By Authority Of THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Legally Binding Document

By the Authority Vested By Part 5 of the United States Code § 552(a) and Part 1 of the Code of Regulations § 51 the attached document has been duly INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE and shall be considered legally binding upon all citizens and residents of the United States of America. HEED THIS NOTICE: Criminal penalties may apply for noncompliance. e

Document Name:

CFR Section(s):

Standards Body:

Official Incorporator: THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER WASHINGTON, D.C.

ldAHPA AMERICAN HERBAL PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION

HERBS OF COMMERCE 1'T ED.. PUB. 1992

NOTE: This file may not be transferred or sold.

© 2010 American Herbal Products Associat ion 8630 Fenton Street. #918 Silver Sp rin g. MD 20910 ph: (301) 588-ll71: fax: (301) 588-ll74: email: [email protected] AMERICAN HERBAL PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION

HERBS OF COMMERCE

American Herbal Products Associatiou Standards Committee Timothy Moley, Chairman

Edited by Steven Foster

SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY PANEL Dr. Dennis Awang Bureau of Drug Research Natural Products Section Health and Welfare Canada. Dr. Shiu Ying Hu Arnold Arboretum Harvard University (retired) Dr. John Kartesz Nonh Carolina Botanical Garden University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Dr. Arthur O. Tucker Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources Delaware State College Dr. Varro E. Tyler School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences Purdue University

AMERICAN HERBAL PRODUCTS ASSOCIATION Austin, Texas

1992 Published by the American Herbal Products Association

Adminsitrative Offices: 8630 Fenton Street Suite 918 Si lver Spring, MD 209 10

AHP A Standards Committee: 8630 Fenton Street Suite 9 18 Si lver Spring, MD 20910

Timothy Moley, Chairman

© 1992 by theAmericao Herbal Products Association. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United SUItes of America INTRODUCTION

In an effort to reduce nomenclatural problems in the herb trade, the American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) has proposed a compilation of common names "standardized" to botanical names. The foot of the concept is that a single common name in trade should apply to only one botanical name. The naming of plants has always presented problems for professional botanists and lay people alike. Cornmon plant names can be ambiguous. A single species may have dozens of common names applied to it in a language. On the other band, based on the most current taxonomic treatment, only one Latin binomial (scientific name) can validly apply to a plant. Scientific names are precise and internationally recognized. Herbs in commerce are described predominantly by common names. FDA regulations (2ICFRI01.3) state that the common or usual name shall be used for label­ ing food products. According to FDA regulations [2ICFR Ch.I, Sec. 102.5(a) (4-1-87 ed.) J: "The common or usual name of a food. which may be a coined tenn. shall accurately identify or describe in as simple and direct tenns as possible. the basic nature of the food or its characterizing properties or ingredients. The name shall be uniform and may not be confusingly similar to the name of any other food that is not reasonably encompassed with the same name. Each class or subclass of food shall be given its own common or usual name that states. in clear terms. what it is in a way that distinguishes it from different foods." A bewildering number of common names, as well as out-dated scientific names are applied to herbs in commerce. AHPA initiated the current project to reduce such ambiguities and confusion. Names serves as reference points - a vehicle for distinguishing one entity from another. Given the fact that common names have never served to clearly distinguish one plant from another, it is necessary that all herbs sold be properly identified, and that the identity be correlated to Latin binomials. and that a method of determining compli­ ance with appropriate standards of identity be implemented. This is at least a two phase task - first establishing widespread use of a uniform common name with a uniform Latin name. The second aspect, a separate issue, involves developing a system of compli­ ance of properly identified raw materials according to appropriate standards. presum­ ably those set forth in a botanical codex. Such a work may some day be developed through the concerted efforts of scientists, the industry, and regulators. Adopting the use of a uniform common or trade name corresponding to a single Latin binomial in

I product labeling, will go a long way to solving potential confusion and perhaps misuse of botanicals on the part of manufacturers and consumers.

BACKGROUND: The concept of producing a single standard common name to correspond with a single Latin binomial of plants in commerce is not a new idea. Long ago the American Pharmaceutical Association had a Nomenclature Corrunittee that dealt with standard­ ized names of crude drugs. In 1978, the Standards Committee of the fonner Herb Trade Association initiated a list of current botanical names for use by the herb industry. The list was circulated to members of that organization, but never appeared in a final pub­ lished form. The World Health Organization has developed a working list of "international botanical names" (IBN) for medicinal plants, included in the "Initial List of Medicinal Plants Widely Used Throughout the World" (Penso 1980). The Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia has produced a working list of "Botanical and Common Names for Herb Substances," in order to conform to the re­ quirements of Australian law. In essence, it will serve the same purpose as the AHPA "Herbs of Commerce" publication. The reason for the use of a single standardized common name with a single Latin name is simple, and clearly stated in the preamble of the first edition of Standardized Plants Names, a 1923 pUblication of the American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature:

"To make buying easy by bringing about so far as practicable, the consistent use of a single standardized scientific name, and a single stan­ dardized common name for every tree, shrub, and plant in American commerce." The American Joint Corrunittee on Horticultural Nomenclature was formed in 1915 by committees of the American Association of Nurseryman and the Ornamental Grower's Association, By the time the second and last edition of Standardized Plants Names was published in 1942, the concept had been expanded to include the "wide fields of economic and social activity covered by plants and plant products." Special sections covered fiber crops. forestry. fruit crops. gums, pharmaceuticals. herb garden plants, spices and condiments, range and wildlife plants, etc. Many organizations and contributors participated in the effort. A list of "Standardized Drug Plant Names," for example, was provided for the work by the Nomenclature Committee of the American Pharmaceutical Association . "Herb Garden Plant Names" were prepared by the Herbarium Committee of the Herb Society of America. Many of the standardized common names proposed in the pages of the second edition of Standardized Plant Names have been relegated to the obscurity. Echinacea angusti/olia has not become known as uBlacksampson Echinacea," Luffa, as the work suggested it should, has not become known as "Suakwa Vegetablesponge," Perhaps the effort was too massive, too broad in scope, to be of lasting use, given the malleability of botanical nomenclature. Over 90,000 separate plants and plant products (not including cross-indexing) appeared in the 1942 edition of Standardized Plant Names. Kartesz and Thieret (1991) have published new guidelines for use and applica­ tion of common names for vascular plants. The publication includes suggested guide­ lines for spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, and other elements of style and conven-

II tion for the use of common names. These guidelines have been considered, and in many cases, applied to the "Herbs in Commerce" list

The current project was initiated in 1988 by the Standards Committee of the American Herbal Products Association which circulated a list of "herbs in commerce" prepared by the AHPA Standards Committee Chainnan, Timothy Moley. It consisted of those herbs and spices found in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 parts 172.5100,182.10 and 182.20. Comments, additions, and corrections were submitted by AHPA members and incorporated into the list The list was reviewed by Dr. Arthur O. Tucker (Delaware State College). Dr. Tucker corrected OtaDy nomenclatural problems and added additional species (including botanical and common names). Author cita­ tions to the binomials and scientific plant family names were also added. The list was again circulated to AHP A members and others in the herb trade for further comments and additions. Those comments, corrections, and additions, along with more species, many more synonyms, and other details were added to the text by Steven Foster. That draft was given the working title uAHPA Herbs of Conunerce - Working Draft Version 3," and was again circulated for comment, corrections and additions to AHP A members, and others in the herb industry, as well as the five-member Scientific Advisory Panel. This resulted in hundreds of changes, questions, corrections, and ad­ ditions, which are incorporated into the current version.

REVIEW PANEL

The Review Panel members were selected for their expertise and impartiality. In its current fonn, the list will be circulated to the Review Panel as well as AHPA members, and other scientists or persons involved in the herb trade. Comments and proposed changes or additions will be collected by the AHPA Standards Committee, collated, then forwarded to the Review Panel which will decide on such changes. Once this final stage is accomplished, a procedure will advise on changes.

REVIEW PANEL MEMBERS:

Dr. Denois Awang Bureau of Drug Research, Natural Products Section, Health and Welfare Canada.

Dr. Shiu Ying Hu Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University (retired).

Dr. John Kartesz North Carolina Botanical Garden, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Dr. Arthur O. Tucker Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State College.

Dr. Varro E. Tyler School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Produe University.

ill OWNERSHIP OF RIGHTS PERTAINING TO THE LIST

All rights of ownership, reproduction, and publication shall be retained by ARPA.

AMENDMENTS OR CHANGES TO THE LIST To keep this list current and accurate, AHPA has a procedure for selecting a Review Panel which will review and make amendments to the list of common names. These procedures are designed to achieve the goals stated above and to assure that standard­ ization does Dot amount to restraint of trade.

1. Proposed changes to the AHPA list of standardized common names may be submit­ ted by either AHPA members or Review Panel members by presenting the pro­ posed cbanges in typewritten copy to the ARPA Standards Canunittee.

2. Proposals to cbange the list must state clearly why a cbange is requested and must be sponsored and signed by any three (3) members of ARPA (these need not be mem­ bers of the Review Panel). A Review Panel member needs no sponsor to propose changes to the list 3. After receiving proposals, the AHPA Standards Committee sends them on to the Review Panel.

4. On a publiShed schedule, and at least once annually, the ARPA members are notified of proposed changes to the list and are provided with brief arguments (no more than 100 words eacb) describing the need for each proposed cbange. All cbanges submitted are listed in the notice. 5. Proposed changes are accepted or rejected according to the following process and on the following time lioe:

a. The ARPA Standards Canunittee notifies ARPA members and the Review Panel that proposals for changes to the list are being ac­ cepted. The notice states the calendar for the process. The time lioe of the comment period closes forty (40) days after the post­ mark of the notice.

b. Comments and suggested changes (typewritten only) are compiled by the ARPA Standards Canunittee and mailed to the Review Panel. The ARPA Standards Conunittee has fifteen (15) days to complete this step. c. The Review Panel must produce a written decision on each item submitted, and return this decision to the ARPA Standards Committee. Decisions can be as short as one sentence, but should describe the reason why a proposed change was either ac­ cepted or rejected. Tbe Review Panel has forty (40) days from the pasttnark of the ARPA Standards Canunittee mailing to complete this step.

IV d. The AHPA Standards Committee mails the Review Panel's com­ ments to the AHPA Board of Directors. The AHPA Standards Committee has fifteen (IS) days to complete this step.

e. The Board must ratify the Review Panel's decision in order to make the changes official. The Board may ask for clarification from the Review Panel. If the Board chooses not to ratify such a decision. the status of the name in question remains as it was prior to the proposed change. The Board has forty (40) days from the postmark of the AHPA Standards Committee mailing. f. All AHP A members are notified that another review has been com­ pleted of the Standardized Common Names List. Ao addendum with recent changes to the List is printed and mailed to all AHP A members andlor is published in appropriate publications; copies are sent to each member of the Review Panel. A copy of the Review Panel's decisions is available to AHP A members upon request AHPA has thirty (30) days from the AHPA Board's rati­ fication of the changes to complete this step.

FORMAT AND CONTENT OF THE PUBLICATION:

I. The International Cnde of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) shall apply to any issue regarding use of Latin binomials.

2. The list is composed of botanical names, botanical synonyms, a proposed standard­ ized common name, cornman name synonyms. and in primary species listings. the scientific name of the plant family. The proposed standardized common name for each taxon is placed in bold-faced type in small capita1letters. Primary species ac­ counts consist of the Latin binomial. and author citation (author of the binomial). scientific plant family name. and common names. The primary proposed "standardized common name" follows in bold face type in small capital letters. Additional common synonyms are in plain type.

In the case of herb commodities solely or primarily bnported from China, the stan­ dardized common narne consists of two parts. I). English name. 2). pin yin translit­ eration of the Chinese name as it appears in the 1985 edition of the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China Vol. 1. As a matter of style, individual syllables are separated by a hyphen, rather than run together (as in the 1985 Chinese Pharmacopeia). The English name with the Chinese transliteration is included as bold face cross references in synonym indexing. It is suggested, however. that the English common name and transliteration in parentheses serve as the single "standardized common name" for the taxa involved.

3. The Review Panel will decide the correct botanical name for a plant and the standard­ ized common trade name for that botanical name.

4. The standardized common trade narne adopted by the Review Panel should be the only common name used for that plant in trade.

v 5. There can be only one standardized COllUDon trade name for a plant, and that name can apply to only one taxon. Exceptions are as follows:

a. In isolated instances where a commodity is represented by more than one taxa in an official compendium. (in such cases members are encouraged to apply the correct Latin binomial to the prop­ erly identified species).

b. In Cases where the herb has an established common name in the U.S .• however, it is imported from a foreign country where a dif­ ferent common name is officially recognized. the foreign com­ mon name may be used in addition to the English common name. The procedure for this is to put the foreign common name. in parenthesis directly after the English name.

For example. a plant is exclusively imported from China as a Chinese herb. in which case the common trade name should com­ bine both the English and transliterated Chinese elements, with the English common name followed by the Chinese name in parenthesis. Astragalus membranaceus. known as Astragalus in the U.S., but huang-qi in China, would be listed as: Astragalus (huang-qi).

The Review Panel should agree on which foreign language and transliteration to use, if there is more than one, and apply that consistently.

Foreign language characters may be used in addition to foreign names. AHPA will not include foreign language characters in the text. However, members are responsible for correct labeling.

c. More than one common name will be included for a siogJe taxon if that plant produces more than one commodity in commerce. (see rule 14, below).

6. All names, regardless of whether they are standardized or not, are listed in alphabeti­ cal order in the main body of the list. Alphabetizing of the Ust is arranged letter­ by-letter, regardless of spaces, punctuation, or the addition of a multiplication sign between the genus name and specific epithet of hybrids.

7. Common names and botanical synonyms are referred to the correct botanical name with which they are associated.

8. The listing of the correct botanical name consists of the following:

a. Latin binomial (with author citation)

b. Scientific plant family name.

c. "Standardized common name" (in bold face, small caps).

VI d. Other common names.

9. Standardized common names will be listed first and set apart from other names by the use of bold type and small capital letters.

10. When necessary, an infraspecific taxon should be used.

11. The following criteria should be looked for when selecting the standardized com­ mon name, in most cases incumbent upon the most authoritative publishing history, such as:

a. Publication of the name in FDA regulations.

b. Publication in an official compendium such as:

i. United States Pharmacopeia.

ii. National Formulary.

iii. Food Chemical Codex.

c. Publication of the name in an authoritative document or book.

d. Widespread use and recognition of the name as a common name.

e. Botanical name used as a common name.

12. While certain guidelines will be enforced, it is recognized that there will be some exceptions.

13. When a common name that is published in current FDA regulations or official com­ pendium is not chosen as the AHPA standardized common name, a written expla­ nation should accompany that decision.

14. Plant parts shall be listed only when they are required for clarity. Two standardized common names will be included for a single taxon if that plant produces more than one commodity in commerce. For instance, in the case of Myr;stica fragrans , the correct standardized common name would be Nutmeg for the seeds, and Mace for the aril surrounding the seed.

INTENDED USE OF THE LIST, REGULATORY STATUS

1. Initially. the list will be made available to ARPA members and they will be encour­ aged, but not required, to use the names.

2. For the first year, members will be encouraged to review the list in detail and submit any proposed changes. A time table will be listed in a cover letter to ARPA mem­ bers. The procedures for amendments or changes to the list do not apply until after the release of the first Review Panel version of the list.

VII 3. Since the common or usual names appearing on this list will represent the consensus of appropriate experts and scientists in the field, AHPA urges its members to use the names on this list and if a member chooses not to use a name on the list, they must be prepared to justify the name used.

4. Since the required use of standardized common names is stipulated in the AHPA Code of Ethics, common names may be used or may be required to be used on:

a. Labels of herbal products.

b. Literature about herbal products.

c. Labels of raw materials.

d. Contracts, invoices, and other business documents.

CONCLUDING REMARKS

The current list includes approximately 550 primary species entries, and 1800 cross-referenced synonyms. The majority of species are used in food products. Some of the species included are used only as drug plants. Inclusion of a species in the list signifies only that a member of AHPA requested that the species be listed; it does not imply that the species is used for food, is safe for food use, or for any other use. It should be understood that this list is still evolving. Undoubtedly many additions will be made, and changes proposed. Completion and implementation of the list will be a ma­ jor step forward for both users and sellers of herb products.

Submitted by: Timothy Moley, ARPA Standards Committee Cbainnan.

Steven Foster, Editor.

vm PRIMARY REFERENCES

Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium, staff of the. 1976. Hortus Third. New York: Macmillan. British Herbal Medical Association Scientific Committee, eds. 1990. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Vol. I. Dorse~ England: British Herbal Medical Association. Davies, R. A. and K. M. Lloyd. 1987. Kew Indexfor 1986. Oxford: Clarendon Press. --- . 1988. Kew Indexfor 1987. Oxford: Oarendon Press. ---. 1989. Kew Indexfor 1988. Oxford: Oarendon Press. --- . 1990. Kew Indexfor 1989. Oxford: Oarendon Press. Gathercoal, E. N. and H. W. Youngken. 1942. Check List of Native and Introduced Drug Plants in the United States. Chicago: Committee on Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy of the Division of Biology and Agriculture of the National Research Council. Gleason, H. A. and A. Cronquist 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Callada. Second edition. Bronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden. Gledhill, D. 1989. The Names of Plants. Second edition. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Greuter, W. et al.. eds. 1988. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (adopted by the Pourteenth International Botanical Congress, Berlin, July-August 1987). Konigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. Hobbs, C. E. 1876. Botanical Hand·Book of Common Local, English, Botanical and Pharmacopeial Names Arranged in Alphabetical Order . .. Boston: Chas. C. Roberts. Hu, S. Y. 1980. An Enumeration of Chinese Materia Medica. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. Kartesz, J. T. 1992. A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Second edition. Portland, OR: Timber Press. Kartesz, J. T. and R. Kartesz. 1980. A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Kartesz, J. T. and J. W. Thieret 1991. Common Names for Vascular Plants: Guidelines for Use and Application. Sida 14(3):421-434. Kelsey, H. P. and W. A. Dayton, eds. 1942. Standardized Plant Names. Second edition. Harrisburg, Penn.: J. Horace McParland Company. Jeffery, C. 1977. Biological Nomenclature. Second edition. New York: Crane, Russak & Company, Inc. Li, Han, editor-in-chief. 1986. A Glossary of Chinese-Latin-English Names of Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs. Puzbou, Fujiao: Fujian Science Technology Press. Mabberly, D. J. 1987. The Plant Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Higher Plants. New York: Cambridge University Press. Penso, G. 1980. Proposed international botanical names (IBN) for medicinal plants in­ cluded in the "Initial List of Medicinal Plants Widely Used Throughout the World." Geneva: World Health Organization DPM/80.4. ---. 1983. Index Plantarum Medicinalium Totius Mundi Eorumque Synonymorum. Milan, Italy: Orgauizzazione Editoriale Medico Pannaceutica. ---. 1991. Lexicon Plantarum Medicinalium: Vocabula Vernacufa Lotina, Anglica, Gal/ica, Germanica, Hispanica, Italica, Russica. Milan, Italy: Organizzazione Editoriale Medico Farmaceutica.

IX Pharmacopeia Committee of the Ministty of Health. 1985. Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China (Zhong Hua Ren Min Gong He Guo Yao Dian, Yi Bu). Vol. 1. Beijing: People's Health Publishing House and Chemical Industry Publishing House. (in Chinese). Pharmacopeia Committee of the Ministry of Health. 1988. Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China. Hong Kong: China Pharmaceutical Books Company. (English edition of 1985 Chinese Pharmacopeia). Steinmetz, E.F. 1957. Codex Vegetabilis. Amsterdam: E. F. Steinmetz. Terrell, E.E., S.R. Hill, J.H. Wiersema, and W.E. Rice. 1986. A Checklist of Names for 3,000 Vascular Plants of Economic Importance. USDA Agricultural Handbook No. 505. Tucker, A. O. 1986. Botanical Nomenclature of Culinary Herbs and Potherbs. In L.E. Craker and lE. Simon, eds. Herbs. Spices. and Medicinal Plams: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology. Vol. 1. Phoenix: Oryx Press. pp. 33-80. Tucker, A. 0., and B. M. Lawrence. 1987. Botanical Nomenclature of Commercial Sources of Essential Oils, Concretes and Absolutes. In L.E. Craker and J.E. Simon, eds. Herbs, Spices. and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology. Vol. 2. Phoenix: Oryx Press. pp. 183 - 240. Tucker, A. 0., J. A. Duke and S. Foster. 1989. Botanical Nomenclature of Medicinal Plants. In L.E. Craker and lE. Simon, eds. Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology. Vol. 4. Phoenix: Oryx Press. pp. 169 - 242. Wiersema, J.H., J.H. Kirkbride, Jr., and C.R. Gunn. 1990. Legume (Fabaceae) Nomenclature in the USDA Germplasm System USDA Technical Bulletin No. 1757. ZimdahJ, R.L. 1989. Weeds and Words: The Etymology of the Scientific Names of Weeds and Crops. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

x Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. ADENOPHORA (NAN-SHA -SHEN) Pinaceae see Adenophora stricta & A. CANADA BALSAM, balsam fir tetraphylla ABYSSIAN MYRRH Adenophora stricta Miq. see Commiphora madagascariensis Campanulaceae Acanthopanax senticQsus (Rupr. et ADENOPHORA (NAN-SHA­ Maxim. ex Maxim) Harms SHEN) = Eteulherococcus senticosus Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Achillea millefolium L. Fisch. Asteraceae Campanulaceae YARROW, milfoil ADENOPHORA (NAN-SHA ­ ACHYRANTHES SHEN) see Achyranthes bidentata Adiantum pedatum L. Achyranthes bidentata Bl. Adiantiaceae Amaranthaceae MAIDENHAIR FERN ACHYRANTHES (NUl-XI) Aframomum melegueta (Roscoe) K. ACHYRANTHES (NUl-XI) Schumann see Achyranthes bidentata = Amomum melegue/a ACONITE TUBER, PREPARED AGAR (FU-ZI) see Gelidiella acerosa & Gelidium see Aconitum carmichaelii spp. Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. agarweed Ranunculaceae see Gelidiella acerosa & Gelidium PREPARED ACONITUM TunER spp. (FU-ZI) AGASTACHE acorus see Agastache rugosa see Acarus calamus Agastache rugosa (Fisch. et Mey.) O. Acarus calamus L. Ktze. Araceae Lantiaceae CALAMUS, acorus, sweetflag AGASTACHE Acarus gramineus Soland. Agathosma betuiina Araceae = Barosma betuJina GRASS-LEAVED CALAMUS AGONIADA (Sm-CHANG-PU), grassy­ see Plumeria lanci/olia leaved sweetflag

1 Agrimonia eupatoria L. ALFALFA Rosaceae see Medicago sativa AGRIMONY AUSMA AGRIMONY see Alisma orientale see Agrimonia eupatoria Alisma orientale (Sam) Juzepczuk Agropyron repens (L.) P. Beauv. Alismataceae = Elytrigia repens ALISMA (ZE-XIE), alisrna alant Alisma plantago-aljuaJica L. var. see/nula helenium oriemale Sam. Albizia julibrissin Durazz. = ALisma orientale Fabaceae ALKANET SILK TREE (HE-HUAN-PI) see Alktuma tinctoria (bark], SILK TREE (HE-HUAN­ alkaoet root HUA) (flowers], mimosa tree see Alkanna tincton'a Albizzia julibrissin Alka,ma tinctoria (L.) Tausch = Albizia julibrissin Boraginaceae Alcea rosea L. ALKANET. alkanet root Malvaceae all-heal HOLLYHOCK see Prunella vulgaris Alchemilla vulgaris auct. non L. Allium sativum L. = Alchemilla xanthachlora Liliaceae Alchemilla xanthachlora Rothm. GARLIC Rosaceae Allium schoenoprasum L. LADy'S-MANTLE Liliaceae alder buckthorn CHIVES see Rhamnus [rangula ALLSPICE ALETRIS see Pimenta dWica see Aletris jarinosa ALMOND, BITTER Aletris /arinosa L. see Prunus dulcis var. omara Liliaceae almond, Indian ALETRIS, true unicorn, star­ see Tennina/ia chebula grass. star-grass root. true unicorn ALMOND, TROPICAL star-grass see Tenninalia chebula ALEXANDRIAN SENNA Aloe barbadensis Mill. see Senna alexandrina = Aloe vera

2 aloe, Barbados ALUMROOT see Aloe vera see Heuchera micrantha ALOE,CAPE ambal see Aloe ferax seePhylianthus emblica aloe, Curacao AMERICAN BUGLE WEED see Aloe vera see Lycopus americanus Aloe lerox Mill. AMERICAN CHESTNUT Liliaceae see Castanea denJata CAPE ALOE AMERICAN EDLER aloe, medicinal see Sambucus canadensis see Aloe vera AMERICAN GINSENG ALOE VERA see Panax quinquefolius see Aloe vera AMERICAN LIVERLEAF Aloe vera (L.) N. L. Bonn. see Hepatica nobilis var. acuta & Liliaceae Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa ALOE VERA, Barbados aloe, AMERICAN MISTLETOE Curacao aloe, medicinal aloe, aloe seePhoradendron leucarpum Aloysia triphylla (L'Htr.) Britton AMERICAN PENNYROYAL Verbenaceae see Hedeoma pu/egioides LEMON VERBENA, verbena amla Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. see Phyllanthus emblica Zingiberaceae Anwmum melegueta Roscoe GREATER GALANGAL, greater Zingiberaceae galaogal root GRAINS-OF-PARADISE Alpinia officinarum Haoce Amomum tsao-Ieo Crev. et Lern. Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae LESSER GALANGAL, Chinese TSAO-KO (CAO-GUA) ginger, Chinese galaogal Anophalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Althaea officina/is L. J. D. Hook. Malvaceae Asteraceae MARSHMALLOW, althaea PEARLY EVERLASTING, life­ Althaea rosea (L.) Cav. everlasting = Alcea ,osoo ANEMARRHENA alumroot see Anemarrhena asphade/Oides see Geranium maculatwn

3 Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge. ANGELICA,PUBESCENT Liliaceae see Angelica pubescellS ANEMARRHENA (ZHl-MU) ANGELICA, PURPLE Anemopsis cali/ornica (Nutt.) Hook see Angelica atropwpurea &Arn. Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels Saururaceae Apiaceae YERBA MANSA DONG-QUAI, dong-gui, dang­ Anethum graveo /ens L. quai, dang-qui, tang-Jruei Apiaceae Aniba rasaeodora Dncke DILL Lauraceae ANGELICA BRAZILIAN ROSEWOOD see Allgeliea archange/ica ANISE angelica, American see Pimpinella anisum see Angelica atropurpurea ANISE, STAR Angelica archangelica L. see Illicium verum Apiaceae ANNATTO ANGELICA see Bixa orellana Angelica atropurpurea L. annual wonnwood Apiacme see Artemisia annua PURPLE ANGELICA , American Anthemis lIobilis L. angelica = Chamaemelum nobile Angelica dahurica (FIscber ex Hoffm.) Anthriseus eerefolium (L.) Hoffm. Franch. et Say. Apiaoeae Apiaceae CHERVIL FRAGRANT ANGELICA (BAI­ Apium graveolens L. ZHl) Apiaoeae ANGELICA, FRAGRANT (BAI­ CELERY ZHl) Apocynum androsaemifolium L. see Angelica dahurica Apncynaceae Angelica polYfTUJrpha Maxim. SPREADING DOGBANE = Angelica sinensis Apocynum cannabinum L. Angelica pubeseens Maxim. Apncynaceae Apiaceae INDIAN-HEMP PUBESCENT ANGELICA (DU ­ APRICOT HUO) see Prunus amumiaca

4 APRICOT, JAPANESE (WU-MEI) JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT, Indian­ see Prunus mUffle turnip Aralia californica Wats. Aristolochia contorta Bge. Araliaceae Aristolochiaceae CALIFORNIA SPIKENARD MA -DOU-LING (fruit), TIAN­ Aralia nudicaulis L. X1AN-TENG (vine) Arnliaceae Arist%ehia debilis Sieb. et Zucco SMALL SPIKENARD, wild Aristolochiaceae sarsaparilla TIAN-XIAN-TENG (vine), MA­ Aralia racemosa L. DOU-LING (fruit) Arnliaceae Arist%chia eymbifera Mart. & Zucco SPIKENARD, American spikenard Aristolochiaceae arborvitae, eastern MIL-HOMENS see Thuja occidentalis Aristo/ochia serpentaria L. ARBORVITAE, ORIENTAL (BAl­ Aristolochiaceae ZI-REN) VIRGINIA SNAKEROOT see Platycladus orientalis Amwracia /apathi/olia Gilib. ARBUTUS, TRAILING­ = Annoracia rusticana see Epigaea repens Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Arctium lappa 1. Mey. & J. Scherbius Asteraceae Brassicaceae BURDOCK HORSERADISH Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. ARNICA Ericaceae see Arnica montana & A.lati/olia UVA-URSI, bearberry, Arnica /ati/olia Bong. kinnickinick Asteraceae ARISAEMA, JAPANESE (TlAN­ ARNICA NAN-XING) Anuca montana L. see Arisaema japonicum Asteraceae Arisaema japonicum Blume ARNICA Araceae ARROWROOT JAPANESE ARISAEMA (TIAN­ see Maranta arundinacea NAN-XING). Artemisia abrotanum L. Arisaema triphy/lum (L.) Torr. Asteraceae Araceae SOUTHERNWOOD, lad's love

5 Artemisia absinthium L. PLEURISY-ROOT, butterfly­ Asteraceae weed WORMWOOD ash. northern prickly Artemisia annua L. see Zanthoxylum amen'canum AsteIaceae ash, southern prickly SWEET ANNIE (QING-HAO), see Zanthoxylum clava-herculis annual wormwood ASHWAGANDHA Anemisia capillaris Thunb. see Withania somnifera Asteraceae ASH, WHITE CAPILLARY ARTEMISIA (YIN­ see FraxilU4S americanus CHEN) ASIAN PSYLLIUM Artemisia douglasiana Bess. see Plantago asiatica AsteIaceae ASIATIC DOGWOOD (SHAN-ZHU­ WESTERN MUGWORT YU) Artemisia dracunculus L. ISativa' see CorlU4S ojficinaJis Asteraceae ASPARAGUS FRENCH TARRAGON see Asparagus officina/is Artemisia lactiflora Wall, ex DC. Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) AsteIaceae Merr. WIDTE MUGWORT LiIiaceae Artemisia vulgaris L. CHINESE ASPARAGUS (TIAN­ AsteIaceae DONG) MUG WORT Asparagus ojJicinalis L. ASAFETIDA LiIiaceae see Ferula assafoetida & F. ASPARAGUS foetida Asperula odorata L. Asarum canadense L. = Galium odara/lim Aristolochiaceae ASTRAGALUS CANADA SNAKEROOT, wild see Astragalus membranaeeus & ginger A. mongholicus Asclepias asperula (Dcne.) Woodson Astragalus hoantchy Franch. Asclepiadaceae = A. membranaceus IMMORTAL Astragalus membranaceus Bonge Asclepias tuberosa L. Fabaceae Asclepiadaceae ASTRAGALUS (HUANG-QI), membranous milk-vetch 6 Astragalus mongho/icus Bunge BAI-WEI (CYNANCHUM ) Fabaceae see Cynanchum atratum ASTRAGALUS (HUANG-QI) bai-zhi ATRACTYLODES (BAI-ZHU) see Angelica dahurica see Atractylodes macrocephala BAI-Zm (FRAGRANT ANGELICA) Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC see Angelica dahurica Asteraceae bai-zhu SOUTHERN TSANGSHU see Atractylodes macrocephala (CANG-ZHU) BAI-ZHU (ATRACTYLODES) Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. see Atractylodes macrocephala Asteraceae bai-zi-ren ATRACTYLODES (BAI-ZHU) see Platycladus orienta/is Atropa belladonna L. BAI-ZI-REN (ORIENTAL Solanaceae ARBORVITAE) BELLADONNA, deadly seePlatyc/adus oriemalis nightshade ba-ji-tian Aucklaruiia lappa see Morinda officina/is see Saussurea lappa BA-JI-TIAN (MORINDA) A vena fatua L. see MorintkJ ojficinalis Poaceae BALLOON-FLOWER (JIE-GENG) WILD OAT. oatstraw see Platycodon grandif/orum Avena sativa L. Ballola nigra L. Poaceae Lamiaceae OATS BLACK HOREHOUND bai-he balm see Lilium brownii see Melissa ojJicinalis BAI-HE (BROWN'S LILY) BALM, LEMON see Lilium brownii see Melissa ojJicinalis BAIKAL SKULLCAP BALM-OF-GILEAD see Scutel/aria baicalensis see Populus balsamifera L. var. bai-shao balsamifera & P. xjackii see Paeonia lactiflora Pall. bahn-of-Gilead buds BAI-SHAO (WIIITE PEONY ROOT) see Populus balsamifera subsp. see Paeonia lactijIora balsamifera & P. xjackii bai-wei BALMONY see Cynanchum atratum see Che/one glabra 7 BALSAM, CANADA Barosma serrati/alia (Curtis) Willd. see Abies balsamea Rutaceae balsam fir LONG BUCHU, long buchu-leaf see Abies balsamea BASIL Balsamodendron mukul see Ocimum basilicum = Commipiwra mukul basil, sweet BALSAM-OF-PERU see Ocimum basilicum see Myroxylon balsamum var. Bauhini%rjicota Link pereirae Fabaceae ban-xia PATA~DE-VACA see Pinellia ternata BAYBERRY BAN-XIA (PINELLlA) see Myrica pensylvanica & M. see Pinellia ternata ceri/era Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait f. BAYBERRY, SOUTHERN Fabaceae see Myrica ceri/era WILD INDIGO BAYLEAF BARBERRY see LtJurus nobilis see Berberis vulgaris bayonet, Spanish- barberry, European see Yucca aloifoUa see Berberis vulgaris bay, sweet barberry, Oregon see Laurus nobilis see Malwnia aqui/oIium, M. beach silvertop nervosa, & M. repens see Glelmia littoralis BARK, CRAMP BEAKED HAZEL see Viburnum opu/us see Cory/us cornuta BARLEY bearberry Hordium vulgare see Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Barosma betulina (Thunb.) Bartl. & beard-moss Wend!. Usnea barbata Rutaceae BEDSTRA W, LADY'S SHORT BUCHU, short buchu-leaf see Galium verum Barosma crenulato (L.) Hook. bedstraw,our-Lady's- Rutaceae see Galium verum OVATE BUCHU, ovate buchu-leaf bedstraw. yellow see Galium verum

8 BEEBALM berry, tea see Monarda elinopodia, & M. see Gaultheria procwnbens didyma BETHROOT beebalm, Oswego see Trillium erectum see Monarda didyma betony, wood BEEBALM, SPOTTED see Stachys offici1la/is see Monarda pectinata Betula alba L. bei-sha-shen = Betula pubeseens see Glehnia littoralis Betula lenta L. BEI-SHA-SHEN (GLEHNIA ROOT) Betulaceae see Glehnia littoralis SWEET BIRCH, black birch, BELLADONNA cherry birch, see Atropa bel/adannIJ Betula pendula Roth. belladonna, Russian Betulaceae see Scopolia carniolica EUROPEAN WffiTE BIRCH BELLERIC MYROBALAN Betula pubeseens Ehrh. see Termino.lia bellerica Betulaceae bellflower BIRCH see Corionopsis pilosu/a Betula verrucosa Ehrh Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. = Betula peruJu/a Cucurbitaceae BILBERRY WAX GOURD (DONG-GUA-PI) see Vacciniwn myrtillw BENZOIN Biota orientalis (L.) End!. see Styrax benzoin, S. = Platyeladus orientalis paralleioneurum, & S. tonkinensis BIRCH benzoin, Sumatra see Betula pubeseens see Styrax benzoin birch, black Berberis OI/ui/olium Pursh see Betula lenla = Mahonia OI/uifolium birch, cherry Berberis vulgaris L. see Betula lenla Berberidaceae DIRCH, EUROPEAN WHITE BARBERRY, European barberry see Betula pendula BERGAMOT ORANGE BIRCH, SWEET see Citrus bergamia see Betula lenla BERGAMOT, WILD see Monarda fistulosa 9 BIRD PEPPER BLADDERWRACK see Capsicum annuum var. see Fucus vesiculosus glabriusculum BLESSED TIDSTLE birth root see Cnicus benedic/us see Trillium eree/tun BLONDE PSYLLIUM BISTORT see Plantago ovata see Polygonum historta BLOODROOT BITTER ALMOND see Sanguinaria canadensis see Prunus dulcis var. omara BLUEBERRY BITTER ORANGE see Vaccinium pallidum, V. see Citrus aurantium angustifolium & V. corymhosum Rim orellana L BLUE COHOSH Bixaceae see Caulophyllum thalictroide.s ANNATTO BLUE FLAG BLACKBERRY see Iris versicolor & I. virginica see Rubus frUtiCOSU8 BLUE LOBELIA BLACK COHOSH see Lobelia siphilitica see Cimicifuga racemosa BLUE VERVAIN BLACK CURRANT see Verbena hastata see Ribes nigrum BOG BEAN BLACKHAW see Menyanthes trifoliata see Viburnum prwzifolium BOLDO BLACK HOREHOUND see Peumus boldus Molina see Ballota nigra BONESET BLACK MUSTARD see Eupatorium perfoliatum see Brassica nigra BORAGE BLACK PEPPER see Boraga officina/is see Piper nigrwn Borago officinalis L. BLACK PSYLLIUM Boraginaceae seePlantagoarenaria BORAGE blackroot Boswellia carteri Birdwood see Leptandra virginica Burseraceae black tea FRANKINCENSE, olibanum see Camellia sinensis BOXWOOD BLACK WALNUT see Buxus sempervirens see Jug/ans nigra 10 Brassica alba Rabenh., non L. BROWN'S LILY (BAI-HE) = Sinapis alba see Lilium brownii Brassicajuncea (L.) Czeniak:var. buchu-leaf, long timida Tsen et Lee see Barosma serrahlolia Brassicaceae buchu-leaf. ovate SICHUAN PRESERVED see Barosma crenulata VEGETABLE (ZHA-CAI) buchu-leaf, short Brassica nigra (L.) W. Koch see Barosma betuljna Brassicaceae BUCHU, LONG BLACK MUSTARD, brown see Barosma serrati/alia mustard BUCHU,OVATE Brazilian peppertree see Barosma crenulata see SchilUtS terebinthi/olia BUCHU, SHORT BRAZILIAN ROSEWOOD see Barosma betulina see Aniba rasaeodora buckthorn, alder bread, St. John's see Rhamnus jrangula see Ceratonia si/iqua BUGBANE (SHENG-MA) Brigham-tea see Cimicifuga /oetida see Ephedra nevadensis BUGLEWEED BRITISH ELECAMPANE FLOWERS see Lycopus virginicus (XUAN-FU-HUA) BUGLEWEED, AMERICAN see Inula britafl11ica see Lycopus americanus BROAD-LEAF DOCK BUGLEWEED,EuROPEAN see Rumex obtusi/olius see Lycopus europaeus broom bu-gu-zhi see Cytisus scopan·us see Cullen corylifolia BROOM, BUTCHER'S­ BU-GU-Zm (SCURFY-PEA) see Ruscus aculeatus see Cullen corylifolia BROOM, DYER'S- Bupleurum chinense DC. see Genista tinctoria Apiaceae BROOMRAPE CHINESE THOROUGHWAX see Cistanche salsa (CHAI-HU) BROOM, SCOTCH BURDOCK see Cytisus scoparius see Arctium lappa broom tops burningbush see Cytisus scoparius see Euonymus atropurpureus 11 BUTCHER'S-BROOM CALIFORNIA SPIKENARD see Ruscus aeu/ealUS seeAralia califomica butterfly-weed calisaya-bark see Asclepias tuberosa see Cinchona calisaya BUTTERNUT Cal/una vulgaris (L.) Hull see Juglans cinerea Ericaceae I button, bacbelor's- HEATHER see Centaurea CYQIIU.S Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze I Buxus sempervirens L. Tbeaceae Buxaceae TEA, black tea, green tea, Chinese r BOXWOOD tea bu-za-ye camomile see Microcos nervosa see chamomile BU-ZA-YE (MICROCOS LEAVES) CAMPHOR see Micracos nervosa see Cinnamomum camphora CABBAGE, SKUNK- camphor, tree- see Symplocarpus foetidus see CilUlamomum camphora Cactus grandif/orus L. CANADA BALSAM = Selenicereus grandiflorus see Abies ba/samea CADE JUMPER CANADA FLEABANE see Juniperus oxycedrus see Conyza calladensis CALAMUS CANADA SNAKEROOT see Acarus calamus see Asarwn Conadense CALAMUS, GRASS-LEA VED CANAIGRE (SHI-CHANG-PU) see Rwnex hymenosepaius see Acarus gramineus Cananga odorata (Lam.) J. D. Hook. CALENDULA & T. Thompson see Calendula officinalis Annonaceae Calendula officina/is L. YLANG YLANG Asteraceae Canarium album (Lour.) Raeush. CALENDULA. poet's-marigold. Burseraceae pot-marigold. marigold WmTE CHINESE-OLIVE CALIFORNIA CmA (QING-GUO) see Salvia colwnbariae candle. our-Lord's­ CALIFORNIA POPPY see Yucca whipplei see &chscholzia cali/ornica 12 cang-zhu CARAWAY see Atraetylodes lancea see Carwn carvi CANG-ZHU (SOUTHERN CARDAMOM TSANGSHU) see Elettaria cardamomwn see Atractylodes lancea Carica papaya L. canker-root Caricaceae see Coptis groeniandica PAPAYA cao-gua CAROB see Amomum Isao-ko see Ceratonia si/iqua CAO-GUA (TSAO-KO) carrot see Amomum tsao-ko see Daucus carola CAPE ALOE CARROT, WILD see Aloe terox seeDaucus carota CAPILLARY ARTEMISIA Carthamus tinctorius L. see Artemisia capillaris Asteraceae CAPILLARY ARTEMISIA (YIN­ SAFFLOWER CHEN) Carum carvi L. see Artemisia eapillaris Apiaceae Capsel/a bursa-pastoris (L.) Medii<. CARAWAY Brassicaceae CASCARA SAGRADA SHEPHERD'S-PURSE see Rhamnus purshilJlUJ capsicum CASSIA see Capsicum annuum var. see Cinnamomum cassia annuum Cassia aeuli/olia Delile Capsicum annuum L. var. armuum = Senna a/exandrina Solanaceae Cassia angusli/olia Vah! CAYENNE, chili pepper, red = Senna a/exaJltirina pepper, paprika, capsicum Cassia lanceolata Royle Capsicum annuwn L. var. = Senna alexantirina g/abriuscuiwn (Dunal) Heiser & Cassia obrusifolia L. PickersgiJI = Senna obtusifolia Solanaceae Cassia senna L. BIRD PEPPER = Senna a/exandrina Capsiewn/rutescens L. Cassia /ora L. Solanaceae =Sennatora TABASCO PEPPER 13 cassis CELANDINE see Ribes nigrum see Chelidonium majus Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borlch. celandine, greater Fagaceae see Chelidonium majus AMERICAN CHESTNUT CELERY Castanea sativa Mill. see Apium graveolens Fagaceae Centaurea cyanu.s L. SPANISH-CHESTNUT Asteraceae CATAUBA CORNFLOWER, bachelor's­ see Erythroxylum catauba button, cyani-flowers Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Centaurium erythraea Raf. Apocynaceae Gentianaceae MADAGASCAR PERIWINKLE CENTAURY, common centaury, catmint lesser centamy see Nepeta cataria CENTAURY CATNIP see Centaurium erythraea seeNepeta cataria centaury, common Caulophyl/um thalictroides Michx. see Centaurium erythraea Berberidaceae centawy, lesser- BLUE COHOSH see Centauriwn erythraea CAYENNE Centel/a asiatica (L.) Urban see Capsicum annuwn var. Apiaceae annuum GOTU KOLA Ceanothus americanus L. Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Brot) Tussac Rhamnaceae Rubiaceae NEW JERSEY -TEA, Jersey-tea, IPECAC redroot Ceratoma siliqua L. CEDAR,EASTERN RED Fabaceae see Juniperus virginiana CAROB, St. John's-bread cedar, northern white Cereus grandiflorus (L.) P. Mill. see Thuja occidentalis = Selenicereus grandiflorus cedar, swamp- Cetraria islandica (L.) Acbar. see Thuja occidentalis Panneliaceae cedarwood ICELAND MOSS see Jwuperus virginiana CEYLON CINNAMON see Cinnamomum verum 14 CHA·DE·BUGRE Chamamilla recutita (L.) Rauschert see Cordia saiicifolia = Matricaria recutita Chaenomeles lagenaria (Loisel.) Chamomilla suaveolens (Pursh) Rydb. Koidzumi Asteraceae see Chaenomeles speciosa PINEAPPLE·WEED Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai Changium smyrnoides Wolff Rosaceae Apiaceae FLOWERING QUINCE (MU· M1NG ·DANG·SHEN GUA), Chinese quince, mu·gua CHAPARRAL cbai·hu see l.LJrrea tridentata see Bup/eurum chinense CHAPEAU DE COURO CHAI·HU (CHINESE see Echirwdorus macrophyllus THOROUGHWAX) CHASTETREE see Bup/eurum chinense see Vitex agnus-castus Chamaelirium luteurn (L.) A. Gray chastetree berries Liliaceae see Vitex agnus-cQStus FALSE UNICORN ROOT, C HEKIANG FRITILLARY (ZHE. blazing·star, fairy·wand BEI.MU) Chamaemelurn nobile (L.) All. seeFritil/aria thunbergii Asteraceae Chelidonium majus L. ENGLISH CHAMOMILE, Roman Papaveraceae chamomile CELANDINE, greater celandine Chamaenerion angustifolium Che/one glabra L. ~ Epilobiurn angustijoliurn Scropbulariaceae Chamaesyce hirta BALMONY ~ Eupharbia pilulifera CHEN·PI CHAMOMILE, ENGLISH see Citrus reticula/a see Chamaemelurn nobi/e CHERRY BARK,WILD CHAMOMILE, GERMAN see Prunus serafina & P. see Matricaria recutita virgilliana chamomile, Hungarian cherry, wild black see Matricaria recutita see Prunus seratina chamomile, Roman CHERVIL see Chamaemelurn nobile see Anthriscus cerefolium chamomile. true CHESTNUT, AMERICAN seeMatricaria recutita see Castanea dentaJil 15 CHESTNUT, SPANISH­ CHINESE MOTHERWORT SEEDS see Castanea sativa (CHONG-WEI-ZI) CHIA see Leonurus tartaricus see Salvia hispanica CHINESE MOTHER WORT (YI-MU­ CHIA, CALIFORNIA CAO) see Salvia colwnbariae see Leonurus artemisia & L. CHICKWEED ta11tuicus see Stellaria media CHINESE-OLIVE, WHITE (QING­ CHICORY GUO) see Cichon'urn intybus see Ca/lllJ'iwn albwn Chimaphila wnbellata (L.) W. Barton CHINESE RHUBARB (DA-HUANG) subsp. cisatlalltica (Blake) Hultfn see Rheum officina/e. R. Pyrolaceae palmatum. & R. tanguticum PIPSISSEWA, prince's pine Chinese snakegourd CHINA TREE (KU-LIAN-PI) see Trichosanthes kirilowii see Melia azedorach Chinese tea CHINESE ASPARAGUS (TIAN­ see Camellia sinensis DONG) CHINESE THOROUGHWAX see Asparagus cochinchinensis (CHAI-HU) CHINESE CLEMATIS (WEI-LING­ see BupLeurum chineme XIAN) CHINESE YAM (SHAN-YAO) see Clematis chinensis see Dioscorea oppoSiUl. Chinese cucumber Chionanthus virginicus L. see Trichosanthes kirilowii Oleaoeae CHINESE DODDER (TU-SI) FRINGETREE see Cuscuta chinensis CHIVES Chinese ephedra (rna-huang) see Al/iwn schaellOpraswn see Ephedra equiseti/IG & E. sinica ChaellOmeles lagenaria (Loisel.) CHINESE GOLDTHREAD Koidzumi (HUANG-LIAN) = ChaelWmeies speciosa see Copas chinensis ChaellOmeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai CHINESE HAWTHORN (SHAN­ = Chaenomeles speciosa ZHA) chokecherry see Crataegus pillnatijida see Prunus virginiana chong-wei-zi see Leonurus larticus 16 CHONG-WEI-ZI (CHINESE Cibotium barometz (L.) J. Sm. MOTHERWORT SEEDS) Thyrsopteridaceae see LeonlUus tarticus SCYTIDAN LAMB (GOU-n) chrysanthemum, florist's Cichorium intybus L. see DendranJhema x morijo/ium Astezaceae Chrysanthemum parthenium (L.) CIDCORY Bethn. CILANTRO = Tanacetumpal1heniwn see Coriandrwn sativwn Chrysanthemum vulgare (L.) Bethn. Cimicifuga foetido L. = Tanacetum vulgare Ranunculaceae Chrysanthemum X morifolium Ramat. BUGBANE (SHENG-MA) = Dendranthema x mari/oliwn Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Null. chuan-bei-mu Ranunculaceae see Fritillaria cirrJwsa BLACK COHOSH, black CHUAN-BEI-MU (SICHUAN snakeroot FRITILLARY) cinchona see Fritilll1ria cirrhasa see Cinchona spp. Chuan-dang Cinchona calisaya Wedd. see Codonapsis tangshen Rubiaceae CHUAN-DANG (CODONOPSIS) QUININE, calisaya-bark, yellow see Codonopsis tangshen cinchona chuan-liang-zi Cinchona ledgeriana Moens & Trimen see Melia toosendan Rubiaceae CHUAN-LIANG-ZI (SICHUAN­ QUININE, yellow cinchona I'AGODA-TREE) Cinchona officinalis L. see Melia toosendan Rubiaceae chuan-niu-xi QUININE, red cinchona see Cyathula officinalis Cinchona pubescens Vah! CHUAN-NIU-XI (CYATHULA) Rubiaceae see Cyathula officinalis QUININE, cinchona, red cinchona chuan-xiong cinchona, red see Ligusticwn chuanxiong see Cinchona officinalis CHUAN-XIONG (SICHUAN cinchona, yellow LOVAGE) see Cinchona ledgeriana see Ligusticum chuanxiong

17 Cinn£ll1UJTnUm camphora (L.) J. Presl Citrus limonia Osbeck Lauraceae Rutaceae CAMPHOR MANDARIN LIME, lemandarin Cinnamomum cassia J. Pres} Citrus reticulata Blanco Lauraceae Rutaceae CINNAMON, cassia TANGERINE, [fruit) CHEN-PI Cinnamomum verum J. Presl. [dried rind), mandarin Lauraceae clary CEYLON CINNAMON see Salvia sclarea Cinnamomum zeylanicum CLARY SAGE = Cinnamomum verum see Salvia sclarea CINNAMON claw, devil's see Cinnamomum cassia see Harpagophytum procumbens CINNAMON, CEYLON CLEAVERS see Cinnamomwn verum see Galium aparine CINQUEFOIL clematis, Chinese see Potentilla erecta see Clematis chinensis cinquefoil leaf Clematis chinensis Osbeck see Potenti/la erecta Ranunculaceae Cistanche salsa (c. A. Mey.) Beck CHINESE CLEMATIS (WEI­ Orobanchaceae LING-XIAN) BROOMRAPE clove Citrus aura/ltiJolia (Chrism) Swingle see Syzygium aromaticum Rutaceae CLOVER,RED LIME see Trifolium pratense Citrus Gwantium L. CLUB, DEVIL'S Rutaceae see Oplopanax horridus BI1TER ORANGE, sour orange, Cnicus benedictus L. Seville orange Asteraceae Citrus bergamia Risso & Poit BLESSED TIDSTLE, holy thistle Rutaceae CNIDIUM BERGAMOT ORANGE see Cnidium monnieri Citrus limon (L.) N. L. Bunn. enidiurn monnieri (L.) Cuss. Rutaceae Apiaoeae LEMON CNIDIUM (SHE-CHUANG-ZI)

18 CODONOPSIS COLLINSONIA see Codonopsis pilosula & C. see Collinsonia canadensis tangshen Collinsonia canadensis L. CODONOPSIS (CHUAN-DANG) Lamiaceae see Codolwpsis tangshen COLLINSONIA, stoneroot CODONOPSIS (DANG-SHEN), COLTSFOOT see Codonopsis piiosuIa see Tussilago faifora Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) COMFREY Nannfeldt see Symphytum ojficillflle Campanulaceae comfrey. common CODONOPSIS (DANG-SHEN), see Symphytum ojficillflle bellflower COMFREY. RUSSIAN Cotionopsis tangshen Oliver see Symphytum x uplandicum Campanulaceae Commiphora abyssinica CODONOPSIS (CHUAN­ = Commiphora matiagascariensis DANG), bellflower Commiphora madagascariensis Jacq. COHOSH, BLACK Burseraceae see Cimicijuga racenwsa ABYSSIAN MYRRH COHOSH, BLUE Commiphora molmol Engl. ex see Cau/ophyl/um thalictroides Tschirch COIN-LEA VED DESMODIUM Burseraceae (GUANG-JING-QIAN-CAO) SOMALIAN MYRRH, gum see Desmodium styracifolium myrrh Coix lacryma-jobi L. Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Poaceae Stocks) Engl. JOB'S TEARS Burseraceae COLA GUGGUL see Cola acuminata & C. rotido Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. Cola acuminata (p. Beauv.) Schott & Burseraceae Endl. MYRRH, gum myrrh, common Sterculiaceae myrrh, hirabol myrrh COLA, kola common centawy Cola rotida Schott & Endl. see CenJaurium ery/hraea Sterculiaceae common echinacea COLA, kola see Echinacea purpurea

19 COMMON PERIWINKLE CILANTRO [leaf], culantro. see Vinca minor Chinese parsley. COMMON PLANTAIN cork tree. Amur see Plantago major see Phellodendron amurense coneflower, narrow-leaved purple cork tree, Chinese see &hinacea angwn[oJia see Phe/Jodendron chinellse coneflower. pale purple CORN see &hinacea pallida seeZeamays Convallaria majalis L. cornel,Japanese Liliaceae see Cornus ojJicinalis LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY, lily of CORNFLOWER the valley leaves see Centaurea cya.nus Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. comsilk: Asternceae seeZeamays CANADA-FLEABANE Cornus officinalis Sieb. & Zucco Coptis chinensis Franch. Comaceae Ranunculaceae ASIA TIC DOGWOOD (SHAN­ CHINESE GOLDTHREAD ZHU-YU). Asiatic Cornel, (HUANG-L1AN) Japanese cornel. dogwood fruit Copas groenlandica (Oed.) Fern. corydalis tuber Ranunculaceae see Corydalis yallhusuo GOLDTHREAD, canker-root CorydaliS turtschanirwvii Bess. f. Cordia salicifolia Cham. yanhusuo Y.H. Chou et C.c. Hsll Boraginaceae = Corydalis yanhusuo CHA-DE-BUGRE CORYDALIS (YAN-HU-SUO) CORDYCEPS see Corydalis yanhusuo see Cordyceps sinensis Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang. Cordyceps sinensis (Bed~.) Sacco Fumariaceae Ascomycetes CORYDALIS (YAN -HU-SUO). CORDYCEPS (DONG-CHONG­ corydalis tuber ZIA-CAO) Corylus avellana L. CORIANDER Betulaceae see Coriandrwn sativum EUROPEAN HAZEL. European Coriandrum sativum L. filbert Apiaceae CORIANDER [seed). 20 Cory/us cornuta Marsb. Crocus sativus L. Betulaceae Iridaceae BEAKED HAZEL, beaked filbert SAFFRON, Spanish Saffron, true COTTON saffron see Gossypium hirsutum CUBEB COTTON,LEVANT see Piper cubeba see Gossypium herbaceum cucunnber.<;b]nese cotton root bark. see Trichosanthes kirilowii see Gossypium herbaceum & G. Cullen corylifolio (L.) Medicus hirsutum Fabaceae coucb grass SCURFY-PEA (BU-GU-ZHI) see Elytrigia repens CULVERS -ROOT COWSLIP see Leptandra virginica see PrimuJa veris CUMIN CRAMP BARK see Cuminum cyminum see Viburnum opu/us Cuminum cyminum L. CRANESBILL Apiaceae see Geranium maculatwn CUMIN Crataegus laevigata (poir.) DC. Cuphea balsamolla Cham. & Rosaceae Schlechtend. ENGLISH HAWTHORN Lytbraceae Crataegus mmwgyna Jacq. SETE SANGRIAS Rosaceae Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. ONESEED HAWTHORN Amaryllidaceae Crataegus oxyacantha auct GOLDEN EYE-GRASS (XI AN­ ~ Crataegus laevigata MAO) Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. curcuma Rosaceae see Curcuma aromatica, C CHINESE HAWTHORN (SHAN­ damestica, & C. tonga ZHA), pinnate hawthorn, shan-zba Curcuma aromatico SalisbllIY creosote bush Zingiberaceae seelArrea tridentata TURMERIC, curcuma cress, pard Curcuma dameslica Valet see Spilonthes oemello Zingiberaceae cress. Paraguay TURMERIC. curcuma see Spilonlhes oemello 21 Curcwna tonga L. CYNANCHUM Zingiberaceae see Cynonchum atratwn TURMERIC, curcuma Cynanchum atratwn Bge. Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe Asclepidaceae Zingiberaceae CYNANCHUM (BAI-WEI) ZEDOARY CYNOMORIUM CURRANT, BLACK see Cynomoriwn songaricwn see Ribes nigrum Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. cuscuta, Chinese Cynomoriaceae see Cuscuta chinensis CYNOMORIUM (SUO-YANG) Cuscuta chinensis Lam. cyperus Cuscutaceae see Cyperus rotundus CHINESE DODDER (TU-SI), Cyperus rotundus L. Chinese cuscuta Cyperaceae cuscuta. Japanese NUT GRASS, cyperus see CuscutajapOfU'ca Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link Cuscuta japonica Choisy Fabaceae Cuscutaceae SCOTCH BROOM, broom, JAPANESE DODDER (TU-SI), broom tops Japanese cuscuta Daemonorops draco Blwne Cyamopsis tetragolwtobus (L.) Arecaceae Taubert DRAGON'S BLOOD (XUE-JIE), Fabaceae dragon's blood palm GUAR GUM, gnar da-huang cyani flowers see Rheum officina/e, R. see Centaurea cyanu.s pa/matwn, &R. tangudcum CYATHULA DA-HUANG (CHINESE RHUBARB) see Cyathu/a officinolis see Rheum officina/e, R. Cyathula officinolis Kuan. pa/matwn, & R. tangudcum Amaranthaceae DAMASK ROSE CYATHULA (CHUAN-NIU-XI) see Rosa damascena Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Noes) DAMIANA Stapf see Turnera diffusa var. Poaceae aphrodisiaca & Turnera diffusa LEMONGRASS, West Indian var. dijfusa lernongrass, fever grass 22 dan-sben Dendrobiwn nobile Lind!. see Salvia miltiorrhiza Orchidaceae DAN-SHEN (RED-ROOTED SAGE) DENDROBIUM (SHI-HU) see Salvia miltiorrhiza desert-tea DANDELION see Ephedra nevadensis see Taraxacwn officina/e DESMODlUM, COIN LEAVED dang-gui (GUANG -nNG-QIAN-CAO) Angelica sinensis see Desmodium sryracifolium dang-quai Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) see Angelica sinensis MeIT. dang-qui Fabaceae see Angelica sinensis COIN-LEA VED DESMODIUM dang-shen (GUANG-nNG-QIAN-CAO) see Codonopsis pilosula DEVILIS-CLAW DANG-SHEN (CODONOPSIS) see Harpagophytwn procumbens see Codonopsis pilosula DEVILIS-CLUB Daucus carota L. see Oplopanax horridus Apiaceae di-gu-pi WILD CARROT, carrot. Queen see Lycium chinen.se Ann's-lace D1-GU-PI (LYCIUM BARK) da-zao see Lycium chinellse see Ziziphus jujuha DIGITALIS DA-ZAO (JUJUBE) see Digitalis purpurea see Ziziphus jujuha Digitalis purpurea L. dead nettle Scrophulariaceae see Lamium a/bum DIGITALIS. foxglove deadly nightshade di-huang see Atropa bel/aikJnna see Rehmannia g/utinosa Dendranthema X morifoliwn (Ramal) D1-HUANG (REHMANNIA) TzeJev see Rehmannia glutinosa Asteraceae DILL MUM, florist's chrysanthemum, see Ane/hum graveolens chrysanthemum Dimocarpus Longan Lour_ DENDROBIUM Sapindaceae see Dendrobiwn nobile LONGAN

23 Dioscorea batatas Dene. DOGBANE, SPREADING = Dioscorea opposita see Apocynum androsaemifolium Dioscorea opposita Thunb. DOG ROSE Dioscoreaceae see Rosa canina CHINESE YAM (SHAN-YAO), DOGWOOD, ASIATIC (SHAN­ wild yam ZHU-YU) Dioscorea villosa L. see Cornus officinalis Dioscoreaceae dong-chong-zia-cao WILD YAM see Cordyceps sinensis Dipsacus asper Wallich DONG-CHONG-ZIA-CAO Dipsacaceae (CORDYCEPS) SICHUAN TEASEL (XU-DUAN) see Cordyceps sinensis Dipsacus japonicus Miq. dong-gua-pi Dipsacaceae see Benincasa hispida JAPANESE TEASEL (XU­ DONG-GUA-PI (WAX GOURD) DUAN), nabe-na see Benincasa hispida Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) WilJd. DONG-QUAI Fabaceae see Angelica sinensis TONKA, Dutch tonka bean, Dutch Dracondum Joetidum L. tonka = SymplocarpusJoetidus Dipteryx oppositifolia WilJd. DRAGON'S BLOOD (XUE-JIE) Fabaceae see Daenwnorops draco TONKA, English tonka bean, DrynariaJortunei (Kze.) J. Sm English tonka Polypodiaceae DOCK, BROAD-LEAF DRYNARIA (GU-SUI-BU) see Rumex obtusifolius DRYNARIA (GU-SUI-BU) dock, curled see DrynariaJortunei see Rumex crispus Dryopterisjilix-mas (I..) Schott dock, prairie Aspleniaceae see Partheniwn integrifolium MALE FERN DOCK, YELLOW du-huo see Rumex crispus see Angelica pubescens DODDER, CHINESE DU-HUO (PUBESCENT see Cuscuta chinensis ANGELICA) dodder, Japanese see Angelica pubescens see Cuscuta japonica 24 DULSE echinacea, pale-flowered see Rhodymenia palmetta see Echi7U1cea pallida dung, devil's ECHlNACEA PALLIDA see Ferula assa1oetida. see Echinacea pal/ida Dutch tonka bean Echinacea pallida (Nutt) Nutt see Dipteryx odorata Asteraceae du-zhong ECHINACEA PALLIDA, pale­ see Eucommia ulmoides flowered echinacea, echinacea. DU-ZHONG (EUCOMMIA) pale pUI]lle coneflower see Eucommia ulmoides ECHlNACEA PURPUREA DWARF LILYTURF ROOT (MAI­ see Echinacea purpurea DONG) Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench see Ophiopogon japonicus Asteraceae DYER'S-BROOM ECHlNACEA PURPUREA, see Genista tinctoria common echinacea, echinacea. DYER'S-WOAD purple coneflower see Isatis tinctoria Echinocereus grandijlorus EASTERN RED CEDAR = Selenicereus grandiflorus see Juniperus virginiana EchillOdarus macrophyllus M. Mich. East Indian sarsaparilla Alismataceae see Hemidesmus indicus CHAPEAU-DE-COURO echina£ea ECLIPTA see EchiTUlcea angustifolia, E. see Eclipta prostata pallida, & E. purpurea Eclipta alba ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOUA = Eclipta prostata see Echinacea angustifolia Eclipta proslata (L.) L. Echinacea angustifo/ia oc. Asteraceae Asteraceae ECLIPTA ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA, ECUADORIAN SARSAPARILLA narrow-leaved echinacea. see Smilax febrifuga echinacea, Kansas snakeroot. EDLER, AMERICAN narrow-leaved purple coneflower, see Sambucus canadensis echinacea, conunon elder-berry see Echinacea purpwea see Sambucus canadensis echinacea, narrow-leaved ELDER, EUROPEAN see Echinacea angustifolia see Sambucus nigra 25 elder-flower English tonka bean see Sambucus canadensis & S. see Dipteryx oppositifolia nigra EPHEDRA ELECAMPANE see Ephedra di.rtachya see Inu/a he/enium ephedra, Chinese ELECAMPANE, BRITISH see Ephedra sinica, E. equisetina see lmtla britannica & E. intermedia . ELECAMPANE, JAPANESE Ephedra di.rtachya L. InuJajaponica Ephedraceae E/ettaria cardamomum (L.) Maten EPH EDRA Zingiberaceae Ephedra equisetina Bunge CARDAMOM Ephedraceae ELEUTHERO EPHEDRA (MA -HUANG), see E/eutherococcus senticosus Chinese jointfir, rna huang, Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et ephedra, Chinese ephedra Maxim.) Maxim. Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf Araliaceae Ephedraceae ELEUTHERO, Siberian ginseng, INDIAN JOINTFIR Ussurian thorny pepperbush Ephedra illlermedia Schrenk et C. A. ELM, SLIPPERY Meyer see Ulmus rubra Ephedraceae ElylTigia repens (1...) Nevski EPHEDRA (MA-HUANG), ma­ Poaceae huang, Chinese ephedra TRITICUM, couch grass, dog EPHEDRA (MA-HUANG) grass, dog grass root, twitch grass see Ephedra sinica, E. equisetina EMBLlC & E. intermedia. see Phyllanthus emhlica Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. Emhlica ojJicinalis Gaern. Ephedraceae see Phyllanthus emhlica L. MORMON TEA, Brigham-tea, ENGLISH CHAMOMILE desert tea see Chamaemelum Mbile Ephedra sinica Stapf ENGLISH HAWTHORN Ephedraceae see Crataegus /aevigata EPHEDRA (MA-HUANG), ENGLISH LA VENDER Chinese jointfir, rna huang, see LavanduJa angusti/olia ephedra, Chinese ephedra

26 Ephedra vulgaris sensu Brandis Eriobotryajaponica (Thunb.) Lindley = Ephedra gerardiana Rosaceae Epigaea repens L. LOQUAT Ericaceae Eriodictyon cali[ornicwn (Hook. & TRAILING-ARBUTUS, gravel Am.) Torr. root Hydrophyllaceae Epilobium angustifolium L. YERBA SANTA Onagraceae Eriodictyon glutinosum Benth. FIREWEED, willowherb = Eriodictyon calijornicum Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. Eriodictyon tomeniosum Benth. Onagraceae Hydrophyllaceae SMALL-FLOWERED WILLOW­ WOOLLY YERBA SANTA HERB Erythroxylum catauba A. J. da Silva EPIMEDIUM exHamet see Epimedium grandiflorum & E. Erytbroxylaceae macranthum. CATAUBA, golden trumpet Epimedium grandif/orum C. Morr. Eschscholzia californica Olam. Berberidaceae Papaveraceae EPIMEDIUM. barrenwort CALIFORNIA POppy Epimedium macranthum Morr. & EUCALYPTUS Dcne. see Eucalyptus globulus = Epimedium grandif/orum Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Equisetum arvense L. Mynaceae Equisetaceae EUCALYPTUS, blue gum, HORSETAIL, common horsetail, Tasmanian blue gum. southern field horsetail, shave grass, blue gum, shavetail grass EUCOMMIA Equisetum hyemaie L. see Eucommia ulmoides Equisetaceae EUCOMMlA (DU-ZHONG) SCOURING RUSH, rough see Eucommia uimoides horsetail Eucommia ulmoides Oliver £quisetum tebnateia Ehrh. Eucommiaceae Equisetaceae EUCOMMIA (DU-ZHONG), GIANT HORSETAIL, shave grass hardy rubber tree, du zhong Erigeron canadensis L Eugellia aromatica (L.) Baill. = Conyza canadensis = Syzygium aromaticum 27 Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb. Euryale lerox Salib. = Syzygium aromaticum Nymphaeaceae Eugenia jambolana Lam. EURYALE SEED (QIAN-SHI) = Syzygium cumini EURYALE SEED Euodia rutaecarpa J.D. Hook. ex see Euryale lerox Benth. European barberry Rutaceae see Berberis vulgaris EVODIA (WU-ZHU-YU) EUROPEAN ELDER Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. see Sambucus nigra Celastraceae EUROPEAN GOLDENROD WAHOO. eastern burningbusb see Solidago virgaurea Eupatorium perfoliatwn L. EUROPEAN HAZEL Astemceae see Corylus tIVellana BONESET, thoroughwort EUROPEAN McrSTLETOE Eupatorium purpureum L. see Viscum album Astemceae EUROPEAN PENNYROYAL JOE-PYE, Joe-Pye-weed, queen­ see Mentha pulegium of-the-meadow, sweet Joe-Pye­ EUROPEAN PEONY weed, green-stemmed Joe-Pye­ seePaeomoa offidnalis weed, gravel root EUROPEAN SANICLE EUPHORBIA see Sanicula europaea see Euphorbia pilulifera EUROPEAN VERVAIN Euphorbia hirta L. see Verbena ojficinalis = Euphorbia pilulifera EUROPEAN WIDTE BIRCH Euphorbia pilulifera L. see Betula pendula Euphorbiaceae EVENING PRUMROSE EUPHORBIA, pill-bearing spurge see OeM/hera bienm's Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud. EVERLASTING, PEARLY = Dimocarpus longan see Anaphalis margaritacea Euphrasia officinalis L. Everniafwfuracea (L.) W. Mann Scrophulariaceae Usneaceae EYEBRIGHT TREE MOSS Euphrasia rostlwviana F. Hayne Evernia prunastri (L.) Achar. see Euphrasia officinalis Usneaceae OAKMOSS

28 EVODIA Ferulafoetida (Bunge) Regel see Euodia ruJaecarpa Apiaceae EVODIA (WU·ZHU. YU) ASAFETIDA see Euodia rutaecarpa FEVERFEW Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth. see Tanacetumparthenium = Euodia rutaecarpa FIGWORT EYEBRIGHT see ScrophuJaria marilandica & S. see Euphrasia ojficilUllis nodosa EYE·GRASS, GOLDEN (XIAN. filbert MAO) see Corylus aveLlana & C. corlUda see Curcuiigo orchioides fil6 false hellebore see Sassafras albidum see Veratrum viride Filipendu/a ulmaria (L.) Maxim. FALSE UNICORN ROOT Rosaceae see Chamaelirium luteum MEADOWSWEET, queen-of-tbe­ FANG·FENG meadow see Ledebowiella seseloides frr, balsam fang·ji see Abies balsamea see Stephania tetrantira fir needle, balsam FANG·JI (STEPHANIA ROOT) see Abies balsamea see Stephania tetrantira FlREWEED fen·ke see Epilobium angustifolium L. see Pueraria tJwmsonii five flavor fruit FEN·KE (MEALY KUDZU) see Schisandra chinensis see Pueraria tJwmsonii FLAG,BLUE FENNEL see Iris versicolor & I. virginica see Foeniculwn vulgare flag root, blue FENUGREEK see Iris versicolor & I. virginica see Trigonellafoenum-graecum flag, sweet fern, maidenhair see Acarus calamus see Adiantum pedatum FLAX FERN, MALE see Linum usitatissimum see Dryopterisjilix·mas FLEABANE,CANADA Ferula assafoetida L. see Conyza canadensis Apiaceae FLOWERING QUINCE (MU·GUA) ASAFETIDA, devil's dung see Chaenomeles speciosa 29 Foenicu/um vulgare Mill" FRANKINCENSE Apiaceae see Boswellia carteri FENNEL Fraxinus americana L. FORSYTHIA Oleaceae see Forsythia suspensa WHITE ASH FORSYTHIA (LIAN-QIAO) French psyllium see Forsythia suspensa see Plantago arenaria Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) VabJ FRENCH ROSE Oleaceae see Rosa gollica FORSYTHIA (LIAN-QIAO), FRENCH TARRAGON golden bells see Artemisia dracunculus L. FO-TI 'Sativa' see Polygonum multiflorum FRJNGETREE FO-TI (HE-SHOU-WU) see Chionanth~ virgillicus see Polygonum multiflorum Fritillaria cirrlwsa D. Don. Fouquieria splentiens Engelm. Liliaceae Fouquieriaceae SICHUAN FRITILLARY OCOTILLO (CHUAN-BEI-MU) foxglove Fritillaria thwlhergii Miq. see Digitalis pwpurea Liliaceae Fragan'a vesca L. CHEKIANG FRITILLARY Rosaceae (ZHE-BEI-MU) STRA WBERRY, alpine FRITILLARY, CHEKIANG (ZHE­ strawbeny BEI-MU) Fragaria virginiana Duchesne see Fritillaria thunbergii Rosaceae FRITILLARY, SiCHUAN(CHUAN­ STRAWBERRY, Virginian BEI-MU) strawberry see Fn"tillaria ci"hosa FRAGRANT ANGELICA (BAI-ZHI) Fucus vesiculosus L. see Angelica dahurica Fucaceae FRANGULA BLADDERWRACK, rockwrack see Rhamnus [rangu/a fu-ling Frangu/a olnus Mill. see Wo/fiporia cocos = Rhamnus [rangula FU- UNG (POLYPORUS) Prangu/a pursmana (DC.) Cooper see Wolfiporia cocos = Rhamnus purshiana 30 fu-zi GARDENIA FRUITS see Aconitum carmichaelii see Gardenia jasminoides FU-ZI (ACONITE TUBER, GARDENIA FRUITS (ZHI-ZI) PREPARED) see Gardenia jasmilloides see Aconitum carmichaelii Gardenia jasminoides Ellis GALANGAL,GREATER Rubiaceae see Alpillia galanga & Kaempferia GARDENIA FRUITS (ZHI-ZI) gaianga GARLIC GALANGAL, LESSER see Allium sativum see Alpinia offidnarum GASTRODIA Galium aparine L. see Gaslrodia elata Rubiaceae GASTRODIA (TIAN-MA) CLEA VERS, goosegrass see Gastrodia elatJJ Galium OMratum (L.) Soop. Gastrodia elata BL Rubiaceae Orchidaceae SWEET WOODRUFF, woodruff GASTRODIA (TIAN-MA) Galium verum L. Gaultheria procumbens L. Rubiaceae Ericaceae LADY'S BEDSTRAW, yellow WINTERGREEN, tea berry bedstraw. our-Lady's­ Gelidiella acerosa (Forssk.) Feldm. bedstraw Gelidiaceae GAMBIR AGAR, agarweed see Uncaria gamhir Gelidium amansii J. V. Lamour. Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Gelidiaceae P. Karst. AGAR, agarweed Ganodennataceae Gelidium cartilagineum (L.) Gaill. REISIll, ling chili, ling chili Gelidiaceae mushroom AGAR, agarweed gan-zao Gelidium crinale (Tum.) J. V. see Glycyrrhiza uralensis Larnour. GAN-ZAO (CIllNESE LICORICE) Gelidiaceae see Glycyrrhiza uralensis AGAR, agarweed gao-ben Gelidium divaricatum G. Martens see Ligusticum sinense Gelidiaceae GAO-BEN (L1GUSTICUM) AGAR, agarweed see Ligusticum sinense 31 Gelidiwn pacificwn Oleam. GERANIUM, ROSE Gelidiaceae see Pe/argoniwn graveo/ens AGAR, agarweed geranium, wild Gelidium vagum Okam. see Geranium maculatum Gelidiaceae GERMAN CHAMOMILE AGAR, agarweed see Mam"caria recutita Genista tinctoria L GERMANDER Fabaceae see Teucrium chamaedrys DYER IS -BROOM. dyer's­ GIANT HORSETAIL greenwood see Equisetum telmateia GENTIAN GINGER see Gentiana lutea see Zingiber officinale Gentiana lutea L. ginger, Chinese Gentianaceae see Alpinia ojJicinarwn GENTIAN, yellow gentian ginger, wild Gentiana macrophyl/a Bge. see Asarum canadense Gentianaceae GINKGO LARGE-LEAF GENTIAN (QIN­ see Ginkgo bi/oba JIAO) Ginkgo bi/oba L. Gentiana scabra Bge. Ginkgoaceae Gentianaceae GINKGO. maidenhair tree SCABROUS GENTIAN (LONG­ ginseng DAN) see Panax ginseng GENTIAN, LARGE-LEAF (QIN­ ginseng JIAO) see Panax: quinquefolius see Gentiana macrophylla GINSENG, AMERICAN GENTIAN, SCABROUS (LONG­ see Panax quinquefolius DAN) ginseng, Chinese see Gentiana scabra see Panax gil/seng gentian, yellow ginseng. Korean see Gentiana lutea see Panax ginseng Geraniwn maculatum L. GINSENG,ORIENTAL Geraniaceae see Panax: ginseng CRANESBILL, wild geranium, ginseng, red alumroot see Panax: ginseng

32 ginseng, sanchi GOLDTHREAD,CHINESE see POIUlX notoginseng (HUANG-LIAN) GINSENG, SAN-QI see Copds chinensis see Panax notoginseng goosegrass ginseng, Siberian see GaJium aparine see Eleutherococcus senticosus go-qi-zi ginseng, tienchi see Lye/um barbarum see Panax notog;,zseng GO-QI-Z1 (LYClUM BERRIES) glehnia see Lycium barbarum see GleJmia til/oratis Gossypium herbaceum L. Glehnia litloralis Fr. Schmidt ex Miq. Malvaceae Apiaceae LEVANT COTTON GLEHNIA ROOT (BEI-SHA­ Gossypium hirsutum L. SHEN), beach silvertop Malv,"""", GLEHNIA ROOT (BEI-SHA-SHEN) COTTON see Glehllia littoraJis GOTU KOLA Glycyrrhiza glabra L. see Centella asiadca Fabaceae gou-ji LICORICE see Cibotium barometz G/ycyrrhiza uraleruis Fisch. ex DC. GOU-JI (SCYTIDAN LAMB) Fabaceae see Cibotium barometz CHINESE LICORICE (GAN­ grains-of-paradise ZAO) see Amomum melegueta goldenbells granadilla see Forsythia susperua see Passijlora lawifolia GOLDEN EYE-GRASS (XIAN­ granadills, yellow MAO) see Passijlora lawifolia see CurcuJigo orchioides grapeholly, Oregon GOLDENROD,EuROPEAN see Mahonia CU/uifolium, M. see Solidago virgaurea nervosa, & M. repens GOLDENSEAL GRAPE, OREGON see Hydrastis canadensis see Mahoma CU/uifolium, M. GOLDTHREAD nervosa, & M. repelzs see Coptis groenlandica grass, couch see Elytrigia repens

33 grass. dog Grindelia robusta Nutt. see E/ytrigia repens Asteraceae grass, fever GRINDELIA. gumweed see Cymbopogon citratus Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal GRASS-LEAVED CALAMUS (Sm­ Asteraceae CHANG-PU) GRINDELIA, gumweed see Acorus gramineus gua-lou grass, nut see Trichosanthes Idrilowii see Cyperus rotundus GUA-LOU (TRICHOSANTHES grass, shave FRUIT) see Equisetum arvense see Trichosanthes kirilowii grass, shavetail guang-jing-qian-cao see Equisetum arvense see Desnwdium styracifolium grass, twitch GUANG-JING-QIAN-CAO (COIN­ see Elytrigia repens LEA VED DESMODIUM) GRASS, WOOLLY (MAO-GEN) see Desmodiwn styracifolium see/mperata cylindrica guar grassy-leaved sweet-flag see Cyamopsis tetragonolobus see Acarus gramineus GUARANA gravel root. see Paullinia CUpa1l11 see Epigaea repellS & Eupatorium GUAR GUM purpureum see Cyamopsis tetragonolobus GREATER GALANGAL GUGGUL see Alpinia galanga & Kaemp/eria see Commiphora mukul galanga gum. blue green tea see Eucalyptus globulus see Camellia sinensis gummyrrb greenwood, dyer's- see Commiphora molmol & C. see Genista tinctoria myrrha grifolia gum, southern blue see Wolfiporia cocos see Eucalyptus globulus GRINDELIA gum. Tasmanian blue see Grindelia robusta & G. see Eucalyptus globulus squarrosa gumweed see Grindelia robusta

34 gu-sui-bu he-huan-hua sre Drynariajortunei see Albiziajulibrissin. GU-SUI-BU (DRYNARIA ) HE-HUAN-HUA (SILK TREE) see Drynariafortunei see Albizla julibrissin. Hamamelis virginiana L. he-huan-pi Hamamelidaceae see Albizia julibrissin. WITCH-HAZEL. witch-hazel leaf HE-HUAN-PI (SILK TREE) ( hardy rubber tree see A/bizia juiibrissin. see Eucommia ulmoides Helianthus anlluus L. Harpagophytum procumbens DC. ex Asteraceae Meisn. SUNFLOWER Pedaliaceae heliotrope. garden DEVIL'S CLAW see VaJerialla officina/is HA WTHORN, CHINESE HELLEBORE, AMERICAN sre Crataegus pinnatifida see Veratrum viride HA WTHORN, ENGLISH hellebore. American white see Crataegus laevigata see Veratrum viride hawthorn, oneseed hellebore. false see CraJaegus monogyna see Veratrum viride hawthorn, pinnate Helonias dioica Pursh see Crataegus pinnatifida = Chamaelirium /uteum hazel. beaked HEMIDESMUS see Corylus comuta see Hemidesmus indicus HAZEL, EUROPEAN Hemidesmus indicus (L.) Schult. see Cory/us ave/lana Asclepiadaceae HEAL-ALL HEMIDESMUS. East Indian see Prunella vulgaris L. Sarsaparilla healiog-herb HEMP, INDIAN- see Symphytum officina/e see Apocynum cannabinum HEARTS EASE HENNA see Viola tricolor see Lawsonia inermis HEATHER Hepatica acuti/oba DC. see Cat/una vulgaris = Hepalica nobi/is var. acuta Hedeomapu/egioides (L.) Pers. Hepatica americana (DC.) Ker-GawL Lamiaceae = Hepatica nabilis var. obfUSa AMERICAN PENNYROYAL 35 Hepatica .obi/is Garsault var. acuta HOLLYHOCK (Pursh) Steyennark seeAlcea rosea Ranunculaceae HONDURAN SARSAPARILLA AMERICAN LIVERLEAF, see Smilax regeJii liverwort herb HONEYSUCKLE, JAI'ANESE Hepatica nobilis Garsault var. obooa seeLonicerajaponica (Pursh) Steyennark HOPS Ranunculaceae see Humulus lupuJus AMERICAN LIVERLEAF, Hordium vulgare L. liverwort herb Poaceae herb-of-grace BARLEY see Ruta graveo/ens HOREHOUND herb, Paraguayan sweet see Marrubium vulgare see Stma rebaudiana HOREHOUND,BLACK Hercules' -club see Ba/lota nigra see Zanthoxylum clava-hercuJis horehound, water be-shou-wu see Lycopus americanus & L. see Polygonum multiflorum europaeus HE-SHOU-WU (FO-TI) horehound, white see Polygonum multiflorum see Marrubjum vulgare Heuchera micrantha Douglas ex Lindi. ho~heal Saxifragaceae see lnuJa helenium ALUMROOT HORSEMINT HIBISCUS see Monarda punctata see Hibiscus sabdariffa HORSERADISH Hibiscus sohdariffa L. see Arrnoracia rusticana Malvaceae HORSETAIL HIBISCUS, roselle see Equisetum arvense HIGH MALLOW horsetail, common see Malva sy[vestris see Equisetwn Qrvense HIMALAYAN MAYAPPLE horsetail, field see Podaphyllum hexandrwn see Equisetum arvense HOARY PLANTAIN HORSETAIL, GIANT see Plantago media see Equisetum telmoteia holly, box horsetail, rough see Ruscus aeulealus see Equisetum hyemaJe 36 ho-shou-wu Humulus lupulus L. see Polygonwn multiflorwn Canuabidaceae hou-po HOPS see Magnolia officinalis HYDRANGEA HOU-PO (MAGNOLIA BARK) see Hydrangea arborescens see Magnolia officinalis Hydrangea arborescens L huang-bai Hydrangeaceae see Phellodendron amurense & P. HYDRANGEA, wild hydrangea, chinense seven barks HUANG -BAJ (PHELLODENDRON Hydrastis canadensis L. BARK) Ranunculaceae see Phellodendron amurense & P. GOLDENSEAL, yellow puccoon chinense Hydrocotyle asiatica L. huangiing = Centelill asiatica see Polygonatum sibiricum Hypericum pertoratum L. HUANG-JING (SIBERIAN Hypericaceae SOLOMON'S SEAL) ST. JOHN'S WORT see Polygollatum sibiricwn HYSSOP huang-lian see Hyssopus ojJicinalis see Coptis chinensis Hyssopus ojJicinalis L. HUANG-L1AN (CHINESE Lamiaceae GOLDTHREAD) HYSSOP see Coptis chinensis ICELAND MOSS huang-qi see Cetraria islandica see Astragalus memhranaceus & lIex paraguariensis St Hil. Astragalus mongholicus Aquiloliaceae HUANG-QI (ASTRAGALUS) MATE, yorba matti, Paraguay tea see Astragalus membranaceus & lIIicium verum J. D. Hook. Artragalus InDngholicus llliciaceae huang-qin STAR ANISE see Seutellaria baicalensis IMMORTAL HUANG-QIN (BAIKAL see Asclepias asperula SKULLCAP) Imperata cylindrica L. see Scutel/aria baicalensis Poaceae huckleberry WOOLLY GRASS (MAO-GEN) see Vaccinium myrtillus 37 INDIAN-HEMP Iris versicolor L. see Apocynum cannabinum Iridaceae INDIAN-JOINTFIR BLUE FLAG see Ephedra gerardiana I,is virginiea L. Indian-turnip Iridaceoe see Arisaema triphyllum BLUE FLAG INDIAN VALERIAN /sads tinctoria L. see Valeriana wa/lichii Brassicaceae INDIGO, WILD DYER'S-WOAD. woad see Baptisia til/ctoria JABORANDI Illula britallllica L. = Pilocarpus jaboralldi, P. Asteraceae microphyllus, & P. pennali/olius BRITISH ELECAMPANE jaborandi,~aranhao FLOWERS (XUAN-FU-HUA) see Pilocarpus microphyllus Inula helenium L. jaborandi, Paraguay Asteraceae see Pilocarpus pennatijolius ELECAMPANE, scabwort, alant. jaborandi, Pernambuco horseheal. yellow starwort see Pilocarpus jaborandi lnulajaponica Thunb. JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT Asteraceae see Arisaema triphyllum JAPANESE ELECAMPANE JALAP FLOWERS (XUAN-FU-HUA) see IpolMea purga IPECAC JAMAICAN SARSAPARILLA see Cephaelis ipecacuanha see Smilax ornata ipe roxo JAPANESE APRICOT (WU-MEI) see Tabebuia heptaphylla & T. see Prunus mwne impetiginosa JAPANESE ARISAEMA (TIAN­ IpolMea purga Hayne NAN-XING) Convolvulaceae see Arisaema japOfJicum JALAP JAPANESE ELECAMPANE Iris X germanica L. 'Florentina' FLOWERS (XUAN-FU-HUA) Iridaceae seelnulajaponica ORRIS JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE Iris xpallida Lam. 'Dahnatica' see Lonicera japoTU'ca Iridaceae JAPANESE TEASEL (XU-DUAN) ORRIS see Dipsacus japonicus 38 JASMINE jointflr, Indian see Jasminwn grandiflorum see Ephedra gerardialUl jasmine, Catalonian Jug/ans cinerea L. see Jasminum grandiflorwn Juglandaceae jasmine, royal BUTTERNUT see Jasminum grandiflorum Juglans nigra L. jasmine, Spanish- Juglandaceae see Jasminum grandiflorwn BLACK WALNUT iasminum grandiflorwn L. JUJUBE Oleaoeae see Ziziphus jujuba JASMINE, Catalonian jasmine, jujube, Chinese royal jasmine, Spanisb·jasmine see Ziziphus jujuba JATAMANSI jujube dates see NardosflJehys jatamansi see Ziriphus jujuba Jersey tea JUJUBE (DA -ZAO) see Ceanothus americanus see Ziziphus jujuba jie-geng JUJUBE SEEDS see P/atyeodoll grandiflorwn see Ziziphus spiIWsa JIE-GENG (BALLOON-FLOWER) JUJUBE SEEDS (SUAN-ZAO-REN) see Platycodon grandiflorum see Ziziphus spinosa jin-yin-hua jumbul see Lonicera japonica see Syzygium cumini JOB'S TEARS JUNIPER see Coix laeryma-jobi see Juniperus communis JOE-PYE juniper see Eupatoriwn purpureum see Juniper moTWSperma, 1. Joe-Pye-weed osteosperma. & J. oxycedrus see Eupatorium purpweum JUNIPER, CADE Joe-Pye-weed, green see Juniperus oxycedrus see Eupatorium purpureum jurUpet,connnnon Joe-Pye-weed, sweet see Juniperus commuru"s see Eupatorium purpureum JUNIPER, ONESEED Johnny-jump-up see Juniperus TnOrwsperma see Viola tricolor juniper, prickly jointfir, Chinese see Juniperus oxycedrus see Ephedra siniea & E. equisetilUl 39 JUNIPER, UT AH Krameria argentea Mart ex Spreng. see Juniperus osteosperma Krameriaceae Junip erus communis L. RHATANY. Brazilian rhatany. Cupressaceae Brazilian krameria JUNIPER, common juniper krameria, Brazilian Juniperus morwsperma (Engelm.) see Kramen'a argentea Sarg. krameria, Peruvian Cupressaceae see Krameria triandra ONESEED JUNIPER, juniper Krameria triandra Ruiz. & Pav. Juniperus osteosperma (forr,) Little Krameriaceae Cupressaceae RHATANY, Peruvian rhatany. UTAH JUNIPER, juniper Peruvian krameria Juniperus oxycedrus L. KUDZU Cupressaceae see Pueraria lobata CADE JUNIPER, prickly juniper, KUDZU, MEALY (FEN-KE) juniper see Pueraria thomsonii Jumperus virginiana L, kn-lian-pi Cupressaceae see Melia azedarach EASTERN RED CEDAR, KU-LIAN-PI, (CHINATREE) cedarwood see Melia azedarach Kaemp/eria galanga L. kn-shen Zingiberaceae see Sophoraflavescens GREATER GALANGAL KU-SHEN (SHRUBBY SOPHORA) KAVA KAVA see Sopiwra flaveseens see Piper methysticum lActuca quercina L. KELP Asteraceae see Nereoeystis luetkeana [Many WILD LETTUCE, wild lettuce other species are also used as Lactuca serriola L, kelp.] Asteraceae kinnickinick WILD LETTUCE, wild lettuce see Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Lactuca virosa L. knotweed, Chinese Asteraceae see Polygonum multiflorum LACTUCARIUM kola nut LACTUCARIUM see Cola acwninata & C. nitida see Lactuca virosa

40 lad's love ENGLISH LA VENDER. common see Artemisia abrotatwm lavender. French lavender. (Note: LADY'S BEDSTRAW English lavender from France is see Galium verum often traded as French Lavender). LADY'S-MANTLE Lavandula x intermedia Erneric ex see Alchemilla xanthochlora Loisel. Lamiwn albwn L. Lamiaceae Lamiaceae LAVANDIN WmTE NETTLE, dead nettle Lavandula latifolia Medic. lapacho colorado Lamiaceae see Tabebuia heptaphylla spike, SPIKE LA VENDER lapacho morado Lavandula stoechos L. see Tabebuia heptaphylla Lamiaceae LARGE-LEAF GENTIAN (QIN­ SPANISH-LA VENDER JIAO) lavender. common see Genliana macrophylla see Lavandula angustifolia LARGE-LEAVED LINDEN LAVENDER, ENGLISH see Tilia platyphyllos see Lavandula angustifolia Larrea divaricata auct. non Cav. lavender, French = lilITea fridel/tata see Lavandula angustifolia Larrea mexicana Moric. LA VENDER, SPANISH- = lilITea fridel/tata see Lavallthda stoechas Larrea fridentata (Sess6 & Moe. ex LA VENDER, SPIKE DC.) Coville see Lavandula latifolia Zygophyllaceae Lawsonia alba Lam. CHAPARRAL, cresote bush = Lawsollia inermis laurel, Grecian Lawsonia inermis L. see Laurw nobilis Lythraceae Laurus nobilis L. HENNA Lauraceae Ledebouriella divaricata BAYLEAF, Grecian laurel, sweet see Ledebouriella sese/oides bay, Ledebouriella seseloides (Hoffrn.) LAVANDIN Wollf see Lavandula X intermedia Apiaceae Lavandula angustifolia Mill. FANG-FENG Lamiaceae 41 Lemandarin LESSER GALANGAL see Citrus limonia see Alpinia ofjicinarum LEMON LETTUCE, WILD see Citrus limon see Lactuca quercina & L. sen-iola LEMON BALM LEVANT COTTON see Melissa ojficinalis see Gossypium herbaceum LEMONGRASS Levisticum officinale W. Koch see Cymhopogon citratus Apiaceae lemongrass. West Indian LOVAGE see CymhOpOgOll citratus lian-qiao LEMON THYME see Forsythia suspensa see Thymus X citriodorus LIAN-QIAO (FORSYTHIA) LEMON VERBENA seeForsythia suspensa see Aloysia triphy//a LICORICE Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer see Glycyrrhiza glabra Polyporaceae LICORICE, CHINESE SHUT AKE. shiitake mushroom see Glycyrrhiza uralensis Leonurus artemisia (Lour.) S.Y. Hu life-everlasting Lamiaceae see AnophaJis margaritacea CHINESE MOTHERWORT (YI­ LlGUSTICUM MU-CAO) see Ligusticum sinense Leonurus cardiaca L Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. Lamiaceae Apiaceae MOTHERWORT. common SICHUAN LOVAGE (CHUAN­ motherwort XIONG) Leonurus heterophy//us Sweet Ligusticum porteri J. M. Coulter & J. = Leonurns artemisia N. Rose Leonurus tarticus L Apiaceae Lamiaceae OSHA CHINESE MOTHER WORT Ligusticwn sinense Lour. SEED (CHONG-WEI-ZI), Apiaceae CHINESE MOTHERWORT (YI­ LlGUSTlCUM (GAO-BEN) MU-CAO) Ligusticum wallichii auct. sin. non. Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. Franch. Scrophulariaceae see Ligusticum chuanxiong CULVERS-ROOT, blackroot 42 ligustrwn fruits LIVERLEAF, AMERICAN see Ligustrum lucidum see Hepatica nobilis var. acuta & Ligustrwn lucidum W. T. Aiton var.obtusa Oleaceae liverwort herb LIGUSTRUM FRUITS (NU­ see Hepatica Mbi/is var, acuta & ZHEN-ZI). glossy privet H. nobilis var. obtusa Lilium brownii F. E. Br. LOBELIA, BLUE Liliaceae sreLobelia siphilitica BROWN'S LILY (BAI-HE) lobelia, great blue LILY, BROWN'S see Lobelia siphilitica see Lilium brownii Lobelia inflata L. LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY Campanulaceae see Convallaria majaJis LOBELlA,lndian tobacco, puke LIME weed see Citrus auranti!olia Lobelia siphilitica L.

L~E,MANDARIN L~E Campanulaceae see Citrus iimonia BLUE LOBELIA , great blue LINDEN lobelia see TWa x europaea LOMATIUM linden, European see Lomatium dissectum see TWa X europaea Lomatium dissectum (Nutl) Math. & LINDEN, LARGE-LEA VED Const. see Tilia platyphyllos Apiaceae ling-chih LOMATJUM see G{JJWtierma lucidum LONGAN ling-cbih mushroom see Dimocarpus Longan see G{JJWtierma lucidum LONG BUCHU Linum usitatissimum L. see Barosma serrati/olia Linaceae long-dan FLAX sre GenJianll scabra Lippia citriadora Kunth LONG-DAN (SCABROUS = Aloysia triphylla GENTIAN) Liriosma ovala Miers. sre GenJianll scabra Olacaceae Lonicera japonica Thunb. MUIRA PUAMA, puama Caprifoliaceae JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE, 43 Japanese honeysuckle flowers Gin Lycopus virginicus L. yin hua), Japanese honeysuckle Lamiaceae stems (ren dong teng) BUGLEWEED LOQUAT MACE see En'obocrya japonica see Myristicajragralls LOTUS MADAGASCAR PERIWINKLE see Nelwnho nucifera see Catharanthus roseus LOVAGE MA-DOU-LING (fruit) see Levisticum officinale see Arist%chia cantana & LOVAGE, SICHUAN Aristolochia debitis see Ligusticum chuanxiong MAGNOLIA BARK (Hou-po) LUNG WORT see Mag/lO/ia officinalis see Pulnwnan"a officinalis Mag/lOlia Iiliflora Desr. LUO-HAN-GUO Magnoliaceae see Siraitia grosvenon"i RED MAGNOLIA (XIN-Y1) Lycium barbarum L. Magnolia officina/is Rehd. et Wils. Solanaceae Magnoliaceae LYCIUM BERRIES (GO-QI-ZI), MAGNOLIA BARK (HOU-PO) barbary matrimony vine MAGNOLIA, RED (XIN-YI) LYCIUM BARK Mag/lOlia liliflora see Lycium chinellse Magnolia virginiana L. LYCIUM BERRIES Magnoliaceae see Lycium barbarum SWEETBAY Lycium chinense Mill. Mahollia aquifolium (pursh) Nutt Solanaceae Berberidaceae LYCIUM BARK (DI-GU-PI), OREGON GRAPE, Oregon Chinese matrimony vine grapeboUy, Oregon barberry Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. Mahonia nervosa (Pursb) Nutt Barton Berberidaceae Lamiaceae OREGON GRAPE, Oregon AMERICAN BUGLEWEED, grapeboUy, Oregon barberry water horehound Mahoma repens (Lind!.) G. Don Lycopus europaeus L. Berberidaceae Lamiaceae OREGON GRAPE, Oregon EUROPEAN BUGLEWEED, grapeboUy, Oregon barberry water horehound 44 rna-huang MANTLE, LADY'S see Ephedra sinica, E. equisedna see Alchemilla xanthochlora & E. intermedia. mao-gen MA-HUANG, (EPHEDRA) see Imperata cylindrica see Ephedra sinica, E. equisetina MAO-GEN (WOOLLY GRASS) & E. intermedia. see Imperata cylindrica MAIDENHAIR FERN Maranta arwuiinacea L. see Adiantum pedatum Marantaceae mai-dong ARROWROOT see Opldopogon japonicus marigold, poet's MAl-DONG (DWARF LILYTURF see Calendula ojficinalis ROOT) marigold, pot see Opldopogon japonicus see Calendula ojficinalis maize MARJORAM, SWEET see Zea mays see Origanum majorana MALE FERN Marrubium vulgare L. see Dryopteris jilix-/7UlS Lamiaceae MALLOW, HIGH HOREHOUND, white horehound see Malva sylvestris MARSHMALLOW maiva see Althoea ojficinalis see Malva sylvestris MATE Malva sylvestris L. see /lex paraguariensis Malvaceae Matricaria chonwmilla L. pro parte lUGH MALLOW, malva = Matricaria recuJita mandarin Matricaria recutita L see Citrus redculata Asteraceae Mandarin lime GERMAN CHAMOMILE, see Citrus limonia Hungarian chamomile, true Mandragora ojficinarum L. chamomile Solanaceae matrimony vine, barbary MANDRAKE see Lycium barbarum MANDRAKE matrimony vine, Chinese see Mandragora ojficinarwn see Lycium chinense mandrake, American MAYAPPLE see Podophyllwn peltatum see Podophyllwn peltatum

45 MAYAPPLE,H~ALAYAN Menyanthes trifoliata L. see Podophyllum hexandrwn Menyanthaceae maypop BOG BEAN see Passiflora incarnata MEXICAN SARSAPARILLA MEADOWSWEET see Smilax medica see Filipendula uImaria MEXICAN VALERIAN MEALY KUDZU (FEN-KE) see VaJeriana eduLis subsp. procera see Pueraria thomsollii MICROCOS LEAVES Medicago sativa L. see Microcos nervosa Fabaceae Microcos nervosa (Lour.) S. Y. Bu ALFALFA Tiliaceae Melaleuca alternijlora (Maiden & MICROCOS LEAVES (BU-ZA­ Betche) Glee! YE) Myrtaceae milfoil TEA TREE see Achillea mille{olium Melia azedarach L. MIL-HOMENS Meliaceae see Aristolochia cymbifera CIUNATREE (KU-LIAN-PI) MILK THISTLE Melia toosendan Sieb. & Zucco see Silybwn marianum Meliaceae Mimosa tree SICHUAN-PAGODA-TREE see Albizia juiibrissin (CHUAN-LIANG-ZI) MING-DANG-SHEN Melissa ojJicinalis L. see Changium smyrnoides Lamiaceae MISSOURI SNAKEROOT LEMON BALM, balm seeParthenium integrifoliwn Mentha xpiperita L. MISTLETOE, AMERICAN Lamiaceae see Pharat1endron leuctllpum PEPPERMINT MISTLETOE, EUROPEAN Mentha pulegium L. see Viscum album Lamiaceae MitchelliJ repens L. EUROPEAN PENNYROYAL Rubiaceae Mentha spicata L. SQUA WVINE, partridge berry Lamiaceae Momordica grosvenorii Swingle SPEARMINT see: Sirailia grosvelwrii

46 Monarda ciillOpodia L mu-dan-pi Lamiaceae see Paeonia suffruticosa BEEBALM, wild bergamot MU-DAN-PI (TREE PEONY BARK) Monarda didyma L. see Paeonia sujfruticosa Lamiaceae mo-gua OSWEGO TEA, Oswego see ChaellOmeles speciosa beebalm. beebahn MU-GUA (FLOWERING QUINCE) Monardajistulosa L. see ChaefWmeies speciosa Lamiaceae MUGWORT WILD BERGAMOT, beebalm see Artemisia vulgaris Monarda pectinata Nutt MUGWORT, WESTERN Lamiaceae see Artemisia douglasiana SPOTTED BEEBALM MUGWORT, wmTE Monarda punctala L. see Anemisia lactiflora Lamiaceae MUIRA PUAMA HORSEMINT see Liriosma oVala, Ptychopetalum MORINDA oiacojdes, &P. uncinatum see Morillda officinalis MULBERRY, WHITE Morinda ojficinaiis How see Morus alba Rubiaceae mullein MORINDA (BA-JI-TIAN) see Verbascum thapsus MORMON TEA MUM see Ephedra nevadensis see Dendranthema x morifolium Morus alba L. MUST ARD, BLACK Moraceae see Brassica nigra WHITE MULBERRY mustard, brown MOSS, ICELAND see Brassica nigra see Cetraria islandica MUST ARD, WHITE MOTHERWORT see Sinapis alba see Leonurus cardiaca mustard. yellow MOTHERWORT, CHINESE (YI­ see Sinapis alba MU-CAO) mU-Xlang see Leonurus artemisia & L. see Saussurea lappa tarticus MU -XIANG (COSTUS) motberwort, connnon see Saussurea lappa see Leonurus cardiaca 47 Myrcia spiuJerocarpa DC. myrrh, gum Myrtaceae see Commiphora molmol & C. PEDRA HUME CAA myrrha Myrica cen/era L. myrrh, hirabol Myricaceae see Commiphora myrrha SOUTHERN BAYBERRY, MYRRH, SOMALIAN bayberry, wax myrtle see Commi'phora mo/mol Myrica pensylvanica Lois. myrtle, wax Myricaceae see Myrica cerifera BAYBERRY nabe-na Myristicafragrans Houtt. see Dipsacus japonicus Myristicaceae nan-sha-shen NUTMEG [seed] see Adenophara tetrophylln & A. MACE [aril] strictIJ MYROBALAN, BELLERIC NAN -SHA-SHEN (ADENOPHORA) see Terminalia bellerica see Adenophara tetrophylla &A. Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. strictIJ balsamwn nard Fabaceae see Nardostachys jaJamansi TOLU BALSAM, tolu, opobalsam Nardos/llchys jaJamansi (D. Don) DC. Myroxylon balsamurn (L.) Harms var. Valerianaceae pereirae (Royle) Harms JATAMANSI, nard Fabaceae narrow-leaved ecrunacea BALSAM-OF-PERU see Echinacea angusti/olia Myroxylon toluiferum Humb., Bonp!. Nasturtium officina/e R. Br. &Kunth Brassicaceae = Myroxylon balsamum var. WATERCRESS balsamum Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. MYRRH Nympbaeaceae see Commiphora my"ha LOTUS MYRRH, ABYSSINIAN Nepeta cotllria L see Conuniphora madagascariensis Lamiaceae myrrh, common CATNIP, catmint see Commiphora myrrho Nepheliurn longona (Lam.) Cam see Dimocarpus Longan

48 Nereocystis luetkeallfl (Mert.) Pastels NU -ZHEN-ZJ (LIGUSTRUM & Rupr. FRUITS) Lessoniaceae see Ligustrum /ucidum KELP [Many other species are also oak bark, white used as kelp.] see Quercus alba nettle OAKMOSS see Urtica dioica see Evemia prunastri nettle, dead OAK, WHITE see Lamium album see Quercus alba NETTLE, STINGING OAT, WILD see Urtica dioica see Avenafatua NETTLE, WH.ITE OATS see Lamium album see Avena sativa NEW J ERSEY TEA Ocimum basilicum L. see Ceanothus americanus Lamiaceae NIGHT-BLOOMlNG CEREUS BASn., sweet basil see Selenicereus grandiflorus OCOTILLO nightshade, deadly see Fouquieria sp/endens see Atropa belladonna Oenothera biennis L. NORTHERN PRICKLY-ASH Onagraceae see Zanthoxylum americanum EVENING PRIMROSE NOTOPTERYGIUM old man's beard see Notopterygium incisum see Usnea barbata Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. olibanum Chang see Boswellia carteri Apiaceae ONESEED HAWTHORN NOTOPTERYGIUM (QIANG­ see Crataegus monogyna H UO) ONESEED JUNIPER OW-Xl see Juniperus mOllOsperma see Achyranthes bidentata Ophiopogonjapollicus (L. fil.) Ker­ NUl-XI (ACHYRANTHES) Gawl. see Achyranthes bidentata Liliaceae NUTMEG DW ARF-LIL YTURF ROOT see Myristicajragrans (MAl-DONG) nu-zhen-zi see Ligustrum lucidum 49 Op/opanax iwrridJjs (Sm.) Miq. OSHA Aniliaceae see ligusticum poneri DEVIL'S CLUB OSWEGO TEA opobalsam see Monarda didyma see Myroxy/on balsamum var. OVATE BUCHU balsamum see Barosma crenuJata ORANGE, BERGAMOT PACIFIC VALERIAN see Citrus bergamia see Vaieriana sitchensis ORANGE, BITTER Paeonia albiflora Pall. see Citrus aurantium = Paeonia /actijlora orange, Seville Paeonia lactiflora Pall. see Citrus aurantium Paeoniaceae orange. sour WHITE PEONY ROOT (BAI­ see a'trw aurantium SHAO), common garden peony, OREGANO peony, see Origanum vulgare subsp. white peony hirtum Paeonia ojficinalis L. OREGON GRAPE Paeoniaceae see Mahonla aquijolium, M. EUROPEAN PEONY, piney, nervosa, & M. repens peony ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE (BAI-ZI­ Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. REN) Paeoniaceae see Platycladus orientalis TREE PEONY BARK (MU­ ORIENTAL GINSENG DAN-PI), tree peony see Panax ginseng pale-flowered ecbinacea Origanum majorana L. see &hinacea palJida Lamiaceae palm, dragon's blood SWEET MARJORAM see Daenwnorops draco Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum PALMETTO, SA W (Link) Ietswaart see Serenoa repens Larniaceae Panox ginseng C. A. Mey. OREGANO AraJiaceae ORRIS ORIENTAL GINSENG, Chinese see Tris x germanica 'Florentina' ginseng, Korean ginseng, ginseng and Iris Xpal/ida Lam. 'DaJrnatica' Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen Araliaceae 50 SAN-QI GINSENG, denehi, partridge berry tienchi ginseng. sanchi ginseng see Mitchella rep"lS Panax quinquefolium Passif/ora incarnata L. = Panax quinquefolius Passifloraceae Panax quinquejolius L. PASSIONFLOWER, wild Araliaceae passionflower, maypop AMERICAN GINSENG Passiflora laurifolia L. Panax pseudo-ginseng Wallieh Passifloraceae = Panax. notoginseng YELLOW GRANADILLA Panox schinseng Nees PASSIONFLOWER = Panax ginseng see Passijlora incarnllta pansy, European wild passionflower, wild see Viola tricolor see Passifiora incarnata Papaver somniferum L. PATA DE VACA Papaveraceae see Bauhiniafotficata POPPYSEED, opium poppy patchouly PAPAYA see Pogostenwn cablin see Can'ca papaya PAU n'ARCO paprika see Tabehula heptaphyl/a & T. see Capsicum annuum var. impetigblOsa annuum Paullinia cupana Humb., Bonpl & Parietaria dijfusa Mert. & W. Koch Kuoth. Urticaceae Sapindaceae PELLITORY-OF-THE-WALL GUARANA Parietaria officinalis L. Pausinystalia yahimba Pierre ex Beille Urticaceae Rubiaceae PELLITORY-OF-THE-WALL YOIflMBE PARSLEY PEACH see Petroselinum crispum see Prunus persica parsley, Chinese peaeh tree bark or leaves see Coriandrum sativum see Prunus persica Parthenium integnfolium L. PEARLY EVERLASTING Asteraceae see Anaphalis margaritflcea MISSOURI SNAKEROOT, PEA, SCURFY (BU-GU-ZHI) prairie dock see Cullen corylifolia

51 pedrahumecaa pepper, chili see Myrcia sphaerocorpa see Capsicum annuum var. Pelargonium graveolens L'H6r. ex annuum Aiton PEPPERCORNS, PINK Geraniaceae see Schinus terebinthifolia ROSE GERANIUM pepper, kava PELLITORY-OF-THE-WALL see Piper rnethysticum sreParletoriadijfusa &P. PEPPERMINT officinalis see Mentha xpiperita PENNYROYAL, AMERICAN pepper, pink see Hedeoma pu/egioides see Schinus terebinthifolia PENNYROYAL, EUROPEAN pepper, red sreMentha pulegium see Capsicum annuum var. peony annuum see Paeonia iactifiora, P. PEPPER, SICHUAN officinalis, P. suffruticosa see Zanthoxylum simulans peony. common garden PEPPER, TABASCO see Paeonia lactiflora see Capsicumfrutescens PEONY, EUROPEAN PEPPERTREE, BRAZILIAN see Paeonia officina/is sre Schinus terebill1hijolia PEONY ROOT, WIDTE (BAI­ pepper, white SHAO) see Piper nigrum see Paeol/ill lactiflora periwinkle PEONY, TREE see Vinca minor see Paeonia sujfruticosa PERIWINKLE, COMMON pepper see Vinca minor see Piper nigrum PERIWINKLE, MADAGASCAR PEPPER, BIRD see Catharanthus raseus see Capsicum Qnnuum. var. Petroseiinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. ex glabriuscuJum A. W. Hill PEPPER, BLACK Apiaceae see Piper nigrwn PARSLEY pepperbush, Ussurian thorny Petroselinwn sativum Hoffm. see Eleutherococcus senticosus = Petroselinum crispum

52 Peumus boldus Molina Phytolacca decandra L Monimiaceae = Phytolacca americana BOLDO Picrasma excelsa (Swartz) Planch. pfaffia Simaroubaceae ore PfajJia paniculata QUASSIA, Jamaican quassia PfajJia panicu/ala (Mart) Kuntze pill-bearing spurge Amaranthaceae see Euphorbia pi/uJi/era PF A FFIA, suma Pi/OClllpUS jaborQJU/i Holmes PHELLODENDRON BARK Rutaceae (HUANG-BAI) JABORANDI, Pernambuco see Phellodendron amurense & P. jaborandi chinense PiltJclllpus microphyllus Stapf Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Rutaceae Rutaceae JABORANDI, Maranhao jaborandi PHELLODENDRON BARK Pilocarpus pennatijolius Lem. (HUANG-BAl), amur cork tree Rutaceae Phellodendron chinense Schneid. JABORANDI, Paraguay jaborandi Rutaceae Pimenta cIioica (L.) Merr. PHELLODENDRON BARK Myrtaceae (HUANG-BAl), Chinese cork tree ALLSPICE Phoradendronflavescens Nutt ex Pimenta officinalis Lind!. Engelm. = Pimenta dioica = Phorodelldron leuclllpum Pimpinella anisum L. Phorodendron leucarpum (Raf.) Apiaceae Reveal & M.C. Johnston. ANISE Viscaceae PINEAPPLE WEED AMERICAN MISTLETOE see Chamomilla SUllYeo/ens Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) M. C. pine bark, white Johnston. see Pinus strobus = Phorodelldron leuclllpum PINELLIA Phyllanthus emblica L. see Pinellia ternata Euphorbiaceae Pinellia lernata (Thunb.) Briet EMBLlC, ambal, amla Araceae PhyftJlacca american" L. PINELLIA (BAN-XlA) Phytolaccaceae POKE 53 pine, prince's ASIAN PSYLLIUM, Asiao see Chimophiia wnbellata subsp. plantain, psylliunl cisatlantica Plantago laneeolata L. PINE, WHITE Plataginaceae see Pinus strobus ENGLISH PLANTAIN, plantain piney Plantago mojor L. see Paeonia officinalis PJataginaceae PINKROOT COMMON PLANTAIN, plantain see Spigelia marilandica Plantago media L. pinnate hawthorn PJataginaceae see Crataegus pinn£Jtijioo HOARY PLANTAIN, plantain Pinus strobus L. Plantago ovata Porssk. Pinaceae Plataginaceae WffiTE PINE BLONDE PSYLLIUM Piper cubeba L. fil. Plantago psyllilU/l L. Piperaceae = Plantago arelUUia CUBEB plantain Piper methysticum O. Forster seePJantago lallceolata, P. major Piperaceae &P.media KA VA KAVA, kava pepper PLANTAIN, ASIAN Piper nigrum L. see Plantago asiatica Piperaceae PLANTAIN, COMMON BLACK PEPPER - [with cortex] see Plantago major pepper, black peppercorns PLANT AIN, ENGLISH WmTE PEPPER - [decorticated] see Plantago lanceolata GREEN PEPPERCORNS - [green PLANTAIN, HOARY with cortex] "'" Plantago media PIPSISSEWA pJan~ dagger see Chimophila wnbellata subsp. see Yucca aloifolia cisatlantica Platycladus orienta/is (L.) FI1IIlco Plantago arenaria Waldst & Kit Cupressaceae Plataginaceae ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE BLACK PSYLLIUM, French (BAI-ZI-REN) psylliurn,psylliunl Platycooon grandiJIoTlU/l (Jacq.) A. Plantago asiatica L. DC Plataginaceae Campanulaceae 54 BALLOON-FLOWER (JIE­ POLYGALA (YUAN-ZHI) GENG) seePolygala tenuifolia & P. PLEURISY-ROOT siberica see Asclepias tuberosa Polygonatum bijlorum (Walter) Elliott Plumeria lanci/olia Miill Liliaceae Apocynaceae SOLOMON'S-SEAL AGONIADA Polygonatum commutatum Podophyllum emodi Wallich ex Hook. = Polygonatum bijlorum f. & Thomson Polygonatum adora/urn (Mill.) Druce = Podophyllum hexondrum Liliaceae Podophyllum hexandrum Royle. AROMATIC SOLOMON'S­ Berberidaceae SEAL (YU-ZHU), Solomon's HIMALAYAN MAYAPPLE sea! Podophyllum peltatum L. Polygonatum officinale All. Berberidaceae = Potygonatum odoratum MAYAPPLE. American mandrake Polygonatum sibiricum Red. Pogostemon cohlin (Blanco) Benth. Liliaceae Lamiaceae SIBERIAN SOLOMON'S-SEAL PATCHOULY (HUANG-JING) POKE Polygonum bistorta L. seePhytoiacca americana Polygonaceae Potygala senega L. DISTORT Polygalaceae Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. SENECA SNAKEROOT, senega Polygonaceae snakeroot FO-T! (HE-SHOU-WU), Chinese Polygala sibirica L. knotweed, fo-li, ho-shou-wu, he­ Polygalaceae shou-wu POLYGALA (YUAN-ZHI), POLVPORUS (FU-LING) Siberian polygala see Wo/fiporia cocos Polygala tenuifolia Willd. Polyporus japonicus Fr. Polygalaceae see Ganoderma lucidum POLYGALA (YUAN-ZHI) Polyparus umbellatus Fr. polygala, Siberian see Wolfiporia cocos see Polygala siberica POMEGRANATE see Punica granatum

55 poplar PREPARED ACONITE TUBER see Populus balsamifera var. (FU-ZI) balsamifera see Aconitum carmichaelii POPPY, CALIFORNIA PRICKLY ASH, NORTHERN see Eschsclwlzia cali/ornica see Zanthoxylum americanum poppy, opium PRICKLY ASH, SOUTHERN see Papaver somniferum see Zanthoxylum clava-herculis POPPYSEED PRIMROSE, EVENING see Papaver somniferum see Oenathera bielmis Populus balsamifera L. var. Primuia veris L. balsamifera Primulaceae Salicaceae COWSLIP BALM -OF-GILEAD, tacamaliac, PRINSEPIA SEeD poplar, balm-of-Gilead buds see Prinsepia uniflora Populus candicans Aiton Prinsepia uniflora Batalin see Populus balsamifera var. Rosaceae balsamifera PRINSEPIA SEED (RUl-REN) Populus x gileadensis Rouleau privet, glossy see Populus xjackii see Liguslrum lucidum Populus xjackii Sarg. PROVENCE ROSE Salicaceae see Rosa cena/olia BALM-OF-GILEAD, balm-of­ Prunella vulgaris L. Gilead buds Laroiaceae Poria cocos (Schwein.) Wolf HEAL-ALL, self-heal, all-heal, = Wolfiporia cocos heal-all Portulaca oleracen L. Prunus anneniaca L. Portulacaceae Rosaceae PURSLANE APRICOT PotenJilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb. Rosaceae var. amara (Dc.) H. E. Moore CINQUEFOIL, tormentil Rosaceae Potentilla tormellti/la Stokes BITTER ALMOND = Potenn//a erec/a Prunus mume (Sieb.) Sieb. et ZUCCo prairie dock Rosaceae see Parthenium integrifolium JAPANESE APRICOT (WU­ MEl) 56 PrWIUS persica (L.) BaISCh puama Rosaceae see Liri.osma ovala PEACH PUBESCENT ANGELICA (DU­ Prunus serafina Ehrh. HUO) Rosaceae see Angelica pubescens WILD CHERRY, wild black puccoon, red cberry see Sanguinaria canadensis Prunus spinosa L. puccoon, yellow Rosaceae see Hydrastis canadensis SLOE, sloe berries Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Psora/ea corylijolia Fabaceae see Cullen coryli/olia KUDZU psyllium Pueraria tlwrnsonii Benth. see Plantago ovata Pabaceae psyllium, Asian MEALY KUDZU (FEN-KE) see Plantago asiatica puke weed PSYLLIUM, BLACK see wbelia inflata see Plantago arenaria Pulmonaria officinalis L. PSYLLIUM, BLONDE Boraginaceae see Plantago ovala LUNGWORT psyllium, Frencb Punica granatwn L. "" Plantago arenaria Punicaceae psyllium seed POMEGRANATE "" Plantago arenaria PURPLE ANGELICA psyllium seed husk see Angelica atropurpurea see Plantago asiatica purple coneflower Pterocarpus santalinus L. fil. see Echinacea spp. Fabaceae PURSLANE RED SANDALWOOD, red see Portulaca oleracea saunders qiang-huo Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth. see Notopterygium incisum Olacaceae QIANG-HUO (NOTOPTERYGIUM) MUIRA PUAMA see Notopterygium inciswn Ptychopetalum WlCinatum Anselmino qian-shi Olacaceae see Euryale ferox MUIRA PUAMA 57 QIAN-Sffi (EURYALE SEED) Quercu.> alba L. see Euryale lerox Fagaceae qing-guO WffiTE OAK see Canarium album QUILLAJA QING-GUO (WffiTE CmNESE­ see Quil/aja saponaria OLIVE ) Quil/aja saponaria Molina see Canariwn albwn Rosaceae qing-bao QUILLAJA, soap tree see Artemisia annua quince, Chinese QING-llAO (SWEET ANNIE) see Chaenomeles speciosa see Artemisia annua QUINCE, FLOWERING qin-jiao see Chaenome/es speciosa see Gentiana macrophyl/a QUININE QIN-JIAO (LARGE-LEAF see Cinchona calisaya, C. GENTIAN) Iedgeriana, C. ojJicinaiis, & C. see Gentiana macrophylla pubescens QUASSIA RASPBERRY see Picrasma excelsa see Rubus strigosus & R. idaeus QUASSIA raspberry, red see Quassia omara see Rubus idaeus Quassia amara L. RED-CLOVER Sirnaroubaceae see Trifolium pratense QUASSIA, Surinam quassia RED MAGNOLIA (XIN-YI) quassia. Surinam Magnolia liIif/t>ra see Quassia amara red root Queen Ann's-lace see Ceanothus americGnus see Daucus carota red root queen-of-the-meadow see Sanguinaria canadensis see Eupatorium pwpureum RED-ROOTED SAGE (DAN-SHEN) queen-of-the-meadow see Salvia miltiorrhiza see Filipendula ulmaria RED SANDALWOOD queen's-delight see Pterocarpus salltalinus see Stillingia sylvatica REHMANNIA queen's-root see Relunannia g/utinosa see Stillingia sylvatica REHMANNlA (DI-HUANG) see Rehmannia gluti1losa 58 Rehmannia glutifU)sa Steud. Rbodyrneniaceae Gesneriaceae DULSE REHMANNIA (DI-HUANG) rhubarb, Chinese REISHI see Rheum officinaie, R. see Ganoderma lucidum paimatum, & R. tanguticum ren-dong-teng rhubarb see Lonicera japonica see Rheum officinale, R. RhamnusfranguJa L. paimatum, & R. tanguticum Rhamnaceae rhubarb, turkey FRANGULA, alder buckthorn, see Rheum officinale, R. buckthorn bark paimatum, &R.tanguticum Rhamnus purshiana DC. Rhus carlOTia L. Rhamnaceae Anacardiaceae CASCARA SAGRADA SICILIAN SUMAC RHATANY Rhus glohra L. see Krameria argentea & K Anacardiaceae triandra SUMAC, smooth sumac rhatany, Brazilian Ribes nigrum L. see Krameria argentea Grossulariaceae rhatany, Peruvian BLACK CURRANT, cassis see Krameria triandra rockwrack Rheum officinale Baill. see Fucus vesiculosus Polygonaceae Roman chamomile CHINESE RHUBARB (DA­ see Clwmaemelum nobile HUANG), turkey rhubarb Rorippa nasturtium-OIjuaticum (L.) Rheumpalmatum L. Hayek Polygonaceae = Nasturtium officiflllie CHINESE RHUBARB (DA­ Rosa alba L. HUANG), turkey rhubarb Rosaceae Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex. Balf. WHITE ROSE Polygonaceae Rosa canina L. CHINESE RHUBARB (DA­ Rosaceae HUANG), turkey rhubarb DOG ROSE Rlwdymenia paimelta (1. F. Lamour.) Rosa centifolia L. Grev. Rosaceae PROVENCE ROSE 59 , I I

Rosa damascena L. Rubus fruJicosus L. Rosaceae Rosaceae DAMASK ROSE BLACKDERRY Rosa gallica L. Rubus idaeus L. Rosaceae Rosaceae FRENCH ROSE RASPBERRY, red rnspberry Rosa rugosa L. Rubus s/rigosus Micbx. Rosaceae Rosaceae RUGOSE ROSE RASPBERRY ROSE, DAMASK Rubus suavissimus S. Lee see Rosa damascena Rosaceae ROSE, DOG SWEET TEA (TIAN-CHA) see Rosa canina RUE ROSE, FRENCH see RuJa graveo/ens see Rosa galliea RUGOSE ROSE ROSE-GERANIUM see Rosa rugosa see PelargofU'um graveo/ens rui-reo rose, guelder see Prinsepia WJijlora see Viburnum opu/us RUl-REN (PRlNSEPIA SEED) roselle see Prinsepia Wliflora see Hibiscus sabdariffa Rumex crispus L. ROSEMARY Polygonaceae see Rosmarinus officina/is YELLOWDOCK, curled dock, ROSE, PROVENCE curly dock see Rosa centi/olia Rumex hymenosepa/us Torr. ROSE, RUGOSE Polygonaceae see Rosa rugosa CANAIGRE ROSE, WHITE Rumex obtusifolius L. see Rosa alba Polygonaceae ROSEWOOD, BRAZILIAN BROAD-LEAF DOCK, yellow see Aniba rosaeodora dock Rosmarinus officinalis L. Ruscus acuLeatus L. l.amiaceae Liliaceae ROSEMARY BUTCHER'S BROOM, box holly Russian helladollIla see ScopoJia carniolica 60 RUSSIAN COMFREY Salvia columbariae Benth. see Symphytum X uplandicum Lamiaceae Ruta graveo/ens L. CALIFORNIA CIDA, chi. Rutaceae Salvia hispanica L. RUE, hert>-of-grace Lamiaceae SAFFLOWER CIDA see Carthamus tinctorius Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge SAFFRON Lamiaceae see Crocus sativus RED-ROOTED SAGE (DAN ­ saffron, Spanish SHEN) see Crocus sativus Salvia officinalis L. saffron, true Lamiaceae see Crocus sativus SAGE, Dalmatian sage, garden SAGE sage. common sage see Salvia officina/is salvia root SAGE, CLARY see Salvia miltio"hiza see Salvia sclarea Salvia sclarea L. sage, common Lamiaceae see Salvia officinalis CLARY SAGE. clary. muscatel sage, Dalmatian sage see Salvia officina/is Sambucus canadensis L. sage, garden Caprifoliaceae see Salvia officinalis AMERICAN ELDER, elder­ sage, muscatel flower, elder-berry see Salvia sc/area Sambucus nigra L. SAGE, RED-ROOTED Caprifoliaceae see Sa/via miltiorrlu'za EUROPEAN ELDER, elder­ SAGE, WOOD flower see Teucrium scorodonia sanchi ST. JOHN'S WORT see Panax IWtoginseng see Hypericum perj'oratum SANDALWOOD Salix alba L. see Santalum album Salicaceae sandalwood, East Indian WHITE WILLOW see Santalum album sandalwood, red see Pterocarpus santalinus 61 sandalwood, yellow sarsaparilla, East Indian see Santalum album see Hemidesmus indicus Sanguinaria canadensis L. SARSAPARILLA, JAMAICAN Papaveraceae see Smilax ornata BLOODROOT, red puccoon, red SARSAPARILLA, MEXICAN root see Smilax medica SanicuJa europaea L. sarsaparilla, Vera Cruz Apiaceae see Smilax medica EUROPEAN SANICLE sarsaparilla, wild SANICLE, EUROPEAN see Aralia nudicauJis see Sanicula europaea SASSAFRAS san-qi see Sassafras albidum see Panax notoginseng Sassafras albidum (Nutt) Noes SAN-QI GINSENG Lanrareae see Panax notoginseng SASSAFRAS, flU (leaf only] Santalum album L. Sassafras officinale T. Nees & C. H. Santalaceae Ebermaier SANDALWOOD, East Indian = Sassafras albidum sandalwood, white saunders, Satureja !wrtensis L. yellow sandalwood, yellow Lamiaceae saunders SUMMER SA VORY Saposhnikovia divaricata Satureja montana L. see Ledebouriella sese/aides l..amiaceae Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wunm. WINTER SA VORY see Cytisus scoparius saunders, red sarsaparilla see Pterocarpus santaUfUlS seeSmilaxfebrifuga, S. glauca, S. saunders, white medica, S. ornata, S. regeLii see Santolum album sarsaparilla, brown saunders, yellow see Smilax regelii see Santa/um album SARSAPARILLA, ECUADORAN Saussurea lappa (Dcne.) C. B. Clarke see Smilax febrifuga Asteraceae sarsaparilla, gray COSTUS (MU-X1ANG) see Smilax medica SAVORY, SUMMER SARSAPARILLA, HONDURAS see Satureja !wrtensis see Smilax regelii 62 1

SAVORY, WINTER SCOURING RUSH see SatW'eja montana see Equisetwn hyemale SAWBRIER Scropludaria mari/andica L. see Smilax glauca Scrophulariaceae SAW PALMEITO FIGWORT see Serenoa repens Scrophularia nodosa L. SCABROUS GENTIAN, (LONG­ Scrophulariaceae DAN) FIGWORT, figwort herb see Gentiana scabra scullcap scabwort see Scutellaria lateriflora see lnula helenium SCURFY·PEA (BU·GU· ZHI) Schinus terebinJhi/olia Raddi see Cullen corylifolia Anacardiaceae Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi PINK PEPPERCORNS, Brazilian Lamiaceae peppertree, pink pepper, BAIKAL SKULLCAP (HUANG­ SCHISANDRA QIN) see Schisandra chlnensis Scutellaria lateriflora L. schisandra berry Lamiaceae see Schisandra chinensis SKULLCAP, scullcap Schisandra chinensis (furcz.) Bail!. SCYTIDAN LAMB Schisandraceae see Cibotiwn barometz SCIDSANDRA (WU-WEI-ZI), SCYTIDAN LAMB (GOU. JI) magnolia-vine, five-flavor-fruit. see Cibotium barometz schisandra Selellicereus grandif/orus (L.) Britton berry. wei-zi & Rose SCIDSANDRA (WU-WEI. ZI) Cactaceae see Schisandra chillensis NIGHT· BLOOMING CEREUS schizandra self-heal see Schisandra chinensis see Prunella vulgaris SCOPOLIA SENECA SNAKEROOT see Scopolia camiolica see Polygala senega Scopolia carnioLica Jacq. senega snakeroot Solanaceae see Polygala senega SCOPOLIA, Russian belladonna SENNA, ALEXANDRIAN SCOTCH BROOM see Senna alexalldrina see Cytisus scoparius 63 Senna alexandrina Mill. shan-zha Fabaceae see Crataegus pilillllliftda ALEXANDRIAN SENNA, Indian SHAN-ZHA (CHINESE senna, senna leaves HAWTHORN) senna, Indian see Crataegus pillnatijida see Senna alexandrina sban-zhu-yu senna leaves see Comus ojJicina/is see SelUlll alexandrina SHAN-ZHU-YU (ASIATIC Senna obtusijolia (L) Irwin & Barneby DOGWOOD) Fabaceae see earfUlS officinaJis SICKLEPOD shave grass Senna tora (L) Roxb. see Equisetum arvense & E. Fabaceae telmateia SICKLE-SENNA sbe-chuang-zi Serenoa repens ry./. Bartram) Small see Cnidium monnieri Arecaceae SHE-CHUANG-ZI (CNIDIUM) SAW PALMETIO see Cnidium monnieri Serenoa serrulata (Michx.) G. sheng-rna Nichols. see Cimicifugafoetida = Serenoa repens SHENG-MA (BUGBANE ) SESAME see Cimicifugafoetida see Sesamum orientale SHEPHERD'S PURSE Sesamum indicum L. see Capsel/a bursa-paswris see Sesamum orientale Shi-chang-pu Sesamum orientale L. see Acarus gramineus Pedaliaceae SHI-CHANG-PU (GRASS-LEA VED SESAME CALAMUS) SETE SANGRIAS see Acarus gramineus see Cuphea balsamona shi-bu seven barks see Dellflrobium nobile see Hydrangea arborescens SHI-HU (DENDROBIUM) sban-yao see Dellflrobium nobile seed Dioscorea opposita SHIITAKE SHAN-YAO (CHINESE YAM) see Lentinus edades see Dioscorea opposita SHORT BUCHU see Barosma betulitlll 64 SHRUBBY SOPHORA (KU-SHEN) Apiaceae see Sophora flavescens SILER Siberian ginseng SILK TREE (HE-HUAN-HUA) see Eleutherococcus senticosw see Albizla julibrissin. SmERIAN SOLOMON'S SEAL SILK TREE (HE-HUAN-PI) (HUANG-JING) see Albizla juiibrissin. see Po/ygonatum sibiricum Silybwn marianwn (L.) Gaertn. SICHUAN FRITILLARY (CHUAN­ Asteraceae BEI-MU) MILK THISTLE see Friti/laria ci"hosa Sinapis alba L. SICHUAN LOVAGE Brassicaceae see Ligusticum chuanxiong WHITE MUSTARD, yellow SICHUAN LOVAGE (CHUAN­ mustard XIONG) Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C. Jeff. see Ligusticum chuanxiong Cucurbitaceae SICHUAN-PAGODA-TREE LUO-HAN-GUO (CHUAN-LIANG-ZI) SKULLCAP see Melia toosendan seeScuteliaria laterijlora SICHUAN PEPPER SKULLCAP, BAIKAL see Zanthoxylum simulans see ScU/ellaria baicalensis SICHUAN PRESERVED SKUNK-CABBAGE VEGETABLE (ZHA-CAI) see Symplocarpus foetidus see Brassica juncea var. timida SLIPPERY ELM SICHUAN TEASEL (XU-DUAN) see Ulmus rubra see Dipsacus asper SLOE SICILIAN SUMAC see Prunus spinosa see Rhus corian'a SMALL-FLOWERED-WILLOW­ SICKLEPOD HERB see Senna obtusifolia see Epilobiwn parviflorwn SICKLE-SENNA SMALL SPIKENARD see Senna tara see Aralia nudicau/is SILER Smilax aristolochii/olia auct see Siler divaricatwn = Smilax medica Siler divaricatum Benth. & J. D. Smilax febrifuga Kunth Hook. Smilacaceae

65 1

ECUADORIAN snap tree SARSAPARILLA, sarsaparilla see QuUlaja saponaria Smilax glauca Walter soapweed Smilacaceae see Yucca glauca SAWBRIER soapwell Smilax medica Schlechtend. & Cham. see Yucca glauca Smilacaceae Solidago virgaurea L MEXICAN SARSAPARILLA, Asteraceae Vera Cruz sarsapariJla, gray EUROPEAN GOLDENROD sarsaparilla, SOLOMON'S-SEAL sarsaparilla see Polygonatum bif/orum Smilax ornata Lem. Solomon's-seal Smilacaceae see Polygonatum odoratum JAMAICAN SARSAPARILLA, SOLOMON'S-SEAL, AROMATIC sarsapariJla see Polygonatwn odoratum Smilax regelii Killip & Morton Solomon's-seal. Siberian Smilacaceae see Polygonaturn sibericum HONDURAN SARSAPARILLA, SOMALIAN MYRRH brown sarsaparilla, sarsaparilla see Commiphora malmol snakegourd, Chinese Sophora flavescens AiL see Trichosanthes kirilowii Fabaceae snakeroot, black SHRUBBY SOPHORA (Ku­ see Cimicifuga racemosa SHEN) SNAKEROOT,CANADA SOPHORA, SHRUBBY see Asarum canadense see Sophora flavescens snakeroot, Kansas SOUTHERN PRICKLY-ASH see Echinacea angustifolia see Zanthoxylum clava-herculis SNAKEROOT, MISSOURI SOUTHERN TSANGSHU (CANG­ see Parthenium integrifoliwn ZHU) SNAKEROOT, SENECA see Atractylodes lancea see Po/ygala senega SOUTHERNWOOD Snakeroot, senega see Anemisia abrotanum see Polygala senega Spanish-bayonet SNAKEROOT, VIRGINIA see Yucca aloifolia see Aristolochia serpentaria SPANISH-CHESTNUT see Castanea sativa 66 J

SPANISH-LA VENDER SQUAWVINE see Lavandula stoechas see Mitchella repe11S Spanish saffron Stochys afjici/IQ/is (L.) Tervis. see Crocus sativus Lamiaceae Spartium scoparium L. WOOD BETONY = Cytisus scoparius STAR ANISE SPEARMINT see Illicium verum see Mentha spicata star, blazing SPEEDWELL see Chomaelirium lutewn see Veronica officillalis star-grass Spigelia mmilandica L. see Aletris farinosa Loganiaceae star-grass, true unicorn PINKROOT see Aletris farillOsa spike starwart, yellow see Lavandu/a lafffalia see/nu/a helenium SPIKE LA VENDER Stellaria media (L.) Viii. see Lavondula latifalia Caryopbyllaceae SPIKENARD CHlCKWEED seeAraJia racemosa STEPHANIA ROOT (FANG-JI) spikenard, American see Stephania tetral/dra see Aralia racemosa Stephonia tetrandra S. Moore SPIKENARD, CALIFORNIA Menispermaceae see Aralia califarnica STEPHANIA ROOT (F ANG-JI) SPIKENARD, SMALL STEVIA see Aralia nudicaulis see Stevia rebaudiana Spilanthes oemella L. ex 1. A. Murray Stevia rebaudio/IQ (Bertoni) Hems!. Asteraceae Asteraceae TOOTHACHE PLANT, par~ STEVIA, Paraguayan sweet herb, cress, Paraguay cress sweetIeaf Spilanthes aleracea L. STILLINGIA AsteI1lceae see Sffllingia sylvatica TOOTHACHE PLANT, par~ cress Sffllingia sylvatica Garden ex L. SPREADING DOGBANE Euphorhiaceae see Apocynum aruirosaemlfolium STILLINGIA, queen's-delight, spurge, pill-bearing queen's root, yaw root see Euphorbia pilulifera 67 j ,

STINGING NETTLE suo-yang see Urtica dioica see Cynomorium songaricum stoneroot SUO-YANG (CYNOMORIUM) see Collinsonia canadensis see Cynornorium songaricum STRAWBERRY Surinam quassia see Fragaria vesca & F. virginiana see Quassia amllTa strawberry, alpine SWEET ANNIE (QING-HAO)

see Fragaria vesca see Artemisia QJUlUa strawberry, Virginian sweetbay see Fragaria virginiana see Magnolia virginiana. Styrax benzoin Dryander SWEET BIRCH Styracaceae see Betula lenla BENZOIN, Sumatra benzoin sweetflag Styrax parallelolleurum Perkins see Acorus calamus Styracaceae sweetflag, grassy-leaved BENZOIN Acarus gramineus Styrax tonkinellSis (pierre) Craib. el sweetleaf Hartw. see Stevia rebaudiana Styracaceae SWEET MARJORAM BENZOIN see Origanum majorana suan-zao-ren SWEET TEA (TIAN-CHA) see Ziziphus spinosa see Rubus suavissimus SUAN -ZAO-REN (JUJUBE SEEDS) SWEET VIOLET see Ziziphus spinosa see Viola odorala suma SWEET WOODRUFF see PfajJia paniculata see Galium odoratum sumac Symphytum officinale L. see Rhus coriaria Boraginaceae SUMAC COMFREY, common comfrey. see Rhus glabra healing-herb SUMAC, SICILIAN Symphytum X uplandicum Nyman see Rhus coriaria Boraginaceae SUMMER SAVORY RUSSIAN COMFREY see Satweja Iwrtensis Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex SUNFLOWER Nult see Helianlhus annuus 68 1

TANGERINE SKUNK CABBAGE see Citrus reticulata Syzygium aromatieum (L.) Merr. & L. tang-kuei M . Perry see Angelica sinensis Myrtaceae tang-shen CLOVE see Codonopsis pilosula syzygium eumini Skeets TANSY Myrtaceae see Tanacetwn vulgare JAMBOLAN, jumbul Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex syzygium jambolana DC. Wigg. = Syzygium cumini Asteraceae T ABASCO PEPPER DANDELION see Capsicumfrutescens TARRAGON,FRENCH Tabebuia avellanedae auct. see Artemisia dracuncuJus 'Sativa' = Tabebuia impetiginosa TAYUYAZ Tabebuia heptaphyl/a (Vell.) Toledo see Trianosperma tayuya Bignoniaceae TEA PAU O'AReO, lapacbo colorado, see Camellia sinensis iapacho morado, ipe roxo, taheebo tea, black Tabebwa impetiginosa (Mart. ex DC.) see Camellia sinensis Stand!. tea, Chinese Bignoniaceae see Camellia sinensis PAU 0' AReO, ipe roxo. taheebo tea. green taeamahac see Camellia sinensis see Populus balsamifera var. tea, Jersey balramifera see Ceanothus americanus tabeebo TEA, MORMON see Tabebwa heptaphylIa & T. see Ephedra nevadensis impetiginosa TEA, NEW JERSEY Tanaeetum parthenium (L.) Schultz­ see Ceanothus americanus Bip. tea, Paraguay Asteraceae see Ilex paraguariensis FEVERFEW TEASEL, JAPANESE Tanacetum vulgare L. see Dipsacus japonicus Asteraceae TEASEL, SICHUAN TANSY see Dipsacus asper 69 j I I Tenninalia bellerica (O.ertn.) Roxb. THYME Combretaceae see Thymus vulgaris BELLERIC MYRODALAN thyme, common Tennitullia chebula (O.ertn.) Retz.. see Thymus vulgaris Combretace.e thyme, garden TROPICAL ALMOND, Indian see Thymus vulgaris almond THYME, LEMON Temstroemiapringlei (Rose) see Thymus X citriodorus Theaceae Thymus xcitriodorus (pers.) Schreb. TILIA ESTRELLA Lamiaceae Teucrium chamaedrys L. LEMON THYME Lamiaceae Thymus vulgaris L. GERMANDER Lamiaceae Teucrium scorodonia L. THYME, garden thyme, common Lamiaceae thyme WOOD SAGE tian-cha THISTLE, BLESSED see Rubus suavissimus see Cnicus benedictus TIAN-CHA (SWEET TEA) thistle, holy see Rubus suavissimus see Cnicus benedictus tian-dong THISTLE, MILK see Asparagus cochillchinen.sis see Silybum man'anum TIAN-DONG, (CHINESE THOROUGH WAX, CHINESE ASPARAGUS) see Bupleurum chinense see Asparagus cochinchinensis thorough wort tian-hua-fen see Eupatoriwn perfoliatum see Tn'chosanthes kirilow;i THUJA TIAN-HUA-FEN see Thuja occidentalis (TRICHOSANTHES ROOT) Thuja occidentalis L. see r,ichosanthes kirilowii Cupressaceae tian-nan-xing THUJA. northern white cedar. see Arisaema japonicum eastern white cedar, eastern TIAN-NAN-XING (J APANESE arborvitae, swamp cedar ARISAEMA) Tlutja orienta/is L. see Arisaema japonicum = Plntycladus orientalis (1.,.) Franco 70 TIAN-XIAN-TENG (vine) TOOTHACHE PLANT see Aristolochia conforta & A. see Spilanthes acmella & S. debitis oleracea tienchi tormentil see Panax IWtoginseng goo Potentilla erecta tienchi ginseng TRAILING-ARBUTUS see PanoxlWtoginseng see Epigaea repens TlLlA ESTRELLA tree, camphor see Ternstroemia pringle; see Cinnamomwn camphora Tilia x europaea L. tree, Joshua Tiliaceae see Yucca brevi/olia LINDEN, European linden tree, maidenhair TWa platyphy//os Scop. see Ginkgo bitoba Tiliaceae TREE MOSS LARGE-LEA YEO LINDEN, see Everniafurfilracea & Usnea linden bariJaJJJ tobacco, Indian TREE PEONY BARK (MU-DAN-Pl) see Lobelia iliflata see Paeonia sujfruticosa tolu TREE, SOAP see Myroxylon balsamum var. see Qui//aja saponaria balsamum tree, tea TOLU BALSAM see Melaleuca alternifltJra see Myroxy/on balsamum var. tree, toothache balsamum see Zanthoxylum americanum TONKA Trianosperma tayuya Mart see Dipteryx odorata & Dipteryx Cucurbitaceae oppositifo/ia TAYUYA tonka bean, Dutch TRICHOSANTHES FRUIT see Dipteryx odorata see Trichosanthes kirilowii tonka bean, English Trichosanthes IdriIowii Maxim. see Dipteryx oppositifolia Cucurbitaceae tonka, Dutch TRICHOSANTHES ROOT see Dipteryx odorata (TlAN-HUA-FEN), tonka, English TRICHOSANTHES FRUIT see Dipteryx oppositifo/ia (GUA-LOU), Chinese cucumber, Chinese snakegourd 71 i I

TRICHOSANTHES ROOT Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult var. see Triclwsanthes kirilowii diffusa Trifolium pratens< L. Tumeraceae Fabaceae DAMIANA RED-CLOVER turnip, Indian Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. see Arisaema triphyllum Fabaceae tu-si FENUGREEK see Cuscuta chinensis & Cuscuta Trillium erectum L. japonica Liliaceae TU-SI (CHINESE DODDER) BETHROOT, birth root, see Cuscuta chin.ensis & Cuscuta wakerobin japonica TRITICUM Thssi/ago farfara L. see Elytrigia repens Asreraceae TROPICAL ALMOND COLTSFOOT see Terminalia chebu/a U/musfu/va Michx. TRUE DRAGON'S BLOOD = Ulmus rubra see Daerrwrwrops draco Ulmus rubra Muhl. true saffron Ulmaceae see Crocus sativus SLIPPERY ELM true unicorn Unearia gambir (Hunter) Roxb. see Aletris farinosa Rubiaceae trumpe~ golden GAMBIR see Erythroxy/um catauba UNICORN ROOT, FALSE TSANGSHU, SOUTHERN (CANG­ see Chamaelirium luteum ZHU) unicorn, true see Atracty/odes /ancea see A/etris farinosa TSAO-KO (CAO-GUA) Urtica dioica L. see Amomum tsao-/co Urticaceae TURMERIC STINGING NETTLE, nettles see Curcuma aromatica, C USNEA domestica, & C. tonga see Usnea barbata Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult var. Usnea barbata (L.) Wigg. and other Qphrodisiaca (Ward) Urban Vsnea species Tumernceae Usneaceae DAMIANA 72 USNEA, tree moss, usnea lichen, VALERIAN, PACIFIC old man's beard, beard-moss see Valeriana sitchensis UTAH JUNIPER Valeriana sitchensis Bong. see Juniperus osteosperma Valerianaceae UVA URSI PACIFIC VALERIAN see Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Valeriallil wallichii DC. Vaccimown angustifolium Aiton Valerianaceae Ericaceae INDIAN VALERIAN BLUEBERRY VANILLA Vaccinium corymbosum L. see Vanilla p/anifolia Ericaceae vanilla, Bourbon BLUEBERRY see Vallilla plani/olia Vaccinium myrtillus Lo vanilla, Madagascar Ericaceae see Vanilla plani/olia DILBERRY, huckleberry, vanilla, Mexican whortleberry See Vanilla plalli/olia Vaccinium pa/lidum Aiton Vanilla p/anifolia Andr. Ericaceae Orchidaceae BLUEBERRY VANILLA, Bourbon vanilla, VALERIAN Mexican vanilla, Madagascar see Valeriana officinalis vanilla Va/eriana edulis Null. ex Torr. & A. VANILLA, TAHITIAN Gray subsp. procera (Kunth) F. See Vanilla tahitellSis G. Meyer Vanilla tahitensis 1. W. Moore Valerianaceae Orchidaceae MEXICAN VALERIAN TAHITIAN VANILLA, valerian, garden Veratrwn viride Aiton see Valeriana ojJicinalis Liliaceae VALERIAN, INDIAN AMERICAN HELLEBORE, see Va/eriana wallichii American while hellebore, false VALERIAN, MEXICAN hellebore see Valeriana edulis subsp. procera Verbascum thapsu.s L. Valeriana officinalis L. Scrophulariaceae Valerianaceae MULLEIN VALERIAN, garden heliotrope, verbena garden valerian, seeAloysia triphylla 73 j I

Verbena hasUJla L. vine, magnolia Verbenaceae see Schisandra chinensis BLUE VERVAIN Viola adora/a L. VERBENA, LEMON Violaceae see Aloysia Iriphylla SWEET VIOLET, violet Verbena ojJicinalis L. Viola papilionacea Pursh pro parte Verbenaceae = Viola saroria EUROPEAN VERVAIN Viola saroria WiUd. Veronica ojficinaiis L. Violaceae Scrophulariaceae VIOLET SPEEDWELL Viola tricolor L. Veronicastrum virgim'cwn (L.) Farwell Violaceae = Leptandra virginica HEARTSEASE, European wild VERVAIN, BLUE pansy, Johnny-jump-up see Verbena hastata violet VERVAIN, EUROPEAN see Viola odtJraw see Verbena officina/is VIOLET vetch, membranous milk see Viola soraria see Astragalus membranaceus VIOLET, SWEET VETIVER see Viola odtJrata see Vetiveria zizanoides VmGINIA SNAKEROOT Vetiveria zizanoides (L.) Nash see ArisUJilxhia serpenJaria Poaceae Viscum album L. VETIVER Viscaceae Viburnum opu/us L. EUROPEAN NUSTLETOE Caprifoliaceae Viler agnus-castus L. CRAMP BARK, gueJder rose Verbeuaoeae Viburnum prunifolium L. CHASTETREE Caprifoliaceae WAHOO BLACKHAW see Euonymus atropurpureus Vinca milwr L. wakerobin Apocynaceae see Trilliwn erectum COMMON PERIWINKLE, WALNUT, BLACK periwinkle see Juglans nigra Vinca rosea L. wand, fairy = CathoranJhas roseus see Chamaeliriwn lutewn 74 I 1 I

WATERCRESS whortleberry see Nasturtium officinale see Vacdnium myrtillus WAX GOURD (DONG-GUA-PI) WILD BERGAMOT see Benincasa hispida see ManardtJ fistulasa wei-ling-xian WILD CARROT see Clematis chinensis seeDaucus carom WEI-LING-XlAN (CHINESE WILD CHERRY CLEMATIS) see Prunus serotbza see Clematis chinensis wild geranium wei-zi see Geralliwn maculatum see Schisandra chillel/sis wild ginger WESTERN MUGWORT see Asarum CQnadellSe see Artemisia douglasiana wild hydrangea WffiTE ASH see Hydrangea arborescens see Fraxinus americana WILD INDIGO WHITE CHINESE-OLIVE (QING­ see Baptisia tinctoria GUO) WILD LETTUCE see eanaritUn album Lactuca quercina & L. serriala WHITE, MUG WORT WILD OAT see Artemisia lactifiora see Avenafatua WHITE MULBERRY wild sarsaparilla see Morw alba see Aralia nudicaulis WHITE MUSTARD WILD YAM see Sinapis alba see Dioscorea villosa WHITE NETTLE willowherb see Lamium album see Epilabium angustifolium L. WHITE OAK WILLOW-HERB, SMALL­ see Quercus alba FLOWERED WHITE PEONY ROOT (BAI-SHAO) see Epilobiwn parviflorum see Paeonia lactiflora WILLOW, WHITE WHITE PINE see Salix alba see Pinus strobus WINTERGREEN WHITE ROSE see Gaultheria procumbens see Rosa alba WINTER SAVORY white sandalwood see Satureja montana see Salltalum albwn 75 j I

WITCH-HAZEL WU-WEI-ZI (SCHISANDRA) see Hamamelis virginiana see Schisandra chinensis Withania somnifera Dunal. wu-zhu-yu Solanaceae see Euodia rutaecarpa ASHWAGANDHA WU-ZHU-YU (EVODIA) woad see Euodia rutaecarpa see /salis tinctoria xian-mao WOAD, DYER'S­ see CurcuJigo orchioides see/salis tinctoria XIAN-MAO (GOLDEN EYE­ Wo/fiporia cocos (Schwein.) Ryv. & GRASS) Gilbn. see Curculigo orchioides Polyporaceae xin-yi POLYPORUS (FU-LING), see Magnolia lilif/ora grifolia XIN-YI (RED MAGNOLIA) woodruff see Magnolia liliflora see Calium odoratum xu-duan WOODRUFF, SWEET see Dipsacus asper & D. japonicus see Galium odoratum XU-DUAN (JAPANESE TEASEL) WOOD SAGE see Dipsacus japonicus see Teucrium scorodonia XU-DUAN (SICHUAN TEASEL) WOOLLY GRASS (MAO-GEN) see Dipsacus asper see ImperaJa cylindrica xuan-fu-hua WOOLLY VERBA SANTA see /nuLa britannica & I . japonica see Eriodictyon tomentoswn XUAN-FU-HUA (BRITISH wonnwood ELECAMPANE FLOWERS) see Artemisia absinthium see Inula britannica wonnwood. annual XUAN -FU-HUA (JAPANESE see Artemisia annua ELECAMPANE FLOWERS) WORT, ST. JOHN'S see Inulajaponica see Hypericum peiforatum xue-jie wu-mei see DaemolWrops draco see Prunus mUnie XUE-JIE (TRUE DRAGON'S WU-MEI, (JAPANESE APRICOT) BLOOD) see Prunus mume seeDaemolWrops draco wu-wei-zi Y AM, CHINESE see Schisandra chinensis see Dioscorea opposita 76 j

I yam, wild YI-MU-CAO (CHINESE see Dioscorea opposita MOTHERWORT) YAM, WILD see Leonurus artemisia & L. see Dioscorea villosa tarticus yan-bu-suo YLANG YLANG see Corydalis yanhusua see Cananga odaral1l YAN-HU-SUO (CORYDALIS) YOHIMBE see Corydalis yanhusua see Pausinysta/ia yohimba YARROW yuan-zhi see Achillea millefolium see Polygala tenuifolia & P. yaw root sibericum see Stillingia sylvatica YUAN-ZH1 (POLYGALA) YELLOWDOCK see Polygala tenul/olia & P. see Rumex crispus sibericum YELLOW GRANADILLA YUCCA see Passiflora laurifolia see Yucca alai/olia, Y. brevi/olia, YERBA MANSA Y. glauca, & Y. whipplei see Anemopsis cali/ornica yucca, aloe yerba mattl see Yucca aloifolia see /lex paraguariensis Yucca aloifolia L. yellow mustard Agavaceae see Sinapis alba YUCCA, yucca, Spanish-bayonet. YERBA SANTA dagger plant see Eriodictyon californicum & E. Yucca brevifolia Engelm. in Wats. tomentosum Agavaceae VERBA SANTA, WOOLLY YUCCA, Joshua tree see Eriodictyon tomentosum Yucca glauca Nutt. yin-chen Agavaceae see Artemisia capi/iaris YUCCA, soapweed, soapwell YIN-CHEN (CAPILLARY Yucca whipple; Torr. in Emory ARTEMISIA) Agavaceae see Artemisia capil/aris our Lord's candle yi-mu-cao yu-zhu see Leonurus artemisia & L. see Polygonatum odaratum tarticus

77 YU-ZHU (AROMA TIC ZHI-MU (ANEMARRHENA) SOLOMON'S SEAL) see Anemarrhena asplwde/oides see Polygonatum odoratum zhi-zi Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. see Gardenia jasminoides Rutaceae ZHI-ZI (GARDENIA FRUITS) NORTHERN PRICKLY-ASH, see Gardenia jasminoides toothache tree zhu-ling Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. see Woljiporia cocos Rutaceae Zingiber officinale Roscoe SOUTHERN PRICKLY-ASH, Zingiberaceae Hercules'-club GINGER Zanthoxylum simulans Hance Ziziphus jujuha Mill. Rutaceae Rhamnaceae SICHUAN PEPPER JUJUBE (DA-ZAO), Chinese Zea mays L. jujube, jujube dates Poaceae Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa Hu CORN, CORNSILK - stigmas, = Ziziphus spinosa maize Ziziphus spinosa Hu zedoary Rhamnaceae see Curcuma zedoaria JUJUBE SEEDS (SUAN-ZAO­ ze-xie REN) see Alisma orientale ZE-XIE (ALISMA) see A/isma orientale zha-cai see Brassicajuncea var. timida ZHA-CAI (SICHUAN PRESERVED VEGETABLE) see Brassica juncea var. timida zbe-bei-mll see Fritillaria thunbergii ZHE-BEI-MU (CHEKIANG FRITILLARY) see Fritillaria thunbergii zIti-mu see Anemarrhena asphodeloides 78