ten excellent rice The diversity indices for the other prefectures were compara- varieties (e.g. Dianyu 1, Dianrui 501, purple-fragrant-glutinous tively low, 0.78–1.11. rice, Dianlong 201 and Diantun 502) were bred in Yunnan, Jiangsu and Sichuan. Using primitive naked rice from Genetic diversity among rices from different regions Xishuangbanna, a line has been bred by Wu Shibing. A novel One particular region where japonica and indica rice are grown gene, Xa22(t), for wide resistance to rice bacterial blight, was is located in central Yunnan at an elevation of 1500–2000 discovered in Zhachanglong, a japonica rice from Ximeng. This masl, and has a warm-cool temperate climate. It comprises gene is located on chromosome 11 proximal to the R1025 marker 52 counties that are characterized by diverse and rich rice zone. A physical map for this disease-resistance gene has been germplasm resources. Initially indica rice accounted for 60% of produced using BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) for rice production and japonica for 40%. Recently the production of (Lin and Wen 1998). japonica rice has increased and now accounts for 80%. Both Japonica rice is cultivated in the plateau region of northeastern types are grown in the warm plain and river valley at 1400– Yunnan at an elevation of 277–2300 masl. Most of the region falls 1600 masl in the mixed belt. The best varieties are 65–36, in the warm temperature zone but cold damage is a major obstacle Yujing, Jingguo, Chujing and Yunyu 1. Drought, cold dam- to production. The river valley of Jinshajiang is subtropical and is age and diseases and pests are the main obstacles to produc- subjected to drought. This region is rich in sources of cold toler- tion in this region. ance, e.g. Yunjing 136 and Yunjing 9 and there are a large number Single and double cropping of indica rice in southern of genes for resistance to rice bacterial blight. Yunnan is practiced in 30 counties of Wenshan. This area is particularly hot and wet. Rice yields in the river valley of Cool–cold region of japonica rice Jianshajiang are the highest in China. In the past the indig- This cool–cold region, where japonica varieties are grown, is lo- enous varieties included Dabaigu, Erbaigu, Mazaogu and cated in 12 counties of the northeastern part of Yunnan. The Lasuya. Currently improved varieties, including hybrid indica region is rich in sources of cold tolerance (e.g. Hexuan 5, Lijing 2, and japonica rices, Jingyin, Nanjing 11, Xinan 175 and 8126 are Yunjing 9) as it covers an area at elevations from 2200 to 2700 grown. masl. In the river valleys of Nujiang, Lancangjiang and This region is divided into two parts according to the Jinshajiang (<1500 m) indica rice is the main crop. vegetation and climate and is separated by the Ailao Moun- tains. The eastern part includes Wenshan, Honghe and Yuxi Future studies (Yuanjiang and Xinping counties) prefectures that receive less Yunnan Province is the principal centre of genetic diversity for rain and are cooler. Drought and cold damage are the main rice in China. There are four centres of genetic diversity for obstacles to rice production in these parts. The western reaches cultivated rice in China; Yunnan, the upper reaches of the include Lincang and Simao prefectures and have more rain Huaihe River, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and higher temperatures and abundant rice germplasm re- and South China (Wang and Sun 1996). It would be extremely sources. useful to establish a core collection of rice germplasm from Combined paddy and upland rice cropping occurs in south- Yunnan based on indigenous rice. Ecological and genetic diver- ern and southeastern Yunnan, mainly between 23°N including sity of rice germplasm in Yunnan would be the foundation for Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and 19 counties of Lincang, establishing such a core collection. Naked rice in Yunnan is Xishuangbanna, Dehong, Simao and Honghe prefectures. This particularly valuable, having large panicles and grain, being region also has abundant sources of japonica rice that originated resistant to drought, low temperature, and major diseases and from the upland rice areas of Simao and Xishuangbanna in the being of good cooking quality (Wang et al. 1984). The southwest- south. This region contains some of Yunnan’s rarest rice ern (Lincang, Xishuangbanna, Dehong and Simao) and south- germplasm, including genotypes of upland nude rice and eastern (Wenshan) areas of Yunnan are not only the largest purple-fragrant-soft rice. Many local cultivars of indica, japonica, centres of genetic diversity, but their average genetic diversity paddy, upland, glutinous and non-glutinous rice have been indices range from 1.20 to 1.27. They represent the focal point to domesticated under different ecological conditions, and 3 wild study further the ecological and genetic diversity of rice rice species, Oryza rufipogon, O. meyeriana and O. officinalis are found germplasm resources in Yunnan. in this area. Recently, good new varieties containing local germplasm have included Aizhongxian, Dianrui and Acknowledgements Dianlong201. This paper was supported by the People’s Government in Local rice genotypes have played an important role in rice Yunnan Province and is the part of the Cooperation Program of breeding. Haobugu, a local rice species from Ximeng County, Yunnan Province and China Agricultural University ’Establish- was used as a parent to breed 02428, a well–known Chinese rice ing the core collection bank of rice germplasm resources of variety. Using RFLPs the genes for wide crossing capacity were Yunnan (Ratification no. 98ZN07)’. 28 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

References Chang, T. T. 1976. The origin, evolution, cultivation, dissemina- tion and diversification of Asian and African rices. Euphytica. 25:425-441. Chen, Y., Dai, L. and X. Liao 1993. Rice germplasm resources in Yunnan, China. China Agricultural Sciences and Technology Press, Beijing, China. Cheng, K. and X. Wang 1984. Study on the indigenous rices in Yunnan and their utilization. Acta Agron. Sin. 10 (3, 4):163- 171; 271-280. Dai, L., Xiong, J. and Y. Changrong 1995. Further information on the genetic variation of indigenous rice varieties in Yunnan Province, China. Breed. Sci.. 45:397-399. Jiang, Z. 1994. Utilization of Yunnan rice germplasm resources in rice breeding. JIRCAS Int. Symp. Ser.. 2:125-134. Jiang, Z. 1998. Diversity of rice germplasm resources in Yunnan. Hereditas (suppl.). 20: 98-102. Lin, X. and G. Wen 1998. Fineness location of a new gene of wide and high resistance to rice bacterial blight. Hereditas 20 (suppl.): 116. Liu, K., Zhang, Q. and D. Zhang 1995. Genetic variation and indica-japonica differentiation in Yunnan indigenous rice. Acta Bot. Sin..37 (9):718-724. Nagamine, T. 1992. Genetic variation in isozymes of indigenous rice varieties in Yunnan province of China. Jpnse. J. Breed. 42:507-513. Sun, C.,Wang, X. and A. Yoshimura 1998. RFLP analysis on mitochondrial DNA in common wild rice (O. rufipogon Griff.) and cultivated rice (O. sativa L.). Acta Genet. Sin.. 25(1):40- 45. Wang, X. and C. Sun 1996. Origin and differentiation of Chinese cultivated rice, China Agricultural University Press, Beijing. Wang, X., Cheng, K. and Y. Cheng 1984. A comprehensive study of indigenous rices in Yunnan and their utilization III the nuda. Yunnan. J. Beijing Agric. Univ. 10(4):333-343. Xiong, J. 1987 Ecological differentiation and geographical distri- bution of indigenous rice varieties in Yunnan province of China based on ester isozyme loci. Pp. 221-229 in Crop Genetic Resources of East Asia (S. Suzuki, ed.), Proceedings of the International Workshop on Crop Genetic Resources of East Asia. Xu, X. and H. Wang 1974. A report on the vertical distribution of the rice varieties in Simao, Yunnan. Acta Bot. Sin.. 16(3):208- 222. Zeng, Y., Shen, S. and F. Xu 1999a. Ecological diversity of cold- tolerant rice in Yunnan, China. Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. 117:43-47. Zeng, Y., Wang, J. and X. Li 1998a. Genetic variation of crop resources in Yunnan Province, China. Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. 114:40-42. Zeng, Y., Wang, X. and Z. Yang 2000. Utilization and establish- ment of a core collection of rice resources in Yunnan Province. Plant Genetic Resour. Sci. (in press) AUTHOR PLEASE UP- DATE. Zeng, Y., Xu, F. and L. Bin 1998b. Analysis of compatibility between Yunnan nude rice and its test varieties. J. Southwest China Agric. Univ. 20(2):136-140. Zeng, Y., Xu, F. and Y. Chen 1999b. Study of wide compatibility and allelism between Yunnan nuda rice. J. Southwest China Agric. Univ. 21 (4):317-323. Zhu, Y., Mei, J. and C. Yong 1984. Studies on esterase isozyme in rice indigenous to Yunnan. J. Wuhan Univ. 1:111-122. ARTICLE PlantPlant Genetic Genetic Resources Resources Newsletter, Newsletter, 2001, 2001, No. No.125: 125 29 - 2932

Conservation in vitro du germoplasme de cultivars africains de manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Joseph Mabanza? , Françoise Romaine Otabo et Claude Moussouami Laboratoire d’Histophysiologie et de Production du Matériel de Plantation, CERAG, Centre de Recherches sur l’Amélioration Génétique des Plantes, BP 2499 Brazzaville Congo

Résumé Resumen Summary Conservation in vitro du Conservación in vitro de In vitro conservation of African germoplasme de cultivars cultivares de germoplasma de cassava germplasm cultivars africains de manioc (Manihot mandioca africana (Manihot esculenta Crantz) esculenta Crantz) (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Research programmes have been col- L’importance grandissante des maladies Desde 1970 se han desarrollado en África lecting cassava in Africa since 1970 in a et ravageurs à partir des années 1970 a programas de investigación consistentes search for sources of tolerance to pests conduit de nombreux programmes de en recolectar mandioca en busca de fu- and diseases. Ex situ conservation efforts recherche à réaliser des prospections et entes de tolerancia a plagas y enfer- have faced difficulties from climatic risks, collectes des cultivars locaux de manioc medades. La conservación ex situ ha tro- diseases and lack of financial support. en Afrique. La mise en collection ex-situ pezado con dificultades debidas a riesgos Research has been conducted on in vitro du matériel rassemblé a posé beaucoup climáticos, enfermedades y falta de conservation of cassava and techniques de problèmes de maintenance eu égard apoyo financiero. Se ha investigado so- have been developed for maintaining aux aléas climatiques, aux maladies et bre la conservación in vitro de la man- germplasm under low-growth condi- ravageurs et aux difficultés financières. dioca y se han desarrollado técnicas para tions, as well as cryoconservation. The Des recherches ont été consacrées à la mantener el germoplasma en condi- study reported here found that a me- conservation in vitro du germoplasme de ciones de bajo crecimiento, así como téc- dium containing 5 g/L mannitol signifi- manioc. Des chercheurs ont développé la nicas de crioconservación. El estudio de cantly reduced the growth of cassava technique de conservation in vitro en que aquí se trata determinó que un me- accessions, allowing the plantlets to be croissance ralentie ainsi que la cryocon- dio que contenía 5 g/L de manitol re- stored for up to 12 months at 33°C. servation. Certains milieux permettant ducía notablemente el crecimiento de las de ralentir significativement la croissance accesiones de mandioca, permitiendo el Key words: African cultivars, des plantes conservées ont été mis au almacenamiento de plántulas hasta 12 germplasm, in vitro conservation, point. Au Congo, un germoplasme de meses a 33°C. Manihot esculenta Crantz. plus de 400 accessions de manioc a été introduit et conservé in vitro. Un milieu comprenant 5 g/L de mannitol a permis de ralentir sensiblement la croissance des plantes et de les conserver sans repi- quage jusqu’à 12 mois à 33°C.

Introduction Matériel et méthodes L’importance grandissante des maladies et ravageurs à partir des Le matériel végétal utilisé est composé des clones du Programme années 1970 a conduit de nombreux programmes de recherche à National de Recherches sur le Manioc, des clones de l’IITA1 réaliser des prospections et collectes des cultivars locaux de manioc introduits par le programme et des clones de divers programmes (Mabanza et Mingui 1998 a et b; Mingui et al. 1992). La mise en nationaux (Togo, Benin, Congo Démocratique, etc...). Les collection ex-situ du matériel rassemblé a posé de nombreux boutures receptionnées de différentes accessions sont nettoyées problèmes de maintenance eu égard aux aléas climatiques, aux à l’eau savonneuse et rincées à l’eau du robinet. Après séchage, maladies et ravageurs et aux difficultés financières. De nombreuses elles sont sectionnées en segments comportant deux noeuds. recherches ont été consacrées à la conservation in vitro du Elles sont ensuite plantées dans des bacs renfermant de la terre germoplasme de manioc. En effet, la culture in vitro présente des stérilisée et mises dans une étuve à humidité saturante à une avantages importants, notamment ceux relatifs au stockage dans température de 37°C. Après deux semaines, on réalise la culture un espace réduit des accessions hors des aléas climatiques. des méristèmes des pousses formées selon la technique décrite Toutefois, la principale difficulté à laquelle on doit faire face est le par Mabanza et Jonard (1981). Après 3 semaines, les plantes repiquage à intervalles rapprochés des cultures. Beaucoup de obtenues peuvent faire l’objet de multiplication par chercheurs ont développé des protocoles de conservation in vitro à microbouturage in vitro. Pour l’expérimentation menée sur la basse température, ainsi que la cryoconservation (Engelman 1991; conservation, 48 explants composent chaque traitement. Les Escobar et al. 1995; Benson et al 1992). D’autres ont mis au point tubes à essai sont fermés par des capuchons en plastique scellés certains milieux favorisant la réduction de croissance des plantes avec du parafilm (Figure 1). Immédiatement après le repiquage, conservées (Benson et al. 1992; Bridgen et Staby 1981; Kartha 1981; les tubes sont placés à 28 ou 33°C, avec une photopériode de Kartha et al. 1982). Au Congo, un germoplasme de manioc a été 16h jour/8h nuit, sous une intensité lumineuse de 55 µE m-2 s-1 introduit en vitrothèque (Otabo et al. 1997) et il a atteint plus de 400 et avec une humidité relative de 70%. Le développement des accessions. Cette expérimentation précise les conditions d’une con- plantes est suivi dans les différentes conditions et leur croissance servation plus longue des plantes entretenues in vitro. et la formation des feuilles mesurées. En utilisant un dispositif 30 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

et la croissance des plantes sur le milieu MI, contrairement au milieu M15. Cependant, à l’inverse du milieu M15, le milieu MI présente une différence significative pour ce qui est de la forma- tion des feuilles. Avec un coefficient de variation de 13,8% au seuil de 5%, le clone GNOSSINI a formé plus de feuilles que les autres clones (Tableau 1). De même, une différence significative est notée entre les deux milieux avec un coefficient de variation de 16,6%, au seuil de 5%. Le milieu M15 favorise une formation de feuilles plus importante. La culture de méristèmes caulinaires réalisée sur 5 clones montre que les plantes développées peuvent avoir une croissance lente, moyenne ou rapide, selon le clone. Ainsi, le clone GNOSSINI peut atteindre près de 10 cm en 40 jours, le clone C81 ne mesure que près de 4 cm, tandis que les clones TMS30572, MM85 et F100 atteignent environ 6 cm de Fig. 1. Pièce à cultures : conservation du germoplasme de hauteur (Figure 2). La croissance des plantes obtenues à partir manioc. des microboutures sur le milieu M15 a été suivie sur 44 acces- sions à 28°C jusqu’à 30 jours de culture, période à laquelle d’essai factoriel comprenant 5 clones et 2 milieux de cultures, certaines plantes ont atteint le capuchon du tube à essai. Cette l’analyse de la variance a été réalisée avec le test de Newman et croissance a varié entre 0,05 cm par jour et 0,26 cm par jour, Keuls par le logiciel statitcf. Les milieux suivants ayant comme selon l’accession. Ainsi, les accessions de la vitrothèque ont été base le milieu de Murashige et Skoog 1962 (noté MS) ont été réparties en trois classes. La classe I regroupe les clones qui ont utilisés: une croissance inférieure à 0,12 cm/jour, la classe II les clones - une composante utilisée par Mabanza et Jonard (1981) ou dont la croissance est comprise entre 0,12 cm/jour et 0,18 cm/ M15: MS + 0,05 mg/L ANA (acide a-naphtalène acétique), jour, et la classe III les clones qui ont une croissance supérieure à servant de milieu de multiplication des plantes; 0,18 cm/jour. La figure 3 montre que sur 8 clones entretenus sur - une composante utilisée à l’IITA (Institut International le milieu M15 à 28°C, les clones MM85 et MOU ont atteint à d’Agriculture Tropicale) par Ng (1990) ou MI: MS + 0,01 mg/L peine 1 cm après 30 jours; ce sont des clones à croissance lente. ANA + 0,05 mg/L BAP (6-benzylamino purine), servant de Ainsi, pour les clones à croissance lente, certaines plantes ont milieu de multiplication des plantes; atteint à peine 9 cm de hauteur (clone OFO), tandis que moins - Milieux servant de conservation: de 30% de plantes de certains clones à croissance moyenne ont ● T0: MS avec 30 g/L de saccharose; atteint 13 cm (clones 286 et MBO), et plus de 30% de plantes ont ● T1: MS avec 20 g/L de saccharose et 5 g/L de mannitol; atteint 13 cm et plus chez les clones à croissance rapide (clones ● T2: MS avec 20 g/L de saccharose; 3M7, PEN et GNO). L’expérimentation sur la conservation est ● T3: MS avec 5 g/L de mannitol; réalisée avec le clone GNOSSINI à croissance rapide (0,23 cm/ ● T4: MS avec 5 g/L de saccharose et 20 g/L de mannitol; jour). ● T5: MS avec 10 g/L de saccharose et 5 g/L de mannitol. Le Tableau 2 indique que 3 milieux de culture (T3, T4, T5) ont permis d’obtenir des plantes de moins de 2 cm de hauteur Résultats après un mois. Sauf sur le milieu T3 où on observe 4,1% de Au niveau des essais comparatifs réalisés pour suivre le formation de feuilles, les deux autres milieux n’ont pas induit la développement en culture in vitro de 5 clones sur les milieux MI et formation de feuilles. Les observations réalisées après 6 mois de M15, l’analyse de la variance ne révèle aucune différence signifi- culture indiquent que sur les milieux T3 et T5, les plantes à 28°C cative entre les clones en ce qui concerne la formation des racines ne dépassent pas 1 cm de hauteur; cependant 46,4% des plantes

Tableau 1. Formation de feuilles après 45 jours de culture sur les milieux MI et M15 chez 5 clones de manioc (nombre de feuilles formées).

Clone TMS30786 MM85 C81 GNOSSINI F100 TOTAL Moyenne Répétition MI M15 MI M15 MI M15 MI M15 MI M15 MI M15 MI M15

R1 2 3,25 2 3 2,5 2,8 2,55 3,37 2,5 2,4 11,55 14,8 2,31 2,96 R2 2,1 3,62 1,71 2,4 2,1 2,7 2,88 3,5 2,25 2,2 11,04 14,4 2,21 2,88 R3 1,8 2,87 1,57 2,1 2,2 2,8 2,88 3,12 2 2,6 10,45 13,5 2,09 2,70 R4 2,3 2,37 1,43 1,7 1,5 4,2 1,88 3 1,75 2 8,85 13,25 1,77 2,65 Total 8,2 12,12 6,72 9,2 8,32 12,52 10,2 13 8,52 9,2 41,89 55,95 8,38 11,19 Moyenne 2,05ab 3,03 1,68c 2,3 2,08ab 3,13 2,55a 3,25 2,13b 2,3 10,47 11,19 2,1 2,8

Différence significative entre les clones au niveau du milieu MI: CV = 13,8%; PPDS = 0,44. Différence significative entre les milieux: CV = 16,6%; PPDS = 0,26; seuil = 5%. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 31

Fig. 3. Hauteur des plantes de 8 clones entretenues sur le milieu M15 à 28°C à 30 jours.

Discussion et conclusion Les observations réalisées au cours de cette étude sur la croissance des plantes cultivées in vitro ont montré qu’il existe une différence de croissance notable entre les milieux M15 et MI. Fig. 2. Croissance des plantes issues des méristèmes Sur le milieu M15 les plantes croissent plus rapidement et caulinaires sur le milieu M15 à 28°C. forment plus de feuilles. De même sur le même milieu M15, la croissance des plantes a varié d’un clone à un autre. Elle a été de de plus de 1 cm apparaissent sur le milieu T5 contrairement au 0,05 cm/jour pour les plantes des clones à croissance lente et de milieu T3 qui n’en fournit que 12,5%. Elles possèdent en 0,26 cm/jour pour les plantes des clones à croissance rapide. Le moyenne une feuille. La taille des plantes ainsi conservées évolue mannitol a été utilisé avec succès pour la conservation in vitro de très peu jusqu’à 12 mois. Lorsqu’on conserve les plantes sur ces différentes espèces (Kartha 1981, Kartha et al. 1981), et, deux milieux à une température de 33°C, on obtient des plantes notamment pour la conservation de vitroplants de pomme de de 3 cm de hauteur et 3 feuilles sur le milieu T3, et de 13 cm de terre (Westcott 1981). Les milieux T3 et T5 qui contiennent du hauteur et 8 feuilles sur le milieu T5 (Tableau 3). Les plantes mannitol ont induit une forte diminution de la croissance des conservées sur ces deux milieux peuvent ensuite être repiquées, plantes du clone GNOSSINI, clone à croissance rapide. Comme ou multipliées par microbouturage, sur le milieu M15 pour leur l’ont indiqué Kartha (1981) et Kartha et al. (1981), le développement normal. ralentissement de la croissance observé sur ces milieux peut être

Tableau 2. Hauteur des plantes du clone GNOSSINI à 1 mois sur différents milieux de conservation à 28°C

Milieux de Hauteur des plantes Nombre de feuilles formées culture Hauteur Pourcentage Pourcentage Nombre Pourcentage Pourcentage maximale des de plantes de plantes de maximum de de plantes de plantes de plantes (cm) plus de 1 cm feuilles/plante plus de 1 feuille

T0 5 16,6 87,5 3 50 91 T1 3 29,1 95,9 3 66,6 95,9 T2 2 54,5 77,3 2 45,4 54,4 T3 1 91,6 8,32 0 91,6 4,1 T4 1 100 0 0 90,9 0 T5 1 100 0 1 62,5 0

Tableau 3. Hauteur des plantes du clone GNOSSINI conservées dans les milieux T3 et T5 à 12 mois à 33°C

Milieux de Hauteur des plantes Nombre de feuilles formées culture Hauteur Pourcentage Pourcentage Nombre Pourcentage Pourcentage maximale des de plantes de plantes de maximum de de plantes de plantes de plantes (cm) plus de 1 cm feuilles/plante plus de 1 feuille

T3 3 40 60 3 40 60 T5 13 77,7 77,7 8 33,3 100 32 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

expliqué par le fait d’une diminution du potentiel hydrique engendré par le mannitol. Sur le milieu T3, 5 g/L de mannitol suffisent pour réduire la croissance des plantes du clone GNOSSINI, qui peuvent être conservées pendant 12 mois à 28°C, et même à 33°C. Ceci permet de réduire les repiquages fréquents qui sont habituellement nécessaires. Contrairement à la conservation à basse température qui, dans les pays chauds est onéreuse et souvent difficile à réaliser, l’utilisation des composés tels que le mannitol permet de conserver les plantes à températures élevées.

Références bibliographiques Benson, E.E., N. Chabrillange et F. Engelmann. 1992. A compari- son of cryoconsevation methods for long-term in vitro conser- vation of cassava. Pp. 8–9 in Proc. Society for Low Tempera- ture Biology. Aut. Meeting Stirling, UK. Bridgen, M.P. et G. L. Staby G. L.. 1981. Low pressure and low oxygen storage of Nicotiana tabacum and Chrysanthemum X morifrolium tissue culture. Plant Sci. Lett. 22:177-186. Charrier, A., J. Dereuddre et F. Engelmann. 1991: The implication of biotechnology in germoplasm conservation and utilization. Pp. 279–286 in Crop genetic ressources of Africa, vol. II (N.Q. Ng, P. Perrino, F. Attere et H. Zeden, eds.). IITA, IBPGR and UNEP. Engelmann, F. 1991. In vitro conservation of tropical plant germoplasm: a review. Euphytica 57:227-243. Escobar, R. et W. Roca, W. 1997: Cryoconservation of cassava shoot tips through rapid freezing. African J. Root Tuber Crops. 2:214-215. Escobar, R., G. Mafla et W. Roca, 1995. Cryopreservation for long-term conservation of cassava genetic resources. Pp 190– 193 in The Cassava Biotechnology Network. Proc. of 2nd International Scientific Meeting. Bogor, Indonesia, 22–26 Au- gust 1994. Working document no. 150. CIAT, Cali, Colom- bia.. Kartha, K.K. 1981. Genepool conservation through tissue culture. Pp. 213–218 in Proc. Costed Symp. on tissue culture of economically important plants (A.N. Rao, ed.). Singapore. Kartha, K.K., L.A. Mroginski, K. Pahl et N.L. Leung. 1981. Germplasm preservation of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) by in vitro culture of shoot apical meristem. Plant Sci. Lett. 22:301-307. Mabanza, J. et R. Jonard. 1981. La multiplication des clones de manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) à partir d’apex isolés in vitro. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris. 292:839-842. Mabanza, J. et J.M. Mingui. 1998a. Amélioration des cultivars africains de manioc. Pp. 266–269 in Proceedings of the 6th ISTRC-AB symposium. Lilongwe, Malawi 22–28 octobre 1995 (Akoroda and Ekanayake, eds.). Mabanza, J. et J.M. Mingui. 1998b. Les cultivars africains de manioc. Pp. 270 in Proceedings of the 6th ISTRC-AB sympo- sium. Lilongwe, Malawi 22–28 octobre 1995 (Akoroda and Ekanayake, eds.). Mingui, J.M., V. Bama et J. Mabanza, J. 1992. Les cultivars de manioc au Congo. Pp. 185–192 in Complexes d’espèces, flux de gènes et ressources génétiques des plantes. Actes du Colloque International. CNRS Paris 8–10 janvier. Murashige, T. et F. Skoog. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tissue culture. Physiol. Plantarum, 15:473-497. Ng, S.Y. 1990. Culture des tissus. Pp. 51–61 in Le manioc en Afrique tropicale: un manuel de référence. IITA & UNICEF. Otabo, F.R., J.C. Moussouami et J. Mabanza. 1997. Gestion d’une banque de gènes de manioc: expérience du Congo. African J. Root Tuber Crops 2:234-238. Westcott, R.J. 1981. Tissue culture storage of potato germplasm. Use of growth retardants. Potato Res. 24:343-352. ARTICLE PlantPlant Genetic Genetic Resources Resources Newsletter, Newsletter, 2001, 2001, No. No.125: 125 33 - 3338

Diversity analysis and core collection formation in Bari faba bean germplasm G.B. Polignano? , P. Uggenti and G. Scippa Istituto del Germoplasma, C. N. R., Via Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy Tel.: +39 080 5583400; Fax: +39 080 5587566; Email: [email protected]

Summary Résumé Resumen Diversity analysis and core Analyse de la diversité et Análisis de diversidad y collection formation in Bari constitution d’une collection formación de colección básica faba bean germplasm de base de matériel génétique de germoplasma del haba de We used the passport and characteriza- de fèves (Vicia faba) à Bari Bari tion data relative to 929 entries of the Bari Nous avons utilisé les données de passe- Se utilizaron los datos de pasaporte y faba bean collection to select one core port et de caractérisation se rapportant à caracterización relativos a 929 entradas collection using random strategy. A sur- 929 entrées de la collection de fèves (Vicia de la colección de habas de Bari para vey of qualitative phenotypic diversity faba) de Bari, afin de constituer une collec- seleccionar una colección básica mediante for 10 morphological traits was made for tion de base en appliquant une stratégie una estrategia aleatoria.. Se hizo un 247 faba bean germplasm entries be- aléatoire. Une étude de la diversité qual- estudio de la diversidad fenotípica longing to the three botanical varieties: itative phénotypique de 10 caractères cualitativa respecto a 10 rasgos major, equina and minor. Frequency distri- morphologiques a été réalisée sur morfológicos en 247 entradas de butions and the Shannon and Weaver 247 entrées de matériel génétique de Vi- germoplasma de haba pertenecientes a diversity index (H’) were used as a mea- cia faba appartenant à trois variétés bota- las tres variedades botánicas: major, sure of phenotypic diversity for each niques : major, equina et minor. La distri- equina y minor. Se utilizaron trait. According to the botanical varieties bution des fréquences et l’indice de di- distribuciones de frecuencia y el índice de three core subsets were selected, which versité de Shannon et Weaver (H’) ont diversidad Shannon y Weaver (H’) como could be considered as a working collec- servi de mesure de la diversité phéno- medida de la diversidad fenotípica para tion of elite material. The three working typique pour chaque caractère. En fonc- cada rasgo. Según las variedades subsets were then compared with the tion des variétés botaniques, on a sélec- botánicas se seleccionaron tres subseries whole collection using the following cri- tionné trois sous-ensembles de base qui básicas, que podrían considerarse como teria: similarity of frequency distribu- peuvent être considérés comme une col- colección de trabajo de material selecto. tions, country representation, frequency lection de travail constituée de matériel Las tres subseries de trabajo se of entries with desirable trait states for représentatif. Les trois sous-ensembles compararon después con el total de la individual traits, and phenotypic diver- de travail ont ensuite été comparés à la colección utilizando los siguientes sity. Results showed that most of the collection entière en utilisant les critères criterios: similaridad de distribuciones de phenotypic variation in the original data suivants : similitude des distributions de frecuencia, representación de países, sets is represented in the core subsets fréquence, représentation par pays, frecuencia de entradas con el estado defined by this sampling method. The fréquence des entrées avec des expres- deseable del rasgo respecto a cada rasgo, inadequate geographic representation is sions attendues de caractères particuliers y diversidad fenotípica. Los resultados one of the limiting factors for an exten- et diversité phénotypique. Les résultats mostraron que la mayor parte de la sive and effective use of the core subset montrent qu’une part importante de la variación fenotípica en las series de datos obtained. At the moment, it appears that variation phénotypique dans les ensem- originales está representada en las the best approach for using the Bari faba bles des données d’origine est subseries básicas definidas mediante este bean collection is the evaluation of sev- représentée dans les sous-ensembles de método de muestreo. La eral trait-specific subsets rather than use base définis par la méthode insuficienterepresentación geográfica es of a fixed core collection. d’échantillonnage. La représentation uno de los factores limitativos para un géographique inadéquate est un des fac- uso extensivo y efectivo de la subserie Key words: Vicia faba, core collec- teurs limitants en vue d’une utilisation básica obtenida. Por el momento, parece tion, core subset, phenotypic diver- efficace à grande échelle du sous-ensem- que la mejor manera de utilizar la sity, geographic stratification, diversity ble de base obtenu. Pour l’heure, il appa- colección de habas de Bari es la evaluación index raît que la meilleure approche dans de varias subseries de rasgos específicos, l’utilisation de la collection de Vicia faba de más bien que el uso de una colección Bari consiste à évaluer plusieurs sous- básica fija. ensembles spécifiques de caractères plutôt qu’à utiliser une collection de base déterminée.

Introduction The concept of a core collection was introduced by Frankel and from non-existent base collections (van Hintum 1996), and there- Brown (1984) and Brown (1989) with the intent of using the core fore, need not represent the entire genetic spectrum of a specific collection to minimize the cost of germplasm conservation whilst base collection. Accordingly, van Hintum (1996) further modified ensuring maximum genetic diversity. Recently, Brown’s (1995) the concept of core collection to accomodate “... a germplasm modified concept of “... a limited set of accessions derived from an collection optimally representing specific genetic diversity”. This existing germplasm collection, chosen to represent the genetic latest modification allows substantial flexibility for the composi- spectrum in the whole collection” has been questioned on the tion of core collections, and justifies the formation of multiple core grounds that perfectly useful core collections could be assembled subsets of a target species in space and time. 34 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

Recently, Johnson and Hodgkin (1999) reviewed the current Materials and methods status of core collections and presented examples of core devel- The choice of proportion of accessions to be included in the core opment and utilization. Overall, they found that experience is arbitrary, usually in the 5–20% range, and will depend on the with core collections has increased as cores for many crops have purpose of the core collection (van Hintum 1999). In addition, been developed. In addition, Brown and Spillane (1999) stressed this proportion is negatively related to the total collection size on principles, procedures, progress, problems and promise of the a log scale (Brown and Spillane 1999). In other words, small core collections; while van Hintum (1999) described a general collections have the largest core size, so in our case we decided to methodology for creating a core collection. increase the proportion to 30%. Therefore, a total of 247 acces- Many approaches to constructing core collections have been sions from a wide segment (929 accessions) of the whole collec- developed through the years. Several sampling methods to se- tion were chosen for this research. The passport and character- lect entries for the core collections have been suggested ranging ization data of these accessions, along with the details of the from random sampling (Brown 1989; Charmet and Balfourier characterization procedures are given in the Bari Faba Bean 1995) to stratified sampling (Peeters and Martinelli 1989; Germplasm Catalogue (Scarascia et al. 1998). Random sampling Spagnoletti Zeuli and Qualset 1993; Balfourier et al. 1999; by geographic regions was the method chosen for setting up Johnson and Hodgkin 1999). Also, the criteria used to assess the three core subsets according to the three botanical varieties: degree of diversity in the core are most often based on pheno- major, equina and minor. In fact, according to Brown (1989) simple typic values: mean, range, variance, Shannon index etc. (Galwey random sampling is the most appropriate method when there is 1995). Alternative procedures, such as the use of genetic mark- no evidence on which to base any grouping of accessions. ers (van Hintum 1994; Schoen and Brown 1995) or the use of For geographic stratification, the collection entries were di- coefficient of parentage (van Hintum and Haalman 1994) have vided into eight broad regions (Polignano et al. 1999). The spe- recently received much attention. cific entries for each core subset were selected completely at Grain legume crops core collections for lentil and bean random from within the group of entries belonging to a given germplasm have been specifically defined. Using the survey region. This approach reflects the nature and quality of the data, a random sampling strategy was compared with two available Bari faba bean passport and characterization data. In stratified sampling methods in lentil by Erskine and Muehlbauer addition, the choice of entries for each geographic group was (1991). In bean, Tohme et al. (1995; 1996; 1999), using both an made according to our specific knowledge and experience of the evolutionary and an agroecological approach, combined two faba bean collection. In other words, practical considerations core collections of wild and cultivated common bean. More have played a role in this choice. This includes factors such as recently, molecular and morphological analyses were conducted the reliability and quantity of data on the entries (Hodgkin et al. on the bean germplasm core collections to validate that the core 1995). did in fact represent the variability of the entire collection (Thome A survey of qualitative phenotypic diversity for 10 morpho- et al. 1999). A core collection of John Innes Pisum collection, logical descriptors was made. The descriptors were: flower based on a combination of practical experiences and documen- colour, stem colour, leaflet form, leaflet size, pod density, pod tary evidence, has been defined by Matthews and Ambrose distribution, plant height, pod angle, flowers per raceme and (1995). pods per node. Frequency distributions and the diversity index In Italy, faba bean is a crop that has relatively few research- (H’) of Shannon and Weaver (1963) were used as a measure of ers involved in breeding and genetic research. The development phenotypic diversity for each descriptor as reported by of a faba bean core collection for germplasm evaluations need- Polignano et al. (1999). The three core subsets were then com- ing few resources is therefore required. A major benefit of a faba pared with the all of the subsets using the following criteria: bean core collection will be a great increase in faba bean similarity of frequency distributions, country representation, germplasm evaluation work. It is intuitively clear that, when frequency of accessions with desirable trait states for individual resources are limited, smaller working collections are more con- traits and phenotypic diversity. ducive to the efficient utilization of crop germplasm (Jana and Addala 1999). Results The Bari faba bean collection contains a significant propor- Geographical regions, countries and number of accessions in the tion of the world’s genetic resources for this species. Patterns different subsets are reported in Table 1. The total core subset in of morphological diversity were examined in relation to geo- our case was 247 and included entries from 35 countries of graphical origins of 1565 accessions of Vicia faba L. from 40 origin representing most of the geographic regions where faba different countries (Polignano et al. 1999). The passport and bean is grown. The major, equina and minor core subsets resulted characterization data are given in the Bari Faba Bean in three samples of 92, 100 and 55 entries, respectively. In each Germplasm Catalogue (Scarascia et al. 1998). A core collection subset 33 countries of origin were represented in equina; while, of Bari faba bean germplasm has been recently defined from both major and minor included only 20 countries. In particular, the whole collection containing landraces or ecotypes that may former Yugoslavia and Bulgaria were absent in the equina core capture most of the genetic variability available in the Bari subset, while in the major subset the following countries were not genebank. represented: Afghanistan, Canada, Ethiopia, Germany, Iran, This study was conducted to investigate whether the Bari India, Japan, Libya, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Sudan, former USSR, faba bean core collection is well defined. USA, Yemen and former Yugoslavia. The minor core subset was Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 35

characterized by the absence of Algeria, Bulgaria, China, En- and from 0.90 to 0.92 in the whole and core subsets, respectively: gland, France, Iraq, Israel, Iran, Jordan, Japan, Libya, Sri Lanka, this was the expected result. Spain, Tunisia and USA. In contrast, the estimates of the Shannon–Weaver index The number of entries from each geographical region in- pooled across 10 descriptors for eight geographical regions in cluded in the three core subsets was highly variable ranging the whole subsets were significantly different from the respec- from 0 to 56, 3 to 18 and 3 to 13 in major, equina and minor subsets, tive indices for the core subsets (Table 4). The mean diversity respectively. Southern Europe, northern Europe, the Middle index ranged from 0.69 to 0.86 and from 0.17 to 0.58 in the East and North Africa contributed about 74% to the total core whole and core subsets, respectively. As some geographical subset. Because of the lack of morphological data entries from regions were underrepresented with the number of accessions central and southern Africa and North America these regions highly variable this was an expected, but undesirable result. were not represented in the major subset. State, score code and phenotypic proportion for each de- Conclusions scriptor in the whole and core subsets of Bari faba bean The core collection described here was developed to improve the germplasm collections are given in Table 2. ? 2 values calculated conservation of our faba bean genetic resources, to increase to compare frequencies in the whole subset to the core are also knowledge of our material and to stimulate its use. The proce- reported. The minor core subset was not significantly different dure adopted to set up the core reflected our knowledge of the from the whole subset according to all descriptors; on the con- material and was based on a combination of practical experience trary, the major core differed significantly from the whole subset and passport data. according to pod density and pod distribution. Similarly, the Entry selection for the core collection followed simple ran- equina core differed significantly from the whole subset accord- dom sampling from each group defined by botanical variety and ing to flower colour and pod density. The relative frequencies of geographic region. Results showed that most of the phenotypic accessions with the most desirable descriptor-states for all de- variation in the original data sets is represented in the core scriptors are indicated in bold type. subsets defined by this sampling method. However, it is impor- Estimates of the Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H’) for tant to emphasize that a core formed by simple random sam- all descriptors across eight geographical regions in the whole pling of entries presents some disadvantages. For example, as and core subsets are reported in Table 3. The indices for the core reported by Brown and Spillane (1999) it does not eliminate the subsets were close to those of the whole subsets. In other words, possibility of duplication or doubling of entries and, yet, it is the indices for the core subsets were not significantly different equally clear that any particular rare variant, found perhaps in from the respective indices for the whole subsets for all only one entry of the whole collection, is likely to be absent from descriptors. The mean diversity index ranged from 0.92 to 0.96 the core.

Table 1. Geographical regions and number of entries in whole (W) and core (C) subsets of Bari faba bean germplasm collections Region (Countries) Subset Total major equina minor W C W C W C W C South Europe 176 56 58 18 75 10 309 84 (Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Spain, Former Yugoslavia) North Europe 13 9 31 13 63 13 107 35 (England, France, Germany, Holland, Sweden) East Europe 2 2 4 3 6 6 12 11 (Bulgaria, Hungary, Former USSR) North Africa 20 11 73 17 10 3 103 31 (Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia) Middle East 77 13 95 16 6 4 178 33 (Iraq, Israel, Iran, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Yemen) East-South Asia 1 1 32 16 23 4 56 21 (Afghanistan, China, India, Japan, Sri Lanka) Central-South Africa 2 0 32 6 26 6 60 12 (Ethiopia, Sudan, South Africa) North America 5 0 31 11 68 9 104 20 (Canada, USA) Total 296 92 356 100 277 55 929 247 36 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

Table 2. Descriptors, descriptor state, score code and phenotypic proportions in whole and core subsets of Bari faba bean germplasm collection Descriptor Descriptor state Score code Subset major equina minor W C W C W C Flower colour White standard petal with pink 1 195 67 228 60 170 38 streaks at basal level and white wing with spots1 Violet corolla and wing with spots 2 100 25 123 35 92 16 Dark brown 3 1 1 5 5 15 1 ? 2 1.6 16.3** 2.3 Stem colour Green light 1 141 41 235 63 143 30 Green light with violet streaks 2 153 50 116 36 132 24 Violet 3 2 1 5 1 2 1 ? 2 1.1 0.3 0.2 Leaflet form Narrow or elongate 1 190 61 313 84 185 37 Intermediate or sub-elliptical 2 91 29 42 15 85 16 Rounded or sub-orbicular 3 15 1 1 1 7 2 ? 2 3.6 1.0 1.1 Leaflet size Small 1 26 11 86 26 48 13 Medium 2 253 79 268 73 217 40 Large 3 17 2 2 1 12 2 ? 2 4.2 0.3 1.9 Pod density Low 1 30 20 34 20 69 15 Medium 2 144 51 182 56 132 28 High 3 122 21 140 24 76 12 ? 2 19.9** 16.3** 0.9 Pod distribution Apical 1 2 1 4 2 2 1 Basal 3 64 9 18 8 4 2 Central-apical 5 28 10 56 18 196 43 Central-basal 7 202 72 278 72 75 11 ? 2 8.0** 3.9 1.5 Plant height High 1 36 9 21 6 98 16 Medium 2 218 69 313 86 112 28 Low 3 42 14 22 8 67 11 ? 2 1.1 0.8 2.4 Pod angle Erect 1 20 5 76 26 218 39 Semierect 2 10 2 66 18 36 9 Pendent 3 266 85 214 56 22 7 ? 2 0.8 1.6 3.3 Flowers/raceme 2, 3, 4, 5 or more 2 48 18 34 12 6 3 3 212 65 306 83 165 36 4 23 7 11 3 72 10 5 13 2 5 2 33 6 ? 2 2.1 2.1 4.5 Pods/node 1, 2 , 3 or more 1 279 89 325 93 221 47 2 15 2 30 6 51 7 3 2 1 1 1 4 1 ? 2 2.1 0.5 1.1 Max No 296 92 356 100 277 55 (1) Frequency of accessions in the desirable classes. **P? 0.01

A global comparison of frequency distributions based on all ported in a previous work (Polignano et al. 1999), caution should descriptors from the whole and core subsets indicated absence be exercised in extrapolating these results to other situations. In of significant difference. This suggests that the proposed core other words, the results obtained cannot be considered defini- subsets from the Bari faba bean collection represent nearly all of tive. The inadequate geographic representation is one of the the phenotypic variations in the whole collection. Also, it is clear limiting factors for an extensive and effective use of core subsets that the geographic stratification into eight broad regions was obtained. not efficient. In fact, a strong reduction of diversity indices In contrast, the formation and preliminary characterization pooled across 10 descriptors for eight geographical regions was of the core subsets in the Bari faba bean collection have provided observed. While stratification was based on very broad geo- new information, which has direct implications for the genetic graphic regions with many underrepresented countries as re- conservation of the crop and strategies for future collecting, Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 37

Table 3. Shannon–Weaver index (H?) for 10 qualitative descriptors across 8 geographical regions in the whole (W) and core (C) subsets of Bari faba bean germplasm collection Descriptor Subset major equina minor W C W C W C Flower colour 0.92 0.96 0.94 0.86 0.95 0.95 Stem colour 0.91 0.87 0.93 0.89 0.97 0.92 Leaflet form 0.89 0.87 0.99 0.94 0.97 0.93 Leaflet size 0.94 0.93 0.95 0.91 0.99 0.94 Pod density 0.87 0.81 0.89 1.00 0.90 0.85 Pod distribution 0.88 0.87 0.93 0.86 0.98 0.98 Plant height 0.90 0.87 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.85 Pod angle 0.97 0.97 0.88 0.82 0.98 0.91 Flowers per raceme 0.88 0.84 0.95 0.91 0.91 0.86 Pods per node 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 Mean 0.92 0.90 0.94 0.91 0.96 0.92 “ t ” 0.83 n.s. 1.50 n.s. 2.00 n.s. n.s.: not significant

Table 4. Shannon–Weaver index (H?) pooled across 10 descriptors for 8 geographical regions in the whole (W) and core (C) subsets of the Bari faba bean germplasm collection Region Subset major equina minor W C W C W C South Europe 0.81 1.00 0.92 0.92 0.91 0.69 North Europe 0.82 0.09 0.87 0.59 0.85 0.99 East Europe 1.00 0.01 0.77 0.05 0.66 0.18 North Africa 0.87 0.12 0.77 0.93 0.88 0.06 Middle East 0.59 0.15 0.86 0.69 0.64 0.13 S.East Asia 0.10 0.00 0.92 0.83 0.84 0.14 S.Central Africa 0.47 0.00 0.86 0.18 0.84 0.30 North America 0.87 0.00 0.93 0.45 0.89 0.62 Mean 0.69 0.17 0.86 0.58 0.81 0.39 “ t ” 5.36 ** 2.33 * 4.94 ** * P? 0.05; ** P? 0.01 aimed at improving the representation of the collection as well tomorrow (R. C. Johnson and T. Hodgkin, eds.). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. as the restructuring of the core subsets. In fact, evidence from Brown, A.H.D. 1989. Core collection: a practical approach to other crops, particularly minor species or ones with quite small genetic resources management. Genome 31:818-824. collections, has shown that developing a core has stimulated Brown, A.H.D. 1995. The core collection at the crossroads Pp. 3- 19 in Core collections of plant genetic resources (T. Hodgkin, further research on, and use of, the germplasm (Jackson et al. A.H.D. Brown, Th.J.L. van Hintum and E.A.V. Morales, eds.). 1999). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. Currently it appears that the best approach for using the Brown A.H.D. and C. Spillane 1999. Implementing core collec- tions—principles, procedures, progress, problems and prom- Bari faba bean collection is the evaluation of several trait-specific ise. Pp. 1-9 in Core collections for today and tomorrow (R.C. subsets rather than a fixed set of core collection as suggested by Johnson and T. Hodgkin, eds.), International Plant Genetic several authors (Matthews and Ambrose 1995; van Hintum Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. Charmet, G., and F. Balfourier 1995. The use of geostatistics for 1996). sampling a core collection of perennial ryegrass populations. Lastly, the formation of a satisfactory faba bean core collec- Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 42:303-309. tion needs more accurate studies in relation to different aspects Erskine, W. and F. J. Muehlbauer 1991. Allozyme and morpfological variability, outcrossing rate and core collection such as sampling strategies, hierarchical relationships, needs of formation in lentil germplasm. Theor. Appl. Genet. 83:119- potential users, genetic structure and different gene pools. 125. Frankel, O.H. and A.H.D. Brown 1984. Current plant genetic resources – a critical appraisal in Genetics: New Frontiers, References Vol. IV, Oxford and IBH Publ. Co., New Delhi, India. Balfourier, F., J. M. Prosperi, G. Charmet, M. Goulard and P. Galwey, N. W. 1995. Verifying and validating the representative- Monestiez, 1999. Using spatial patterns of diversity to de- ness of a core collection. Pp. 187-198 in Core collections velop core collections. Pp. 37-48 in Core collections for today 38 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

genetic resources (T. Hodgkin, A.H.D. Brown, Th.J.L. van Hintum and E.A.V. Morales, eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. Hodgkin, T., A. H. D. Brown, Th. J. L. van Hintum and E. A. V. Morales 1995. Core collections of plant genetic resources. John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA. Jackson, M. T., J. L. Pham, H. J. Newbury, B. V. Ford-Lloyd and P. S. Virk 1999. A core collection for rice—needs, opportuni- ties and constraints. Pp. 18-27 in collections for today and tomorrow (R.C. Johnson and T. Hodgkin, eds.), International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. Jana, S. and K.R.V. Addala 1998. Evolving issues in genetic resources conservation Pp. 1-12 in Triticee III (A.A. Jaradat, ed.). Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, New Hampshire, USA. Johnson R.C. and T. Hodgkin 1999. Core collections for today and tomorrow. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. Matthews, P. and M.J. Ambrose 1995. Development and use of a “core” collection for the John Innes Pisum Collection Pp. 194- 195 in Proc 2nd European Conference on Grain Legumes, Copenhagen, Denmark. Peeters, J. P. and J. A. Martinelli 1989. Hierarchical cluster analy- sis as a tool to manage variation in germplasm collection. Theor. Appl. Genet. 78:42-48. Polignano G.B., E. Alba, P. Uggenti and G. Scippa 1999. Geo- graphical patterns of variation in Bari faba bean germplasm collection. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 46:183-192. Scarascia M., G. Scippa, L. Stimolo, P. Cataldo, G. Olita and G.B. Polignano 1998. Vicia faba Germplasm Collection. Documen- tation Service. Germplasm Institute, Bari, Italy: Schoen, D. J. and A. H. D. Brown 1995. Maximising genetic diversity in core collections of wild relatives of crop species. Pp. 55-77 in Core collections genetic resources (T. Hodgkin, A.H.D. Brown, Th.J.L. van Hintum and E.A.V. Morales, eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. Shannon, C. E. and W. Weaver 1963. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, USA. Spagnoletti Zeuli, P. L. and C. O. Qualset 1993. Evaluation of five strategies for obtaining a core subset from a large genetic resource collection of durum wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 87:295-304. Tohme, J., P. Jones, S. Beebe and M. Iwanaga 1995. The combined use of agroecological and characterization data to establish the CIAT Phaseolus vulgaris core collection. Pp. 95-107 in Core collections genetic resources (T. Hodgkin, A.H.D. Brown, Th.J.L. van Hintum and E.A.V. Morales, eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. Tohme, J., O. D. Gonzales, S. Beebe and M. C. Duque 1996. AFLP analysis of gene pools of a wild bean core collection. Crop Sci. 36:1375-1384. Tohme, J., S. Beebe and C. Iglesias 1999. Molecular characteriza- tion of the CIAT bean and cassava core collections. Pp. 28-36 in Core collections for today and tomorrow. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. van Hintum, Th. J. L. 1994. Comparison of marker systems and construction of a core collection in a pedigree of European spring barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 89:991-997. van Hintum, Th.J.L. 1996. Core collections in germplasm conser- vation: evaluation and use in Proc V Intern. Oat Conference and VII Intern. Barley Genet. Symp. (G. Scloes & B. Rossnagel, eds.). Univ. of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. van Hintum, Th.J.L. 1999. The general methodology for creating a core collection. Pp. 10-17 in Core collections for today and tomorrow (R.C. Johnson and T. Hodgkin, eds.), International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. van Hintum, Th. J. L., and D. Haalman 1994. Pedigree analysis for composing a core collection of modern cultivars, with examples from barley (Hordeum vulgare s. lat.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 88:70-74. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 39

Book Reviews

Feeding the Ten Billion—Plants and Population Growth L.T. Evans. 2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 0-521-64685-5

Estimates of global human population are projected to (2) A change in climate that favoured plant domestication,

reach ten billion by the year 2050. Undoubtedly this will such as a rise in CO2 levels, an increase in seasonality present a daunting challenge to scientists engaged in and possibly greater prominence of grasses in the flora. improving food production technology as well as to those (3) Desire for a more sedentary lifestyle than allowed by reviewing policies for food distribution. This thought-pro- hunting and gathering. voking book was written to mark the 200th anniversary of (4) Population pressure. the publication of Malthus’ (1766–1834) seminal ‘Essay on Evans concludes that the world population has long the Principle of Population’. since passed the point where reliance on a landrace-based The author, Lloyd T. Evans, is a well-known plant self-sufficient, individual smallholder farmer, sustenance physiologist with a large number of papers to his credit. agriculture for food is possible. Reaching a population of His early career included a period at Oxford as a Rhodes three billion was a turning point in human agri-history. Scholar, followed by a fellowship at California Institute of Since then, increases in food production have come not Technology. He then joined CSIRO in Australia and rose from increases in arable land (nearly as much land has to become its Chief. He has published several books, been lost due to desertification as has been gained due to among them Crop Physiology and Crop Evolution, Adapta- deforestation) but from higher yields of the new dwarf high- tion and Yield, that have become standard textbooks. yielding varieties. The doubling of world population since This book is fascinating, as it links population growth then has been possible only because of the large amount with agricultural innovation that has gone on for the past of money spent on agricultural research, investment that 10 000 years. The establishment of agriculture, which has brought about yield increases to keep pace with those occurred in the Near East about 8000 BC, permitted hu- of population, so far. mans to space childbirth at much shorter intervals than Finally, we come to the key question posed by Evans. during the hunter–gatherer phase of human existence. The Will the earth be able to feed a population of 10 billion in sedentary life-style meant more births as the need to shift 2050? It depends on certain unforeseen factors says from one camp to another was eliminated, with farming Evans. Climatic changes, as shown in the book, have being carried out on banks of rivers like the Tigris, been responsible for abandonment of agriculture in certain Euphrates and the Jordan. areas and its establishment in other areas. But now we It took millions of years for the human population to face an array of global climate changes rather than a single arrive at the first billion, yet less than 200 years to reach regional one. The consequences for agriculture of this our current population of more than six billion. However, phenomenon are difficult to assess at this time. Global despite all the doomsday predictions of Malthus and oth- warming and the melting of the ice packs at the two ers that were to follow, human population has not out- extremes of the earth may affect developing countries stripped food supply. Not yet anyway. But there is no much more than the highly industrialized countries. Two doubt that the world is today overburdened by the burgeon- other limitations that may curtail food production also loom ing human population. large on the horizon according to Evans: (a) water for Evans tells a spellbinding story of human history right irrigation and (b) limits of yields of our staple food crops. from the time of the ‘silent millennia’—the Pleistocene era However, there is some cause for optimism based on the to the modern day. The survivors of the former period, the development of new varieties through genetic engineering people who live solely by hunting and gathering today, and, of course, better crop management techniques, in- such as the aborigines of Australia and the !King bushmen cluding improved storage facilities to reduce post-harvest of the Kalahari, have been intensively studied by anthro- losses (post-harvest losses in India are sometimes as pologists to gain an insight into the type of lives led by our high as 30%). Feeding 10 billion people is possible in times ancestors before agriculture. However, today’s hunter– of global climatic changes, Evans says, provided some gatherers are found only in the poorest and most difficult equity is brought about in the face of social and regional environments where agriculture is nearly impossible. imbalances. This may yet be a greater challenge than Evans speculates on the forces operating 10 000 years mere increases in food production in the fertile lands and ago in the Levant that drew mankind to agriculture. He has mechanized farming of the Northern Hemisphere. named four: This book would be invaluable to a wide variety of (1) An abundance of wild grasses suitable for domestica- readers. I highly recommend it to farmers and agricultur- tion. It helped that some of these wild grasses were ists, anthropologists, archaeobotanists, conservationists, already consumed as food. genetic resources scientists, plant breeders, social scien- 40 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

tists, policy makers and others. The book is presented in a Ardeshir B. Damania easily readable manner, without the use of too many Genetic Resources Conservation Program scientific terms. It occupies pride of place on my book- Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources shelf. University of California This reviewer, for one, is cautiously optimistic about Davis, CA 95616 our capacity to feed the world’s projected human popula- tion of 10 billion by 2050.

Rice Biotechnology: improving yield, stress tolerance and grain quality 2001. Novartis Foundation Symposium 236, Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 261 pages. Price $120.

This book reports the proceedings of a symposium held at discussed in detail. How the sequencing has been ap- the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the proached will not be of as much interest as what can be Philippines in March 2000. There are 18 chapters, most of done with the sequence when we have it. So, for instance, which include reports of discussions held after each pre- many researchers are now asking how we can rapidly sentation. The symposium, neatly summarized in the final associate EST information with biological variation. How chapter, focused upon: feeding the poor and the role of quickly can we start to use ESTs to look at variation in modern genetics; genomics; increasing yield by manipu- germplasm? The important point is made that STS markers lating source and sink; human micronutrients in the rice provide the way for allele mining (the modern equivalent of grain; structural and functional genomics and the signifi- germplasm evaluation?) in genes of specific interest to cance of Arabidopsis; and lessons from the private sector. breeders. At IRRI, scientists are able to use primers from a A wide range of people, both scientists and non-scien- single rice variety to study gene structure across all of the tists, will find topics of interest in this book. This is in part AA genome species, and most other rice species as well. because rice is both a model organism from the genomics Answers to these questions can be found in what are viewpoint and also the world’s most important crop spe- perhaps the most exciting parts of the book, namely the cies. However, there is a political slant as well, with discussion reports. discussion on how best to feed the world’s poor and The chapters covering comparative genomics also sensible arguments about the need for acceptance of GM hold interest for the genetic conservationist, not least technology particularly in developing countries. Many of because of what this field tells us about crop plant evolu- those more or less informed people who engage in such tion, and relationships between diverse species and gen- discussion could benefit from reading the facts of the case era. Information gained from comparing genomes at the as presented. Is current world food production sufficient to DNA sequence level may also allow us in the future to feed every hungry mouth providing we improve food distri- more rapidly and easily improve orphan crops such as fox bution? Do we need to look towards further conventional tail millet and to exploit their genetic resources more crop improvement aided by GM technology, particularly in effectively than at present because of our knowledge of developing countries, to feed the world in 2020? the rice genome, and the existence of close synteny A number of chapters describe current ideas on genetic between the two. modification to improve yield, quality, stress and pest toler- One fascinating discussion broadly involved the idea of ance. It seems for instance that there is now a gene switch the use of genetic resources to address questions about system for rice which allows the regulation of gene activity C3/C4 plants. How do you identify the genes that make the both in time and quantity by externally applied small mol- difference between C3 and C4 plants, particularly those ecule switches. This will enable gene function to be exam- that control Kranz anatomy? The suggestion is made to ined in phenotypes by overexpression, but also holds the look in a C4 plant species like maize for mutants or natural rather negative prospect of terminator technology for con- variants where Kranz anatomy is absent or abnormal, and trolling hybridisation. Demonstration in Arabidopsis that a then cross with a normal genotype to map the relevant single stress-inducible transcription factor can enhance genes. This could then lead to their isolation and cloning, drought, salt and freezing tolerance could lead the way to and eventual study in other species such as rice. There improved stress tolerance in many crop species, not just has been no luck as yet, as variants have not yet been rice. identified – could this be a challenge for genetic resource Leaving the prospects, problems, up- and down-sides of characterisation and evaluation? GM crops, what does the book have to tell us about natural It was disappointing that the less biotechnological and variation in the form of plant genetic resources? It certainly more conventional approaches to increasing yield are only provides a valuable insight into the ways that crop briefly included as discussion. What can be achieved by germplasm may be viewed and exploited in the future. The the work at IRRI on the ‘new plant type’, hybrid rice and status of rice genome sequencing (albeit now out of date) is wild species introgression would have provided an impor- Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 41

tant comparison with the work on transgenics. Neverthe- so an even stronger case can be made for new alliances less, it was highly instructive to read about efforts to between agricultural, biotechnological and health scien- improve nutritional quality in rice. Improving micronutrient tists in the future. levels in varieties will prove to be a major challenge, which This is a book that I would strongly recommend. It will should be overcome by conventional crop breeding. Lev- be useful to a range of scientists for reference, to students els of many micronutrients are controlled by major genes, at the graduate level and to anyone who is looking for or at least major QTL, and it seems that considerable some stimulating coverage of modern agricultural biotech- natural variation may exist amongst varieties and nology. This includes the genetic resources community. landraces. A strong case can be made, therefore, for greater attention in this area by the genetic resources Brian Ford-Lloyd community. Micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in 9/8/01 the human population, at great social and economic cost,

IPGRI announces the Vavilov–Frankel Fellowships 2002

IPGRI has established the Vavilov–Frankel Fellowship Fund to commemorate the unique contributions to plant science by Academician Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov and Sir Otto Frankel. The Fund aims to encourage the conservation and use of plant genetic resources in developing countries through awarding Fellowships to outstanding young researchers.

The Fellowships will enable the applicants to carry out relevant, innovative research outside their own country for a period of between three months to one year. The research should have a clear benefit to the home country, preferably in areas of the applicant’s future research. Awards can be held concurrently with other sources of support.

In 2002, a total of US$50 000 will be made available for awards. The maximum award per Fellow will be US$25 000 which is intended to cover travel, stipend, bench fees, equipment, conference participation or any other appropriate use. Such research should be linked to innovative topics related to the conservation and use of plant genetic resources such as new conservation technologies and strategies, socioeconomic and human aspects of conservation and use, germplasm management, forest genetic resources, policy development, genetic erosion assessment and mitigation and conservation and utilization of specific crops. Work solely on plant breeding or molecular characterization will not be selected. Fellows are encouraged to present the results of their research at an international conference. This can take place within one year of termination of the Fellowship.

Applications for the year 2002 are invited from developing-country nationals, aged 35 or under, holding a masters degree (or equivalent) and/or doctorate in a relevant subject area. Application forms in English, French and Spanish may be obtained from: Vavilov-Frankel Fellowships, IPGRI, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino), Rome, Italy; Fax: (39)0661979661 or Email: [email protected] or URL: http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/training/vavilov.htm] and should be returned to IPGRI, Rome. Applications can be sent by mail, fax or email. Applications must be received at IPGRI by 16 November 2001.

Applications must be in English, French or Spanish and should include a covering letter, completed application form, full curriculum vitae, research proposal (maximum 1000 words which should include a clear statement of objectives, feasibility, methodology, materials, justification of the relevance to plant genetic resources, and possible outcomes or impacts), a letter of acceptance from the proposed host institute and a letter of support from the home institute. The successful applicants will be informed by 31 March 2002 and are required to take up their Fellowships before 31 December 2002. IPGRI is an institute of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). IPGRI is a Future Harvest Center: http://www.futureharvest.org

Este anuncio está disponible en español. Cette annonce est disponible en français. 42 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 Progress Reports – 2000

(2000/1) by: Wu, Y.; Zhao, Y. Changli Institute of Pomology, Research on cryopreservation of mango shoot tips. Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences Progress report: 1st Nov 1998–30 Aug 1999 China. (En) 1999 Research on cryopreservation of mango shoot tips. by: Huang, X., Dept. of Biology, Zhongshan University, (2000/9) Guangzhou (China). (En) 1999 Research project on freeze-drying and vacuum drying orthodox seeds as long-term storage (2000/2) methods. Progress report—May 1999. Cryopreservation as a means for the conservation of by: Corbineau, F., Universite Piere et Marie Curie, Paris germplasm of species producing recalcitrant seeds (France). (En) 1999 - second report for 1998: in depth studies on axes of the temperate, recalcitrant species, Quercus robur. (2000/10) Final report. Research project on freeze-drying and vacuum- by: Berjak, P., School of Life and Environmental drying orthodox seeds as long-term storage Sciences, University of Natal, Durban (South Africa). methods. Progress report—October 1999. (En) 1999 by: Zheng, X., Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing (China). (En) 1999 (2000/3) Report of Vavilov-Frankel 1998. A study of the (2000/11) genetic diversity and the domestication process of Report of the IPGRI project ‘Long-term conservation the Criollo morphogeographic group within of European vegetatively propagated Allium Theobroma cacao L. using molecular markers. collections’. by: Motamayor, J.C., Laboratoire AGETROP/CIRAD, by: Keller, J.; Makowska, Z., IPK, Gatersleben Montpellier (France). (En) 1999 (Germany); RIVC, Skiernewice (Poland). (En) 1998

(2000/4) (2000/12) Optimization of storage conditions for seeds of crop In vitro conservation of yam, cocoyam and frafra plants. Report of Vavilov–Frankel Fellowship 1998. potato underslow (minimum) growth conditions. by: Poghosyan, Z., John Innes Centre, Norwich by: Acheampong, E. Dept. Botany University of Ghana, Research Park, Norwich (UK). (En) 1999 Legon (Ghana). (En) 1999

(2000/5) (2000/13) Analysis of genetic diversity of landraces and local Research project on freeze-drying and vacuum- culitvars of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in the drying orthodox seeds as long-term storage area of former USSR. Report of the Vavilov–Frankel methods—report no. 2 (April–Dec 1999). Fellowship 1999. Progress report. by: Corbineau, F.; Come, D., Universite Piere et Maria by: Potokina, E. Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Curie, Paris (France). (En) 2000 Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben (Germany). N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), St. (2000/14) Petersburg (Russia). (En) 1999 Primer informe anual de progreso del proyecto: Conservacion y utilizacion de los recursos (2000/6) geneticos de pasifloras. The development of a cryopreservation technique by: Gongora, G.A.; Coppens d’ Eeckenbrugge, G.; for the long-term conservation of taro genetic Lopez, A., Unidad de Biotecnoloiga Vegetal de la resources. Progress report, October 1999. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Santa Fe de Bogota by: Taylor, M., Secretariat for the Pacific Community, (Colombia); CENICAFE (Colombia); CIRAD-FLHOR/ Suva (Fiji). (En) 1999 IPGRI. (Es) 2000

(2000/7) (2000/15) Progress report for IPGRI project 99/018: Contribution of home gardens to the in situ Cryopreservation of citrus ovules and apices. conservation of plant genetic resources in farming by: Gonzalez Arnao, M.T., University of Havana, systems: annual report 1999. Havana (Cuba). (En) 1999 by: Castineiras, L.; Shagarodsky, T.; Fundora, Z.; Fuentes, V.; Fernandez, L.; Morena, V.; Gonzalez, (2000/8) A.V.; Alonso, J.L.; Orellana, R.; Robaina, R.; Cristobel, Studies on the cryopreservation of temperate fruit R.; Sanchez, P.; Garcia, M.; Valiente, A.; Girandy, C.; tree shoot tips. Progress report. Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 43

Agricultura Tropical ‘Alejandro de Humboldt’, Havana (2000/24) City, (Cuba). (En) 1999 Documentation, characterization and evaluation of potato genetic resources of Poland, as a (2000/16) complementary work to project RES GEN CT95-34 of East African plant genetic resources training the European Union genetic resources programme consortium. Proceedings of the First Technical 1467/94. Meeting held on 16–18 December 1999, Kamala, by: Podyma, W., Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Uganda. Institute (IHAR), Radzikow, Warsaw (Poland). (En) 2000 by: Kamau, H. (comp.)., Makerere University Kampala, Uganda. UNEP. IPGRI, Rome (Italy). (En) 1999 (2000/26) Strengthening the scientific basis of in situ (2000/17) conservation of agricultural biodiversity on-farm: Genetic diversity studies in the interaction between Nepal country component. the anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum by: Rana, R.B.; Rijal, D.K.; Chaudhary, P.; Tiwari, P.; gloeosporioides, and its host plant, Stylosanthes spp. Subedi, A.; Joshi, K.D.; Shrestha, R., Local Initiatives by: Vander Stappen, J.; Volckaert, G., Katholieke for Biodiversity, Research and Development, Pokhara Universiteit Leuven, Leuven (Belgium). (En) 1999 (Nepal). (En) 2000

(2000/18) (2000/27) IPK database development and training: Purchase of small equipment for cryopreservation contribution of home gardens to in situ conservation work at Research Institute of Vegetable Crops, RIVC. of plant genetic resources in farming systems. Final report. by: Knupffer, H., Institut fuer Pflanzengenetik und by: Kotlinska, T., Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory, Kulturpflanzenforschumg,Gatersleben (Germany). Research Institute of Vegetable Crops, Skierniewice (En) 1999 (Poland). (En) 2000

(2000/20) (2000/28) Documentation, characterization and evaluation of Strategies and parameters for in situ conservation Prunus genetic resources of Poland, as a of tropical forests in Brazil. complementary work to Project GEN RES 61 of the by: Kageyama, P.Y.; Gandara, F.B.; de Lacerda, European Union genetic resources programme C.M.B., Universidade de Sao Paulo, Campus ‘Luis de 1467/94. Queiroz’, Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luis de by: Grzyb, Z.S., Research Institute of Pomology and Queiroz’, Departamento de Ciencias Florestais, Sao Floriculture, Skierniewice (Poland). (En) 2000 Paulo (Brazil). (En)

(2000/21) (2000/29) Annual Progress Report. Evaluation and utilization Importance of vegetables and their ex-situ conservation of pineapple genetic resources from the Amazon to in Europe. A collection of tables and data compiled breed resistant varieties (INCO-DC project from FAO and IPGRI sources. May 2000. ERBIC18CT960118). by: Koop, L.; Maggioni, L. , IPGRI, Rome (Italy). (En) 2000 by: Coppens d’Eeckenbrugge, G., CIRAD-FLHOR, Montpellier (France); Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa (2000/30) Agropecuaria, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca Development of methods to assess genetic variation e Fruticultura Tropical, Cruz das Almas (Brazil); Fondo in Costa Rica, as well as strategies for in-situ Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias-Centro de conservation in reference to deforestation, Investigaciones, Lara (Venezuela); Universidade do fragmentation and selective logging in the country. Algarve-Unidade de Ciencias e Technol. Agrarias. Lab. Annual report. be Genetica e Melhoramento, Faro (Portugal). (En) 2000 by: Sanchez, A.; Bawa, K.S., Fundacion de la Universidad de Costa Rica para la Investigacion (2000/22) Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Hosting of the First Meeting of the ECP/GR Working Facio, San Jose (Costa Rica). (En) 1999 Group on Potatoes at Plant Research International, Centre for Genetic Resources The Netherlands (CGN), (2000/31) Wageningen, The Netherlands, 23–25 March 2000. Conservationa, management and sustainable use of by: Hoekstra, R., Plant Research International, Centre Araucaria araucana genetic resources in Argentina. for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands (CGN), Final report. Wageningen (The Netherlands). (En) 2000 by: Izquierdo, F.; Gallo, L., Unidad de Genetica Forestal 44 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125

INTA-EEA Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche (2000/39) (Argentina). (En) 2000 Research project on freeze-drying and vacuum- drying orthodox seeds as long-term storage (2000/32) methods. Progress report no. 3 (Dec–May 2000). Conservation, management and sustainable use of by: Corbineau, F., Universite Piere et Marie Curie, Paris forest genetic resources in Brazil. Progress report (France). (En) 2000 (period 1) 1 October 1999–31 December 1999. by: Kageyama, P.Y.; Gandara, F.; Caron, D.; Santos, (2000/40) J.D., Universidade de Sao Paulo, Campus ‘Luiz de Research project on freeze-drying and vacuum drying Queiroz’, Escola Superior de Agricultura, Departamento orthodox seeds as long-term storage methods. de Ciencias Florestais, Sao Paulo (Brazil). (En) 2000 Progress report no. 2 (April 99–January 2000). by: Zheng, X., Beijing Vegetable Research Center, (2000/33) Beijing (China). (En) 2000 Conservation, management and sustainable use of forest genetic resources in Brazil. Final report. (2000/41) by: Kageyama, P.Y.; Gandara, F.; Caron, D.; Santos, The development of a cryopreservation technique J.D., Universidade de Sao Paulo, Campus ‘Luiz de for the long-term conservation of taro genetic Queiroz’, Escola Superior de Agricultura, Departamento resources. Progress report, March 2000. de Ciencias Florestais, Sao Paulo (Brazil). (En) 2000 by: Taylor, M., Secretariat for the Pacific Community,Suva (Fiji). (En) 2000 (2000/34) Effective conservation and use of intermediate and (2000/23) recalcitrant tropical forest tree seeds, Phase II. Vavilov-Frankel Fellowships 1999—‘Analysis of Quarterly report. genetic diversity of landraces and local cultivars of by: Fletcher, B.; Pritchard, H.W., Royal Botanic common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in the area of former Gardens Kew, Richmond (UK). (En) 1999 USSR’ Final report. by: Potokina, E., Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (2000/35) (VIR) (St. Petersburgh, Russia). Plant Genetics and Progress report of the Danida Forest Seed Centre; Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben (Germany). August 1st 1999–July 1st 2000. (En) 2000 by: Thomsen, K., Danida Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek (Denmark). (En) 2000 (2000/42) Cryopreservation of in vitro cultured apple shoot (2000/44) tips. Final report. Regeneration of specific accessions agreed on by by: Wu, Y.; Zhao, Y., Changli Institute of Pomology, the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR), the Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Kazakh Experiment Station of Plant Genetic Hebei (China). (En) 2000 Resources (Shalkar) and IPGRI, plus activities relating to the repatriation of a duplicate of the (2000/43) material to Kazakhstan. Final report. Conservation of tropical recalcitrant seed by: Khusainov, S., Kazakh Experiment Station of Plant germplasm. Progress report 1999. Genetic Resources, Shalkar (Republic of Kazakhstan). by: Berjak, P., University of Natal, School of Life and (En) 2000 Environmental Sciences, Durban (South Africa). (En) 2000

(2000/37) (2000/25) Conservation, management and sustainable use of Report of Vavilov-Frankel Fellowship 1999. SSR forest genetic resources with reference to Brazil and evaluation of population genetics structure of Argentina. Progress report. common wild rice Oryza rufipogon Griff. for by: Seitz, R.A., Fundacao de Pesquisas Florestais do developing in situ conservation in China. Progress Parana,Curitiba (Brazil). (En) 2000 report. by: Gao, L. Department of Biology, Washington (2000/38) University, St. Louis, MO (USA). (En) 2000 Conservation and use of genetic resources in Araucaria forests in Southern Brazil and Argentina. (2000/45) Final—first phase. Cryopreservation of coffee seeds for long-term by: Seitz, R., Fundacao de Pesquisas Florestais do conservation of coffee genetic resources at CATIE. Parana, Curitiba (Brazil). (En) 2000 Progress report July 2000. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 45

by: Dussert, S.; Vasquez, N., CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Garcia, M.; Giraudi, C.; Hernandez, F.; Valiente, A. Rica); IRD, Montpellier (France). (En) 2000 Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical (INIFAT), Havana City (Cuba). (Es) 2000 (2000/46) Micropropagacion, conservacion in vitro y (2000/54) caracterisation molecular de chayote (Sechium Strengthening the scientific basis of in situ edule)—Informe de avance (Ano 2). conservation of agricultural biodiversity: Vietnam by: Esquivel, A.A., Instituto Tecnologico de Cartago, Country Component. Cartago (Costa Rica). (En) 2000 by: Nguyen, N.D., Mekong Delta Farming Systems Institute, Cantho University (Vietnam). (En) 2000 (2000/47) The conservation of forest genetic resources in (2000/55) Western Ghats, India. Strengthening the scientific basis of in situ by: Kamaljit, S.; Uma Shaanker, R.; Ganeshaiah, K.N., conservation of agricultural biodiversity on-farm: Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Nepal Country Component. Boston (USA). (En) 2000 by: Upadhay, M.P.; Khatiwada, S.P.; Paudel, C.L., Agricultural Botany Division, Nepal Agricultural Research (2000/49) Council, P.O. Box 1135, Kathmandu (Nepal). (En) 2000 Strengthening the scientific basis of in situ conservation of agricultural biodiversity on-farm: (2000/56) Nepal Country Component. Advances of the results of desiccation and storage by: Rana, R.B.; Rijal, D.K.; Chaudhary, P.; Tiwari, P.; of five species doing by CATIE Tree Seed Bank Subedu, K.D.; Joshi, K.D.; Shrestha, R., Local (CTSB); First Report. Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and by: Vasquez, W., CATIE, Turrialba, Apdo 7170-137 Developmement (LIBIRD), Pokhara (Nepal). (En) 2000 (Costa Rica). (En) 2000

(2000/50) (2000/57) Strengthening the scientific basis of in situ Effective conservation and use of intermediate and conservation of agricultural biodiversity: Pilot study recalcitrant tropical forest tree seeds, Phase II for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity in Ethiopia. (Cinnamomum). by: Asfaw, Z., Research and Publications Office, Addi by: Kha, L.D.; Huy Son, N., Research Centre for Forest Ababa University, Addis Ababa (Ethiopia). (En) 2000 Tree Improvement (RCFTI), FSIV, Chem-Tu-liem, Hanoi (Vietnam). (En) 2000 (2000/51) Participatory approaches to PGR conservation and (2000/58) use in Yunnan Province of China. Effective conservation and use of intermediate and by: Luyuan, D. Station of Crop Germplasm Resources recalcitrant tropical forest tree seeds, Phase II of Yunnan, Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Yunna (Illicium verum). (China). (En) 2000 by: Kha, L.D.; Huy Son, N., Research Centre for Forest Tree Improvement (RCFTI), FSIV, Chem-Tul-–liem, (2000/52) Hanoi (Vietnam). (En) 2000 Strengthening the scientific basis of in situ conservation of agricultural biodiversity: Mexico (2000/59) Country Component. (Phase II 2000–2001) Progress First progress report on IPGRI/DFSC project Report. effective conservation and use of intermediate and by: Chavez Servia, J.L.; Arias Reyes, L.M., Centro de recalcitrant forest tree seeds—Phase II. Investigaciones y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto by: Naithani, S.C., Seed Biology Lab, School of Life Politecnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Merida, Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur Yucatan (Mexico). (En) 2000 (India). (En) 2000

(2000/53) (2000/60) The contribution of home gardens to in situ First progress report on IPGRI/DFSC project effective conservation of plant genetic resources in farming conservation and use of intermediate and recalcitrant systems. Six months report. Progress Report. forest tree seeds—Phase II (Madhuca indica). by: Castineiras, L.; Shagarodsky, T.; Fuentes, V.; Barrios, by: Naithani, S.C., Seed Biology Lab, School of Life O.; Moreno, V.; Fundora, Z.; Fernandez, L.; Alonso, J.L.; Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur Cristobal, R.; Orellana, R.; Gonzalez, A.V.; Sanchez, P.; (India). (En) 2000 46 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 Instructions to authors

Typescripts should be prepared in English, French or Spanish References and submitted in duplicate to the Managing Editor. Type- The references to the literature should be arranged alpha- scripts should be double-spaced throughout, with generous betically, typed double-spaced and in text referred to as: (3-5 cm) margins. All pages (including tables, figures, legends author and year of publication, e.g. (Dawsib 1987). Citations of and references) should be numbered consecutively. personal communications and unpublished data should be avoided. Such citations should in text appear in the text only, Title as (E.D. Smith pers. comm.), and not in the reference list. The title should be as short as possible and should contain the Abbreviate titles of periodicals according to the style of the common and full generic name of any species featured in the Bibliographic Guide for Editors and Authors (Biosis, Chemical paper, as well as the main countries visited during, for ex- Abstract Service and Engineering Index, Inc., 1974). Follow the ample, collecting trips. style shown below:

Authors/addresses Periodicals Include the full names of all authors of the paper, together Molina-Cano, J.L., P. Fra-Mon, G. Salcedo, C. Aragonicillo, with the addresses of the authors at the time of the work F. Roca de Togores and F. Gardia-Olmedo. 1987. Morocco reported in the paper. Indicate current or postal addresses as as a possible domestication center for barley: biochemical a footnote on the first page of the paper; indicate also the and agromorphological evidence. Theor. Appl. Genet. author nominated to receive correspondence and proofs. 73:531-536.

Abstracts Books (edited by someone other than the Articles and reviews will be published with abstracts in En- author of the article) glish, French and Spanish. Supply an abstract not exceeding Hanelt, P. 1986. Cruciferae (Brassicaceae). Pp. 272-332 in 200–250 words in the same language as the typescript, as well Rudolf Mansfelds Verzeichnis landwirtschaftlicher und as translations (including the title) into the other two lan- gärtnerischer Kulturpflanzen (ohne Zierpflanzen), Vol. 2. (H. guages, if this is possible. Include these at the end of the Schultze-Motel, ed.). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. paper, after the references and before the tables. The abstracts of articles should mention the objective of the investigation Books (identical author and editor) (hypothesis and aims), the experimental material and/or meth- Chapman, C. 1985. Genetic Resources of Wheat. A Survey ods, a summary of the results and the conclusions drawn from and Strategy for Collecting. IBPGR, Rome, Italy. the results. Nomenclature Key words Taxonomical: in line with Index Kewensis. Genetic: applica- Provide a maximum of six key words for use in indexing tions of the terms phenotype and genotype should be in purposes, in alphabetical order, below the native-language accordance with Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966); abstract at the start of the typescript. for summaries of genetic abbreviations, consult the Journal of Bacteriology Instructions to Authors. Main text The relative importance of headings and subheadings should Units: express all quantities in terms of SI. If a traditional be clear, but avoid using more than three levels of headings. or local unit is used, or a unit that may be well known in Do not number headings or paragraphs, which should be one country only, always include an SI equivalent so that indented. other workers can fully understand the amounts. Use simple clear language in the text. A native speaker of the language should preferably edit the paper before submis- Preparing figures and tables sion. Tables and figures support the text and must be organized logically, appearing where they are mentioned. If there is a Acknowledgements large amount of information in a table, it may be better to These (also grants, support, etc. if any) should follow the text include it as an appendix at the end of the paper. Figures and precede the references. and tables should be clear and simple. Their major pur- pose is to present complex material in a form that is easily understood. Present data in the text, or as a figure, or a table, but never in more than one of these ways. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 47 Conseils aux auteurs

Les textes dactylographiés seront préparés en anglais, en 1987). On évitera les citations de communications espagnol ou en français et envoyés en deux exemplaires au personnelles ou de données inédites. Ces citations ne directeur de rédaction. Ils seront présentés en double devraient figurer que dans le texte, comme (E.D. Smith interligne, avec de grandes marges (3 à 5 cm). Toutes les comm. pers.) et non dans la liste des références. Abrégez les pages (y compris les tableaux, figures, légendes et titres des périodiques comme il est indiqué dans le Biblio- références) seront numérotées à la suite. graphic Guide for Editors and Authors (Biosis, Chemical Abstract Service and Engineering Index, Inc., 1974). Titre Adoptez la présentation ci-dessous: Le titre sera le plus court possible et devra contenir le nom commun de toutes les espèces dont il est question dans le Périodiques document, et le nom des principaux pays visités durant, Molina-Cano, J.L., P. Fra-Mon, G. Salcedo, C. Aragonicillo, par exemple, un voyage de collecte de matériel. F. Roca de Togores et F. Gardia-Olmedo. 1987. Morocco as a possible domestication center for barley: biochemical Nom et adresse des auteurs and agromorphological evidence. Theor. Appl. Genet. Mentionnez le nom complet de tous les auteurs du docu- 73:531-536. ment, ainsi que leur adresse à l’époque de l’étude. Indiquez leur adresse actuelle et leur adresse de contact en bas de Livres (édités par quelqu’un d’autre que page sur la première page du document; indiquez l’auteur de l’article) également l’auteur auquel doivent être adressées la Hanelt, P. 1986. Cruciferae (Brassicaceae). Pp. 272-332 in correspondance et les épreuves. Rudolf Mansfelds Verzeichnis landwirtschaftlicher und gärtnerischer Kulturpflanzen (ohne Zierpflanzen), Vol. 2. Résumés (H. Schultze-Motel, ed.) Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Articles et études doivent être accompagnés d’un résumé Allemagne. en anglais, en espagnol et en français. Envoyez un résumé de 200 à 250 mots au maximum dans la même langue que Livres (même auteur et même éditeur) le texte dactylographié, ainsi que la traduction (y compris Chapman, C. 1985. Genetic Resources of Wheat. A Survey le titre) dans les deux autres langues, si possible. Placez-les and Strategy for Collecting, IBPGR, Rome, Italie. à la fin de votre texte, après les références et avant les tableaux. Les résumés d’articles devraient mentionner Nomenclature l’objectif de l’étude (hypothèse et buts), le matériel et/ou Taxinomique: suivre l’Index Kewensis. Génétique: les ap- les méthodes utilisés pour l’expérience, un résumé des plications des termes phénotype et génotype devraient résultats et les conclusions tirées de ces résultats. être conformes à Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966); pour des résumés des abréviations génétiques, consultez Mots-clés le Journal of Bacteriology qui contient des conseils aux Indiquez au maximum six mots-clés qui serviront pour un auteurs. index, par ordre alphabétique, au-dessous du résumé dans la langue de rédaction au début du texte dactylographié. Unités: exprimez toutes les quantités en unités du système international. Si une unité traditionnelle ou lo- Texte principal cale est utilisée, ou une unité qui pourrait être connue Faites bien ressortir les titres et les sous-titres, mais évitez dans un pays seulement, indiquez toujours l’équivalent les titres de plus de trois lignes. Ne mumérotez-pas les en unités du système international afin que d’autres titres ou les paragraphes, qui devraient être mis en retrait. chercheurs puissent comprendre les quantités indiquées. Utilisez un langage simple. Il serait préférable qu’avant d’être soumis, le document soit mis en forme par une Préparation des figures et des tableaux personne dont la langue maternelle est celle de la langue Figures et tableaux servent à étayer le texte et doivent de rédaction. être organisés logiquement, apparaissant là où ils sont mentionnés. S’il y a une grande quantité d’informations Remerciements dans un tableau, il vaudrait mieux l’inclure dans une Ceux-ci (de même que les dons ou l’aide, etc. annexe à la fin de l’article. Les figures et les tableaux éventuellement reçus) devraient figurer à la fin du texte et doivent être clairs et simples. Il s’agit de présenter un avant les références. matériel complexe sous une forme facile à comprendre. Présentez les données dans le texte, dans une figure ou Références dans un tableau mais jamais dans les trois à la fois. Les références seront présentées par ordre alphabétique, dactylographiées en double interligne et indiqueront: auteur et année de la publication, par exemple (Dawsib, 48 Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter, 2001, No. 125 Instrucciones para los autores

Los textos deben redactarse en inglés, francés o español y Bibliografía entregarse por duplicado al director de redacción. Deben Las referencias bibliográficas deben presentarse en orden presentarse mecanografiados a doble espacio, con amplios alfabético, mecanografiadas a doble espacio, e indicar autor márgenes (3-5 cm). Todas las páginas (incluidos los y año de publicación, por ejemplo (Dawsib 1987). Se deben cuadros, figuras, leyendas y obras consultadas) se deben evitar las citas de comunicaciones personales y datos no enumerar consecutivamente. publicados. Estas citaciones han de aparecer sólo en el texto (E.D. Smith, com. pers.), y no en la bibliografía. Abreviar Título los títulos de revistas de conformidad con el estilo de la Biblio- El título ha de ser lo más corto posible y debe incluir los graphic Guide for Editors and Authors (Biosis, Chemical Ab- nombres común y genérico completos de las especies stract Service and Engineering Index, Inc., 1974). Seguir el modelo descritas en el documento, así como los principales países siguiente: visitados, por ejemplo, durante el viaje de colección. Revistas y periódicos Autores/direcciones Molina-Cano, J.L., P. Fra-Mon, G. Salcedo, C. Aragonicillo, Incluir los nombre completos de los autores del documento, F. Roca de Togores y F. Gardia-Olmedo. 1987. Morocco as junto con las direcciones de los autores en el momento de a possible domestication center for barley: biochemical la realización del trabajo presentado. Indicar las direcciones and agromorphological evidence. Theor. Appl. Genet. actuales o postales como nota al pie de la primera página 73:531-536. del documento. Indicar también el autor designado para recibir la correspondencia y las pruebas. Libros (editados por alguien que no es el autor del artículo) Resúmenes Hanelt, P. 1986. Cruciferae (Brassicaceae). Pág. 272-332 en Los artículos y recensiones se publicarán acompañados de Rudolf Mansfelds Verzeichnis landwirtsschaftlicher und resúmenes en inglés, francés y español. Entregar un gärtnerischer Kulturpflanzen (ohne Zierpflanzen), Vol. 2. (H. resumen que no exceda las 200-250 palabras en el mismo Schultze-Motel, ed.). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. idioma empleado en el texto mecanografiado, así como, de ser posible, las traducciones (incluido el título) a los otros Libros (del mismo autor y editor) dos idiomas. Incluir estas traducciones al final del Chapman, C 1985. Genetic Resources of Wheat. A survey documento, después de la bibliografía y antes de los and Strategy for Collecting. IBPGR, Rome, Italy. cuadros. En los resúmenes de los artículos se debe mencionar el propósito de la investigación (hipótesis y Nomenclatura objetivos), el material y/o los métodos experimentales, un Taxonómica : de conformidad con el Index Kewensis. Genética: los resumen de los resultados y las conclusiones. términos fenotipo y genotipo se deben aplicar de acuerdo con Demerce et al. (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966); para los resúmenes de las Palabras claves abreviaturas genéticas, consultar las Instrucciones para los Autores Para facilitar la inclusión del documento en el índice, deberá contenidas en el Journal of Bacteriology. incluirse un máximo de seis palabras claves, en orden alfabético, después del resumen en el idioma original y Unidades: expresar todas las cantidades con arreglo al sistema antes del texto mecanografiado. internacional. Si se emplea una unidad tradicional o local, o una unidad que tal vez se conozca sólo en un país, incluir Texto principal siempre el equivalente en el sistema internacional para que La importancia relativa de los títulos y subtítulos debe los demás puedan entender perfectamente las cantidades. distinguirse claramente, pero hay que evitar el empleo de más de tres niveles de encabezamiento. No enumere títulos Preparación de figuras y cuadros o párrafos que se han de sangrar. Los cuadros y las figuras complementan el texto y deben Utilizar un lenguaje sencillo y claro en el texto. Se aconseja presentarse de modo lógico, apareciendo cuando se que una persona cuyo lenguaje materno sea el empleado en el mencionan. Si un cuadro contiene una gran cantidad de documento, revise el trabajo ante de presentarlo. información, tal vez sea mejor incluirlo como apéndice al final del documento. Las figuras y los cuadros deben ser sencillos y Reconocimientos claros. Su propósito principal es presentar información Los reconocimientos (al igual que las subvenciones, ayudas compleja en un modo fácilmente comprensible. Presentar los etc.) deberán incluirse después del texto y antes de la datos ya sea en el texto, en un cuadro o en una figura, pero bibliografía. nunca en las tres formas a la vez. Plant Genetic Resources Bulletin des ressources Boletín de Recursos Newsletter phytogénétiques Fitogenéticos

Aims and scope Domaine d’intérêt Objetivos y temas The Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter publish- Le Bulletin des ressources phytogénétiques pub- El Noticiario de Recursos Fitogenéticos publica es papers in English, French or Spanish, dealing lie des articles en anglais, en espagnol et en documentos en inglés, francés y español que with the genetic resources of useful plants, result- français, sur les ressources génétiques de plan- tratan de los recursos genéticos de plantas útiles, ing from new work, historical study, review and tes utiles, fruit de nouvelles recherches, d’études fruto de nuevos trabajos, estudios históricos, criticism in genetic diversity, ethnobotanical and historiques, d’examens et de critiques concer- revisiones y análisis críticos relacionados con la ecogeographical surveying, herbarium studies, col- nant la diversité génétique, d’études ethnobota- diversidad genética, investigaciones etnobotáni- lecting, characterization and evaluation, documen- niques et écogéographiques, d’études d’herbiers, cas y ecogeográficas, estudios de herbarios, tation, conservation, and genebank practice. d’activités de collecte, de caractérisation et actividades de colección, caracterización y eval- d’évaluation, de documentation, de conservation uación, documentación, conservación, y prácti- Management et les pratiques des banques de gènes. cas en bancos de germoplasma. The Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter is pub- lished under the joint auspices of the Internation- Parrainage Dirección al Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) and Le Bulletin des ressources phytogénétiques est El Noticiario de Recursos Fitogenéticos se publi- the Plant Production and Protection Division of publié sous les auspices de l’Institut international ca bajo los auspicios conjuntos del Instituto In- the Food and Agriculture Organization of the des ressources phytogénétiques (IPGRI) et de la ternacional de Recursos Fitogenéticos y la Di- United Nations (FAO). Division de la production végétale et de la protec- rección de Producción y Protección Vegetal de la tion des plantes de l’Organisation des Nations Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Availability Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) Agricultura y la Alimentación. The Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter ap- pears as one volume per year, made up of four Distribution Distribución issues, published in March, June, September and Le Bulletin des ressources phytogénétiques paraît El Noticiario de Recursos Fitogenéticos aparece December. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter une fois par an en un volume regroupant quatre como un volumen anual compuesto por cuatro is available free of charge to interested libraries numéros publiés en mars, juin, septembre et números, que se publican en marzo, junio, septi- of genebanks, university and government depart- décembre. Il est distribué gratuitement aux bib- embre y diciembre. Se distribuye gratuitamente a ments, research institutions, etc. The periodical liothèques des banques de gènes, universités, las bibliotecas de bancos de germoplasma, facul- may also be made available to individuals who services gouvernementaux, instituts de recher- tades universitarias y servicios gubernamentales, can show that they have a need for a personal che, etc. s’intéressant aux ressources phytogéné- centros de investigación, etc. que se interesan copy of the publication. tiques. Il est aussi envoyé sur demande à tous en los recursos fitogenéticos. También pueden ceux pouvant démontrer qu’ils ont besoin d’un obtener este noticiario las personas que demues- Types of paper exemplaire personnel de cette publication. tren necesitar una copia personal. Articles An article will publish the results of new and Types de documents publiés Tipos de documentos original work that makes a significant contribu- Articles Artículos tion to the knowledge of the subject area that the Un article contient les résultats de travaux nou- Los artículos divulgarán los resultados de traba- article deals with. Articles, which should be of a veaux et originaux qui apportent une contribution jos nuevos y originales que contribuyan de modo reasonable length, will be considered by the Edi- importante à la connaissance du sujet dont traite importante al conocimiento del tema tratado. torial Committee for scope and suitability, then l’article. Les articles, qui doivent être d’une Dichos artículos, que deberán tener una longitud assessed by an expert referee for scientific con- longueur raisonnable, sont d’abord examinés par razonable, serán examinados por el Comité de tent and validity. le Comité de rédaction qui en évalue la portée et Redacción en cuanto a su pertinencia e idoneidad la validité, puis par un expert qui en examine le y posteriormente un experto juzgará su contenido Short communications contenu et l’intérêt scientifiques. y validez científicos. A short communication will report results, in an abbreviated form, of work of interest to the plant Brèves communications Comunicaciones breves genetic resources community. Short communi- On entend par brève communication un texte Las comunicaciones breves informarán de modo cations in particular will contain accounts of ger- contenant, sous une forme abrégée, les résultats conciso sobre los resultados de trabajos de in- mplasm acquisition missions. The papers will be de travaux présentant un intêrêt pour tous ceux terés para las personas que se ocupan de los assessed by an expert referee for scientific con- qui s’occupent de ressources phytogénétiques. recursos fitogenéticos. Las comunicaciones tent and validity. Elle contient en particulier des comptes rendus breves incluirán, en particular, resúmenes sobre des missions d’acquisition de matériel génétique. las misiones de adquisición de germoplasma. Other papers The Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter will Autres documents Otros documentos publish other forms of reports such as discussion Le Bulletin des ressources phytogénétiques pub- El Noticiario de Recursos Fitogenéticos publi- papers, critical reviews, and papers discussing lie d’autres types de rapport tels que des docu- cará otros tipos de informes, como documentos current issues within plant genetic resources. ments de synthèse, des études critiques et des de trabajo, análisis críticos, y documentos que Book reviews will be printed, as well as a News articles commentant des problèmes actuels con- examinen cuestiones de actualidad relacionadas and Notes section. Suggestions for books to cernant les ressources phytogénétiques. Le Bul- con los recursos fitogenéticos. El Noticiario pub- review are invited, as are contributions to News letin publie une revue de livres ainsi qu’une sec- licará una reseña de libros así como una sección and Notes. tion intitulée Nouvelles et Notes. Les auteurs de Noticias y Notas. Las propuestas de libros sont invités à envoyer leurs suggestions pour les para reseñar y las contribuciones a la sección de Submission livres à passer en revue ainsi que des contribu- Noticias y Notas serán bien acogidas. In the first instance papers may be submitted in tions aux Nouvelles et Notes. typescript form or as an Email message. The Presentación final version may be submitted as an Email file or Présentation Los documentos deben entregarse, incialmente, as a Windows-readable file on diskette. Manu- En premier lieu, les documents doivent être sou- en forma de texto mecanografiado o a través del scripts submitted for publication and other com- mis dactylographiés ou par courrier électronique. correo electrónico. La versión final debe presen- munications on editorial matters should be ad- La version définitive doit être présentée en fichier tarse como un archivo de correo electrónico o en dressed to IPGRI's Editorial and Publications de courrier électronique ou sur disquettes com- disquete compatible con el sistema operativo Unit. patibles Windows. Prière d’adresser les manuscrits Windows. Los manuscritos para publicar y otras présentés pour être publiés et d’autres communi- comunicaciones sobre asuntos relativos a la re- cations sur des questions de rédaction au Bureau dacción deberán dirigirse a la Oficina de Redac- de rédaction de l'IPGRI. ción del IPGRI. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter No. 125, March 2001

Contents

Articles

Improving the quality of passport data to enhance germplasm use and management S. L. Greene (USA) ...... 1

Colecta de pasifloras silvestres y cultivadas en zonas altas de los estados Aragua y Miranda. Región centro-norte de Venezuela D.M. Pérez, E. Mazzani y W. Pacheco (Venezuela)...... 9

North Spanish emmer and spelt wheat landraces: agronomical and grain quality characteristic evaluation J.A. Oliveira (Spain) ...... 16

Sources of resistance to Ustilago scitaminea Syd. among sugarcane accessions at the National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Nigeria A.C. Wada, M.N. Ishaq and L.D. Busari (Nigeria) ...... 21

Ecological and genetic diversity of rice germplasm inYunnan, China Y. Zeng, Z. Li, Z. Yang, X. Wang, S. Shen and H. Zhang (China) ...... 24

Conservation in vitro du germoplasme de cultivars africains de manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) J. Mabanza, F.R. Otabo et C. Moussouami ...... 29

Diversity analysis and core collection formation in Bari faba bean germplasm G.B. Polignano, P. Uggenti and G. Scippa (Italy) ...... 33

Book Reviews ...... 39 Vavilov–Frankel Fellowships 2002 ...... 41 Progress Reports ...... 42 Instructions to authors ...... 46