Pasiflora Vitifolia Kunth)

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Pasiflora Vitifolia Kunth) POTENCIAL ANTIOXIDANTE Y ANTIHIPERGLUCEMIANTE DE EXTRACTOS BIOACTIVOS OBTENIDOS DE GRANADILLA DE MONTE (Pasiflora vitifolia Kunth). JENNY ALEJANDRA AVILA OSPINA Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de Biólogo Director JONH JAIRO MÉNDEZ ARTEAGA Doctor en Ciencias Químicas Codirectora ELIZABETH MURILLO PEREA Magister en Química Codirector ÁNGEL JIMÉNEZ RODRÍGUEZ Biólogo UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS PROGRAMA DE BIOLOGÍA IBAGUÉ- TOLIMA 2017 1 2 A Dios que siempre guía mi camino, a la memoria de mi padre que me motiva a superarme cada día y a mi madre, mi más grande apoyo. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS La autora expresa sus agradecimientos: A los integrantes del grupo de investigación en productos naturales GIPRONUT por la orientación investigativa durante todo este aprendizaje. Al laboratorio de extensión de la Universidad del Tolima LASEREX cuya colaboración y orientación, aprecia en gran medida. Al grupo de investigación CEDAGRITOL de la Facultad de Agronomía (Universidad del Tolima), a la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (Sede Medellin) y a la Universidad de Lleida por su colaboración y apoyo logístico. A la Oficina de Investigaciones por su apoyo económico, que hizo posible la materialización de este proyecto. 4 RESUMEN Colombia posee 48 especies endémicas de Passifloraceae, de las cuales el 81% se encuentra en la región andina. Algunos trabajos mencionan a Passiflora vitifolia Kunth, pero pocos tratan los atributos físicas, químicas y biológicas de los subproductos del fruto. Este estudio evaluó las características físicas y químicas de semillas y cáscara del fruto de Passiflora vitifolia colectada en Ibagué, valoró el potencial antioxidante y antihiperglucemiante de extractos provenientes de estos subproductos y determinó el rendimiento y particularidades físicas y químicas del aceite proveniente de semilla y cáscara. Passiflora vitifolia se caracteriza por poseer flores de color escarlata, frutos ovoides de coloración verde con manchas blancas diseminadas longitudinalmente, con gran cantidad de semillas que conservan algunas características morfo-anatómicas del fruto, además de ser el mayor reservorio de nutrientes extraíbles con etanol; los fitofenoles son los constituyentes más abundantes, acompañados de baja cantidad de alcaloides. El ácido p-cumárico y la rutina son quimiomarcadores de la especie. Las semillas del fruto pueden utilizarse como material crudo en la industria de alimentos, cosmetológica, farmacológica, biodiesel o implementarse como suplemento alimenticio en personas con diabetes tipo 2. El rendimiento y calidad del aceite extraído de las semillas da valor agregado al fruto. El conjunto de los resultados no sólo permite conocer peculiaridades físicas, químicas y biológidas de una Passiflora procedente de la región andina del Tolima, también deja ver usos promisorios del fruto, abre posibilidades de trabajos de mayor especificidad y grado de profundidad para una especie no convencional y de limitado conocimiento científico. Palabras clave: Passiflora vitifolia, Granadilla de monte, Actividad antioxidante, Potencial antihiperglucemiante, Extractos. 5 ABSTRACT Colombia has 48 endemic species of Passifloraceae, 81% are in the Andean region. Some papers mention Passiflora vitifolia Kunth, but few assess the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the fruit byproducts. This study determined the physical and chemical characteristics of seeds and peel of the P. vitifolia fruit collected in Ibagué, the antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential of extracts from these byproducts were assessed and the physical and chemical characteristics and performance of seed and peel oils were determined. Passiflora vitifolia is characterized by scarlet flowers, ovoid greenish-brown fruits with longitudinally scattered white spots, with a large number of seeds that retain some morpho-anatomical characteristics of the fruit, furthermore being the largest reservoir of nutrients that can be extracted with ethanol; phytophenols are the most abundant constituents, accompanied by low amounts of alkaloids. p- coumaric acid and rutin are chemo markers of the species. The fruit seeds can be used as raw material in the food industry, cosmetology, pharmacology, biodiesel or implemented as a dietary supplement in people with type 2 diabetes. The yield and quality of the oil extracted from the seeds adds value to the fruit. The results not only allows to know the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a Passiflora from the Andean region of Tolima, also permit to see promising uses of the fruit, opens up possibilities to get greater specific studies and depth degree for an unconventional species of limited scientific knowledge. Keywords: Passiflora vitifolia, Granadilla de monte, Antioxidant activity, Antihyperglycemic potential, Extracts. 6 CONTENIDO INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................. 12 1. OBJETIVOS ................................................................................................. 14 1.1. OBJETIVO GENERAL ................................................................................ 14 1.2. OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ...................................................................... 14 2. MARCO REFERENCIAL .............................................................................. 15 2.1 ANTECEDENTES Y ESTADO ACTUAL DEL PROBLEMA ........................ 15 2.2 MARCO TEORICO ..................................................................................... 19 2.2.1. La familia Passifloraceae ........................................................................ 19 2.2.2. Diabetes mellitus (DM) ............................................................................ 24 2.2.3 Actividad antiradicalaria y antioxidante (In vitro) ...................................... 28 3. MATERIALES Y METODOS ........................................................................ 33 3.1. PREPARACIÓN DEL MATERIAL Y OBTENCIÓN DE EXTRACTOS……..33 3.2 ENSAYOS DE IDENTIFICACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN ....................... 33 3.2.1. Análisis morfométrico del fruto completo, cáscara y semillas ................. 33 3.2.2. Color instrumental ................................................................................... 34 3.2.3. Evaluación de la dureza/firmeza del fruto completo ................................ 34 3.2.4. Análisis Bromatológico ............................................................................ 34 3.2.5. Preparación de extractos ....................................................................... 35 3.2.6. Pruebas físicas ....................................................................................... 35 3.2.7. Análisis Fitoquímico Preliminar ............................................................... 35 3.2.8. Perfil químico de extractos etanólicos de cáscara y semilla ................... 36 3.2.9. Parámetros HPLC-UV ............................................................................. 36 3.3. ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE .................................................................... 37 3.4. ACTIVIDAD ANTIHIPERGLUCEMIANTE IN VITRO ................................. 39 3.4.1 Inhibición de α-amilasa ............................................................................ 39 7 3.4.2. Inhibición de difusión de glucosa ............................................................ 40 3.5 EXTRACCIÓN Y COMPOSICIÓN FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DEL ACEITE DE P. vitifolia ............................................................................................................. 41 3.5.1. Extracción de aceite ................................................................................ 41 3.5.2. Metilación de ácidos grasos del aceite de semilla .................................. 41 3.5.3. Parámetros de cromatografía de gases .................................................. 41 3.5.4. Análisis físico-químico del aceite de cáscara y semilla de P. vitifolia ...... 42 3.6 REACTIVOS ............................................................................................... 43 3.7 ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICO ........................................................................... 43 4. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ..................................................................... 44 4.1 CARACTERIZACIÓN FÍSICA DE FRUTO COMPLETO, CÁSCARA Y SEMILLA DE P. vitifolia .................................................................................... 44 4.2 ANÁLISIS BROMATOLÓGICO ................................................................... 50 4.2.1. Análisis de minerales de la cáscara y semilla de P. vitifolia .................... 52 4.3 CARACTERIZACIÓN FÍSICA Y QUÍMICA DEL ZUMO Y LOS EXTRACTOS .................................................................................................... 54 4.2.1 Composición química de los extractos etanólicos .................................... 61 4.4 TAMIZAJE FITOQUÍMICO .......................................................................... 65 4.5 CARACTERIZACIÓN FISICOQUÍMICA DE ACEITES DE P. vitifolia ......... 68 4.5.1 Perfil de ácidos grasos ............................................................................. 72 4.6 ACTIVIDAD ANTIOXIDANTE ..................................................................... 74 4.6.1. Evaluación del potencial fenólico total y antioxidante ............................. 74 4.6.2. Actividad antihemolítica .......................................................................... 78 4.7
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