Feuillet, C. and J.M. MacDougal. 2017. Synopsis and typification of the Passifloraceae names in Rafinesque’s publications. Phytoneuron 2017-73: 1–12. Published 25 October 2017. ISSN 2153 733X
SYNOPSIS AND TYPIFICATION OF THE PASSIFLORACEAE NAMES IN RAFINESQUE’S PUBLICATIONS
CHRISTIAN FEUILLET Department of Botany, NMNH MRC-166 Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 Corresponding author: [email protected]
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97331-2902 [email protected]
JOHN M. MAC DOUGAL Harris-Stowe State University Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Saint Louis, Missouri 63103 [email protected]
Missouri Botanical Garden Saint Louis, Missouri 63116
ABSTRACT We discuss the names published and cited by Rafinesque between 1818 and 1838 that are relevant to the Passifloraceae sensu stricto and designate types and lectotypes when needed. An effort is made to preserve generic and infrageneric nomenclature through the choice of type species. The currently accepted names are given.
Passiflora L. (Linnaeus 1753: 955) with 600+ species (MacDougal & Feuillet, unpublished results) is the largest genus of the Passifloraceae s. str. Its species are mostly distributed in the New World with 14 species native in the continental USA (Goldman & MacDougal, 2015), including P. incarnata L., the type of the genus. Infrageneric categories have been described, split, and regrouped in various ways; new names and new combinations have been made by many authors; ex.: Jussieu (1789: 397–399); Rafinesque (1836: 102–104 [published mid-1838]); Bory (1819: 129–156); de Candolle (1822: 435–436; 1828: 321–337); Labillardière (1825: 78–79); Reichenbach (1828–1829: 132); Roemer (1846: 125–207); Karsten (1857: 438; 1860: 77, t. 38); Masters (1871: 625–639; 1872: 536–620); Triana & Planchon (1873: 126–180); Harms (1893: 86–92; 1925: 495–507); Cortés (1897: 73–74); Killip (1938: 24–76); Escobar (1988); Cervi (1997: 6–10); Feuillet & MacDougal (2003: 35– 38); MacDougal & Feuillet (2004: 27–31). The current concept of a large genus Passiflora including Tetrastylis Barb. Rodr. (Barbosa Rodrigues 1882: 260), Tetrapathea Rchb. (Reichenbach 1828–1829: 132), and Hollrungia K. Schum. (Schumann 1887: 212) is supported by molecular data (Muschner et al. 2003; Yockteng & Nadot 2004; Krosnick & Freudenstein 2005; Hansen et al. 2006; Hearn 2006; Krosnick et al. 2013).
Because Rafinesque published in the first half of the 19 th century and because he commonly redefined or replaced earlier names, including his own, with names he liked better, it is important to typify the generic and subgeneric names to stabilize their identity and when possible to avoid disturbing the currently accepted nomenclature. Rafinesque wrote prolifically on many disciplines: zoology, botany, geology, chemistry, mathematics, inventions, semiology, literature, meteorology, linguistics, anthropology ... in English, French, Italian, Latin ... (Warren 2004), but described taxa with a great economy of words and even letters as shown below. In his pamphlet titled Neogenyton, Feuillet & MacDougal: Rafinesque's Passifloraceae names 2
Rafinesque (1825) described 66 new genera in four pages. Obviously, this style is detrimental to clarity.
Merrill (1949: 170–171) listed the 17 generic and infrageneric names published by Rafinesque (1818, 1819, 1836) in the Passifloraceae. Names are listed alphabetically, regardless of rank, with place of publication, status, species included. Merrill used only once the word 'type', much less than Rafinesque himself (1836).
RAFINESQUE ’S SOMEWHAT CRYPTIC ABBREVIATIONS
Ad. = Michel Adanson (Adans.) Andr. rep. = The botanist’s repository vol. 5; text by John Kennedy 1802 (J. Kenn.); painting/engraving by Henry Charles Andrews (Andrews) b. m. or b. mag. = Curtis’s Botanical Magazine Dec. = Augustin Pyrame de Candolle (DC.) diff. = differs do = ditto G. = genus J. or Jus. = Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (Juss.) M. M. = American Monthly Magazine N. [in 1818] = new N [in 1819 & 1825] = Thomas Nuttall (Nutt.) N [in 1836] = Noel Martin Joseph de Necker (Neck.) N. G. = new genus P. [in 1819] = Frederick Traugott Pursh (Pursh) P. [in 1836] = Christiaan Hendrick Persoon (Pers.) Pas. = Passiflora R. = Constantin Samuel Rafinesque (Raf.) Rheed. = Hendrik Adriaan van Rheede (Rheede), a pre-Linnean Sm. = James Edward Smith (Sm.) sq. = squamis T. = Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (Tourn.), a pre-Linnean tacs. = Tacsonia W. = Carl Ludwig Willdenow (Willd.)
NOMENCLATURE Rafinesque’s names that belong in the Passifloraceae are presented in chronological order of publication, and for each date in alphabetical order. For each, the original text, usually very short, is cited in its entirety. In the quotes we follow the original fonts, except for the occasional characters in bold in the original that are not always very obvious. The types are cited or designated as well as the basionyms, and the currently accepted names are given.
A. 1815 Tableau de l’Univers
“PASSIFLOREA. Ex. G. Passiflora L. Murucuia Juss.”
PASSIFLORACEAE Raf. (1815: 182, as “PASSIFLOREA”), later homonym. = Passifloraceae Juss. (1805a) ex Roussel (1806: 334, as "Passifloreae"); nom. cons.
B. Baldwinia versus Balduinia 1818–1819
Rafinesque (Feb 1818: 267) wrote:
“102. Passiflora peltata, must form the N.G. Baldwinia ” Feuillet & MacDougal: Rafinesque's Passifloraceae names 3 without reference to the author or the publication of Passiflora peltata Cav. (1790: 447). Because there is no description and no reference to a previously published description, Baldwinia Raf. (1818) is invalid (McNeill et al. 2012: Art. 38.1) and Balduina Nutt. is a valid name in the Asteraceae.
Rafinesque later wrote (1819: 260):
“49. Passiflora peltata, P., doit former un nouveau genre Balduinia, Raf. M. M., (janv.1818) 50. Le genre Balduinia, N., doit donc être changé en Endorima, Raf. M. M., 1819 ”
It could be argued that, in comment 49, “P.” for Pursh [1814: 445] associated with the orthographic variant is an indirect reference to a previously published description although Pursh cited Cavanilles (1790: t. 274) only as second (of three) reference after Willdenow (1800: 617 [Jan 1802]) who himself gave first his own signed description and then cited Cavanilles (1790: 447, t. 274), Tournefort (1700: 240), and Plumier (1693: 70, t. 85). Nevertheless, as noted in comment 50, Balduina Nutt., nom. cons. , (ASTERACEAE; Nuttall July 1818, 2: 175) is similar to Baldwinia . So Balduinia Raf. (1819), the most recent, is illegitimate (McNeill et al. 2012: Art. 60.Rec. 60B).
Baldwinia Raf. 1818: 267; invalid: no description. Balduinia Raf. 1819: 260; orth. var.; illegitimate: later homonym of Balduinia Nutt. 1818. Both based on Passiflora peltata Cav. 1790: 447, t. 274. = Passiflora L. 1753
Index Kewensis (Jackson 1895) and IPNI (consulted 29 Sep 2017) cite Baldwinia peltata , but Rafinesque did not associate the two words in 1818 or 1819. Then in 1836 [1838] he placed P. peltata in Meioperis (see below). Baldwinia peltata Raf. ex Jackson, Index Kew. 1: 265. 1895; invalid: new combination in an invalid genus, with no intention to describe the genus. Type : Based on Passiflora peltata Cav. = Passiflora suberosa L. (1753: 958) subsp. suberosa .
Notes : In the Asteraceae, Endorima Raf. (1819: 260) is an illegitimate renaming of Balduina Nutt. (July 1818: 175) which is conserved against Mnesiteon Raf. (Oct–Dec 1817: 67).
C. 1836 Flora Telluriana [published mid-1838]
1. Blephistelma Raf. (1836: 103) [mid-1838]
“1128. BLEPHISTELMA R. (cil. crown) diff. Passifl. cal. tubuloso, petalis brevis, nect. tubul. lobato ciliato—Type: Bl. aurantia Raf. Murucuia do P. passifl. do Forst. W. Sm. Andr. rep. t. 295. fol. glabris 3-5lobis obt. New Caledon.”
Blephistelma is a superfluous renaming of Disemma Labill. (1825: 78, t. 79); same type. Type : Blephistelma aurantia Raf. (Rafinesque 1836: 103) [mid-1838]. = Disemma aurantia (G. Forst.) Labill. (1825: 78, t. 79). = Passiflora aurantia G. Forst. (Forster 1786: 62). = Passiflora L. 1753
2. Erndelia Raf. (1836: 104) [mid-1838]
“1133. ERNDELIA Raf. non Necker, diff. Tacsonia cal. et cor. apex reflexa, corona duplice concentrica—Type E. reflexiflora Raf. Pas. do Cav. Tacs. do Pers.”
Not Erndelia Neck. (Necker 1790 [see Murucuia below]; published in an opera utiq. oppr. See McNeill (2006), App. VI: 483). Not Erndlia Giseke (1792: 199, 209) ZINGIBERACEAE. Feuillet & MacDougal: Rafinesque's Passifloraceae names 4
Type : Erndelia reflexiflora (Cav. 1799: 15, t. 425) Raf. = Passiflora reflexiflora Cav. 1799: 15, t. 425. = Passiflora L. 1753
3. Macrophora Raf. (1836: 103) [mid-1838]
“1125. MACROPHORA Raf. diff. Passifl . cal. tubo brevi, gynophoro longissimo, nect. dupl. series, stam. dilat. planis basi coactilis, antheris magnis—Type M. sanguinea Raf. Pass. do Sm. &c fol. 3lobis serratis acutis egland. cal. et ovar. toment. Antilles”
Type : Macrophora sanguinea (Sm.) Raf. 1836: 103 [mid-1838]. = Passiflora sanguinea Sm. (Smith 1814, 26(2): Passiflora N° 45). = Passiflora quadriglandulosa Rodschied (1794: 77). = Passiflora L. 1753
4. Meioperis Raf. (1836: 103) [mid-1838].
“1126. MEIOPERIS Raf. diff. Passifl. cal. 5part. petalis nullis, corona duplex, nect. sepe simplex planum—Types M. peltata , suberosa , minima [,] pallida , multiflora , angustif .[ olia ,] pannosa , hederacea &c, all Passifloras”
See under Baldwinia (above). Lectotype here designated : Meioperis peltata (Cav. 1790: 447, t. 274) Raf. (1836: 103) [mid-1838]. = Passiflora peltata Cav. = Passiflora suberosa L. (1753: 958) subsp. suberosa . = Passiflora L. 1753
Meioperis angustifolia (Sw.) Raf. 1836 : 103 [mid-1838]. = Passiflora angustifolia Sw. (1788: 97). = Passiflora suberosa L. (1753: 958) subsp. suberosa . Meioperis hederacea (Cav.) Raf. 1836 : 103 [mid-1838]. = Passiflora hederacea Cav. (1790: 448). = Passiflora suberosa L. (1753: 958) subsp. suberosa . Meioperis minima (L.) Raf . 18 36: 103 [mid-1838]. = Passiflora minima L. (1753: 959). = Passiflora pallida L. (1753: 955). Meioperis multiflora (L.) Raf. 1836: 103 [mid-1838]. = Passiflora multiflora L. (1753: 956). Meioperis pallida (L. 1753: 955) Raf . 1836: 103 [mid-1838]. = Passiflora pallida L. Meioperis pannosa (Sm.) Raf .( 1 836: 103) [mid-1838]. = Passiflora pannosa Sm. (1814: Passiflora no 28). = Passiflora sexflora Juss. 1805a: 110, t. 37:1. Meioperis suberosa (L.) Raf. 1836: 103 [mid-1838]. = Passiflora suberosa L. (1753: 958).
5. Modecca Lam. 1797: 208
“1124. MODECA Rheed. Jaq. diff Passifl. dioica, cal. tubul. 5fido. petalis 5, nect. sq. 5-10, stam. 5 liberis, ov. vix stipit. capsula 3valvis polysperma—Several Sp. 6 in Jaq. deviating by the free stamens and valvular capsule. Blended in India with the Convolv. called also Modeca, compare with the Euphorbides”
No species cited. “ Modeca Rheed.” orth. var. for Modecca Rheede 1688 (39–40, tab. 20). Lectotype designated by Wilde (1971 (18): 20–23): M. palmata Lam. (1897; 4: 208). = Adenia palmata (Lam.) Engler (1891: 375). = Modecca Lamarck 1797: 208 = Adenia Forsskål 1775: 77.
Feuillet & MacDougal: Rafinesque's Passifloraceae names 5
6. Murucuia [Tournefort 1694: vol. 1: 207; vol. 2: t. 125] Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr., ed. 4. 1754: vol. 2, pages not numbered .
“1127. MURUCUIA T. Jus. Pers. Erndelia Necker, diff. Passifl. cal. basi urceolatus, nect. tubuloso truncato—Type M. ocellata Pers. Pas. murucuia L. auct.—Persoon [1807: 222] had 3 sp. in this G. each being types of genera” [of Rafinesque; see Blephistelma above and Peremis below]
Type : Murucuja lunata Medik. (designated by Medicus 1787: 97). = Passiflora murucuja L. 1753: 957. Murucuia ocellata Pers. (1807: 222) has Passiflora murucuja in its synonymy. = Passiflora L. 1753
7. Odostelma Raf. (1836: 104) [mid-1838]
“1132. ODOSTELMA Raf. (toothed crown) diff. Tacsonia, corona dentata non glandulosa, stam. filam. planis—Types O. pedunculata and adulterina Raf. Tacsonia do auct.”
Type : 2 syntypes. Lectotype here designated : O. adulterina (L. f.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 103. 1836. [mid-1838]. = Passiflora adulterina L.f. (1781: 408; published Apr 1782) = Passiflora L. 1753
Odostelma adulterina Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 104. 1836; [mid-1838] = Passiflora adulterina L. f. (1781: 408) [published Apr 1782] Odostelma pedunculata Raf. 1836: 104 [mid-1838]. Probably an error for P. peduncularis Cav. If so = Passiflora peduncularis Cav. 1799: 15, t. 426.
8. Passiflora Raf. 1836: 102 [mid-1838]; “non L.”
“1121. PASSIFLORA Raf. non L. This G. was badly understood by the Linneists, but reformed by Jussieu. Mine has Perigono colorato basi urceol. limbo 10 partito colorato , 5 alt. petaliformis. Corona multipartita. interna nectarif. basi urceol. gynophoro stam. 5 gerens basi connatis, stylis 3, fruct. bacca vel. pepo (cysto Neck) uniloc. polysp. placentas 3, sem. arillatis —Many sp. in 3 subgenera—1 Granadilla Ad. no involucre—2 Maracoa Raf. fl. involucrate”. [Rafinesque does not list a third subgenus; 3 might be a misprinting for 2]
Type : No species cited. Illegitimate: later homonym. = Passiflora L. 1753
8a. Subg. Granadilla (Adans. 1763: 408) Raf. 1836: 102 [mid-1838].
[Passiflora subg.] “1 Granadilla Ad. no involucre”
No species cited. The basionym Granadilla Mill. (1754: alphabetical treatment, no page numbers) includes the type of Passiflora L. in its non-binominal form. In Adanson (1763: 563), the author cited by Rafinesque, Granadilla Monardes (1580: pages not numbered) includes Passiflora L. = Passiflora L. subg. Passiflora
Notes: The use and text of Granadilla by Monardes must date from 1574, but we have seen only the 1580 reprint reputed unchanged of the 1565, 1569 and 1574 parts of his Historia medicinal: de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven en Medicina. In the reprint, Granadilla is in part 3 (sheet 89 of the whole reprint). Feuillet & MacDougal: Rafinesque's Passifloraceae names 6
Passiflora subg. Granadilla (P. Miller) Rchb. Consp. 132 (Dec 1828–Mar 1829) should be Passiflora L. subg. Passiflora .
The lectotypification of Passiflora subg. Granadilla (Medic.) Mast. (Trans. Linn. Soc. 27: 635. 1871) is superfluous. = Passiflora L. subg. Passiflora
Granadilla P. Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4 (unpaged). 28 Jan 1754. [Granadilla was made superfluous (but not illegitimate) by the latter choice of Passiflora incarnata L. 1753 as the lectotype of Passiflora L. (Killip 1938: 24; cf. Jarvis et al. 1992: 567). As a subgenus of Passiflora , Granadilla was lectotypified by Killip (1938) who selected Passiflora caerulea L. 1753. At the same time Killip placed Passiflora incarnata in subgenus Granadilla , and accepted it as the lectotype of the genus. According to the “Code” (McNeill et al. 2012, ICBN, art. 22.1), this subgenus should be called Passiflora subg. Passiflora and have Passiflora incarnata for type. = Passiflora L. 1753.
Passiflora subg. Granadilla (Mill.) Rchb. (1828–1829) is a superfluous combination, as well and its lectotypification by Killip (1938: 30; P. caerulea L.) is invalid as the subgenus includes the type of Passiflora ( P. incarnata L.). Subgenus Granadilla was used well into the 20 th century and accredited to various authors like (Medik.) Mast. by Killip (1938: 29).
8b. Subg. Maracoa Raf., Flora Tellur. 4: 102. 1836. [mid-1838]
[Passiflora subg.] “2 Maracoa Raf. fl. involucrate”
Type : no species listed. Type here designated : Passiflora incarnata L. 1753: 959. = Passiflora L. subg. Passiflora
Notes : Maracoa is undoubtedly derived from maracoc or maracock, one of the vernacular names of Passiflora incarnata (type of Passiflora L.) reported from Virginia in the XVIIe century by Captain John Smith. There is no indication in the protologue of the species it may include, and the text, “Fl. involucrate”, could match most species of Passiflora subg. Passiflora .
Captain John Smith, President of Virginia (for a couple of months) and perhaps most famous for his relationship with Pocahontas, noted in his diary the common Algonquian name of “Maracock” for a cultivated plant, most surely Passiflora incarnata . It is mentioned and illustrated by Parkinson (1629: 393–396) as “Jesuites Maracoc” (see also Endersby 2007: 31; Kugler 1995; and Kugler and King 2004). The similarity of the words maracock , maracoa , mbaracuja , murucuja , and murucuia , all vulgar names used for centuries in Virginia and the West Indies and Brazil for kinds of passionflowers, is surely not a coincidence, but we have not seen a satisfactory explanation of its real origin.
9. Peremis Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 104. 1836. [mid-1838]
“1129. PEREMIS Raf. (around half) diff. Passifl. no petals, calix globular—Type P. orbiculata R. Murucuia P. Passifl. Cav.”
Type : Peremis orbiculata (Cav. Diss. 10, Decima Diss. Bot. 456) Raf. 1836: 104. Peremis orbiculata (Cav.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 104. 1836. [mid-1838]. = Passiflora orbiculata Cav. (1790: 456). = Passiflora L. 1753 Feuillet & MacDougal: Rafinesque's Passifloraceae names 7
10. Pericodia Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 104. 1836. [mid-1838]
“1134. PERICODIA R. diff. Pass. fl. cal. campanul. lac. subul. petalis dilat. nect. plicato— Type P. perfoliata Raf. Passifl. do L.”
Type : Pericodia perfoliata (L.) Raf. 1836: 104. Pericodia perfoliata (L.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 104. 1836 [mid-1838]. = Passiflora perfoliata L. (1753: 956). = Passiflora L. 1753
11. Synactila Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 104. 1836. [mid-1838]
“1130. SYNACTILA Raf. (un. rays) diff. Passi . no petals, rays of nectary united at the base in a cyl. crown inserted on the tubular 5parted calyx.—Type S. viridiflora R. Pass do Cav. W.”
Type : Synactila viridiflora (Cav.) Raf. Synactila viridiflora (Cav.) Raf., Fl. Tellur. 4: 104. 1836. [mid-1838]. = Passiflora viridiflora Cav. (1799: 15, t. 424) = Passiflora L. 1753
12. Tacsonia Juss. 1789: 398
“1131. TACSONIA Juss. diff. Passifl. cal. tubul. 10fidus, coloratus, corona glandulis, gynophoro elongato—Many sp. in 4 subgenera.”
12a. Tacsonia subg. Balostis Raf., Flora Tell. 4: 104. 1836. [mid-1838]
[Tacsonia subgen.] “4. Balostis R. Cal. globoso, type P. glauca auct. is it a Genus? how is the crown?”
The description, “cal. globoso”, does not match the funnel-shaped floral tube of P. glauca Bonpland (1808: 76, t. 22), but it fits slightly better the campanulate hypanthium of Passiflora glauca Aiton (1789: 308).
Lectotype (designated by Merrill 1949: 170): Passiflora glauca Aiton (= P. stipulata Aubl. 1775: 830, t. 325). = Passiflora subg. Passiflora
12b. Tacsonia subg. Perimna Raf., Flora Tell. 4: 104. 1836 [mid-1838]
[Tacsonia subgen.] “1. Perimna Raf. invol. nullis”
Rafinesque did not cite any species. A species, published in a work cited by Rafinesque (1836), that has three inconspicuous small bracts inserted at different levels is chosen as the type.
Type here designated : Tacsonia glandulosa (Cav.) Juss. 1805b: 391. = Passiflora glandulosa Cav. 1790: 453, t. 281. = Passiflora subg. Passiflora
Feuillet & MacDougal: Rafinesque's Passifloraceae names 8
12c. Tacsonia Juss. subg. Siphostegia Rafinesque 1836: 104 [mid-1838]
[Tacsonia subgen.] “3. Siphostegia Raf. invol. tubuloso”
Rafinesque did not cite any species. A species well known at the time and having the bracts partly fused in a tubular structure is Tacsonia mixta (L.f.) Juss. (1805b: 394).
Lectotype here designated : Tacsonia mixta (L.f.) Juss. = Passiflora mixta L. f. 1781: 408 [Jan 1782]. = Passiflora subg. Passiflora
12d. Tacsonia Juss. subg. Tristegia Rafinesque 1836: 104 [mid-1838]
[Tacsonia subgen.] “2 Tristegia Raf. invol. 3phylo”
Rafinesque did not cite any species. A species that has three small bracts, published in a work cited by Rafinesque (1836), is chosen as the type. It has 3 bracts free and involucrate. Type here designated : Tacsonia pinnatistipula (Cav.) Juss. 1805b: 393. = Passiflora pinnatistipula Cav. (1799: 428) = Passiflora subg. Passiflora
13. Tripsilina Raf. 1836: 103 [mid-1838]
“1122. TRIPSILINA Raf. diff. Passiflora, fl. involucratis bipinnatif. petalis cal. eq. nect. filif. brevis, capsula inflata, placentas 3 internis seminiferis—Type Tr. fetida R. Pas. do L. b. m. 2619, seen alive. All the capsular sp. must be divided of course from the baccate kinds.”
Type : Tripsilina foetida (L.) Rafinesque 1836: 103 [mid-1838] “as “ fetida ”. = Passiflora foetida L. 1753: 959. = Passiflora L. 1753
Note: Passiflora foetida fruits are not capsular, but the berries are indeed inflated and have a thin somewhat dry pericarp, unlike most of the other “baccate kinds”.
14. Xerogona Raf. (1836: 103) [mid-1838].
“1123. XEROGONA Raf. diff. Passifl. petalis brevior, corona brevi, nect. int. duplice cupula. 6gona plac. 3 int. seminif.—Type X. biloba Raf. Pas. capsularis L. auct. Dec. b. mag. 2868. 3 var. fol. bilobis, fol. bifidis, fol. maculatis.”
Notes : Xerogona biloba Raf. (1836: 103) [mid-1838]. There are several ways the type citation could be interpreted. One way is as two syntypes, recognizing both X. biloba and P. capsularis in which case X. biloba is a nomen nudum. We think this not likely and in two other cases in this same publication, Rafinesque used the plural “Types” when more than one species was cited (see above, Meioperis and Odostelma ). Second, it could be interpreted that X. biloba was presented as a name for P. capsularis auct., non L., but the two cited references of description by de Candolle (1828: 325) and WJ Hooker (1828: pl. 2868) are clearly P. capsularis L. with minor variations in leaf shape and maculation. The third interpretation is that Rafinesque was bringing together under one name, X. biloba , the known variants of the species and recognizing them as three unnamed varieties. This view we think is most likely, but the Linnean epithet should have been retained, and we interpret the name X. biloba as an illegitimate renaming of the previously published P. capsularis L. As we know well the identity of Passiflora capsularis L., this is the obvious choice for a type.
Lectotype here designated : Passiflora capsularis L. (1753: 957) = Passiflora L. 1753 Feuillet & MacDougal: Rafinesque's Passifloraceae names 9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the reviewers for their careful reviews and helpful comments. This is number 221 in the Smithsonian’s Biological Diversity of the Guiana Shield Program publication series.
LITERATURE CITED Adanson, M. 1763. Familles des plantes, part 2. Vincent, Paris, France.
Harms, H. 1893. Passifloraceae. Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [Engler & Prantl] 3, 6a. Engelmann, Leipzig, Germany.
Masters, M.T. 1872. Passifloraceae. In C.P.F. Martius (ed.), Fl. Bras. (Martius) 13(1): 529–628; t. 106–128.
Rodschied, E.K. 1794. Medezinische und Chirurgische Bemerkungen uber das Klima, die Lebensweis und Krankheiten der Einwohner der Hollaendischen Kolonie Rio Essequebo. Jaegerschen, Frankfort, Germany. Roemer, M.J. 1846. Familiarum Naturalium Regni Vegetabilis Synopses Monographicae vol. 2. Landes-Industrie-Comptoir, Weimar, Germany.