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The Association Between Sibling Type, Sibling Relationship Quality, and Mental Health from Adolescence Into Young Adulthood

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The Association Between Sibling Type, Sibling Relationship Quality, and Mental Health from Adolescence Into Young Adulthood THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SIBLING TYPE, SIBLING RELATIONSHIP QUALITY, AND MENTAL HEALTH FROM ADOLESCENCE INTO YOUNG ADULTHOOD Lindsey Aldrich A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY MAY 2021 Committee: Kei Nomaguchi, Advisor Amy Morgan Graduate Faculty Representative Karen Guzzo I-Fen Lin Wendy Manning ii ABSTRACT Kei Nomaguchi, Advisor The majority of Americans have siblings, who provide one another with warmth, support, and friendship, and also serve as a source of conflict, throughout the life course. Past research shows that sibling relationship quality influences mental health and self-concept. Over the past several decades, as more parents break up and re-partner, a substantial proportion of America’s youth grow up with half-siblings or step-siblings. Limited research has examined how sibling relationship quality with half-siblings or step-siblings differs from those with full-siblings, however. Using Waves II and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, drawing from the core sample (N = 8,402) and the residential sibling pairs sample (N = 1,753), this dissertation examines the following three questions : (1) Does residential sibling relationship quality in adolescence, measured as feelings of love, fights, and time spent together, vary across full-siblings, half-siblings, and step-siblings, controlling for variation by sibling type in family characteristics, such as mother-child relationship quality, father-child relationship quality, and family belonging? (2) Does sibling relationship quality in young adulthood, measured as visits, phone calls, help-seeking, fights, and emotional closeness, vary by sibling type, controlling for sibling relationship quality during adolescence? (3) Does the association between relationship quality with residential siblings in adolescence and mental health and self- concept in young adulthood differ across the three residential sibling types? The findings suggest that among residential siblings, with the same family characteristics, relationships with step-siblings are more distant than those with full-siblings or half-siblings, while relationships with half-siblings are similar to those with full-siblings, both in adolescence iii and young adulthood. Emotionally close relationships and fights with siblings in adolescence are associated with better self-esteem and fewer depressive symptoms in young adulthood, with variation by sibling type in ways that are more complex than predicted based on the “stepfamily as incomplete institution” perspective. Fights indicate closer, rather than more distant, sibling relationships. Overall, the findings contribute to the existing bodies of family, sibling, and mental health research, suggesting the merit to further investigating differences in the nature of full-siblings, half-siblings, and step-siblings and their implications for individual well-being across different life stages. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to start by thanking my Advisor and Committee Chair, Kei Nomaguchi. Kei has been a wonderful mentor and I could not have finished this dissertation without her guidance, patience, and encouragement. I feel very fortunate to have had such a kind and dedicated advisor to gently push me and to help me finish such an overwhelming task. I would also like to thank my other committee members, Karen Guzzo, I-Fen Lin, Wendy Manning, and Amy Morgan who provided their insight, knowledge, and feedback that helped me to complete this dissertation. Additionally, I would like to thank Hsueh-Sheng Wu for his help and expertise with some of the more complicated data obstacles, along with Marshal Neal Fettro who was instrumental with the initial creation of the sample for the young adulthood analyses. I would also like to thank Susan Brown and Madeline Duntley, who have been regular sources of encouragement and guidance, along with other faculty members and students within the Sociology Department. I would like to give a huge thank you to my most cherished friend from graduate school, Marissa Landeis, for her constant support and encouragement, along with her ability and willingness to help me through coding confusion and other obstacles. Marissa has been my biggest cheerleader throughout the dissertation process and I am forever grateful for her help and for her friendship. I would also like to thank my lovely partner, Aja Stewart, for her love, her patience, her commitment to me, and her support of my goals, along with my best friends, Taylor and Kat who were always willing to offer their love, their encouragement, a listening ear, or whatever support I needed as I struggled through this dissertation. I also need to thank my loving parents, Nancy, Bret, and Wendy, for encouraging me, supporting me, and for always letting me know they are proud of me. I am very fortunate to have three parents who love me dearly, who support my hopes and dreams, and who want nothing more than to celebrate me and my v accomplishments. I am also quite fortunate and thankful for my two cats, Nel and Kiki, who regularly brighten my spirits and who give me daily kitty cuddles. Finally, I would like to thank my sisters and my community of friends and family members, who offered me encouragement, well-wishes, and many other kindnesses throughout this very long and demanding dissertation process. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 Sibling Relationship Quality in Adolescence: The Effects of Sibling Type and Family Characteristics .................................................................................................. 2 Sibling Relationship Quality in Young Adulthood: The Effects of Sibling Type and Adolescent Relationship Quality .................................................................................. 4 Sibling Relationship Quality, Mental Health, and Self-Concept: The Effect of Sibling Type ............................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER II. SIBLING RELATIONSHIP QUALITY IN ADOLESCENCE: THE EFFECTS OF SIBLING TYPE AND FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ................................................. 9 Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 10 Sibling Relationship Quality during Adolescence ........................................... 10 The Link Between Sibling Type and Relationship Quality .............................. 13 The Role of Family Characteristics .................................................................. 15 The Present Study ..................................................................... 18 Method ..................................................................... 19 Data ..................................................................... 19 Dependent Measures ..................................................................... 20 Independent Measures ..................................................................... 21 Primary Control Measures ..................................................................... 22 Control Measures ..................................................................... 23 Analytic Strategy ..................................................................... 24 Results ..................................................................... 26 vii Descriptive Results ..................................................................... 26 Bivariate Results ..................................................................... 27 Multivariate Results ..................................................................... 28 Discussion ..................................................................... 35 CHAPTER III. SIBLING RELATIONSHIP QUALITY IN YOUNG ADULTHOOD: THE EFFECTS OF SIBLING TYPE AND ADOLESCENT RELATIONSHIP QUALITY ........... 42 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 43 Sibling Relationship Quality in Young Adulthood ........................................... 43 The Link Between Sibling Type and Sibling Relationship Quality Theoretical/Conceptual Framework .................................................................. 45 The Role of Sibling Relationship Quality in Adolescence .............................. 47 Other Factors Related to Sibling Relationship Quality ..................................... 49 The Present Study ......................................................................................................... 50 Method ............................................................................................................... 51 Data ............................................................................................................... 51 Dependent Measures ........................................................................................ 53 Independent Measures ..................................................................................... 54 Primary Control Measures ............................................................................... 54 Control Measures ............................................................................................. 55 Analytic Strategy .............................................................................................
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