.. ""- \.V""l'.., ",'-'i , ---'--- ~ " \. PRODUCTION GRAM MARS FOR ROMANCE KINSHIP TERMINOLOGY Sv David E. Caldwell Department of Mâthemat1cs & Statlstlcs ~cG1ll unive~sity, Montreal _~ovember 1 1986 -- () ,; 1 A thesis 8ubmitted to the Faculty of Graduate stud1es and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements ~ _for the degree of Master of Science in Mathemat1cs • ~------ o David E. Caldwell 1986 .' , 'w \: , - - -- - Permission has Men -granted .,r LI autor,isation a été accordée K ~ to the National Library of à la Bibliothèque nationale l Canada to microfilm this' du Canada de microfilmer thesis and to lend or sell cette thèse èt de prAter ou copies of the ~f~lm. de vendre des exemplaires du film. The author (copyright owner) LI auteur (titulaire du droit h a s r-e s e r ve dot h e r dl a'uteur) . se réserve les publication rights, and autres droits de publication: neither the thesis nor ni la thèse ni de longs extensive extracts from it extraits de celle-ci ne may be printed or otherwise doivent être imprimés ou . "' > reproduced without his/her autrement reprodùi ts sans son ~ wrcitten permission. autorisation écrite. p ISBN 0-319-38125-6 \ ~ 1 • • l' \ ,~ " o • Q The method used elsewhere by J. Lambek, et a14 to analyse klnship terminology in English, Sanskrit, Malagasy, and Hindi by means of production grammars 1s applied to Romance languages. Production grammars are g1ven for t" ,.. the, Latin, Italian, Span1sh, French, and R6'manian terminologies, the .. . Cl terminologies are compared w1th part1cular attention to reduction rule~, which appear among the productions. A computer simulat-ion of the grammars , . il , is inc~uded, along wit~ sam~le output. On applique aux langues romanes la méthode déja utilisée par J •. Lambek, ) ;' et al., aUn d'expliquer les, termes de parenté el)'" malgache, h1nd1, $anskr1t, " et' anglais par des grammaires de produotion. De même, on traite ainsi le latin, l' 1 tal1en, l' espagn01, le français', et le roumain. On compare les diverses terminologies, à l' a1de des règles de réduction, t1'gurant parmi les productions de la grammaire. On a inclus aU,!si une simulation pa,r ordinateur des grammaires, comprenan~ des' échant ilIons' ,obtenus ".- - '>lit • l'exécution. t, ~ , , " l' . .',~ ,'; 0' l ~ f o , , , '. ,,' ,'" . " l, " ~.'" . . ,•• t." .& a\; " " 1 ~ .. • '" "i r i:tl~·'!. In'L ~u· ~~-r~ JJ r ". , , " , .' . .il ',' , , l, o ,, ,0 " , ' " " (' " i G -' .' . , , . 1 am lndèbted primarlly to Prat. J. Lambel" "wlthout" whosé insplr,ation, , " , " ù " ,dvice and sJ.lpport this york \iOuld have been impossible. Thanks daè to Prot. M. Barr for ,valuable adv,lce on the ta B., , . Rumbo,l, whose JprOductiOn grammar for SpaniSh kinsh'lp' term1nology 'was the 1 J baais ',tor~ tlle one ~ppear1ng here, and to Silvia Montagna and Claudiu TOQOr, t>l..---'1l_ for consultation on Itali~n and Romanlan, respectively • ' , 1." • " ," . " \, , , ,, .1,.' ,..,. f _ i , " . , li 1 .. , ' . ... " . 1 d, " d , L ',- " 1 ",' l' 'f , " ' ,/" " 1 ~ " / 1 , d' I! '-)\ Il } " d "~ " j,' Il " , ,,' U, ' '" " . " 'u i , " ,. , . i ~ ,1' f , ' ", L'- 1" "" ~" l' , ,. 1 ,u r"· .' u ,0 I"J, l~ 'J G' ~, l , ~J "t " l, , n, LI 1 -" , , 11 , !I "!~ 1 l " . '<'1 . • "tl ••S, .. ~ ~1.=, ,,l.\r._v.21i~. , , c' \. " , J ;' , 0 l i ' , ~'O c 1 , ; o ,, ,lI , ! , . à CONTENTS 1 l, ' 1 , , ' L , , " { ! 1 j Intrqd uct,ion l • • ~ ... • 11 • • • • • .( ...... ,. r ,'" • .. • •' •• • • • • " • •• If' •• • • • , ( 1" 01 1.1 Relations ...... tJe •••••• " ••••••·L' •••••••••••• a l ' 1 ~ ~ , l , " ~ 1 ~ 6 4' ,'1 pr~d~etlon Grammars •• • •• l' • • - • •• • ...... ~ • ~ l" ..... • • LI!~ J CHAPTER 2 q'he c ' ••••• ••• :••• ,••••• .. '7 li, prOduct!on~Gr~u~\mat's ".Ii.~ ";",~" /' l' , ~.l Latin , .... t ~ • ,t • ...... ~ .....1 •••••••••• 7 .. 'l , " 1 1 ~ 1 ~ , ~ ,u 2.2. Ital1an ••• ,1,',',. '1.- ••• •' ••••••• ~ 'r', ...... _1" , \ , } l ' 2.3 Spanish • • • • • t •• ', .' ••• ft •••• " •••••••••••• , • 25 l' l , 1 ,\ l, \ " l', )Î l' l 6 l 2.4 Fren,ch • If.'; .1 ••• ". ~ ••• .fJ, •• ~ ....u,l, ••• J.... , ~.~., ••'-1, •• .32 ,~), t ~ ~ Î ", Ù 1 \ r , ' , ' , , 1 ( '~ " cr , 1 , , 2.5 '~omaniâlr •• ~ ••• ,••• ~ •••• ,'" "i •• ••••••••••• ~., ••' •• IL ,39 ! • ~ ( t' • " ri , o CHAPTER lt' , ' ••\ '•• ' Il ~ '4.11 , ,Compar1ng ,the 'Terminologies .... <, ~ ~ ',' • • • ~ ••• 1· • • " • 1 ... 1 ! , " , 3.1' èonélusion, ...... " ~ If ~ .. .,' ~'. ' 50 , ' . , l '~r ... ~ \ ~ , , , 'l , .Notes, , •• ,. ••• J' •••••• ; ;-1,' • : •• fi ... ~ .....l •• f...... l • , ••• " •••• 1;. , • ,59 ,~ l' 1 l, • J o 0, \ B1.bliogr~phy , •••• ~ ••••• ~ ••• ~•• ~It. • 'r~' •• Y, ••• '••• 1 •••• • ..... ç ••••• .., ••••• 60 J , , 11 ' , ! '-' ,1 'i " " " T '1 L '. f "1/' , , 1 S ,c , ' \ ' ) 1 T" 1 ,1 ,~ , l -b : , 1 J J (lI i b~ ft T ! , -: J L, ,~ "li " , , s " hl D'lu ,~.. ",...._t , 1 ï 'l' , l' 0, 0" 6 " l " O' '0 " , L ,0 , C "." ,l ''. . , 1 • di , l' "1 ' , , ' . l" '0 1 , , ," ,j . , ! , , , J[ t t J ~ " ", ," , ' {, "J u , " U Il L !, c , , " , 1 , ; , . , ", " , ~ L " , [' , ' ," , 0" J ,~ ~ l , l '1 i ' , ", 'II, 't 1 , 0 Ù· "L' lib , " & 8 l' , " 1 , U .. r ~ l , r r' 1 ~ , , ,il r , n f .. 'I Ù \ l <', t Jo 'i,-- ... L \ ~ ," " ," , >.J' ~,. ' .. 1\ Il "_ ~ a U ,~~')'''''~\l-:'~ -0".1'1 "Il',:!" ~,W ... -(r>lP'l ;'" t 1f~!fi l , , , Introduction ," , " The laet pereon to study Romance kinship terminology seems to have 1 ,\ b•• n-Ern~t Tappolet. But in the nlnety year.~which have passed since he vrote ,Die romanischen Verwandtschaftsnamen, the tools available to - ' c, have improved-- somevhat., Production grammars, in partlcular, have been used in Many attempts to explain various linguistic phenomena. Lambek 1 has shown that kinship'~erminology lends itself weIl to analysls by meana of,production grammars, and what tollows ls 'a continuation of his § - ... - program. ProduéUon grammars will be given to generate kinshlp termlnology in Latin-and some of the modern Romance languages (Italian, l., ' Spanlfh,. French, Romanian), and the evolution 01 the ter~inology will be o dlscusaed throuqh comparlson ·of the grammars. Particular attention will be paid to reducti~n rules, which occur as productions lh the grammars, Q ,c ( , ,and whi~h 's9mmari~~ ~ost eftectively the nature of the- t~r~lnology as lt ,is shaped by variouss" fprces • o . ~ Most lingulst1c inquiry, data for analys~s is obtained from 'consultants, who are a~sumed -,to possess "l1nguist1c compet,ence" a rellable sense, shared vith other members ,of a speech community, of whlch .. o sentences are ê]rammat,ical, or whiCh ·pronunciations acceptable. o unfortunately, luch methods are less appropriate in collecting data on ~lnshlp terminology, for not all speakers of a language are endowed vith Mgenealoglcal co~petence" - for example, Most English speakers probably could not detine a fifth cous1n tv1ce removed, and there ~would be 1 " cUsaghement on the pfecise mean1ng of such terms as "uncle." In a "dead lt language such as Latin, ot course, consultation ia impossible. Thus the - ;, rf,~~' ~'~~'~~,lfr~':< f'(~/~1f'~~'; '~T '~,I-~ , ", ," " , ", . -- , , best vay to collect the ,terminoloqy ,seems to be by aeeking aom~ con ••neus' , , ". --- , " O\on<} varlous dlctionaries anet ln some c;ases, actual consultants, ando-' that ls the method that has been used here. Ther term1nol09Y pteaented te' î " ,< , intended ", to represent standard 11 tera~y usa<}e, and forma whièh are '" ,," - -, -, "- archalc, obscure, or col1oqui~1 have lar<}ely' been 1<}nored.- , , In constructin<} production <}rammars for any part of a language, tvo important. factors should be consldered, among' others. F1rst,.the~ grammars should somehov retlect the thought processes of speakers of the linguages . , . in question, since ;'they do propose to explain hov certain ideas are "11" r,alized in the torm of vrltten symbols o~ utterances. Secondly" the qrammars shoUld ultimately .. be compatible as fra<}ments, of l-ar<}er qrammara ? for the lan<}ua<}e as a ~hole. These have~been important criteria· in the / -fbr~ulation of the qrammars.presented here. o ,p .1 , 1.1 Relations , ' K1n,shlp is lnterestin<} for mathematici~ns because 1t deals vith r~lations not just in the <}enealogical sense, but also in _ the , ~ mathematical sense of the term. In the latter sense, a relation R on a set A 1-s a set of ordered pairs (a,b) of elements of A, su'ch that a ta R-related to b, vritteh (a/b) E R, or, more frequently, si~ply aRb. For example, ve may, denote -the relation of parenthood'" betveen people by , xPy,' 1, meari'ing "x ls a parent of y.u Relations can aho be composed. The prOduct Of relations Q, R 15 the relation S such that" xSz just- in ca•• - o there ia some y such 'that xQy and yRz. ' linshlp relatlons can be deacrlbed aa prOducts 01 certain primary • relaUons. For example, the cousin relation II th. product of the chlld .. • ,.".1 ( , ," , , . , --;" " , '- , n "" 3 CC) 1 .ibl1hg' CS}, ,and parent CP) reaations, slnce x ls a cousin of y if, .' ~ ) ,ft ,,,)1 ~nd only if x il a chl1d of a sl~ling of a parent ot,Y. So the cousin , ~ relatlon can be denoted CSP. If we take M and F to be relations such , ' . , t,hat" tor example, XMy means "x 18 male and x-Y," then these will glve the' l " desired eftect when composed with the other relations - xMCz vill mean "x is • male child,ot z." " Dy composlng the relations M, F, Ci S, anp P, we can obtain descriptions of all consanguineous relations (relations who have common blood) r 1ineal relations, e.g. great great gr~ndmother (FP'), great grandeon (MC2); and cOllqteral relations, e.g. great uncle (MSP2), second lf ve .•dd the spouse rel'aMon ,CI) to the list of primary relations, other relations can be o~talned by' composition - '.9. father-~n-lav-(Mp.t), o l' ,,"- ft. 1 daughter-in-lav (Fr'C). steprelations will be glven special sy"mbOls, but they are alsocompose~ of the above prlmary relations,Jas (ollovs: p' (stepparent) Il EP - P • , . (, S' (stepUbl lng) = CP' - Cl' = cnp - ,Pl - CP '- , Î C' (stepchlld) Il ,Ct - c. For exampl., a stepparent 18 a spO~le ot one's parent who~iS not a parent.' Whl,le we ' can express a11 standard kin-ship relaUons as products of " , prll11a~ rèlationa, there, are al,o certain combinat ions, whi~h'~re 1e6s ,'1 " "j lIIean{n9tu1 - for eXalllple, the product CP could represent eUher a a1bl,lng " , or the' ldentity relationr ,', CP -! 'S u 1.' Th.(... b19uit~" or rtdUndancY',of certain ,O~her prod~~tl "is .ummarlled, by the fOl~ovln9 equattonsJ " . __ 1_ " ,," l'" ' , ' . " " ", -- • ~.': .~'I'" '/l'~\!~'l;'I1'~~~f~'~~f!iJ#Jii!'!W~ " !tl ' r ~,,"\ J,' -. 7 ~._. ~,.!l... ~ ': j""\ "''":~~J "'j~ " ., " • J ' , • -,? _ ' Y".l • • .' • o PS • P SS • S u' 1 SC • c EP • P u P' , PC • t u t ct • c u C' , . Thus we wtab to avoU forming thea. combinaUons, and the production grammars have beerl devised with thia in inind. ,~ , .( 1.2 Production Gramrj1ars \ A producti~n grammar (seml-Thue ~ate~, rewriting system} cons1sts'of a finite set v called the vocabulary, nonemptJ ~b8ets n and n'of v ca'lled the.initial and term)nal vocabularies, respectively, and a Unit'. ~et of productions r ~ A, where r and A are strings of elements of V •• 1 " "4 • ~Broductions will also'usually be referred to here as rules. A produ~tlon qrammar 1s context-free if r 1~ always of lenqth one; otherw}se it ls aaid .... to be context-sensitive. In the latter case, it ia convenient to state " , . , produ~tions 1n the follow1n9 wayr • r. ~ At as r - A, betore +; " 1 D "" nr - nA as r A, alter fi; nr. - nAt as r A, in context n_t. , ' Aaaociated with each production gr.~mmar 18 a deductive system, conaietinq ofaxioms, fOlimulas, and rules of l~erenc..'. An axlom '1,S -.J ,', ei ther a production r - A, or an instance r - r of the reU.xive law a. '1 A formula 18 an expression of the torm e - t , where 8, -trar~-.trings on the vocabulary. ~The rules ot inference are the retlexlve law a, together with the transitive law ! -- [ -;4 A - e r - e 1 .1 ... < " "/ ( f ) \) ~l '- , 1 - ,.' ' ~ \~. ~, • . ,{' 1 ~: t - " 1 • v 1 ~ . , , , Il , ' " .. ,- o ' 5 , , , 1 0, and the 'substitution rule 1. 1 ~. ... " , i , ' r - â a t fi. .- :\ • " \ , " J ra - A,t Il , , . ) ( 'l'h,f~re)lt~ are ,s'tt»ingl that ,are, de,riva~le by the d~ductive syst8l: ~ • i \ t 1 • . , ' In :bhe :(c~ntext-senSiÜve) qr~mmarSi which follow" .the ini tiléll " , 1 " , voclbtÜary consists ot-,the symbol K, represènting tlKlnship t~rm. ", The J .," ~ .\ \ , ' terminal vocabularies cQntain dHterent' ,lexical ~tems, dependincj.' on, the. language in question, as weIl as l, the symbôl representing a, blank. ~he r:est of the1 vocabulary co'nsists of R, RI (auxiliary-symbols, repfesentirig o :"Relations"), P, S, C, pl, SI, CI, ri (relational, symbols), (;, J,'M, and 'F ~ , " , (gender markers) • The émpty s~'ring , which 18 not a member. ' d't' tlle 1 - " , , ,~ vocabulary as such, 1.s represented by ~. , { J 1 starting with the initial symbol' K, our goal is 1 to 'have the J a kins'hip description,; ~nd' then an production qrammar genera~è tirst , , ,actual 'kinahip term, 1n the language ( ~ in question. If ve Vi,ev Kinship terms la thèo~em~ of the ded~c,t't\te ~'ystem, then we. ;wish ~o prove all vaUd . theorema,' ~nd onl! valid theorem~. The grammars, May not b~ ,èomplete in 1 , \ t , the'abQve Ben~e, sinee there is , probably not' general' agreement, orr the " , " \ , 'e~ac~ -extent'ot kinahip tèrminol09Y in any languàge, but assum1ng no , - . J • l ' e,-"rora' rell.'ain/ they wUl be COlJsi'5t~nt' 1n that 't~e only' (,terminal) stt'1ngs' 1 . , / / ,~hlc~,they, , will genèrate'v~11, b~ v.alld'k1nshlp terms. , • , , ' , ' A' ,derivation baaed ' on ,one of the, production, grammars ' 1s not, , \ conltdered to be complete until no mo~e productions are applie~ble. Thus , ' '\ ' ~ i , \' . ' , ' , , , terminal· atr:lngs, will occal~ona'lly be generated vhlch are n6t vaUd .... - "-Jtlna~i~.' ter!ll, but only when a" derlv,atlon 18 lncomplete. AS.', well, d.,~lv.t~o~a wUl occaa1onally termlnate with ',atrtng~ of aUlCl~y" sYmbo~s , . , l'' 1 vhlch cannot reauIt'in kinahlp terml. ,"1 j , \ , ' / , , , " . " i • 11 .,J"" \,; ... .' J 'j '1 6 ,0 -u 9" \ , Further f 'aetalls of the grammara w11~ &~ ai they are ~ o • "0 presented the next èhapter. der1vat1ons are given at the en4 of in ~samPle o \ , u ,each sect 10~ te) illultrate the ,ppllcation of' the grammata to gen.rate " o ~ kinsh1p' ter:ms, these derivat1on~ vere produced .by the computer program discussed in the Appendix. • " \ " 1 .' , . , 1 , , ,"I ; , b ~ o' , ' " " . • ,0 " ' V' " " l, , , " .' " . r. , . , . ....: ) , , " 1 \ j t \ f l', , 0, l' .. 1 , 1 1 • l' . \ ,J ; , " , , , .,1 r " " , . , , . ~ 1 l'. '0 9 " " . , 1 t 1 j '.. .J ~ ! ,a \ ' ~.l ~. , , , .. , 1 1 " I, 'u " , " , - ,l' --, p " , ;: ',~ ... -",, """1""-"'. , '\" .,., -:-".. ~··-::,"'''I; .... '' -..;;~. .... " .' , , 7 .. * CHAPTER.2 The Production Grammars c a 2.1 Latin . , ,Cqnsanguineous Relat~ons ,, , , 6 MP' tr·ltavus, 1 F:e' tritavia p j 5 MP' atavus , Fps atavia 1 1 4. MSFP' avunculus maximus FSFP' matertera maxima -'MS..,," .patruus maximus FSMp4 amita maxima MP" abavus i FP ' abavia . . 3 MSFf 3 avunculus ma10r FSFp3 matertera maior ~ , \ fItISMP~ patruus , maior FSMp3 amita mai or MP), proavus Fp3 proavia , ) , , Il j .. , 2 MSFp2 "" avunculus magnus FSFp2 matertera magna . MSMp2 ,patrtlus magnu& FSMP~ amita magna MP2 avus, 1 Fp2 avia • 1 " 1 , " . 1 MSFP Qavunculus F~FP matertera o 'MSHP patruus FsMP amita- MP 'patér FP mater , , . c op, , 0 t4S frater PS e soror MCMSHi>, patruen:s ' FCMSMP patruel1s c , MCFSFP , consobrinus FÇFSFP consobrina MCFSHP . amit'inUs" FCFSHP am'itina MCHSFP am1tinus FCMSFP , amitina t , MCSP cO!'lsobrinus , FCSP consobrina , , . ' . ~ -1 MC . fUlus FC f1l1a 1 , .MCS dtepos " 1 . l \ , -2 Mc2 nepQs 1 FC2 neptis .. - 1 Il , ~ , , .3 MCl prohe~s , , FC~ - pronep~is : , , , 3 J ~ , . -4. MC' abnepos' FC' abnep~1s 1 , 1 1 • 1 • , ~ -5- Né' , adnepôs/ a tnepos ,. FC' ~dnept1s/atnept1s , : " , t , 'U 706, MC' ttlnèpos 1 FC' tr1n~pt1s ç " " ç , (cont inued) ,l, l, '~,'. , i. . , 'f;. 1 • , , .' 'I~ Q " \ . i !. e, e !l O ;'.l:k;;"""l!}f";~~ ., ,,' w 8 Steprelations • 1 MP' vitricus/patraster FP' noverca/matraster -1 MC' privignus/fili~ster FC' privigna/ftliastra ., Affinal Relations 3 3 MP3[ socer mator 1 FP r " , socera maior 2 2 MP2[ socer magnus 1 Fp r socera magna 1 MP[ . socer 1 FP[ socera 0 MS[ 1evirlsocerio FS[ glos . M[S sororius li'rs fratria M[ mar1tus/vir F[ mari ta/u xor MP[C consocer FP[C consocera -1 M[C gener 1- -FtC nuru~ Table l, Latin X1nlhip Term. o We begin by deve10ping a production grammar for the Latin terminology - it 15 the most complex, and parts of the grammar viII carry over to the other languages. We viII need five types of ru1es or productions 1 provisional structure rules, gender rules, lexico-morphologlcal rules, phonet1c r4les, ànd reductlon rules. . Prov1a1onal, atructure rul •• generate kinship descriptions, which are strings of relattonal symbols, representing 'products of relations. The , L rel'ational symbols 'w-have chosen to use are C, S, P, C', S', Pl, and r. The follov1ng rules generate aIl of the consanguineous kinshLp descriptions. in 'fable l, starting from the in1 tt.al symbol K (G 15 a gender marker, vhich will be d1scussed la~r): c (PSl) K ... GR (Pst) R - S i i (PS2) R .. CR (PS5) R - C, befbre • (PS3 ) R - RP (ps6) R - P, atter G. o " , The rules are designed to prevent occurrences ot the comb1nati~a CP, 'C, , . , , \ , , , . l '1,"-' . "-_~~"' ~ ~:~:~~ ~ __ ~~~ ;~\_~l ~~~ '_ , J 9 D SC, SS, and PS. Ru'les (PS2) and (P53) can be applied repeatedly to obtain a potentlally infinite number of kinship descriptions~ For example, II< -- repeated applications' of (PS3) vould give K - GR - GRP - GRpa - GRP3- GRp· - •••• Rules (PSI) - (PS6) are essentially the same ones used by Lambek for English klnship terminology,2 and this borroving raises an interesting' there are inflnitely many consanguineous kinship terms ~~ English to match the potentially infinite number of kinshlp descriptions generated by these rules, so that any kinship description can be assigned a kinship terme In Latin, hovever, and in most of the other languages we ? viII consider here, there are only finitely many kinship terms - for example, there is no term as'such for any relation removed by more than' o six generations. Thus the grammar will eventually'" 1generate a kinship description which viII not correspond to any kinship terme This is one '1\ "'. obvious limitation of the grammar proposed here, but it 1s' perhaps in keep1ng with our effort to make the grammar reflect the thou~ht processes of a speaker of the language - surely one occasionally generates in onels . . mind kinship descriptions that are not realizable by kinship terms. AffinaI and steprelations do ,not pose the sort of problem referred to above, since both English and the Ro~ance languages usually only recognize '. F a, small, finite number of these relations vith kinship terms. The 1; ,fOlloYing rules will generate kinship descriptions for all the remaini~g terms 1n Table 1: ,(PSU) R< - CPS7 ) K - GR' 'pre G (PS8) RI _ pl (PS12 ) G - Gr, before St or Ct (PS9) RI Cf (PS13 ) t - Et, after GS,' GP, (PS10) RI - t ,GP2 , or Gp3. , , insert and manipulate gender markers 1n k\rtship ,..-.... - -- 10 I~ o descriptions. (PSI) is actually a gend~r rule - it puts G, • the initial 1 gender marker, at the beginning of each kinship description. In Englilh, and in the remainder of the languages to be considered here, kinship terms depend onty on the sex of the person referred to by the terme In Latin, hovevé~, the terms for aunts, uncles, and cousins depend on the sexel of the intermediate relatlons. Thus the corresponding klnshlp descriptions require more than on~ gender marker, given by the following rule81 (Gl) 'GSP - JSJP (G2.\ GCSP ~ GCJSJP, before t. J i8 also a gender marker, but vith a dlfferênr- purpo8e than G. G ls lntended as slmply a placeholder, whlle J vl1l be realizable as a specifie gender by these rules: '~.G3 ) J - M (G4 ) J - F. o ~e use tvo dlfferent markers ln order to be able to state some rules in a general vay - vhenever a rule appl1es to .both genders, lt can be stated once for G, 1nstead of ,tvice for M and F. For e~,ample, the terms for MC . and FC both have the same stem fili-. The gender marker G allovl us to give a rule GC - flllJ, vhlch assigns both MC and Fe the same stem, vith J marking the gender morpheme as a suffix J is then rewrltten as M or F. Had ve used the rule Je - fl11J, J mlght be revrltten as M or F belore the -, stem had been assigned, and then an abortive derivation could only be - . - avoided by adding rules Me - filiM, Fe - flliF. Thus the use of G tends to reduce the number of rules required, vhile ensurlng that tewer derlvatlons fall to termlnate in kinship terms. One -dravback ot using G 18 that not aIl ru les can be expre•• ed \ , generally ln this vay. Some male-female palfl of klnshlp terml do not -0 share a common stem; thus we'need to have a specifie gender marked ln the .. " , ' , -" . ,' .. - - " ", -" -" """ ",Ii';"" 1 "':;:·l"" "",\ "-r h ";'''"1 ( 11 kin.~ip description betore applying any lexico-morphologieal rules. The followiQg, rules apply where thi8 is the case, substltuting J for G.in the - k!~.hip descriptions in order to allow M or F to appeâr: - - (GS) GSI - JSI l (G7) GIC - JIC (G6) GIS - JIS (Ga) GP' ~:.. JP I ., (G9) GS - JS, (GU) GI - JI, (GlO) GC2 - JC2 , (Gl2) GCS - JCS, aIl before t. (G13 ) GP - JP, before t or aster. ., (Rules (GIO) ~nd (GIl) are necessary because, while nepos and neptis are"- obv1ously related, they do not share an easi1y identifiable stem.) " , , It is a1so necessary to substitute J for G where there is a distribution of genders in the formation of a kinship term. For example, MP2t viII be revritten as MPItmagnM, -and simi1ar1y for FP~t. It is not o possible to give a general rule GP2[ - GPItmagnG, because the tvo G'S thus produced might weIl be rewritten as different genders, y~t 'they are required to be the,same. Thus upless some avkvard context restrictions are adopted, ve are forced to carry out'this' distribution of genders separately for M~nd F, after applying the rule: The above a180 explains why (Gl) g1ves JSJP rather than GSJP. ( 1) • 1 The 1ast gender, rule that we require 1s an ·taffi x-hopping" 'ru1e - it , move. a gender marker around the suffix -aster to the end of the nascent kinshlp term, while agaln chang1ng lt from G to J: (GlS) Gaster - asterJ. ", they. extract morphemes and lex1cal items (stems, "aff1xes, words) from k1n8h1p d.sc:r1pUona. The s1mplést of ,the•• rule's a8s19n complete ':lords J Il r .. " F .. If" l, .,11 ~ ',>). J' to k1nship descriptions: (LMl) , MP - pater, \ FP .. or'before (LM2 ) mater, in'" context '_t aster. 0' (.{;M3 ) MS - frater, (LM4 ) FS .. soror, in context '_1. MCz (LM5) - nepos, (LM7) Mt - vir, 1 ~ (LM6) . FCZ .. neptis, (LH8) Ft .. all betote uxor, t· , , ' (LM9) MEC - genet' (LMll ) Msr .. lev1.r (LMIO) FrC ~ nurus (LM12) FSr glos. (LM13 ) Msr - socer10 (LM14 ) GCMSMP .. patruelis. . , Most of the klnship terms can be assigned stems, sometimes lndependently of ~ir genders, as follows: \ (LM15 ) GC .. filia, before 1 (LM16) GC .. fillG, .betore aster. < (LMP) GCSP -" .• consobrinJ , (LM22) GP[ '- &9CerJ, o (LMlS) "GCMS~P .. amltinJ, (LM23") MP[ .. socerM, (LM19 ) GCFSMP - am"itinJ, (LM24) FP! .. soçerF, (UI20) GCFSFP - consobrinJ, (LN25) Gr .. m~r1tJ, (tt'l21) GP2 -' avJ , a11 befon' •• (LM2~) MSMP - patruM, (L~27) MSFP .. avuncuIM, CdI2S} FSFP - materterF, (LM29 ). FSMP .. amit", aIl 1n context '_1. , " , (LM3O) MP' vitricM (LN33) Nt~ - sororiM" , (LM3l) F.P' .. novercF (LM34) FtS .. fratriF <1 (LM32.) Ge' - privlgnJ The following tules assign adjectives to indicate the degree of remov~l of , , , , " " aYUncular relations: (LN35 ) MSNP,2 .. NSMPtmagnM, (LN39) MSMP· NSMPtmaximM, (LM36 ) MSFp2 -' MSFf,lIagnM, (LM40) MSFp· .. MSFPlmaximM, (LM37) FSFp2 .. FSFp,magnF, (LN41 ) FSFp· .. FSFPlmaximF, (LM3S) FSMp2 .. FSMP,magnF, (LM42) FSMP· .. FSMPlmax1mF, , " ' , (LM43 ) JSJp3 JSJPtmaior , all before t. l 2 8 -- (LMU) MP t .. MPUllagnM (tM46) GP't - GPrtma1.or. Q (LM45) ,FP2 t .. FPUllagnF . " ' "' ( -+; ,, . , ' • '''t , '1 .. "_ l, ., ,p}-;-t L ~1 , •• ""; ,J } l , .. ~ U", ['1. -1 ;i "\"~ , . ", 13 ' 1 The' a.gree of removal is '1ndlcated bY,,, prefix ln the case of 11neai' ,, rell at ions , " , f, ' (LM47) Gt' ptoGt 2 , " . '('LM48) Gt+ abG,a, , \ (LM49) Gt' - atGt 2 , 'i 2, 1 ,(LM50) ,Gt' -' triGt 1 before t~ where t = C or P. " 'T~e, 8uttlx -aster, 1a added to consangu1neous terms to indicate th~ , " ~ !. J --I~ c~rr,apondlng 8teprelat~ons: \ ' , ' " " " , ( ,f, ~ , l , (tMSU GP' - GPaster (LMS2) GC' - Geaster. ,. :LaÜn has a term for what ln Engl1sh mic)ht, be caUed, a , ' 0 ( } 0 , 'q. D : rlco-p,at'e~t~in-lawll; indeed, 'the term is'formed analogously: , " , Illi 1,0 " ': (LM~3~ GPrC .... , cOnGPt_ 1 "' ,L J Il ~ " ~' ~ '.After atems, ,âdjectives and ptefixes have been asslgned, "a11 that' r,e'maîons' • '~I , 1 II " , ia to att,'ch, sufti,xell indicating' gender:. J j " ~ ';' {l ? k ~ 'us 1 1 , after "ami tiri av tavuncul, ,0 : " teonsobrin, t fU i J tmaQn, , " , tmarit " Imaxim, tpatru, 'b \ , , \" a ~ J J .pr~vign, tsoror1, ,tvitr'ic l , (LM55}", ~ -:' ~ 1 after aster or socer ~ ~ " r' ' ,1 , oC L)o(Sl6 ), ' F- a, before t- 1 : , " 1 , , l, j 'boMtlc 'rul.~, ln general, serve to c9rrect the errots and'1 , : qvergenetalizattons committed by the lexlco-morphOloqiC~l rules,' by , , ad41ng, deletlng, or ehanging phonemes: , ' , (Pl ), pateraster - patras ter (1'5) tr:l~VU8 - trlUv~a Il (P2) materas ter matras ter (P6) triavia trit'avla fP3) , fil,1astera tlliastra (P7) atGC2 adGCa - -~ (P4) , av, .. avia , t: " Rule (P7) 1s~not separated into two rules f()r M and' F~ ~f!tcause 'there 15 an' 1 " ' . alternation between at- and ad-. Nad -we ,'liven two separate rU~,~8, only . , adneposladnept i s woùld be generate~ by the grUlllar 1 sinee .. 'd,erlvation "18 ~ not complete unt1l no more productions are applicable ... thus a der1vatlon •. , 1 , ~ 01 1\ - 1 , J , " , j '\ , Il ' "," , u . ' ' l' A ,1) / ~_ , r~, " (, c, ;; ;, ,~ ['" y «:"g ','i""Jt"t"t;; ~ t~~' fl"~~ \' 1 , ' ..a '" l' J ~ J ~ 1 j, ' , ' '" '0 , ' , ,1 , . ,C ) o , U ; '. '0 (, , , . .... , il ' l 1 l" -ri '" , ',t', <1 t' '1 : ' '. ,J' vould' never', termlnate' w,1th a~nepos(atnept,i S ~ J 1. ~, ~, \ L J, 1,,) 1 ... 1 L t 1 1 u" "4Uc:t~On ' rul•• a.r, ,tt\;'&~ost lnte~~~t1n9' Or' atl J. tbey', lndiéa~e, " J \ ~ J u t, ~ ~ [ r 1 J 1 o'~ j ;--- equlvalences between dlt,fèrent ki1\ship relahbns~ , whi "th~t ve vlll,\u'j~ .~~' al~ ~fLQur , ' , Il '\. " • l ' 1 l' , l \0 " ~t loS ~~b4t,.b\le ~~e,the,r speak\er~ ,of. a, languagè a;l'vay~' \'Qalte th1s reductlori , \ " ' mental ~y'f: bû':t, ,t ts l,nçl,u'slon ,o1n th~, gr'ad\lnar saves ,us frcbtn ,h~V:U'lCr", 0 to J, ) ,) , , ~, r, [ " , " "II generate~ th~' full, [t~rm1nQl09Y: for Go~slns, ,Vh1ch, ln any event 'is , " , 1 1 J J n 1 J J ~ 1 useoà; ard as L~mbek' ,po1.nted out 1 producing , it \loUld' a4d J,.. Jiu [ ~ '~ , tl l \ l " ~'[ J l f'i, sigtlif1cantly tp thë'lcom~lex1ty 'bf tt'le produc,\:lon' qUlllmar. l ,'. Il If 1) j u" 1 '1 [, c r, '1 <'" ," 1 : , , .', 'The~ re'qu,ct,ton tUle'"'",:"hich ~,is of" the greatest interest in' I1ttin 1"_ l' ~~ ~ 1" , J .. 0 ' " , " stated ag foli'o\{s':, ,',1 "; , a ~ l , 1 1 ~ \ ( l , L J, ~, , ,1 (R3) 'l M<::s" .. \~d, " bèlfore '.~,' a ) ~: b {, 1 l 'J 'L , '--.(1 , T~1S '~iqe "cÎ'e~,dribes ,a ne~a~~w oby the sam~" ie~Dm a8 a: gt;~ndsohl/' and" also ha's {l j (1 [u () l l' "Ij J! ' 1 some" ~bea~Ulg ort the eonnectlon" bet'vèen avus"and lts di1JlianUU~e form, l , ~ '1 L n J ~ l , L ~ aVIJI'J~ul.us. ~ . " , G ' " "1 G " , , o ' 1 ~ ~ ~"uch 'has b~e!1 .... r"~t"t~n 1 aBout thl,~ r,eductton ~nd ~1t~ O~1:gj,°~s., We shaH, , ~ '" w ~' t 0 (~ J • ~ , , see later' that some ,of the pther; 1'anguage8 genera11zed the rule to ,apply o , '" ) Il b J, l,. (} 00 , J t~ 'ntece, "ànd" ne~h~VS(, b~t', Tap~le't Polnts out th&t,: lt beqan 1 t' / ' ~ ... l,' "l,' a~ym~etrically,% ' , , , Il ~ • 1 , J ri, ~ w {, , 'l, ", ,," I~ J c1~81scben Lateln " b~sta"nd ke1J:l G~elchq,e~1ch~ , '\ ~ 1 1 ~ ~ .l, 1 ~I [ " ~ t e;1 der,' be1den, ",Be~eut,Dn'gen:\ "" ~er,~stnn, von, Enket' ,trat" l' , ' ~ J '\ ':J , ~ , ., Q 1 D \ ) l 1 ) l 1 zuerst ' und'-lIe f var, 81ne lfebenbe- 1 q , ,lln~ Be~u'sltisè~n ~e ,j .. 1 l, ' • r' 1 , :, deutun91 di,~ Z.B. :d~S :,;';'. '~TIS '~OCh' nlcht:hatt..... '.. ~ 1 L' J Il ~ ~ ~ Jli.. ,ri l , " 1 ,. ~ 1 Il ", \ J l, , o l' • ~'J , '~ , ' l, , , , d J .. u % ' , " , 1 ~ J '1 ,'1 , , ," , , " , "' , il ~ r Il 1 IJ fJ l' J' t ,"1 ;0. .~.~. . ... ~ •• , 1 , , 0 " ' ~o .. '_ 15 " - - " .'~'"" " Beek,. reject~ the theory of Benveniste that the identification of nephew 'if.;\ ! 1 '\ ' " arld'" grand son 1 uncle and grandfather,' arose frOM the prevalence of CI CrO .... cou.ln ma'rrlages, ~ut then has litt le to suggest, which ia more 1 "conVl1iClng.' The most complete and appealin) explanation is Lounabury' a "~ J , ", . '- ... 'Qske~ipg rule,"' which says that a female-aibling, as a 11nkinq relative, ls considered equlvalent to a female chl1d, or, ln our notation, FS - FC, ., ( incertatn contexts. This would explain why at least one type of nephew (MC,S)' would De ' considered equ'lvalent to ,a grandson (MCFC). A corollary (1 ~1 Of" th1s rule ta SF - PF, certain conte~ts, and thts would the identification of MSFP (avunculus) .... 1th MPFP (avus). , , Accordlng to Lounsbury, , ~ brother-tnjlaw (MEFS) was a'l so 'freqUent{y referred to as gener (MIFC), another phenomenon that his rule would expIain. Aleo notable in Latin 1s the absence 'of the reduct10n rule SI -- rs, .whtch appeatsDtn ~he other languages dtscussed here, as weIl as 1n This rule explains why MSI and MIS' are r ,lIbrother-in-law",, but aho wl'iy an uncle can be MSP (=MS[P) or MISP, and a " niece can, be FC$I' (=FCrS), or FCSt. In Latïn,there are,separate terms for ... ".. . ~, SE'and ES, as well, for example, patruus means only MSMP and not MSIMP • . "' " . ....1. Derivation. " ..... " . . ' IKI" --(PS1)--> IGR, --(PS3)-->~tGRPt--(p~3)--> ,GRPP, --(PS3)--> , ' '1 • ,GR'P~,I -- CPS3 )--> ,GRPP'P, '-- (PS3 )--> ,GRPPPPP, --'(PS6)--> ,GPPPPP" -- (LM50)--'> ttriGPP, -- CLM21)--> ttrtavJ, -- (G4 }--> ,triavP, --(LM56)--> Itri.va. --(P4)-:> ,triavial --(P6)--> ,trltavla. ;JIll ;- , 1, ! J' .. " ' l' t~f t \...11" 1 o " î6 o ',~ IKI --(PS1)--~ IGRI --(PS3)--> IGRPI --(PS3)--> lGRPPI --(PS3)--> IGRPPPI -",.(PS4 )--> IGSPPPI --(G1 )--> IJSJPPP, -- (LM43 )--> t,JSJPtmalor, --(G4)--> ,FSJP,ma1or. --(G4)--> IFSFPlma10rt --(LM2S)--> < 0. ImaterterFlma10ri --(LMS6)--> tmaterteratma10rt IKI --(PS11--> IGRt --(PS3)--> J?RP' --(PS3)--'>ÎGRPP, ,--'(PS4)--> IGSPPI --CGl)--> ,JSJPPl --(G3)--> IMSJPP, --(G3)--> IMSMPP, --(LM3S)--> IMSijPtmagnM, --(LM26)--> IpatruMlmagnMI --{LM54)--> ,patruuslmagnMt --(LMS4)--> Ipatruusimagnusi IKI --(PS1)--> ,GRI --(PS6)--> IGPt -~G13)--> IJPI --(G3)--> IMPI , ,/ , --(LMl)--> Ipat~rt o , IKI -- (PSI }--> 'GRI -- (PS3 )--> IGRPI -- (PS2 )-->' IGeRPI -- (,PS3 )-->' , - IGCRPPI --(PS3)--> IGCRPPP, --(PS2)--> IGCCRPPPI --(PS3)--> ,GCCRPPPPI . ' , --(PS4)--> IGCCSPPPPI --(R2)--> IGCCSPPPI --(R2)--> ,GCCSPPI -~(R2)--> • IGCCSPt --(Rl)--> IGCSPI,-fG2)--> IGCJSJP, --(G3)--> tGCMSJPI , '" \ l, --(G4)--> IGCMSFPt --(LMlS)--> lam1t1nJI. --(G3)--> tamlt1nMI ,",' --(LMS4)--> lam1t1nust , IKI -- (PSl )--> IGRI -- (P53.)--> tGRPI -- (PS2 )-.. > IGCRP. --,(PU )--'> tGCSP, --(LM17\--> IconsobrinJ, --(G3)-->' tcqnsobrtnM', --(LMS4)-'-> fconsobrlnusi .. , () ! , IKI --(P51)--> 'GRI --(PS2)--> IGCRt --(pS5'';'-=,'''GCCf. --(GIO)-"> 'JCCt "8- --(G3}--> IMCCt --(LMS)--> Inepo.I .. _ :J:_," " __ , . " •. , -- -~' 17 IXI ;·lPSÜ--; ,GR" --(PS2)--> ,GCRt --(PS4)--> ,GCS,_ --(GU)--> tJCSI --CG3l--> 'MCSt --(R3)-->' ,MCC, --(LM5}--> In~post . ,. \ ,~. --(PSl)--> ,Gat --(P52)~-> ,GCR, --(PS5)--> ,Gce, --(GI0):-> IJCC, " \ -~(G4)--> 'FCCt --(tM6)--> ,neptt., , - , , • 1 ,1 , IK' --(PS1)--> tGR, --(PS2)--> ,GCR, --(PS4)--> ,GCS, --(Gl2)--> tJCS, --(G4)--> ,FeSt 'KI, --(PSl)--> tGR, --(P52)--> ,GCRt --(PS?)--> ,GCCR, --(P54)--> IGCC5, , ,--- . -""" '- ~ IK' ~-(PS1\-w> ,GR. --(PS2)--> IGCRt --(PS2)--> 'GeeR' --(PS2)--~ ~ , ;'1 1 ",G,CCCRI --(P52)--> IGCCCCRt --(P55,)~I,:..> IGCCCCCI --(LM49)--> 'latGCCI --(P7)--> ,adGCCI --(GIO)--> ladJCCt -- (G4)--> ,adFCCI -- (LM6 ).--> . .âdnep_~ls, ~ .Kf -~(~Sl)-->' tGRf --(PS2)--> tGCRt --(PS2)--> tGCCR, --(PS2)--> - 8 f{iCCCRI --(P52)-->' IGCCCCR, ":"(PS5)--> ,GCCÇCC, --(LM49)--> tatGCct --(G10)--> latJCCt --(G3)--> tatMCel --(LM5)--> tatnepost 9 , ·· IKI --(PS7)~-> ,GR'I ·-(PS8)--> tGP', --(LM51)--> IGPastert --(GI3)--> ., • IJP•• terl --(G4)--> IFPasterl --(LM2)--> fmaterastert --{p2)--> Illatraiteri ~IX, --(PS7)--> IGR't---CPS9l-':> ,Ge'1 --(LM32)--> IprivlgnJI --CG3)-->" D • ~.•. f IprtvlgnM' --(LM5t)~-> Iprl~19nU.1 . " , 'C ":J;'~,~ .. 1 , "l?'l"I1'P" 'r'",."" ti, ...... __~ ~ ~) ~t'--r*~'t.r~'~~i> , , l,' " . o 1a IK' --(PS7)--> 'GR', --(P59)--> ,GC', --(LM52)--> ,Geaater, --(LN16)-~> ----'------~------, ,tl11Gaster, --(G1S)--> ,t111asterJt --(G4)--> ,tl11aaterF, --(LN56)--> Ifl1iasteral --(p3)--> Ifl11astrat IKI --(PS1)--> tGRI --(PS3)--> tGRPI --(PS3)--> tGRPPI --(PS6)--> ,GPP). --(PSI3)--> IGPpprl --(LM46)--> tGPrtma10ri --(LM22)--> IsocerJtmalorl' --CG3)--> tsocerMtmaiotl --CLMSS)--> Isocertmaiorl lK' --(PS1)--> IGRI --(PS6)--> tGP, --(PS13}--> IGPr, --(LM22)--> 'J IsocerJt --(G4}--> tsocerFI --(LMS6)--> Isoceral / 'KI -~(PSV)--> IGR'I --(PSI0)--> IGrl --(LM25)--> ImaritJI --CG3)--> o ImaritMI -- (LMS4 )-->,> Imaritus,. ,Kt --(PS7)--> 'G'14 --(PSI0)--> tGrl --(G11)--> Ijr, --(~)-~> IMtl --(LM7)--> Ivir, .~I --(PS7)--> 'GR'I --(PSl1)--> IGPtCI --(LM53)--> ,COnGPrl --(LM22\--> .consocerJI --CG4)--> .consocerF, --(LM56)--> Iconsoceral, p 1 " ., , . • • , " , ~, .. ."! j ~~.~I ...... '_ " ...... '1 ~'looi'_ ~t_·~ ~1 : L", :' .". ! .....".1 L ~ rr1-~_ " i .. ~ . ~~1f'~~r ".' J • , '. , , 1 T __-, __ ~2_.2~'~lt_.~III_n~~ ___ -'------,------;,'> Consanguineous Relati~ns - , 4- MP·, trisavolo 1 FP· trlsavola . . , i' 'l 3 -·MP~ i bisnonno/bisavolo FP' -bisnonna/bisavola' 1 , 1 ~ MSp2 prozio' FSp2 --prozia MP2 - nonno Fp2' nonna , 1 , , 1 MSP zio FSP zia 1 , MP padre 1 FP madre , . pS ( O. MS ' fratello sore 11 a MeSp cuqino 1 'FCSP cugina ; -1 MC t1g1io FC 'tigUa , . MCS nipote " 1 FCS, nipote , " - -2- MC2 nipot~ FC2 , ., nipo,te MC2S pron1pote FC1S pronipote , 1 , . , " -3 MC' ,proniPote 1 FC' pronipOte • Steprelatiol1s 1 MP' padrigno FP' . p 1 , madr'igna' 0 " 0 MS' frate11astro 1 FS' sorellastra ~ -1 MC' t1g11astro , 1 FC' ,figl iastra AffinaI Relations 0 l' MPt • suocero FPt suoeera " , 1 ,o 0 MSt/Mts cognato FSt/FtS cognata . Mt ~ar1to/slX>So Ft- - "m09l1e/sposa 0\' , -1- MtC genero , FtC nuora " ~ , , l , , " !ab1. a. ItaUan Iln.hl}» ftru ~, 1 ltalian kinahlp terminology, as might be expected, i. the closest -in, • e <6 ... ' _ ' for. to that qf Latin. "MOlt-of the ter.' are direct descendants of thetr , . , , . , , ''II ~, _! , , ~, .. ~b:.1. ~ :~"t{,~~~~ r - , ) l , 20 , u Latin counter.p~rts, althoucjh a fev have other _~---",s""o""u=-r-",-ce~a~.~~A=l=a=0-l-'----,th. r ' reductldn rules of Latin, have been generalizedJand added to ln Ita1ian. The product,ior'l 9rammar contains somevhat 'fever rules, a nU.cUon of th. simplification vhich took place in the terminoloqy. , The prpvisional structure rules lor, consanguin~ous relations Ar. th. same as those for Latin: (PSI) K - GR (~S'4 ) R - S (PS2) R - CR (PS5) R - C, belore • (P~3) R - RP (PS6\ R - P, alter G. . Fo~ affinal and steprelations, the stepsibling relation is adde~, and th. j' / .- ~ "co-p~rent'-i,n-la'J" _deleted, as 'Jell as the grand~acents-in-la'J: "(PS7) , K ·,GR' --(PSU ). R' - I ,(PflO) R' ..; P' (PSl2 ) G - before Sf or CI ." GI, R' - S' (PSl3) • - Il, after GS or GP. , , (;fa (PS 0) R' - C' '0 The -(ender rules vUl be somewhat simpler, since only one 4r.(Gl) J - M (G2) J - F. Again, 'J must be substituted for G vhere male--female pairs of terma do not shate a'common stem: CG3) GP' - JP' JG4) Grc - JtC , <~5 ) GI ·-JI, • (G6) GP - JP, . bott b.fore • \ . ' (G7) GS - JS, belore • or astr • " As~n .LaUn, gender markers must" be moved around the auftix -,str; '. . . somet1mes.G'can be moved, but atter sorell- and !ratell-, separate ru1e • . ; are n~eded 'to move M and F: (GO) Mastr astrN (GIO) Gastr ....atrJ. (G9) Fastr - "astrF '1 ,. , .. , " 1 Y.. ~ '\; 1 .. ,.- - -, ..... ,. ....1'" .... ~ t·,·" ; ~j~~~ , ,0 " , .', ': . - ' • , ~ " r1 ' , ,, 21 .' " l, The lex1co-morp~01og.ical rules v11l also be simpler and fever in number than those for Lat1~. complete vords ar~ ass1gned where the terms e 1t her>" gender: , end 1n -e,, a'suffix. wh1ch can represent , .,. - ., (LNl) NP .. padre (L112 ) FP - madre. .. (LM3 ) Fr .. mogUe, (LM4 ) GC\2 .. n1pote, before 1· Most,~f the ter~ however, ~nd in -0 or o_a, and so stems can be ass1gned ' , " (but~not . .al ~mm.tri~allY l , , , , (iNS) GP2 .. nonnJ, Gr spoSJ, (~6) GSp .. z1J " C M[, - ,mar 1 tM , (LM7) GCSp .. cug1nJ, a11 before • t ;. t , , (LMlO) MS - fratellM, "., (LMll ) FS .. sorellF, be{ore * or astre 0<, 1 , (LM12) GC - f1gl1J, before 1 (LM13) figl1G, before astre .." GC - 1 .. , • ~ (LM14 ) GP[ suOcerJ (LMl6) generM 0" ~. MrC - 1 (LMlS) GrS - cognatJ (LMl7) FrC .. nuorF. (LMlS) MP' padr1gnM (LMl9) FP' madr1gnF. Q . Tne (0110w1ng ru1es ass1gn prefixes to 1ndicate degrees of generat10nal ',removal of var10us relations: 1 ,1 .=,'.. , , \ ',i (LM20) b1sGP2, , (LM23 ) GSP2 .. prOGSP, (LM21) b1sav01J, (LM24) GC3 - prOGC2, (LN22) trisavolJ, al! ,be fore •• e l,~ • the suffix -astr 1s added to, consangu1neous terme to denote the l' , .. " " ,,r,, 'corresponding steprelat1ons: ~ , t·· , , ,,' ,\ " GS' - GSastr (LM26) GC' GCastr. 1 1 ="••• , " '. ,\-' ,i '. , un itormity ot gendèr suffiXès 'ln Ital1an makes' a8s19n'1n9 them '. , . \ , , ' .' ~arti'cular1y s1Q1p1e: ! , "T, .~ l \ - ~ .... ' \ , " '* 'J. ~. 'e 1 F .. , a" both be'tore, 1. , ~":_,:', '.;, 1, (LN~71, M,~, 0, • :' ". l ,~dUet1~ ru1ès ~II\Pl1ei~ ln Ita11an k1~sh1p te~m1no109Y re~leet' ,< • ," li , '. l' • \ l ~ . ,,,': 9èp.~'llZ .. tl0na. and, simplifications trom the ,Lat1n'system. The rules.' ;for , _. , .. , " 1 )1 l , , < " . ,, < , < " , è " " \ t . ' ' . l' ;. i g li • • ., • ;'" r t • , " . '''.i~: ;, 1 • ~'.,', t t: ! , , 1 t '...' .... _<"'------~~~--~'- '--.-.. ' t .. ! , ,( l' ) 22 o " cousins will again be used here: ÇI (RI) C2 SP - CSP (R2) CSp2 - CSP. The reduction 1denti fying a nephew with a grandson has been generaÜzed 1n two ways·Din Ital1an - 1t 1s appl1ed to n1eces as weIl as nephews, an& also , to the next generation below, so that a grandnephew/n1ece 1s also identif1ed w1th a great grandson/granddaughter: a CR3) CS _'Cl , in context G_t or GC_I. The most signiticant depart~re trom Latin, however, 16 the adoption of the ) equ1valence between spouse of sibl1ng and sibl1ng of ~pouse: (R4) Sr - rs. AS was pointed out earl1er, th1s rule also has implications for the extension of the terms for aunts, uncles, nephews, and nieces. It 1s stated tOf the purposes Qf the production grammar as a "one-way" rule 1 but it ls in tact an equivalence: sr - tS. B~th of the rules implicit, in th1s èquiva~ence ..,ould "be required to, l .. generate, for e~ample, MI:SP - MSrp - MSP - und e, and FCSt - FerS - FCS - niece; we.~ould also need the 1dentities IP - P and cr - C. The preeeding product10n grammar, ,and those that follow, are not capable of such '! , derivations, sinee they only produce consanguineous kinship descriptions o o for sùch terms,~s uncle. é, , • ,1 ~, b 1 , , " .. ,) , , , , " J' , , ' , 1 i '1 i ~ 1,~_,1~1;~~ • 1) '. • j ... o 23 ' .~ III --(PS1)--> 'GRI -~(PS3)--> IGRP, --(PS3)~-> IGRPPI -~PS6}--> tGPPPt --(LM20)--> IblsGPP, ·-(LM5)--> Ib1snOnnJI --(G1)--> Ib1snonnMI --(LM27)--> Ib1snonno. , .., Il' --(PS1)--> 'GR' --(PS3)--> IGRP. --(PS3)--> ,G~PP. --(PS6)--> IGPPPf -- (LM21 )--> tb1savolJI -- (G!)--> Ibisavo1MI -'~( LM27) --> .b1savo101 '~ " \ tKI --(PSl)--> ,GR, --(PS3)--> ,GRP, --(~S3~--> fGRPP, -~!PS4)--> tGSPP.f --(LM23)--> ,pcOGSPI --'(LM6)--> fprozïJI --(G2)--> Ipro_zin --(LH28)--> Iprozial o 'IK' --(PSl)--> fGR, --(PS4~--> ,GSI -"'(G')-;"> IJS' --{,GI)--> IMSI ~ i ',\ .. j '. --(LMIO)--> IfratellM' --(LM27)--> tfratellol ,f L • . , o ' , " IKI --(PSl)--> tGRI --(PS3)--> tGRP, --\.P~3)--> IGRPPI --'f~$3)--> IGRPPP, --(PS2)--> IGCRPPPI --(PS3)--> IGèRPPPPI --(PS2)--> .~tCRPPPPt , , ' , l, ~I ' ",;"CPS4):-> IG<;:CSPmi :-(R2)--> IGCCSPPPI '~~~R2)--> .GCC.SPP.: ... ·~(1~2)- .. > . / . : IGCCSPt '-- CRI )--> 'GCSP, -:- (LM?)--> .CU91nJ'\~- ;G2 )--> .'CU9in~~ ; ,~/~ ','" '. 1 1 (' Y ~ .' . . '. ',Y ,.J /' " " ./ ',' , -,- ,(LM28)-'-> Icug1na,' ';./;, ~ /' /1," ~ .. :\': ,tIC, . " " l ~.I"t' ~ t \ \ ~ ! '~ \ , ", ·1 r ", ,n1~te. , " I~ \ ' 'l l,Il, , , , , , , .' . , "" .., , , r , r '~i , " , , " , , , , . , ), 'f 24 , . IKI --(PS1\--> IGRI --(PS2\--> IGCRt --(PS2)-->"GCCR, --(PS4)--> 'GC~I -~(R3)--> IGCCCI --(LM24)--> IprOGCCI --(LM4)--> tpron1potel IKt --(PS7)--> 'GR'I --(PS9)--> IGS'I --(LM25)--> IGSastrl --(G?)--> IJSastrt --(G2)--> IFSastrt --(LMll)--> IsorellFastrl --(G9)--> tSOrellastrFI --(LM28)--> ,sorellastrat tKt --(PS7)--> ,GR'. --'(PS10)--> IGC', --(LM26)--> IGCastrl --CLMll)-->, tf1g1iGastr. --(GlO)--> .fig11astrJt --(Gl)-->~ig11a6trMI --(LM27)--> l , ,' , lf1gl1astrot' , , .' IKt --CP,sU--> • GR. --(PS4)--> IGSI --(PS13)~-> tGSr. -- (R4 )--> .GIS • --(LMl;);--> IcognatJ4 --(G2\-:-> IcognatF,,~-(LM28\--> Icognatal 0 , Q . , J " :.h -"'(PS7)--> IGR'. --(PSl'l }--> IGr. -- (G5 }--> .lJ.tt -- CG1 )--> IMU , 1 , ~:"I --(LM9) --> '!nad tHI -- (LH27) --> ,Ima'ritol \1" v ~"" ~ c (\\ ( d \ ..... -,. ,.. ,r, j", 1 <~' L\/ \, ',<;';;IKI :~:-(PS7)-4' IGR'I --lPSll)-'"> tGtt --I(LHal.--> tspoSJt --CGl)--> tt ll , ::~~,POSM. --C,LH21)-:--> .Sposot , , ,î l:':' , '\ L, t 'l'L/ , 1 " , , , , , ,1 1 , . 1 ," " , ' , \ " , . " , , " " l, " 1 1 f l, "," l, , ,c , , , ', '0, , 1 , ,. , ' , \ , " , , '" : : ~ 1. " , " __ A~' - . '. , " " , , . 't~y, ~ ~ l' ';l' ,l' 25 • o , " 2.3 Spanllh :'l Consa 'ne s R ations u , ~ ...... 4 Ml'· tatarabuelo 1 FI'· tatarabuela 3 Mp3 b1sabuelo 0 1 Fp3 b1sabue1a " 2 MSp2 Uo abuelo FSp2 Ua abuela Mp2 . abuelo 1 Fp2 abuela 1 MSp tio FSp Ua Ml' padre , 1 FI' madre 0 MS hermano FS , hermana MCSP" primo 1 FCSp prima -1 MC hilo FC hila MCS sobrino 1 , FCS sobrina -2 MC2 nieto FC2 nieta '/ 2 MC2S sobrino nleto 1 FC S sobrina nieta MCl .-'3 bisnieto 1 FC ' bisni,eta o .... 4, MC' tataranieto 1 FC· tataran1eta Steprelations 1 Ml" padrastro FI" madrastra 0 MS' hermanastro FS' hermanastra , , -1 MC' hijastro FC' hijastra AffinaI Relations - 1 Mpt ,suegro/ Fpt suegra/ padre poli Uco 1 madre poli~ica , 0 Mst/MtS cunado/ FSt/FtS cunada/ hermano polltico her.mana ~litica NStS/MISI concunado 0 Mt esposo Ft esposa Np[e consuegro Fpte consuegra i;i -1 NIC yerno/ FtC nuerai ',1 .. hijo pol~tlco '- -. hija politica ~ - - table S. .,...t.., liubi, feru , " • --- """',",,," . ",-..,,-,- ,),.~~""""l''f '4J1'f!;;;ffi"'m:;1§i'a1'fi.W!$$;w,-;:R~ ~ ..I...... /1 ~:J :.'1 ..dl"~~I~)""'~J. :"~l '~"'''~'~ .. d'' J~r,"."" li' ~ . -, , lo " 26 fil" __ Kinsh1p terminology in Spanlsh is s1mpler yet than ln Italian, an~ ls slmilar in many ways to both the Italian and Latin systems. The production grammar will reflect these similarities and simplifications. The provisional structure rules for consanguineous relations remain' unchanged: (PSI) K - GR ' '(PS4 ) R - S (PS2) R CR (PS5) R - C, before t (PS3) R - RP (PS6) R-p,afterG. The PS rules for affinaI and steprelations are aIso the same aoS for Italian except for the retention of the "cp-parent-in-law", and the ";; addition of the description of a\brother of a sibling-in-law: ? (PS7) K - GR' (PSI2) ( RI - pre (PS8) R' P' (PSI3) G - GI, before S. or Cf (PS9) R' S' (PS14 ) • - l', after GS or GP (PS1,O) R' - e' (PSI5) • - rs., after GS o (PSll ) Rf - t 0(PSI6) • - SI., after GI. Rules (PS15) and (PSI6) will yield GSrS and GISI, although only MStS and MES! will be realizable by kinship terms. The gender rules for ,t~ese kinship descriptions will reflect th1s 1mbalance. -- Because nearly a11 male-female paJrs of k1nsh1p terms share a co~n, stem, the gender rules w1ll be very few. The ft.rst t\lO rUle/.re· univers~l: (Gl) J - M (G2) J - F. , , As before, gender markers must be moved around the suffix -asti' 1 anç) thts must sometlmes be done separately for M and F: (G3) Mastr - astrM .(G5.. ) Gastr . .strJ. CG4) Fastr - astrF - (G6) GIC - JIC . ) " . 1 (~7) GP - JP, before t. 1 1 - .' , 0 (G8l GSES - MStS (G9) GISI - MESE ~ ,0-" " , ." 0 i{'I~II-~lill\<,)~~ "t • < , f) Il ., , 2.7 .. o YeL10lnuera and padrelmadre,are the only male-temale pat . , sinee there are no eorrespondlng kinship te~s. Gender~ are distributed in the formation ot terms for .SP2, CaS, and affinaI relations, ~o that we , \' alao need,these rulés: (GIO) (Gl2.) GPI .. JPI, (GI!) (GU) GIS JIS, aIl before •• The lex1co:-morphological rule's are r y s1mple for Spanish. only two word asslgnments a~e needed: (LMl) MP .. padre, (LM2.) FP .. madre, both,before t. The rest of the terms'can be aSBlg~ed stems, as follows: , (LM3) GC .. hiP, (LMl3) 'MS .. hermanM, (LM4) MC .. h1jM, rit Several stem assignments require multiple" rules because- they occur in terme vith distribution of genders. Where -astr ie {nvolved, the gender , , markers are treated d1fferently: , (LM27) HP .. padreM, (Ltf29) GS .. hermanG l " (LM28) FP madreF, (LM30) GC - hlj~, aIt before astr:., PreUxes lnd1cating degrees of removal can be asslgned more unUormly t,han -ln Italian: (LM3l) Gr· tataraGr z, '" Z , . • (LN32.) Gr' .. bisGr , before., w~ere r & C or P. • , " .3'" 1 , ." .~ .rkl. (' 11,1 Il , "r, ~' 1 \ II , ' cil , , à JI , ' " c , ! ,. o , " ,The terms' for qr.at aunts 1 uncle's,'" nephe30ls 1 ana nieces' are obta1necl -by ~ \ l' , , 1 1 I~ t ~ ,v L J ~f l , composing ~thet" t-erms: J l Ü ' ,(LM33) MS'" ,- MSP4MP2, (LM35 )' Mets ,;' MC~IMCl 1 2 (~M34): _ FSP2' ' .. "FSPIFPi " '(LM36l , ,Fe~ s .: , FCS,FC 1 . , "a~i betore t. , j ) li ,t b [ " ' The SlJt,f'ix -ast r c~n be asf!li'gneq moré qenefally to consanqutneoui terme, , " than in Ital~an~ , J , , " t) U 1 :J j r " (LM31) ~e ~ e;eastr, ].... h'r,e e 1; '1 1" G , , 1 ' . , the te,rminoloqy f(j)r af final relations a1so h~s a uni form ~trUctuX\e, which , .... ill be reflected by the rulea 'Illich:' generate, i.t. 0 However 1 sinee 'gendt-re 0 c ... _ .\ 'l' ,~ c- are distr1buted " in t~e 'tormatipn of these ter,m~, separat'e ruIee' f, mugt I\be " M , .. given for and F: , , J l' ,\ , , (L1438) MPt MP.poli tiÇM, betore 1 (t.M39 ) MSr MS,~polit~cM, ' beto"re 1 (LM40) MEe - MctQOl1 tieM 0 (LM41 ), FPr, ... FP'ipoli ticF , befote (LM42 ) l'sr FSlp611H,CF • , \ (LM43) Fre Fe'.pol itiCE. , , "co-parent-in-law"·,is formed in the same "ay as 1n Latin, at:\d . " "1 .. d ,the t~rm for brother or sibling~in-la .... anal~gously: ) (LM44 ) Gi't C - conGP r (LM4S) MUS -' coneunadM. , b , ' ,t , The la'st two 1ex1eo-morpholOgical crules as.sigh gender suffixes, and théS. ru les ~pply ~ven, more 1 universally' than :1n Italtan: (LM46)- M - 0, (LM47) F - a, betore,." rhe phonetic' rules required tor Span1sh in 'tact have general , , relevance in the language,' s phonetic system. They reduce " forbldde.,", diphthongs to sing~e vo.... elsl ~ - (Pll aa .. a " (1'2 ) ea - a (P3) oa - a. ~II • . : o These ru les are neces.ary because the 9rammar generates sucb :t~!ng.> •• ,tataraabuelo, .adreastra, and hermanoastro. ..... (' '. . , , , ., ... ~ ; ':~""':~- .0 II· r," 1 1 1 ~r ~ • j :: ,.~ 29 Thé Spanlsh system does,not employas many reduction rules as'e1ther of the prèyious tvo. The cousln reductions are still ln effect: (RI) Casp .... CSP (R2)• CSp2 - CSP. \ "The rules regarding \\slbllngs-ln-Iav dlfter silghtly from the othèr languages 1 (R3 ) ur - srs (R4) sr - rs, aftér G. Rule (R3) appl1es to the spouse of a ,616ling-ln-Iav; the context restriction on (R4) 16 necessary so that lt wll1 not apply to thls ~elatlon. The rule equating,nephevs vith grandsons ls ab,ent • ...,1. Derivation. 1" .,1 IKI --(PSl)--> 'GR' --(PS3)--> tGRPI --(PS3)-,."> IGRPPI --(:PS3)--> • ,GRPPP, --(PS6)--> tGPPPP, --(LM31)~-> l~at~raGPPI --(LM9)--> , ItataraaDuelJI --(G2)--> ItataraabuelFI --(LM47)--> Itataraabuel~. , . , --(Pl)--> Itatarabuelat a , ' , , , IXI' -:--CP51l=--> 'GRI --(PS3}--> IGRPI -"(P53)--> ,GRPPi --(PS4)--> "GSPP, --(GlO)--> IJSPP,"--(Gl)-~> IMSPP, --(LM33)--> IM~PIMPPI --(LM16)--> ,tiNINPPI --(LM46)--> ItlO1MPPt --(LMIOl--> ItlolabuelMI --(LM46)7-> "tUolabuelol - " 1 'XI --(PSll--> 'GR' --(,PS4,·:"> ,GS, -:'CLNl2.)--> 'herm,anJ' --(G2)--> Iherm&n.,,.. -- (LN47)--> Ih,rllanalIl. . l~' ~' :. , ' t l, "." Il l, , \ ... " __ 1 P\ ~ d 1 . .... ______.:..... __-'- __=---~_~~~ ... _. ~ ,-, , ..(,'l..r~ ... ~ .. " , ,~ ~, ~;.'1r:"- /< l.~ ,,~'}' a ,~ !.:~{1f~A'p;.r!)~'f~1)~~ , ,---- ;- r ',.1".... 'l' .... ::, "\ .", ,~ lO , o II JGJtI --(PS2)--~ IGCRI ~"'(PS3)--> IGCRPI.--(PS3)6·-> IGCRPPI --(PS3)--> IGCRPPPI --(PS2)--> IGCCRPPPt --(PS2)--~ IGCCCRPPPI --(PS4)--> ISCCCSPPPI ~-(Rl)--> IGCCSPPPt --(RI)--> -, IGCSPPPI --(R2)--> IGCSPPI.--,(R2)--> ,GCSPI --(LM22)--> Ipr1mJ, --(G2)--> tprimFI -~(LM47)--> Iprimal 1/ IXI --(PSl)--> IGR' --(PS2)--> IGCR, --(PS2)--> IGCCRI --(PS4)--> IGCCSI --(Gl'U--;> 'JCCSt --(G2)--> ,FCCS, --(LM36)--> IFCStFCq --(LM8)--> ,FCStnletFI --(LM20)--> IsobrinFlnletF, --{LM47)--> ( IsobrinalnietFI -~(LM4J)--> Isobrinalnletal IXt --(PS7)--> IGR'I --(PS8)--> IGP'I --(LM~7)--> IGPastrl --(G7)~-> o IJP8stri --(G2)--> IFPastrl --(LM28)--> ImadreFastrl --(G4)--> IXI --(P57)--> IGR'I --(PSI0)--> ,GC'I --(LM37\--> IGCastr, --(LM30)-->,' IhljG8stri --(G5)--> th1jastrJt --(Gl)~-> IhljastrMI --(LM46l--> Ihljastrot IXI --(PS1)--> .qR' --(PS4)--> IGSI -"(PSI3)--> "Gr,SI --_(LM24)--> , ' Icuiiad-J' --(,<;1)--> IcunldM, --(LM46)--,> .cunado. , , ' "'XI --(PSl)--> ,GR, --(PS4)-->.IGSI--(PS13)--> ,GU, --(GU)--> IJES, .':, --CGl)--> IMtSI --(LM39)--> tMSIpolit1cMI --(LMl3)--> .hermanw.pol1tlCMI, --(~W46j--> Ihermano'Pol1tlcM, --(LM46)--> o thermanolpo11ticol , .. " . .â .... \00- ,. ~ , .... " ". " " 31 , " --t'S7)-->,'GI', --('SU)--> IGE' --('S16) .. -> IGEst. --(13)--> ,i,~. ~ 0' ... \ . .concunadM, -~(LM46)--> ... ',' ,--{'S7)--> 'GI'I --('S12)--> ,G'IC, --(LM44)--> ,conG'rt --(LM23)--> 'K' , . ,r ') c, , ,consuegfJ, --{G2)--> ,consueqrFI --CLM47)--> tconsueqral r, '\ '" > ( \ ., (l C oc " ," - s i, -- " .c" , ~ ) - " "~ , i " ' ,,'" '. d ' . ' " ~I ," t, j .~. J~ ., ..... ,., - 1 ~ ~.t •.~:""r'...,~ t",#"''!.''.\~'.,'~,. "u., . J "r .. - . o " 32 2.4 F~nch Consanguineous Relations MSp·+Z (ar,rlère-) Igrand-oncle 1FSP I+ ~ (arrière-) ft grand-tante MPI+2 (arrière-) a grand-père Fp·+:Z (arrlère-)ngrand-mére 3 MSp3 arrlère-grand-oncle FSps ar~ière-grand-tante Mp3 arrlèr~-grand-père FP' ar ière-grand-mère . 1 , 2 MSp2 .grand-oncle FSp2 grand-tante Mpz grand-Jlère FPZ grand-mère .. 1 1 ~SP oncle FSP tante MP père 1 'FP mère 0 MS frère FS soeur MCSP cousin 1 FCSP cousine -1 MC Jils FC fille MCS neveu FCS nièce 1 - -- -2 HCz petit-fUs FCz peti te-fiEe o MC2S petit-neveu 1 FCzS petite-nièce. -3 MC.~ arrière-petit-fils FCl arrière-petite-fille 3 MC S arrière-petit-neveu 1 FC'S àrrtère-petite-nlèce ! Mcn+z (arrière-)Ipetit-fils /Fcn+2 (~rrière-)~pe~ite-fille MC·+2S (arrière-)npetit-neveu Fcn+zs (arrière-)ftpetite-nièce , . . Steprelations 1 'Jo . 1 HP' beau-père FP' belle-mère , 1 \ 0 MS' dem1-fdre 1 FS' demi-soeur • ? -1 MC' beau-fUs 1 F-C' bel,le-Ulle - Affinai Relations 1 MPI beau-père 1 ! FPt belle-m"re 0 MSr/MU beau-frère PSUFIS' belle-soeur MI 'poux PI 'pouse , 1 1 -1 MEC "beau-fils/gendre FIC belle-f_ lle/bru 8 . 1 , "1 'Iabl. t. , ,, f, .., ' , :"... ~ " , 33 rr.nch kl~.hip termlnolQ9Y displays som, rfmarkable depàr~ures trom th. Latin. The Most notable ot these is the system for denoting linea1 anc.stors and descendants, upon vhich the correspond1ng English term1nQlogy vas modelled.' For the t1rst , Ume, ve see a terminology - ca~able of re'terrlnq to a pot'entially 1nU·nite nUlnbe'r ot relaUons, by a o recursive scheme. The provisional structure rules for consanguineou's tel~tions remain the same, but in French, as ~n English, aIl of the kinship descriptions generat~d viII be re~lizable by kinsbip term~: (PSI) Je - GR (PS4 ) R -' .g-- (PS2) R - CR (PS5 ) R - C, betore • (PS3) R RP (PS6) R .. P, after G. The same af,final and steprelatione are generated as in Italian: (PS7) Je - GR 1 (PSU) R' - t (PS8) R' P' (PSI2 ) G - GI, in context (PS9) 'R' ~ S'Ii' '_S. or ,_CI • (PSIO) RI - C' (PSI3 ~ l ,- Il, after IGS or IGP. Because ma'le- female pairs of kinsh1p terme are not so uniform as 1n .ither Italian or Spaïnish, \ the gender rules for French ,viII be more compÜcated. ' Ttie tiret tvo are fam111ar:" l' , J - M " (G2) J .. F. POr the above reason, the gender markèrs vill need to be chan~~d for~" several pairs of termsz " (G3 ) GP - JP~ (G6) GE: ~ JI, CG4) GS - JS, (G7) GSP .. JSP, ' ' .. (5) (Ga) ' ", , all ~ lA l GC - Je. .r GCS JCS, before,. t- (G9) GCI JC 2 , betore • or '\ SI· , ' '1," , l . " , 1 • l ' l,' (GlO) GtS Jts (G12l GPt - JPt. (Gll) GEC - nc \ 1', Ind ••d, th. only pai-ra of terma that do ahare cOllllon stella are fils/fille,"" ,: ~. \ ") ~!" ~ ." . , , , 34 cousin/cousine, and époux/épouse. Thus the use of gender markera la less appropriate for the French termlnoloqy than for the ôther i languages. \ The lack of male-fema!e 8~mmetry also affects the th~ . nature of 1exico-morpholoqlcal rules. More cpmplete words are asslgned, and only two stems: ~ (LMl) MP - père, (t.1lrS) FSP - tante, (LM2) FP - mère, (UI9) MCS - neveu, (LM3) MS - frère, ~LMlO) FCS - nièce, (LM4) FS - soeur, (LMll ) Gt - épouJ, , .' (LMS) MC - fils, (LM12) Mt - mari, (LM6) FC - fille, (LMl3 ) Ft - femme, (LM7) MSP - oncle, all before 1- (LMl4 ) GCSP - coustnJ, in' context 1_1'. l, (LMlS) MtC - gendre ' (LM16) FtC - bru • ~ .0 , prefixes, onc~ agato, denote~ degrees of generational removal, but here they 'can be added re<:=ur'stvely: Q , (LMl7) ~~'2 "':\9rand-GP, , (LMlS) G~'p2 ,- grand-GSP, ,before 1· " , (LM19), ' MCl - petitM-MC, .. '" (L!'t2,O ) FCl - petitF~FC, before • or ,SI.' 3 , (LM2Ï) GC - arri,re~GC2 : c , " '. (LMl2) Gp3_ arrière-GP~ , \ (1M23)" ' GSP3- arr~ère-GSP2" 'r ,,' " (, ~ \ f , , Most of' ,the non"consanguineous" ternis are also formed by adding prefixes ri, ~ , -, " ~ , ' ' 1 (the other ,terms',' for, s~epreiat1ons 'will be formed later by reduetton " • l' ~ Ij t ~ l' " , " litrules,):' .. ",;.", l, ,1 ,~" " ' , ' t ~ \ ~.... ' • • ., '\ "(,tM24:r 'Ml't;" 'beau-MP (LN28) MEC - beau-MC " , , " (tM2S) h 'FPE :.. bel,le-PP (LM29) fEC - b~l1e-PC < 0 '0 (LM30) l"'l -' lloM26-\ ~t,S - 'beau::t4'S GS' .. dem1-GS.' / Il, 0 .,' J ~ .. ; ,,-. :' (LM21\ .PotS '. 'bell'e-PS t'j : 1 • , " , " :,-' .,-'~'.:", ~ • 1 , . '. , 1 1 l' ~ , t 0, , , , , ' ; i , - , , ~ ...\';""" N" ... ~ !.I"U .~, ", ~ ~ s'''~ i '. ~ !.. 1 \' ",' l r' , ~ r ( " 1 •• , . ". • , , l ' " ., " ' 1.- ,1 , , , l, , l , , \ , " , 35 1 • , " ' . , , "f) , ( , . l '\fe mus.t ass1gn ma6cui1~e, and. femini'ne end,ings: ,.', •• t1y, ' ! ' i' , , (,L,M31) M x, after ,épou \ , (LM~2) 1 M ,,. k, after petit, tcou~in (LM33 ,) F se, alter ,épou f t t t (LMl4) 'F è", a~ter J?etH I .cousi'n. " , , , l' l , The reduct 10n ruiles employea ih the French terminolog~,are dl~ere~~ '. , , " , ç' 1 trom both ~he Latin and 'the o,tl:le~. lanC]uâ'ges ....e navt! consideree! so far. < , , , Thos-e govern1ng cous1nl$ ~n4 slblings,-Ù'''law still hold: t ' 1 ( ...... "'~.\ \ (R!) (R2 )' CSp2 ... csP , " "'" , . . (R3 ) sr rs , p As ~n sp~n1~h# lthe ' rule concern1ng nephews and grandsons 1s ,àbsent', \ although for a' di fferent' l'ea~on ;"" ln French the for~c terms for 0, 9randc~il~ren have bee~,replaced~~ .... hiie in Spanfsh 1t .... as the ter'l'lS' foi , , , , t ' t, t, ~ ç " j , ' r " ne~~e .... ~nd niece that chanqed. , '"", " , 1 i ':0". . J ',l' <;> 1 v 1 , " ~hèr~ , are', two :,other r~d'~cti:on ,tul~~ (' of in~etest, - 'the~ call \' l , il lI" , l' , " steprelations, in-~a .... s: ,el " " ,t 1 \-' \ , 1 " , , ;.' j , • , l~, ' , , , , 1 C~) " CI -, rc 'CRS) pl _' 'p,t. ~...... , " \ , , , . ,\ '" , , , 1 the clrammar. \ '1 , ' " , , , 1 ~. , 0,'. ' \ ' ... " :', " ! Ô 1 " , Il l " \" ;;" , ,','- j , , , , ., '1,1 Il e ! , ~ , , , , 'II ij . " C \1 t ~ 'l' : .' ! " , ; , ' 1 'l '\ , : ~t IJ ~,t l, {' t \ " " ' : 1.,\ ~ 1 t ~ '1 1 " t'" \ \ ' , ' ." 1 l ~ r 1 ~ • " \ , 1 ; '1 w , l" , , ç /,', , l' , ~ , , t! 1 ~ .., l ' , '. ~ , , , ,,1 " '\ 1.. t ,'\ . . ' , t '.{ .' , ' 1, l' " , \ ,;" , ' 1, I,~ 0, '. ' t il' " ' ,o • 1 • \ ' .' .' , " , ", 1 .: ',1 il , " , .\ '\ ' , l, co, 'l'" , ' __ ~~ .. r .. ~ ',J;; \ ;1'l1-.lfl.,;'l\'.... "j.,.,'W'~ ..,I' "',~" ,~~~~~~·~;i'!~~~~,~1, .... ~ ',...,.. , \ ,',' ',', ~ 1, 1 ~ rll~ J" ~.! "~.;', (\ \', "'l. , ,, 1 ! t ,"'1 i' c " ,\ 36' ,'\ , , , , o 8..,1. Der~vatloft. , " r , , " IKI --{PSI)--> IGRI ~-(PS3)"'':> tGRPt --CPS3)--> IGRP!, --(PS3)--> IGRPPP. --(PS3)-->, IGRP.!PPI --(ps3)--> ,GRPPPPP,;t --(PS3)--> IGRPPPPPPt -- (!S4 )-->, tGSPPPPP,t -- (LM2.3 )--> tarrière-GSPPPPPI --(,LM2.3 )--> . , . , larr1ère-a~rière-GSPPPP, --(LM23)--> l' , ' tarrière-arrière-arrière-GSPPP, --(LM23)--> " , tarrière-arrière-arrière-arrière-GSPPI --(LMlS)--> , . larrière-arrière-arrière-arrière-gtand-GSPI --CG7)--> : ' l ' \ ' larrière-arrière-arrière-arrière-grand-JSPt --CGl)--> , , .arrière-arrière-arrière-arrière-grand-MSPI --(LM7)--~ , ' tarrière-arrière-arrière-arrière-grand-oncle., 0, , ' 1t " o l 1 .KI --(PSI )--> .GRI, --(PS3)--> IGRP. ":-(~f3)--> .GRPPI --CPS'6)-t> IGPPPI , -- CLM.22) --> lar,rière-GPPt '-- (LM1? )--> la:rr'iêr~-:grand":GP': ",- {G3)--> , \ ' iar~ière-grand-JP".. --(G2)--> larrière-grand!,;,FEï' '~-{LM2)--> , " ,arrière,grand-mère. , . , \ IKI -':,(fSl)--> IGRt --(PS3)-,-> .GRil --(PS6)--> IGPff --(LM17):-,-> " ~ " " '--. ' , , ,grand-GPI -- (G3) --> .. grand-3Pt· - .. (.tn )--> Igrand-MP. -- Ù,.Ml ) ... :-> " .' , , l' .grand-père, . ' , i ",; '! " ' , , , \ ','1 'IKI -- (PSI )--> 'GR' ',-- (,PS4 )--> ,G'S. "''':(G4 )--> l':;SI -- (G2 )--> ',FS' l, l, ,~I.I 1 ! ~ 1 b 1 1 , ,'.1 , , 1 _..: «LM4 )--> ,soeurt , ') t ~ 1 1 l' , , , ,1 , l' 'f 1" \ ~I " l 'l 1 , " , \:1 1 • l " l " , 1 ,,, , , , ' ' , t 1 ' , t • '1 , , " 1 1 "10 , 'l , " !L "'", " l , 1 \ , ('1 t\ l"ll ,( I~" ,';' y~ \ ,'. ,,1"" :,..."J,;.t", J.-"',;~~.1" " '/"1 , , . i:r~I'~ , r". , \ ..' 37 ,ICf, --(PSl)-->:~GRt --(PS2)--> ,GCRt --(PS2)--> ,GCCR. --(PS'4.)--> 'G~CS' -~iG9)-~> ,JCCSI --(Gl)--> tMCCS, --(LMl9)--> tpett~M-MCSt , ' l , " , -- (LM9 )--:> 1 tpetitw!'1)eve,UI -- (LM32 )--> ,petit-neveu. -- , ,Kt --(PSl)~-> tGR. --(PS2)--> 'GCR, --(PS2)--> ,GCCR, --(PS2)--> :', ,GCCCRt --(PS~)--> ,tGCCCCRI ~-(PS5)--> .~CCCCC, --(LM2l)--> " , ----tarrtè~e-GCCCCI --(LM21)--> ,arrière-arrtère-GCCC, --(LM2l)--> tarrtère-arrtère-arrièr,e-GCCt :-~(G9)--> , tarrtère-arrtère-arrtère-JCCf -~(G2)--> tarrière-.arrtète-acrtère-FCq" ~ --fJ:;M20) ,.-> .arri'~~-arrtère-~rrière-petttF~FC*,(~JLM6)--> , , , t~r~tère-arrière-arrière-petttF-f111e., --(LM34)--> 1 1 ~ , '4~rt1ére-atr1è~e-arfi~re-petite-f~11e, \ 1 : 1 , " " , --(R!)--> IGPrl --(G12)~->,.JP[~ -- (LM'l )--; tbe,all-p,ère, , \ , .,' " , ' I,-,! , " \ \ 1! 1 l ' \, \' ~ 1 ',t~t l';'-('PSU--:> 'G~., --"c.psM:'->',~G~1 --~PS13),-"'> , \ 1 1 1 l' 1 1 1 \! ,1 t l'" 'c! l , 1 ,'--'(Gl ):_,->' tt:fPtt _..: (t..,24 )..:'..>', ,beau-MP, -- èL~l)--> Ibeau-père, , ' 'l' l ,1 1 l ,l, '1\ 1\ Il, ." \ " ,t \ 1 \ 1 1 \ ,,' , ,11 l' " , , l', r ~ ~, ., 1 " , l " ~ 1: \ } " , " ;1,) ~, \ ! 1·, ' \ 1 ~ [ l' /, 1,' <: 1 ~ l , ' 1 l',' c,. ',L, l ' 'l' l' ) 11 '1 . ' , l' 'l' " ' l' ' ,C, " " ' , " ~L l ' , ....,' ''/'- ,1 \ _ ,'" '~ .. Tt ~illJt'" ''''q~lf ,;1'IOI!!"~~~'f\~.!lh or "t'C!lJf ...... ~ , r rl!~' 1" ~ ~ ~ , 38 o i ' tltt --(PS1)-.. > ~GRt --(PS5)--> .GCI --(P~l2.)--> IGtC' --,(Gll)--> ,.Hel ,, . ' , \ 1 (' -,CGl)--> IMtel --{LMlS)--> 4gendre, , . , " • 1 1 \, , , , , , • , ' , , " ' _ i , .' " '. ,. ." 1 l Q , , , " " , , \1" '.' l, - , " ••, 1 ~, 1 ~ "t - 1 I~ " "·r'·°'tl:tj ,r 39 ~ '2.6 Romania" 1 Consanguineous Relations 3 MP', . str~bunic 1 FP' str~bun1cl 2 MB2 bunic/tatl mare 1 Fp2 bunicl/maml mare , . 1 MSP unchi FSP mltusl • 0 MP tatl 1 FP " maml' 0 trate FS , sorl MS 1 MCSP vlr/verisor FCSP varl/verifjoarl , . " 1 - - -1 MC fiu FC filcl MCS nepot "1 FCS nepoatl ~ -2 MC2 nepot 1 FCz nepoatl -3 MCl strlnepot' , 1 FC' strlnepoaU, Steprel~tions 1 1 MP' tatl vitreg 1 FP' maml vi tregl 7 \ 3 0 MS' frate vi treq 1 ,pS' \ sorl vitregl -1 MC' fiu vitreg 1 FC' fHcl vitregl , , Affinal 'Re\!ti~ " . 1 MPt, socru 1 FPt socrl -- " 0 MSt/M[S cumnat FSt/F[S cumnat~ Mt SOt t Ft sO~ie/nevasU MPtC cuscru FPtC cuscrl n -1 MtC gimtre 1 FtC nora .,ab1. 5., --.nian Kin.hip 'hra. Q Rext to Itàlian, Romanian ia the closest language to Latin with regard ta k1n8~1p terminology. The Moat notable difference" between c ' Rom~n1an and the other languages ia the prese~ce of Slavic influences-in 1 the formation of terms. .., ~ " tO o The prov1s10nal structurè rules are the same as thoae u•• d for ~ French, ~xcept for the addition of the "co-parent-in-Iaw" relationt. (PSI) K • GR (PS4) R - S (PS2.) R • CR (PSS) R - C, before •. CPS3 ) R • RP (PS6) R - P, after G. (PS7) K • GR' (PSU) R' • t (PS8) RI • P' (PSl2.\ , " R' - PtC (PS9) R' - S' (PSI3) G - Gt 7 belore Sf or CI (PSIO) R' C' (PSU) • - tt, after GS or GP. The gender rules are fever in number than 1n French. We reta1n the i tirst tvo rules: j (Gl) J • M . (G2. ) J - F. , Gen~ef markers need to be changed in several cases, either where no common stem '1s p~esent, or where a distribution of genders occurs: (G3) - GP • JP, (G6) GSP - JSP, ' (G4 V" • GS • JS, (G7) Gr "l:, JE, a11 before t. 0 (G~), '. GC· JC, (G8) GP' - ,JP' (GIO) GC' - JC' '. (G9) GS' - JS' (G!'I) GrC - 'J,lC. t-';I"I\' Rule (G7) 16 necessary te, allow the generation of nevastl, ~lthough no corresponding term will be generated for Mt • The lexico-morphological./' rules for Romanian are relatively simple, ~egi~ning vith word and stem ass1gnments: . (LMI) MP - tatl, (LMS) MC - Hu, (LM2.) FP - maml, (LM6) FC - fHcl, (LM1 ) MS .' frate, (LM7) MSP - unch1, (LM4) FS ~ sora, (LM8) FSP -: mltusl, a11 before 1. (LM9) MEC - g1nere (LMIO) PtC - nora. , /' (LMll ) GP2 - bunicJ, (LM15) GCSP - varJ, (LMl2.) GC2 - nepotJ, (LM16) GCSP - verifOrJ, (LMl3 ) - Gt - SO~J 1 (t.Ml7) GPt .. aocrJ, (LMl4) Ft - neval!.tl, a11 befon 1· o CLMl8) "GPtC - cuscrJ (LMl9) GIS - cUllnatJ. t' .. .. 41 , ) o ROmaniàn il poor in t_rminology for great-grandparents and gra~dc~ildren; ~ ~ ~ henee the rule. governing these terms a~e ve~y simple: , b (LM2.0) GP' strlGP2, (LM2.2.) GP2 - JPI!:"are, (LM2.1) GC' - strlGC2, a11 "before ,.' The terlfts for steprelaUons-, are also very simple, and càn', be asslgnecJ by , ' , " general rUlel: fl . , (LM23) Me' M81~1tregM, (LM24) Fe' - F8.v1tregF, whère 8 c, P, Si or'C. Ail that remains is to assign'suff1xe~ accorqlng to gender: , , . (LM2S) M - )., after I:unic; ,cumnat, nepot, ISo~, ,vlr, Iveri,cir; Ivitreg (LM2.6) M - u, after Isocr, Icu,cr (1.M27) F - l, alter buntc, leumnat, feuser t nepot, 110er, _var, Ivert,or,. Ivttreg (LM28) F - te, "fter ISO~. . ~ ", The phonetic rules needed for ROmanian serve, to add or' 'change the qual'1ty of vowels: , (Pl) nepoU ,- nepoatl ' {P3 l, norl - nora " . (P2.) vert,orl - veri,oarl" (P4) vlrl ::- varl. , , The reduction rules employed tn the Romanian system aye almost , '" " , ldentleal to those of ttal1an. AS before, the first three rules are ',the same: '.' "l', .. (RI} - CaSp CSP (R2) "cspa";, CSP:., ' , \ (R3) sr - [S. ROllantan has also adopted ~he "grandchUd/nephew.' re~ucUon trom. Latin," " ' ,. " although here tt requlres a d1fferent context restr,ct1on>tha~ in Italian: : _ r (R4 )' CS - ca, in cbntext G '1. , - Thé rule has been generalized, in that it appl1es to both" nteces and , ' ,. . neph.ws: but lt does not apply on, generation below as in It411an. ".o , o r , = = \ L \ .~'" -, "L 1 f' , " " ~I ft • \ Il L ~ o ... :,...., .aapl. Derivation. , , III --(P,Sl)--> IGRI :'-(PS3}--> IGRPI,:--CPS6\--> "GPPI<:-(L~l)- .. > tbUnicJI --(G2)--> tbunlcFI --(tM27)-->'tb~nlclt . - IKt -- (PS1)--> IGRI -,. (PS3 )--> IGRPI .- (PS6)--> tGPPI .,- (LM22.)--> IJP.marel -.l.(G2)--> ,FPlmarel --(LM2)--> Imamllmar'el IKI --(PS1):"_> IGRI -- (~S3 )--,>' IG,RPI -- (PS4 )--> tGSPt --(G6)--:>' IJSPI --{Gl )-->, IMSPI -- (L~7)--> lunchil , , ' \ ~ IKI --(PSl)-->" IGRI --(PS3)--> IGRPI --(PS2)--> IGCRPI --(PS4)--> IqesPI o --(LMlS)--> Iv~rJ, --(GI)--> IvlrMI --(LM2S)-->, Ivlrl , ... • KI --(PS1)--> 'GRI --(PS2)·-> ,GCRI --(P52)--> .GeeRI --(PS2)--> , IGCCeRI --(PS3)--> IGCCeRPI --(PS3)--> IGCCCRPPI --(PS3)--> IGCCCRPPPI --(PS2)--> IGeeeCRPPPI --{PS4)--> IGCCCCS~PPI --(Rl)--> IGCCCSPPPI --(R2)--> IGeeCSPPI --(RZ)--> IGCeCSPI --(RI)--> IGeCSPI --(Rl)--> , tGCSPI --' (LM16)--> IveriforJI --{G2 )--> IverlforFI -:(LM27 )--> 'j~ .verlforll --(p2}--> Iveri,oarll " , , IKI --(PS1)--> 'GRI --(PS2)--> IGeRI --(ps.)--> IGeSI --(R4)-->' IGCc;. ," --'{LMl2 )--> InepotJI --(Gl ~ .. _> InepotM, --{tM25 )--> Inepotl " e- , , , . \." rr ~~ " 1 ; , "'- ~1 -1 ••• ••• ,1 43 , " , 8 tX' --(PSl)'--> ,GRI --(P52)-->' ,GCRI '--(P52)-> ,GCCRI --(PS5)--> ,GCCCI 9 ,0 - ... .<1.H211--> ,strlGCC, --CLMI2')--> ,strlnepotJI --CGl )--> Istr.lnepotM' .. -- (1.M25')--S. ,strlnepot, ! ' IK' ·-(PS7)--> 'GR" --(PS9)--> ,GS', --(G9)--> ,JS', --(G2)--> IPS't ~ " . -r(1.M24)-->. ,FS,vltre9F~ --(LM4)--> ,sorl,v1tregF, --(1.M27)--> , . ,Iorllvi tregl, IKI --(PS1)--> 'GR, --{PS4)--> 'GSt --(PS14)--> IGSE, --(R3)--> IGES, --{LMl9)--> IcumnatJ, --(G2)--> .cumnatF, --(1.M27)--> Icumnatl, " "'Kt --(PS7)--> 'GR', --(PS11)--> 'GE' --(LM13)--> ISO~JI -·(Gl)--> t ,sO~MI -"'(LM25)--> 'SO~ .. '"'- 'K' --(PS7)--> ,~R', --(PS~1)--> IGt, --(G7)--> ,Jtl --(G2)--> ,Ftl --(1.M14)--> ,nevastl, -' 1 J, l, ,0 1 t , '1 , -' ,a , " p \ ,0 1 " , ,1 ../ ~ l ,.' 1.'~... ~~~~kw.~,l 1 ., , de.veloped grammara to genetate the var10us terminologies, it will be weIl to examine how they evolve~ tr~-the Lati~, and how this evolution is reflected by the grammars. What tollowa i5 a sketch of how different subsets of the terminology developed in the variou& stages of Latin, to eventually result in the modern terminoloqies. Etymologieal information is naturally the most scarce for the Latin terms, but the major developments have been fair~y weIl documented. Thé terms given 1n Table 1 actually represent a hybrid between classical and , post-classieal latin. AlI of these terms were in 'general use during or 1 , 1 before the elassieal period, with the exception of socerio, sororius, and nepos, in the sense of "nephew." The latter was tirst used in this sense 'about 200 A.O., and the double meaning extended to neptis some time later: Socerio is a dim'inutive of socer<, and sorori us was derived trom soror, by analogy vith fratria. Many of the original terms are also diminutive. or ',derivat1.ves of others: avuncul us «avus) , patruus «pater), matèrtera • «mater), patruelis «patruus) , amitinus/a «amita). Patruelis ta a truncation of frater/soror patruelis, whieh have the same meaning. T~ most notable, changes in the terminology in mediaeval Latin were the shift ln meanlnq bf nepos/n,ptis, and a .lmPllflc:~on of the ter•• for aunts and uncles, avunculus and amita extending ir scope at the \, f ' expense of and respectively, to denote the sibl1ngs of , patruus, matertera, either parent., In his seventh century treatise on alogy,' Isidor of . 'Seville a~ill distingu1shes the four terml, but also a 11es the prefixe. < • • pro-, sb-, sd-, tri- to them as wellias to the terms to l1nea1 relation., , ." ( .. ~' ' ) 45 so that, for example, patruus maior (MSMP') becomes propatruus. The grammar could be'modlfled to account for the above changes. Rule (G12) \t'ould be deleted, and' (R3) ...,oÛld become (R3' ) GCS - GC~, before J. If ve vlshed to elimlnate patruus and matertera,...,e vould delete (GI), ( 1.M26 }, 1 (LM28 ), add (G16) GSP - JSP, , , , ,and slmpllfy rules (LM35) - (LM43). Adopting lsidor's version of the l " terminology, on the other hand, ...,ould simply involve genera1izing rules The most frequently used" kinship terms - those denotlng the "primary" ç relations - have eurvived longest trom .Latin. The terms in the modern 1 '" \1 . languages for puents, slbl1ngs, and chi"lqrèn are aIl directJdescendants e , Of ,the Latin terms,' vith the exception of the Romanian tatl, maml, vhlch originated as pet names. The Spanish hermano, hermana originated in '\.'. '~~t frater germanus and soror germana, denoting """hole siblings i" t~e orlg~nal ~\"" \ n~unl \t'ere, eventually dropped, and the adjectives retained, as in the ,formation of patruelis. The terma for linea1 ancestors and descendants have undergone some chan~ea from the Latin, although.mainly only in the last fev centuries. " ~vUSlavia. survive today only in ~he Spanish abuelola and the Italian, bis,volol" trisavolola, although French has' archale terms aieul(~), '; l1is,,ieul(e) , trisaieul(e}. Nonno/a, vhlch began as pet names, have ,. , 'replabed the orlg~nal Italian terms avo, ava. The Romanian bunic, bunicA ar~ a1.0 ~t namea, derlved f~om bun, "good." French vas the flrat language to siqnlflcantly alter the Latin system of prefixes denoting '''t''', ~~ c .. t~~.lr'" '!ft<'l' r~r~$"'lt:~}f\1f'~~X4:l%~fr~~,~:"~~... ;:.. ' n ~ ~,,~ ~ 1 ' degrees of generational removal, introducing grand-pèrè in the tvelfth century, vhich aIl but replaced aïeul by the sixteenth century. Grand-mère came 'into use about 100 years after grand-père, and the use of the prefix arrière vith these began in the seventeenth century. The o Romanian ta'tl mare, maml mare are modelled on the nev French system, màte meaning "great, 1arge." The Latin nepos, neptïs, referring to grandchildren, gave rise to the corresponding terms in Italian, Spanish, and Romanian, a1though again nev . ' prefixes are used. An exa~p1e i5 the Romanian strl- (trom the Latin extra), which appl1es to grandch1.ldren as well as grandparents. Tlië new French terminology ,for 0 grandchlldren was formed by analogy .,,1 th, grand-père, etc., although it originated somevhat 1ater - pet i t -t,il $ 1~ . , , ", " the fourteenth century, and petite-fille five hundred years later, a:1'0n9 o " {" 6 ~ith the use of arrière vith both of these. The terminology for nieces and nephevs ls closely linlted ,to that ,for," , '1 grandchl1dren, since the tvo vere not distinguished in later Latin." Ita11an and Romanian retain derivatives of nepos vith double meanin9~~, but in Spanish (derived from a variation on sobrinola sObrlnusla, , consob'dnus)'Il,' , , .' replaced the prototypes of nietola to denote nie,ce a~d n.ephe~:', Neveu, nièce survive in French, ~but vith only o~e',~.an'ing:~' due :' t9"",th~,,,,tn~è~t10n \ ' . ' - 1 ti ' " of the nev terms for grandc:hlldr,èn. f ' , .. rl ~\ '1 'li < .', , . ~ , "/: ~,' " , Aunts and uncles are denoted ln, Fren~h 'and Rom~lan"by :terms d,rivect·, , ,~ • ' , , ,( , 0 ,,' ~' 1 • ~ 1" ,'C l' frolll avuncul us and ami ta" '~ut ,th,." t~al1,~~ " ~nd.; ~~an~8h, tfrms c~e ': fÎ::0111 a'.' dUferent' source, th~ Gte~k 9t,6,,;iÙ,;i, .' meanl~9 "unele"' aN! '" Ifaunt:" '\ ~. _: "i l ,~ , \' , 1 respectively. ln' lâter Latin th • .'·t~r~' thi us did ap~ar~ for "un!=le." 'the .., J t, 1 J r ~ '1 ~ ~ " ':l 1 'method used ln ; .spanilh to ,.',de'noté' great' aunts Alle! une!e. ' ,ta a unique ,~ " 1 j " ,., , ' ' " • , ~ ( , , : \' • ',1 , , Q , '" , ' , " , ;'.~ • l' ~ 1 1>- ;' " ,\ 1 .. '" t 1 1 \. ' ~ 1 ....~... :._::_. ____ ~--"_'__ __(_.~' ... ~"__': !~'-,-,-,,:1~~~~~;' "~',~::. '~~ ",,_. '. '. ' ". .',. " . . A.,,_ ";~; -"'li"o"" " , .. ,~ " , "" -.. ~ ~- "" ""~~ ..~ ~"":"f~-~) l, " . " , , , , ' \ " ' , 1 , " ( ,... ~ ~ \ ., ~c. l ~ aeparture trom the prefix system;' it also applles to gr~ndnephèws and' 1 n t( !.-J __ grandniecea. The terme to~ cousins ln, Itali~' and,French are dertved' !rQm the , , ",hich eventuall'y p~truelis, -etc. Latin consobrinus, auppl,'ante~ amitinus, , , , , , , ~ . as a general term tor cousins. The ·spani~h 'pri~o/~ cornes from ~ "c .. consobrinus/a primus/a, formed in th~ ~ame mannér' as ~ermano/a. The R'omanian v~r, vad werè also formed ln th~s w,ay ~ b~he' 't,erm <,,,as ,originally , . cusurin v~r, or "true Co.u~lh,~' trom aonsobrinus verus. Veri~or, and 0 veri~oara are dlmlnÙtlyes. The modern tetminology, for aff~nal' ,~n4 st'epr,elat1on~ has changed lonie'wba ~ f rom t he La t. ~ ~, a) t houg~ mos t of the components of the v~r10UB , , " terma are' Latin-based. ',The terms socer/socera and gener/nuius aIl have " ;. ~ , .. -:<1 t fi, f' 0 '.l , • ~n~tes" in ,~ttalian, 0 S'panlsh, '.< and 'R?manian', band t~e b term.s for . , . < \ ~ , ~ l,e , <:\, ~ '1" ; ",,',,,, "c?;:"'par.el'l~'8-1Jl"Iaw"' have.been adopted by t~i!;,latter t ....o. varlous ) n "\ t: , \ (l '; 1 0 \) t ~ ,-;. _,;; , Latin' terms', , tor, ~ibl1ngs-iJl-la",,', hQwever, did ,not survive - they were \ " , b ~, ," , , " ,teplacèd ln 'alI three lanquac]es by derl~at1ves of cognatusla, "relative;" " , t ~ l r.. , 0 , " .' , ta ~en~te t~e'slbIlng~ln-law relatio~ in its new; broader'sense. ~, . The, French terms tot, atfinal relations,.' other than gendre, bear 0 8 littte resellblance to, the Latin. Bru, whlch ' ls 'of, German or191n, came oc, () 0 ). t ' il:!to use in the,'~ .... elfth century 1 eventually replacing the older noro. The , " .other LaUn-based, terms began to d1sappear .... ith the lntroQuct,lon of the Q 1 p~,ef1x" beaU/belle, vlth siml1ar tunction ta the Engl1sh -in-la", betveen o " , the ,thl.rteenth ,,and sixteenth cent'urles. Th~ suffix poUtico/a i·n Spanish .efve. a at_Uar purpose, although 1t 1~ not uu.d '. for steprelations, and o the ..ltern~te, olJler terlt. are sUll 1'n use. , " , o There are several te"r-s for spouses ln most ot the languaqes; they Q L ~~" ~~-!~ ';il" ...... __ ... ___ .... ______---0. __ -...... _...:-. __ •... : ~,~~ ~ .'~ ~ ~·~~t ;:,-t"'\. , , " " 48 . . ./ " . ' may teter to a '''man'' or "veman," a "husband" or a "vUe, H aomeone vho 1a ,"marr1ed," or simply il "spouse." French, Spanish and Ital1an a11 have 'terms derived trom the Latin sponsuSla, meaning "betrothed, bride(qroom)." ; ) ~ari~o in Italian is from~ritus, as is the French mari, and -moglie , , , originate,s in mu! i er, meaning variously, "voman, vi te, mistress." The Rolnanian so~, so~ie, derive from the Latin 50~ius, "companion," and nevasta is of S1avic orig1n. " , The modern terminO~09Y~fOr steprelation6, as for affinal relation., i8 constructed from Latin e1ements, although these elements are sometimes used in ne~ ways. The Latin use of t~~ suffix -aster v1th consanguineoua , II terms ta denote the corresponding steprelations has been universally adopted in Spani~h and Italian, with the exception of padrignolmadrigna. ,0 'In f~ct,. its use has been extended, since.Latin had no terms as such for .stepsiblings - they vere referred to as filius novercae, etc. Romanian also has a .uniform system for denoting steprelations, but instead of -ast~r, the mod~fier vitregLAJ 1s used, borrowed trom vitricus. French, " once again, has replaced archa1c, Latin-based terms (parâtre, marâtre, ~.' filastte, which were abandoned due to the negative connotations they had ~cquired) with newer ones, and created ambiguities in the procoss. The , , use of d~mi:frère/50eur to denote stepsiblings i6 ampiguous as well, sinee o it a1so refers to half-s1bl1ngs. Table 6 summarizes the etymologies ot the various terms discuss.a ,abOve, including sorne Sanskrit and Greek cognates. Where male and remale forms of terms are similar, the male forma ar~~lven. l , .- &. - -~ ... ··,·~"';l ""'" . , , ' , , ~, 1 \ , , ' , " , • l • 49 .' 1 ~SANSKRI'l' GREEK LAr'rIN' SPANI.SH FRENCH • ' "'t .. " mar1 tus .,1__ ~ ______-, ...... ;.' ..... -:--,:,---, , , , ' , ,, '" : " mar1td' , marido ," mari " " ~ , spon,sus , ,~,.... / 8"- ___-" \ , sP!j>so ~sP.Os9 hpoqx , 1 , " ' ." d, '. 1 sodllus , , , , -:1'1 tar- ----', ,so~ . ICSTII~ ----, \ i '" ,pater ----~.I,.~------"--~.~,-~--,, , , matar- ~ , padre , pa?re, .'" ',p,èr~ , ' t P.IIT~P ----, mater -----,"",--:------,,-----...... ' .... '1" 1 " \ . tnadre m,adre mèré' ': 1 1 ,, Ul1us , . " (i i-1-0--...... f"'""1i-u--, -, "!'""""h-'t..,J-~-·...... --f-~.....,iS'I.' 9 1 1 \: ", , ' l' \, ~ t ~ bhratar- , '1 ' , frater , " t \ , "-~------~1' , fratell,o , \ ,f~at;e- .', frére svasar- , , \ ' " l , \ 1 6o~or ---.-..".'... ------..."-- ...... -----~---...,, ., sorel.~a. sOf;'l ' soeup 1 , , '. germ~nus.------~~-----.., \, \ l , , ' .. hermano avus -..-io...:.--,""r -:.....------~--,...I...',~:I ,-----~, , 'avore abuelo ,C ar~ul) 1\ ,'" , napat- '------" , . " ~ ,'0' " { l, " neJ>Os : -, ---.--" -::"'!,,----'-:,-" ~.----:---.,------, -'i, ï l, , ' p1tfvya~ --, ,', n1pote 'nepot 'nieto nev~u, " " . IGTPQCr ...... ,. ", nièc~ , patruu'S , , . , " 9t1.6, ~.' , f ft 1 .\ , , t -'--..., ..,·1_ ..... '...... , . .,.:, __~1!~~"'- ___-.., \' , ,! " \ \ (th~lts), , , " , , , " , , zio" , , Uo ' 1 " \ 1 .,It 1 . , ',, ~y~~C~ us:, ,-~-~'--~_.... -." , l,' , t, i t \ l , 1 ',' 1 ..' , unèh,+ " ' onC'l~ i ,----....,.,...... -, .... ,i:-,'-- ...... ,. am1:t~ . ',: ," ~,'" . " , l' \ t l \ ,tante, " ' , ' 'ma. uf \ .' \ , " (con)sObrirllJ~ ,-...... --:--:"--'----. -:-, ..." ,,'," 'l' ,/ ' ,1 \. , . cug~no' , " ,$obr1~d . cous,i'n:' -',1 '.'; ~ocer .1,' " -----• .,,--,..----,.... , 1"",-, -,,-, ..., - .....'~,' ;..' '"":":-'1,' Il ' l, \ \ , s.uocero 'JiÇ>Cr.4·,; ~ : su~gr'O ['" '[,', t::; \ • "éner ----'... ',..'.., " ,,' b " " , ':' " " ' .... , LI'='. ,', t----"":",...,;.,II 1 1 ;'1"" ,.,l'~I'ft .genero \ t" , . ,g1q~r,e 'Yfl~no'" ,gend,r,~ ,''. ' " ' : ;' ,nur'u$ 1_..;.., ...... _.:.., ,1,1 '1 \ 1:" \1 ':', r / \ " \. '1 ~I; l 'nu~,~a':.'. nora.'" ';~u!"a " " " ',",.,' ',,':' "\ ;'l" / , t ' 1 \ f' ri ", 1 ~ ~ t' \ I~ ,( 1 l ' tA \ /, cogna ,US' ---,,----...... ',,:'--0', ...... ,.....,,-. -, "j, , 'II , ~1taraJII . " " cognato' 'Culnna'~ , 'c:'unado ',.. " '1 . ..' l " 1 r .,(1,1,. t), l l' vl",ticus '. "';';, ,,': ,,1 " , f, t. . l , \ ~'t ~I ''f\"' " \ \ " 1 .. . '.', 'v1tre/'l' ','" '," ') , " , /' , l , ,., 1 1 1,1 1 ~ 1 ... ", l', , 'l' -aster;, ""'"":"',.,-, ---,,-"'+->, ~.' .... , ----_t-,,:'r"l-..,' ' , " ':"aBtro .' '"",:astrQ' 'l' ' 1 1 ~ ,; , ~ l , 1 '''' , ' 1 \ ' \'1" l, , , \ 1 1;' '1 ' l , 'fJf' \ ',' ',~" nF..~Dt.tl.. , ,:.l~.h~~, t~~" , , . '" , ", " , , " ,,< " ;. Il ;J, , , "" , ' ,., ) -, ".' , " , , , , , .' ~ I,' Il, " " ' \ ' " l " \ " ').)~ _<., 1 \ ,.' , ~ l " " : . Il ,'1 '! " , ', , , , , " , , l ' , 1 Q . ,1 ,- , , 3.1 Cqncluslon ,,, , , tl" _ J ., (t' , , \ • , pro~ably ,the ,'best May" Qi mak1ng 'an ove-rall compar1son of the " f". o 'Q , 1 \ 1 J \ " l ' , ! f, , , ,'d1fferent termInologies vh1ch we have consldered here ls by comparing the .: l , \ li 1 \ ! \ ~ \ l : .' ," r.edliction rules einployed by. the d1fferent, systems,' slnc~ these rules \ I! (t 1 t < . ~ " , 1 ',characterize 'each te:r,mino~oqy, most effect1vely. \ ' , , " \ , ( , " , 't ./ 1 , ' The gener~l trend 1n the e~olution of the Latin terminology 1~to 1ts , " ,< " variou6 mo~er'n " forms wa's towa:~d simplification and generaHzat10n. The '. " Latin tet'ms for ,aunts,' uncles, ~\'ld cousins, ~hlch were distinct in that , , , ( , .' they' 4epe,nded on the ,sexes ?f l~rikln9 relatives, were reduced in number, , , ' " \, " , l ',an( th,~s' ne'cess~_rÙy ,broàden~d 1n mean1ng. But, the most, important " J t,i t , \ "1 ~! , t', ' l ' l, ~~fnpi h,iç~t1o,n tha:t took place \las, the' idenU~1Cat10n ot spouse' s sibl1ng 1 l ' , \ 1 \ ~, \ , , " ,vith 's,i.,b'ung' s 'spouse :- when thls' pract,ide bè~an, 1 evidently ln latér r 1 \ ( , " l \ '\ \, ~ l ' 1 1 1 ~' 1 , 1 , ,"Lat~h" Ù" had' impliCàt10~S for'. ,aU' ,of'. the mOder; ,languages in wMéh' 1t ,1 l ',! \ \ ... \ \ \ ( ~ 1 \ l ' \ \ 1 ~ I,I " , \ 1 t t :) , ' , ~ . ',,'G:p,ntinu~d." t{ot on~y ~às','the ',t'erm1n~lo9Y 'ror, àffina'l ~e~a~1.ons, si'm.p{itled,,' " , \ , 'I \ \ ,\,' , e, 1 b "', ,1' 1 1 \' , ~ \ \ t " "~.u(;~he ,terms for: ~uflts ,: unç,~es;, n~phews" 'and n1tkes' :were" 9~ ~~n gre,:t~r\",,' l" ~.',1, 1 lIt. \ 1 1 Il 1 1 ., .,~,~. ;. -t j . , \ 1 l'·· "1 " , '" .. ' \ ,! i , ,'\' " 1 . , l" , l 'l' '1 " / ,,, \ , ( '. , l', " . , " ,1) " " \ ~' 1 \ , '\ " / ,'\ \~I,I,!\, " , , 'il ~el~t1on8 ,é:E'e ': ~~'~q~e, am~ng 'the'.. 'fi ve l'~n~~~g~,$, ,'~nd tlley' ~rose only a~ th~ , l'. " <~a:un~baSed t~z;~I/'ro~: t~~sè "relations, vère : è l1m1n'ated. , ~ ( ,1 l " 1\ ~ ,\ ' • 1 {'\ .:. t , i; 'II' ~. ,,\ \ " r , ~ " 1 " , " , ' Thls.,com~ar15Q,n re~tt'l~ms the value Of" ,,'redU~,t1on z:::u'les as a, tool ; for , , ' ,1 , the, 'ahal penpécti'Ve, , , t~at 1$ ' \ ' ': , ( , , , ' , \ 'l, , \ " , " , . . ,,' : ' o ," , " , ' " q 1 Il' ,1 , " , .. , , " 1 o .', ' '\ \ , ' o " " ,,, " \" " , , ',' " ',l, , , , , , " ,f , ,... ,\ , , " , , " ., " , , '. " 'd " , " ... tV" " , l', " \, '1 " ." ,, , " . " , ' ,,, , \ l " " , , ' i' ',' " " , ,II , ' , , c 1 o ,', \ , ,,' .J' , \}, " , ", , , " " i' " " . l" ",' " " ." , . 1 ( ,1 , 1 j\'\ "'" , , l' \ , 1 " \ , ,1 , " , \ " " . 'b , 1 " ", " i, , \. , ., , '\ '. ; 'I, , " l" - , \ l, - 1 •• , , ' \ , , ' ,l, " 1 j" t.( ",-:: " ~ )"~"","",~'~l .V;"':'I,P • J r ~ te I~".,.j ,1 ( " - , ' (! ' 1 . ' 52. , ' , , , J o " , APPENDIX' Computer SI'!1~la~lons' ,ot the ,Prod~ç:tlon Grammer.' \ '/ J In dèV~lo~1ng thè prqdu~tlon, grammars glven here; a need vae , pter6~1 véd, for some: mecha'nlsm, te, checlt, th'e1r cortectness, other than by " , hand ,computations'. , , , A computer, , ,program to slmulate the grammars, of " , CO!lr5è" vas the' ldeal, sol ut ion. The program that follovs 'vil l, in tact, , , ,vorlt for 'any context-sens1t1ve (or context-free) grammar~ , J Besides detecting errors it:\ the grammar,s, the pr,ogram also ',servea, a, " " ,\ second, unintended p~rpbse'- 1t moUvated the, author ta' eonsidet the1r' " ' ,eff1cie~cy" sinee fever ru!'e's imp11ed less ,typing and ,,~ster ~xecut1on ',1 ' \ , , \", ," " Umes. ' While may con f 11 ct w-i't h .... ",::ç>t her-" , mOre' " \ "-l,' 1 ~ l,; , , " theoret~cal erlterla~ they are, none,theless va,lid, slnce, U' :,'t'~~ grammars, " , ,'\ 1,'1 \ ,/' .. ' , " , /, l' , l' J, / 1 t are ,to retlect psychOloçrica1 p~6ce,s6es,, , they should qçcupy , as' l, i t t le 'space , t,l \ '," ' , " ,1n 'memory as, poss ible., ., , , , , , The 'program' as ~,t ls pre~'ented' here ls "vr;i~~~,n"ih',,~,w~'tei!l~~',BA'sIC " , , , l,' ,lélnguage." Its operat~,o~ 18.' summ~rlzed by the ~10~ :'~6~r,~ ,on' ,t~~:, ~()~~~1'~9" , , ~-' _,:.- ';:-:~ ,;, 't:,' \",,' 1 ,',;, '" " " < \ ___ ~'-,___ r~~- ) l' ,,, "l, 1 " \ \ , , page. ___- 1 \ 1 1 , ' '\ " , " " ,~ \ 1 " , \' , , , , " , " 1 l' 1 ~', \ 1 ( '1, • ,.. 1 \ , ." , l' ',',1,1 ,~. ".' , , \" ' 1 ',1 't l ,l, , " 1'\ \ \ ,.; ',, 1 1 1 : 1 1 ~ ~ , 1 , ' \ .' " ' \ , " l' , : \ ,', " , ,',' "1 ," , : " " '1 1 ~ , " ~ 1 l, \ f 1 '~ l " , , ' '" , i " 1 1 .... Il,\ ,1 \ , • , " , ' ' " , , , ' 1, , '1 '1 " , " " , , " , ' '1 'l' " ~~, " l , , \ '" , . . , , " , " 11 l "i :,1 , , o , ' , " 1 " , : ,h ", , ' , ,. \ \, . 1 , " , , ' '. , . , , \'< ,0 . ' '" ··"11 "-II,~ , ... \ "li ~. "-\< ~ •. 1" ! ~, 53 "-, " .' f.to l ''Ji:! " '. , \ read rules l' lnto,array f' 1 r " K$ ,= ".K t" 1 "\ . , 1 1 " . " , . shu ftle , . 'ru les , , 1 " 0 : , .' " , 1 " \ . , take tirst \ take next ru le , 'rule ./ , , " " . 0 1 , \ , 1 , 1 , 1 ·1 , , , 18 th'1s ! U Ir ule no . , " , ,.appl lcabl e1 1 , • \~o '. \ , , 0 . !. • y es any more ., , " , 1 rules' ~6 yes- " " ' " } check? 1 0 . , , , rèwr,i te'and " prin t K$ no " ( , 1 .1 • \ , ,, , J " ., ". 1 " " , t ,~ . 1 ~:: . .~ ., ,t ! ,t ft~ '1.' 1 , 11\ ,, 1Jel' ( , , 'f . , ~: 1 . , ' , , {\ , f l' , , " " .. l,;t\ , , . , , ~.4 ~ l ~ t 1 1 ,1 \\t~ , ~ #; \ .• \J : 1 .. ~, Af. ,." ~ ~' , r} ...,t~ , ., .... < ... ~" q ~J .. ~ .... ,... f' • o The actual code for the proqram la as folloW8' , " l, _50- REAl) N: 60 DIM R$ (200,5) 70 DIM T$ (5) 80 FOR r = 1 TO If 85 FORJ=OT04 90 REAC R$ (I ,J) , 95 IfEXT J 100 NEXT l 110 REM SET p=l to PRINT LIST OF RULES 115 P=O 120 IF p.::O THEN 200 ,125 FOR B=1 TO N 130 PRINT "CU; R$(B,O);") "; R$(B,l); ~ --> "; ", ln context ", R$(B,3); "_~; R$(B,4) 135 NEXT B 140 PRINT N; " rules ln total" .' 200 X$ = "IXI" 205 PRINT" " 210 PRINT K~; 215 REM SHUF?LE RULES 220 GOTO 500 o 230 FOR 0=1 TO N 240 F=l " 245' REM CHECK RULE APPLICABILITY 250 GOTO 700 ,', ,260 IF F=l THEN 300 " ,( 270 NEXT 0 280 GOT/"200 300 REM REWRITE K.AND PRINT -' 310 K$ (1: I+LEN(R$(O,l»-l) = R$CQ,2) 320 PRINT" --("; ,R$(Q;O); ") __ > "; K$; 340 GOTO 220 / 500 REM RULE SHUFFLE ROUTINE 510 FOR E=l TO N 520 S = l+INT(NwRND) 530 FOR J = 0 TO 4 549 T$(J) = R$(S,J) 550 R$(S,J) ~ R$(E,J) 560 R$(E,J) = T$(J) 570 NEXT J 580 NEXT E 590 GOTO 23"0 ) 100 REM CHECIC RULE APPLICABILI'l'Y ROUtIJrE \.. , , 110 tF"LER CR${Q,l)+R$(Q,3),+R$(Q,4» > LEIf (IC$' THE1f P-O • 115 IP F.O THEM 800 Il , , • J ' - Il • 1 ., ;.' 55 ,0 720, POR 1 • l '1'0 (LEI Cl$) - 'LU (1$(0,1») + 1 f 730 Ir SU.Cl$, 1; tER(R$CO,l))) --R$(0,1) AlfD I-tEllCR$CO,3) ) -> 0 MD 1 .. L,OCR$ CO,l)) + LOCa$(O,4)) <- LER(Je$) + 1 THEIl 760 740 nXT 1 750 F. 0 755 IF F -"0 THEM 8QO 760 IF R$(O,3) ..... TBER 780 770 IF+"'STR$( X$, l-tElf(R$CO,3», t~(R$(Q,~) H <> 'lt$,JO,3) THEN F .. 0 ,- 775 'IF F .. 0 TKEN 800 780 IF R$(O,4) ...... TRER 800 790 IF STa$(K$, I+tEB(R$(Q,l)), tEB(R$(O,~))) <> R$(0,'4~ THElf F .. 0 800 GOTO 260 The rules or productions of the grammar are g1ven to the proogram as data, 1n statemeqts ot xhe torm . " " 0000 DATA RR, LS, RS, tC, RC, where RN 1s the number ot the_rule (as g1ven earl1erl, LS 1s the 1eft s1de , ot ~he rUle, RS the r1ght side, LC the ,left context, and' ,~C t,he- right • , ! context., For example, the follow1ng statements gtve the. prov1siopal structure rules tor Lat1n: 1010 DATA PSI, KI Ga, , Il , " 1020 DATA PS2, R, ca, ' 1 , Il Il ,1 1030 DATA PS3, R, RP, , " Il Il 1040 DATA PS4, R, ~, , _ 0" 1050 DATA PSS, R, c, ' 1 , 1060 DATA PS6, R, P, G, "• ~ , t « , ' 1 1070 DATA PS7, X, GO, , :~ , 1080 DATA PS8, 0, B, Il , Il 1090 DATA PS9, 0, D, ' 1 , Il Il , 1 " 1100 DATA PSIO, 0, Z, , (~ , 1110 DATA psu, 0, PZC, Il , Il 1120 DATA PS12, G, GZ, " SI 1130 DATA PSl2, G, GZ, " , CI 1140 DATA PSl3, l, ZI, GS, " .. 1150 DATA PS13, " Z., GP, " 1160 DATA PS13, ., ZI, GPP, Il 1170 DATA PS13, ., ZI, GPPP, ' 1 , .. 1.,;>"," ... .,~ . .. ' ' .. 56 ""o"\', , ',,',,' , ':~. 'Note that some rules, such as (PS13), actua11y ~ep~esent multiple rulea ! cc ': " , , becaûs'e "they apply in' more than one context. Contèxts are often atated 1n , \. 'a~bJ;evia ted form, by say1ng th1ngs sueh as "exeept after S. Il This can , , , ' , , \ leaQ t"o 'probfems ~ s1nce oeeaS1onally sueh statements represent an 1nfinite ~ number'of conte~ts, hence an inf1n1~e number of productions. Use of th1s , , ' progr~m ~lscourages bad context specifications, since contexts must be give~ ,expl1citly. \ • , , \ ':. The s~mple Aeri vaUons 9i ven in the preceding chapters vere produced' c, by this 'PFoqram," and they are unchanged except for the substitution of some symbols. The production grammars used the symbols RI, Pl, SI, and , Cf ,'and these'vere to be read as single symbols. The computer, however, sees -thèm ~,~ eomposités; hence to avo1d confusien between these symbols \ 1 o and ~, P, ·s, C,' ,su~)t1tute symb~s were used. Sin'ce r 1s not ln the'ASCII character set', i,t" 'las a1s0 replaced. As well, the computer torbids th~ use of accents, ~nd so these were~mitted, but the only instance where âêcents affected derivat10ns 'las 1n the phonetic rules for Romanian. , " Th~ program beglns by, reading the rules into an array 1n the above , , ,form, and als,o reads 1n the number of rules for, tuture reference Cllnes, ", 50-100). If the var1able. P 18 t;Set to one in line 115, a Hst of the rules " ,will be pr1nted out (11nes 110-l4~). The next section (11nes 200-280) 1s the main loop of the program - 1t sets 1($, the' variable that holds the success1ve "rewr1t1n9S, fi to ih initial value IKI, then 1terat1vely shuffles the rules in the array and tries each of them unt1l an applicable one 1s found. If an app11cable o ru1e 1s found, 1t is applied, the rules ~re shuffled, and a"other . ~ " '-, ", - \ I~· ~ . 1 , [ 51 \ 'k',. appllcable ru le ls sought; otherwlse, the derivation termlnates, K$ ~s *':! " i J re.et to ,K" and the process beglns aga1n. The variable F ls a flag " - 11gnlfylng vhether a rule la applicable. , \ If a aearch for ,n applicable rule i8 successful, the program br,anches to the revrl ting subroutine (l1nès 300-340).' The string on the \ r~9ht side of the rule applled is simply in8erted into K$ where thé string on the 1eft side of the tule vas located. The nev value of K$ is then printed out, along with the number of the rule app1ied. t'he shuffle routine (lines 500-590) rearrang'es. the' ru'les, in order to simulate a random'rule-chooslng mechanlsm. It s~mply exchanges each ru1e sequentiall vith another ~ule chosen at random. When rUle, ,indexed ,by 0, is passed' from 1ine 250 to tbè appllcabll1 y-cheéking routine (1ines 700-800), the ru le is compared to the current of K$ to see if It applies. Llne 710 tests ~o see if the,lengtb f the le ft side of the rule and the two contexts together.ls less_than 0 equal to that of K$ •. If so, lines 720-740 look for the left ~ a\de of th rule in K$, vhiletensuring that the contexte vill fit on either side of It. Lines 760-770 look for the left context ln K$, and , 11,"r--~~7 0 look ~or the right context. If any of the above tests fail, F 18 set to zero, meaning that the,rule 16 inappllcable; othervise F stlll . has value " The i teature of th~s program, and the one th~t made 1t " diftlcult to construct, Is the tact that It simulates the random nature of a production grammar the rewriting rules May be applied in ~ny order. This ,s dlt lcult to mlmlc ln a~tralghtforward manner, for when the .~".-~ .,' - ., r'~ ';;' CI, • l'" . ; , ' b , ' 58 ~roqram choose& a rule to tes~ôr appllcabl1lty, lt m~st either apply lt, or remember that lt ls not applicable, and loo~ for on whiCh 1.: But unless lt then selécta at random from only rules (an lnefflclent method, aince after each fallure the fuIes be rearranged in the '~ay), lt will never know when 1t has che,cked of the rules. This ls why'the ,method of shuffling the rules has been lnstead of selectlng at random from an ordered array of rules, the selects ln , 1 , order from a randomly arranged array Of rUle,s, thereby sa lng considerable tlme, whlle preservlng the desl~ed characteristic As a matter of lnterest, and perhaps as ure of relativé compl,~)Ci ty of the production grammars 1 the number s ln each was as /. o follows: Latin - 117; Itallah - 61; Spanlsh - 90; Frene - 71; Romanian - 79. i .'" • , ,0 '1 ,\ , , , . , , ' " , ; , G- " " " , .. . , ' , h 'Ji~ .. ' 1 ' .. - -- ~ 4!1 59 ,NOTES 1. J.aJllbek, et' al,., operibus ci tat i s , ,,' 2. t&mDek, A Pr()duction Grammar for English Kinship 'l'erminology, p. 7 , 1 3 • tambett, i bid. i p. L • ' 1 4.' Tappolet, op. C:lt .. , p. 86' , , 5. Bee~~s, op. ci t." pp. 44-47 6 •. Lounabury; op. cl t ., p. 1091 7. IS,ldO~, op: ci t., lib. IX.: vi. ./ , • 8 • Tappolet also qioves for ~taaan, zio nonno = prozio, ~ nonna = prozia' ' . (op.ci t'", p. 103). t ., " ~ " , , l , • , 1 '- , ' , , ' . " ' , ,. , " l ' , , , ' J ' ., " ' " " .. "" " '" \., ?- " .. 'II".," .... , ' '\ , " , , 'l , " , ' \ ~ '1 " ',' " , .. .. 1:", \'" " \ .~ " :'" .... , , , " ", , ' , " " e_ \ > t' , '. , r • .\ ,~ , , ~ 'l,' ,,' . " , ' ",1 t " ' .,;: il, ' ',.' . " , " _. _; _. ~_~' l~~~\=~~ , 1 , , ,'''~' l , -. ~ .,.! .' t : 1~ :,~:!' :<, ,~ ~'+ " ' • , , 1 ~ , ' , , , ' ',"1 " , \)' • ,~ t 60 ,( , ~' \ , , , ' o , , BI~UOGRAPHY . , \ \ "\, ' " ~, ' 'l' ~ . , lA~b1scher~ Pau1~ Etudés de Stratigraphie Linguistique. Berntl Editions F~an~ke'" 1978. , . , 'Anderson, James, and Bernard Rochet. ,Hi sltori cal Romance Morphol ogy. Ann , J, , , ' ~bôr':, UniverSity Microfilms InternaUonal 7 1979. , " Atk1ns, Beryl T., pierre-Henri Cousin, et al" eds. Coll i nS-:Robert !l . , "French-Engl i shlEngl i sh -French Diçt i onary. London: Collins, 1978. , , , " ~e_e.kes, Robert S.P. "Uncle and Nephew." 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