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Lactuca L. (Lattuga)

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Lactuca L. (Lattuga) • eUS1S Piante e composti psicoattivi Journal ofPsychoactive Plants & Compounds rSSN 1129-7301 NUOVA SERIE NEW SERIES 20°4.8 \ \ \ Museo Civico di Rovereto edizioniosiride SCHEDA PSICOATTlVA XVI' PSYCflOACTIVE CARD XVI Lactuca L. (lattuga. lettuee) FRANCESCO FESTI & GIORGIO SAMOR I. N I Laeluea L. (incl. Seariola P.W. SCHMIDT) Lactuca L. (encl. Scario/a F. w. SCHMIDT) FAMIGLIA: Compositae (Asteraeeae) PAMILY: Compositae (Asteraceae) NOMI VERNACOLARI: (it) Lattuga; (ted) Iattich; (ingl) VERNACULAR NAMES: (It) lattuga; (Ger) Lattich; (Engl) Lettuee; (sp) Lechuga; (fr) Iaitue. lettuce; (Sp) lechuga; (Fr) laitue. Dal latino lac=latte. in riferimento al lattice bianco From Latin lac=milk, referring to the latex produced prodotto da tutte le specie di questo genere. Il nome by ali the species in this genus. The Linnean name linneano si rifà al ben più anticamente usato epiteto points to the ancient term for these species (e.g., already (già presen te, ad esempio. in Plinio). used by Plinius). DESCRIZIONE BOTANICA: Piante erbacee annuali. DESCR1PTlON: Annual, biennial or perennial herbs. biennali O perenni, con fusti normalmente solitari e usually with solitary stems and undivided to deeply foglie da intere a profondamente lobate. spesso lobate. olten prickly, leaves; abundant production of spinulose; abbondante produzione di lattice bianco alla white latex through breaking or excoriation of ali the frattura o escoriazione di tutte le parti della pianta. parts ofthe plant. Flowers aH ligulate, hermaphrodite. Fiori tutti Iigulat i, ermafroditi, gialli, blu o blu-lilla. yellow, blue or blue-lilac. joined up in a corymbose, riuniti in capolini da piccoli a medi; l'involucro di pyramidal or paniculate inflorescence of small to questi ultimi, cilindrico o piriforme. è costituito da middle size capitula; cylindrical or pyriform involucre; brattee disposte su più fil e; il ricettacolo è piano e nudo bracts in several rows; receptacle flat and naked (senza scaglie). Acheni compressi, rostrati, con pappa (without scales). Achenes compressed, beaked. with a bianco costituito da più file di peli non piumosi, di white pappus formed by two rows of simple (non uguale lunghezza e concresciuti alla base in una feathery) equal hairs, more or less connate at the base. coroncina pi ù Omeno evidente. Ahout 100 species, meanly occurring in Eurasia and Circa 100 specie. diffuse soprattutto nell'Eurasia ed America, native of the Northern hemisphere. in America, comunque native dell'emisfero boreale. According to the most recent revisions (DOLE'ALOVA Secondo le più recenti revisioni (OOLEZALOVA et al. 2002; et al. 2002; FERAKovA 1977; KOOPMAN et al. 1998, FERÀKovA 1977; KOOPMAN et a/.1998, KOOPMAN et al. 2001, KOOP MAN et al. 2001, KOOPMAN 1999; LEBEOA 1998; KOOPMAN 1999; LEBEDA 1998; LEBEDA & ASTLEY 1999). il LEBEDA & ASTLEY 1999), the genus is divided in seven genere è suddiviso in 7 sezioni e due gruppi geografici sections and two geographical groups (African and (Africano e Nordamericano): North American): Sect. Lactuca L.: capolini con 10-30 fiori gialli. riuniti Sect. Iactuca L.: capitula with 10-30 yellow tlowers, in pannocchia ricca e più o meno densa; acheni ellittici gathered in a rich and more or less thick panicle; od obovati, con meno di 10 striature, portanti un becco achenes elliptic, with less than l O ribs and a pale slender sottile, lungo almeno quanto il corpo e di colore più beak. at least as long as the body. pallido dello stesso. Sect. Phoe11ixopus (CASS.) BENTHAM: capitula with Sect. PhOetlL''COpuS (CASS.) BENTHAM: capolini con 4-8 tlowers, gathered in a pyramidal or spike-like 4-8 fiori, riuniti in pannocchia piramidaleo spiciforme. intlorescence, solitary or fascicu late at the apex of the solitari O fascicolati all'apice dei rami; acheni oblunghi branches; achenes oblong or lanceolate, 5-11 ribbed. E.LEUSIS 8: 85-1122004 o lanceolati, con 5-l! striature, portanti un becco concolore, più corto del corpo. Secl. Mulgediurn (CASS.) C.B. CLARKE: capolini con 15-25 fiori, blu, lilla O raramente bianchi, riuniti in pannocchia povera; acheni oblunghi o ellittici, con numerose striature, portanti un breve becco concolore, lungo al massimo metà del corpo. Sect. Lactucopsis (SCHULTZ BIP. ex VISo & PANCIC) ROUY: capolini con 6-15 fiori, riuniti in infiorescenza corimbosa; acheni oblunghi o ellittico-ovati, con 2-LO striature, portanti un breve becco concolore, lungo al massimo metà del corpo. Sect. Tuberosae BOISS.: annnali O biennali; fiori gialli, blu O lilla ; acheni ellittici, appiattiti, con breve becco di colore pallido. Sect. Micran thae BOISS.: annnali o biennali; fiori violetti o porporini; acheni ellittici, con 1-3 striature, con becco lungo 2-4 volte il corpo. Sect. Sororiae FRANCHET: perenni; fiori porporini; Effige del dio ~·1in con du e dei suoi atlributi principali : itifallismo e acheni poco appiattiti, con becco fusiforme. pi ante di lattuga dielro alladivinità. Parele posleriore della seconda corte del Ramesseo di Tebe (da JAMES 2002, p. 154, particolare) DATI ETNOBOTANIC I GENERALI: La lattuga ha un ruolo E1figy af the god 1\111 11 with two aj his principal attribu res: IIis generalmente secondario nell'etnobotanica dei vegetali ithyphallic natu re Ql1d a styiised letluce p/ara benind the divinity. psicoattivi. Uno studio più attento (SAMORINI 2004) Rea. waIl oJ'n e second court 01the Ramesseum, n,ebes (fro m JAMES ha in realtà evidenziato interessanti aspetti 2002, p. J54, detail) archeologici, storici, tassonomici, ecc., testimoni di un with a con-colour beak, shorter than the body. antico e diversificato rapporto umano co n questo Sect. Mulgedium (CASS.) C.B. CLARKE: capitula with genere di piante. '5-25 blue, lil ac or rarelywhite flowers, gathered in a poor In Egitto, la lattuga è in relazione mitologica, panicle; achenes oblong or elliptic, with many ribs and iconografica e cultuale con Min, una delle più antiche short con-colour beak, not longer than half the body. divinità egiziane. Fra i suoi principali attribnti si Sect. Lactucopsis (SCHUlTZ BIP. ex VISo & PANCIC) osservano la lattnga e un pronunciato itifallismo. ROUY: capitula with 6-11 flo wers, gathe red in a Seguendo la credenza religiosa, l'itifallismo di Min è corymbose inflorescence; achenes oblong or elliptic­ un effetto diretto dell'assunzione di lattuga da parte ovate, 2-LO ribbed, with a con-colom beak, not longer del dio. Tale associazione appare enigmatica, than half the body. considerando il fatto che la lattuga è generalmente Sect. 7i,berosae BOISS.: annna! or biennial; flowers conoscinta come pianta dalle virtù anafrodisiache. yellow, blue or lilac; achenes elliptic, tla ttened, with a Questa differenza parrebbe avere caratteristiche short pale beak. soprattutto regionali: la lattuga è considerata Secl. Mio'ant"ae BOISS.: annuaI or biennial; flowers afrodisiaca in Egitto e anafrodisiaca in Europa. violet or purplish; achenes elliptic, 1-3 ribbed, with a Recentemente, uno di noi, nel considerare l' elemen to beak 2-4 as long as the body. sorprendente e in qualch e modo contraddicente Sect. SOrDriae FRANCHET: perennial; flowers purplish; dell' associazione fra la lattuga e l'itifallismo di Min, achenes barely ì1attened, with a fusiform beak. notava come: "Altri dubbi sorgono domandandosi quali specie di lattuga - se coltivata O selvatica - siano GENERAL ETHNOBOTANICAL DATA: Lettuce generalJy raffigurate insieme a Min o fra le offerte nei tavoli has a secondary role in the ethnobotany of psychoactive cerimoniali. Osse rvando inoltre i dati etnobotanici sul plants. A more careful study (SAMORINI 2004) has genere Lactuca, che evidenziano proprietà psicoattive high lighted interesting archaeological, historical and associate a queste piante - proprietà largamente taxon omic aspects of this pIan!. These bea r witness to ignorate dagli studiosi che si sono occupati della lattuga an ancient and diversified human relationship with this di Min - appare chiaro che questa divinità non è plant genus. In Egypt, lettuce is related mythologica!ly, semplicemente un dio tutelare di un'importante pianta iconographically and culturali)' to Min, one of the da orto e che il suo rapporto con il vegetale èpiù intimo more ancient Egyptian divinities. Among his principal 86 attributes are lettuce and a pronounced ithyphallic aspect. According to religious beli efs, Min's ithyphallic aspect was a direct result of his ingesting lettuce. Such an association appears strange, considering that lettuce is generaUy known as a plant with anaphrodisiac qualities. This difference would seem to have been mainly regional. Lettuce is considered aphrodisiac in Egypt and anaphrodisiac in Eu rope. Recently, one of our group, in considering this surprising quality and in some ways contradicting the association betwee n lettuce and Min 's ithyphallic quality, noted that, "Other doubts arose regarding which species of lettuce - whether it was cultivated or wild - were represented together with Min or among the offerings on the ceremonial tables. Furthermore, observing the ethnobotanical data on the Lactuagenus, which highlight the psychoactive properties associated with these plants - properties largely ignored by the Particolare di ulla scella della festa religiosa "Uscita di Mi n", con experts who have studied the lettuce ofMin - it is dear uomini che trasportano in processione ulla portantina.con piante that this divinit)' is not simply a god protecting an dj lattuga (da RO BI NS 1997, p. 172, fig. 201 ) important ga rden plant and that his relationship with Detai! of a scene from
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