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Debatten 1832-1836 Om Paripolitikken Mellom Jacob Aall Og Anton Martin Schweigaard

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Debatten 1832-1836 Om Paripolitikken Mellom Jacob Aall Og Anton Martin Schweigaard KAMPEN OM SPECIEDALEREN DEBATTEN 1832–1836 OM PARIPOLITIKKEN MELLOM JACOB AALL OG ANTON MARTIN SCHWEIGAARD REDIGERT AV ØYVIND EITRHEIM, IB E. ERIKSEN OG ARILD SÆTHER NORGES BANKS SKRIFTSERIE OCCASIONAL PAPERS NO. 50 Norges Banks skriftserie / Occasional Papers can be ordered by e-mail: [email protected] or from Norges Bank, Subscription Service P.O.Box 1179 Sentrum N-0107 Oslo ©Norges Bank 2016 The text may be quoted or referred to, provided that due acknowledgement is given to the authors and Norges Bank. Views and conclusions expressed in this paper are the responsibility of the authors alone. Previously issued in this series: (Prior to 2002 this series also included doctoral dissertations written by staff members of Norges Bank. These works are now published in a separate series: ”Doctoral Dissertations in Economics”.) Nr. 1 Leif Eide: Det norske penge- og kredittsystem, Oslo 1973, No. 25 Ingunn M. Lønning: Controlling Inflation by use of the utgått, erstattet med nr. 23 Interest Rate: The Critical Roles of Fiscal Policy and No. 1 Leif Eide: The Norwegian Monetary and Credit System, Government Debt, Oslo 1997 (Doct.d.) Oslo 1973, replaced by No. 23/24 No. 26 ØMU og pengepolitikken i Norden, Oslo 1998 Nr. 2 En vurdering av renteutviklingen og rentestruk turen i No. 27 Tom Bernhardsen: Interest Rate Differentials, Capital Norge, Oslo 1974 Mobility and Devaluation Expectations: Evidence from No. 3 Arne Jon Isachsen: The Demand for Money in Norway, European Countries, Oslo 1998 (Doct.d.) Oslo 1976 No. 28 Sentralbanken i forandringens tegn. Festskrift til No. 4 Peter Karl Kresl: The Concession Process and Foreign Kjell Storvik, Oslo 1999 Capital in Norway, Oslo 1976 No. 29 Øistein Røisland: Rules and Institutional Arrange ments Nr. 5 Leif Eide og Einar Forsbak: Norsk rentepolitikk, Oslo 1977 for Monetary Policy, Oslo 2000 (Doct.d.) No. 6 A credit model in Norway, Oslo 1978 Nr. 30 Viking Mestad: Frå fot til feste – norsk valutarett og Nr. 7 Struktur- og styringsproblemer på kredittmarkedet, valutapolitikk 1873–2001, Oslo 2002 Oslo 1979 Nr. 31 Øyvind Eitrheim og Kristin Gulbrandsen (red.): Nr. 8 Per Christiansen: Om valutalovens formål, Oslo 1980 Hvilke faktorer kan forklare utviklingen i valutakursen? Nr. 9 Leif Eide og Knut Holli: Det norske penge- og Oslo 2003 kredittsystem, Oslo 1980, utgått, erstattet med nr. 23 No. 32 Øyvind Eitrheim and Kristin Gulbrandsen (eds.): No. 9 The Norwegian Monetary and Credit System, Oslo 1980, Explaining movements in the Norwegian exchange rate, replaced by No. 23/24 Oslo 2003 Nr. 10 J. Mønnesland og G. Grønvik: Trekk ved kinesisk No. 33 Thorvald G. Moe, Jon A. Solheim and Bent Vale (eds.): økonomi, Oslo 1982 The Norwegian Banking Crisis, Oslo 2004 No. 11 Arne Jon Isachsen: A Wage and Price Model, Oslo 1983 Nr. 34 Norske finansmarkeder – pengepolitikk ogfinansiell Nr. 12 Erling Børresen: Norges gullpolitikk etter 1945, Oslo 1983 stabilitet, Oslo 2004 No. 13 Hermod Skånland: The Central Bank and Political No. 35 Øyvind Eitrheim, Jan T. Klovland and Jan F. Qvigstad Authorities in Some Industrial Countries, Oslo 1984 (eds.): Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway Nr. 14 Norges Banks uttalelse NOU 1983:39 «Lov om Norges 1819–2003, Oslo 2004 Bank og Pengevesenet», Oslo 1984, med vedlegg Nr. 36 Hermod Skånland: Doktriner og økonomisk styring. Nr. 15 Det norske penge- og kredittsystem, Oslo 1985, utgått, Et tilbakeblikk, Oslo 2004 erstattet med nr. 23 Nr. 37 Øyvind Eitrheim og Jan F. Qvigstad (red.): No. 15 The Norwegian Monetary and Credit System, Oslo 1985, Tilbakeblikk på norsk pengehistorie. Konferanse replaced by No. 23/24 7. juni 2005 på Bogstad gård. Oslo 2005 Nr. 16 Norsk valutapolitikk, Oslo 1986, utgått, erstattet med nr. 23 No. 38 Øyvind Eitrheim, Jan T. Klovland and Jan F. Qvigstad (eds.): No. 16 Norwegian Foreign Exchange Policy, Oslo 1987, Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway – Part II, replaced by No. 23/24 Oslo 2007 Nr. 17 Norske kredittmarkeder. Norsk penge- og kredittpolitikk, No. 39 On keeping promises, Oslo 2009 Oslo 1989, utgått, erstattet med nr. 23 No. 40 Wilson T. Banda, Jon A. Solheim and Mary G. Zephirin No. 17 Norwegian Credit Markets. Norwegian Monetary and (eds.): Central Bank Modernization, Oslo 2010 Credit Policy, Oslo 1989, replaced by No. 23/24 No. 41 On transparency, Oslo 2010 No. 18 Ragnar Nymoen: Empirical Modelling of Wage-Price No. 42 Sigbjørn Atle Berg, Øyvind Eitrheim, Jan F. Qvigstad Inflation and Employment using Norwegian Quarterly and Marius Ryel (eds.): What is a useful central bank?, Data, Oslo 1991 (Doct.d.) Oslo 2011 Nr. 19 Hermod Skånland, Karl Otto Pöhl og Preben Munthe: No. 43 On making good decisions, Oslo 2011 Norges Bank 175 år. Tre foredrag om sentralbankens Nr. 44 Harald Haare og Jon A. Solheim: Utviklingen av det plass og oppgaver, Oslo 1991 norske betalingssystemet i perioden 1945–2010, med No. 20 Bent Vale: Four Essays on Asymmetric Information in særlig vekt på Norges Banks rolle, Oslo 2011 Credit Markets, Oslo 1992 (Doct.d.) No. 45 On managing wealth, Oslo 2012 No. 21 Birger Vikøren: Interest Rate Differential, Exchange Rate No. 46 On learning from history – Truths and eternal truths, Expectations and Capital Mobility: Norwegian Evidence, Oslo 2013 Oslo 1994 (Doct.d.) No. 47 On institutions – Fundamentals of confidence and trust, Nr. 22 Gunnvald Grønvik: Bankregulering og bankatferd Oslo 2014 1975–1991, Oslo 1994 (Doct.d.) Nr. 48 Harald Haare, Arild J. Lund og Jon A. Solheim: Norges Nr. 23 Norske finansmarkeder, norsk penge- og valuta politikk, Banks rolle på finanssektorområdet i perioden 1945–2013, Oslo 1995. Erstattet av nr. 34 med særlig vekt på finansiell stabilitet, Oslo 2015 No. 24 Norwegian Monetary Policy and Financial Markets, Oslo Nr. 49 Martin Austnes: Kampen om banken. Et historisk 1995. Replaced by no. 34 perspektiv på utformingen av det nye Norges bank- og pengevesen ca. 1814–1816, Oslo 2016 i “EESmain1href” — 2016/11/29 — 14:10 — page i — #1 i i i Kampen om speciedaleren Debatten 1832-1836 om paripolitikken mellom Jacob Aall og Anton Martin Schweigaard Redigert av Øyvind Eitrheim Norges Bank Ib E. Eriksen Universitetet i Agder Arild Sæther Agder Videnskapsakademi i i i i i “EESmain1href” — 2016/11/29 — 14:10 — page iii — #3 i i i Forord Norges Bank ble etablert i henhold til lov av 14. juni 1816. Loven inneholdt to gjensidig utelukken- de alternativer for etableringen, en octroi1 for en frivillig bank, en privat bank basert på et sølvfond innhentet gjennom frivillig aksjetegning, og en fundasjon2 for en tvungen bank skulle det vise seg nødvendig å samle inn sølvfondet gjennom utlignede tvangsinnskudd fra landets formuende inn- byggere. Lovens paragraf 6 inneholdt i begge alternativer et løfte om at bankens sedler skulle kunne veksles inn mot sitt pålydende i sølvmynt allerede fra 1. januar 1819. Da loven ble revidert i 1818 ble løftet utsatt på ubestemt tid, og sedlenes verdi begynte ganske raskt å falle. Et overordentlig Storting bestemte høsten 1822 at det skulle åpnes for sølvveksling ved bankens hovedsete i Trondhjem, men til en kurs som bare gav seddelinnehaverne litt over halvparten av sedlenes lovede pari sølvverdi. Norges Bank fikk i oppdrag å endre denne bankkursen i retning av pari etter hvert som sedlenes kurs på børsen styrket seg. Endringene skulle altså skje gradvis og innenfor rammer satt av Stortinget. I 1832 var løftet om sølvinnløsning til sedlenes fulle pålydende verdi enda ikke innfridd. Børskursen på bankens sedler lå på dette tidspunktet rundt 75 prosent av den lovede pariverdien. Men hva var nå egentlig den rette pariverdien på speciedaler? I årene 1832-36 pågikk det en intens debatt om Norges Bank og situasjonen i landets pengevesen som i stor grad fokuserte på dette spørsmålet. Debatten startet etter at en av veteranene i det politiske livet i Norge, Jacob Aall, eier av Næs jernverk ikke langt fra Tvedestrand, tidligere medlem av riksforsamlingen på Eidsvoll og mange- årig representant på Stortinget, i 1832 publiserte en avhandling om Norges Bank og pengevesenet. Avhandlingen stod i første bind av hefteskriftet Nutid og Fremtid og ble utgitt i Arendal. Den ta- lentfulle 24-årige juristen Anton Martin Schweigaard anmeldte like før jul i 1832 Aalls avhandling i uketidsskriftet Vidar og dermed var debatten igang. Både Aall og Schweigaard stilte seg svært kri- tisk til at det enda ikke var oppnådd den fasthet og stabilitet i pengevesenet som hadde blitt lovet 16 år tidligere da Norges Bank ble vedtatt opprettet i 1816. Et av kjernespørsmålene var nettopp hva speciedalerens parikurs mot sølv egentlig skulle være. På dette punktet var de to forfatterne dypt uenige. Denne bokens innhold består av de mest sentrale bidragene i debatten om den (for mange) ukjente paripolitikken som ble ført på 1820- og 1830-tallet. Deler av Schweigaards innlegg i denne debatten har tidligere blitt publisert i artikkelsamlinger.3 Det er imidlertid første gang de mest sentrale debattbidragene av Jacob Aall og Anton Martin 1 En octroi var den vanligste måten å regulere statlige privilegier som ble gitt til private i den dansk-norske helstaten. Octroi-alternativet i 1816-loven om Norges Bank var i stor grad utformet etter mønster av den dansk-norske Speciebank som ble opprettet i 1791. 2 En fundasjon (eller funda(t)s) ble brukt som betegnelse på bestemmelser gitt av staten, eller med dens godkjenning, om bruk og forvaltning av midler avsatt til et bestemt formål (Kunnskapsforlaget, 1979). 3 Se Jæger og Stang (1904) og Frisch og Keilhau (1940). iii i i i i i “EESmain1href” — 2016/11/29 — 14:10 — page iv — #4 i i i iv Forord Schweigaard samles mellom to permer. De trykte avhandlingene og anmeldelsene ble i sin origi- nale versjon trykket i gotisk skrift i tidsskriftene Nutid og Fortid, Vidar og den Constitutionelle. I denne boken er debattbidragene organisert i seks kapitler, lett tilgjengelige for interesserte lese- re.
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